Bioenergy and Biofuels from Soybeans

Soybeans: Chemistry, Production, Processing, and Utilization

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 499-538

  Van Gerpen, Jon ^a   Knothe, Gerhard ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF IDAHO   (United States)

^b NATIONAL CENTER FOR AGRICULTURAL UTILIZATION RESEARCH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIO-ENERGY;

EID: 84944415040     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-1-893997-64-6.50019-6     Document Type: Chapter

References (262)

1. Abreu F.R., Alves M.B., Macêdo C.C.S., Zara L.F., Suarez P.A.Z. New multi-phase catalytic systems based on tin compounds active for vegetable oil transesterification reaction. J. Mol. Catal. A; Chemical 2005, 227:263-267.
2. Ahmad S., Siwayanan P., Murad Z.A., Aziz H.A., Soi H.S. Beyond biodiesel, methyl esters as the route for the production of surfactants feedstock. INFORM 2007, 18:216-220.
3. Ahmed I., Decker J., Morris D. How Much Energy Does It Take to Make a Gallon of Soydiesel? 1994, National Soy Diesel Development Board, Jefferson City, MO.
4. Anon Vegetable oil to heat new reichstag building. INFORM 1999, 10:886.
5. Appleby D.B. Glycerol. The Biodiesel Handbook 2005, 264-276. AOCS Press, Champaign, IL. G. Knothe, J. Van Gerpen, J. Krahl (Eds.).
6. 2 extraction and thermochemical liquefaction. Environ. Chem. Lett. 2005, 3:136-139.
7. Aresta M., Dibenedetto A., Nocito F., Pastore C. A study on the carboxylation of glycerol to glycerol carbonate with carbon dioxide: the role of the catalyst, solvent and reaction conditions. J. Molec. Catal. A: Chemical 2006, 257:149-153.
8. Ashby R.D., Nunez A., Solaiman D.K.Y., Foglia T.A. Sophorolipid biosynthesis from a biodiesel coproduct stream. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 2005, 82:625-630.
9. Ashby R.D., Solaiman D.K.Y., Foglia T.A. Biomacromolecules 2005, 6:2106-2112.
10. ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials. D 6751- Standard specification for biodiesel fuel (b100) blend stock for distillate fuels. Annual Book of ASTM Standards 2007, Vol. 05.04. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
11. Baker A.W., Sweigert R.L. A Comparison of Various Vegetable Oils as Fuels for Compression-Ignition Engines 1947, 40-48. Proc. Oil & Gas Power Meeting of the ASME.
12. Bay K., Wanko H., Ulrich J. Biodiesel-High-boiling absorbent for gas purification (Biodiesel: Hoch siedendes Absorbens für die Gasreinigung). Chemie Ingenieur Technik 2004, 76:328-333.
13. Behr A., Obendorf L.L. Development of a process for the acid-catalyzed etherification of glycerine and isobutene forming tertiary butyl ethers. Eng. Life Sci. 2003, 2:185-189.
14. Bélafi-Bakó K., Kovács F., Gubicza L., Hancsök J. Enzymatic biodiesel production from sunflower oil by candida antarctica lipase in a solvent-free system. Biocatal. Biotransform. 2002, 20:437-439.
15. Bertram S.H. Chem. Technol. (Dordrecht) 1946, 1:101.
16. Beyer M., Chudy A., Hoffman L., Jentsch W., Laube W., Nehring K., Schiemann R. Rostock Feed Evaluation System 2003, Plexus Verlag, Miltenberg-Frankfurt, Germany.
17. Bikou E., Louloudi A., Papayannakos N. The effect of water on the transesterification kinetics of cotton seed oil with ethanol. Chem. Eng. Technol. 1999, 22:70-75.
18. Boiscorjon d'Ollivier A. French production of soybean oil. (La Production métropolitaine des Oléagineux: 'Le Soja'). Rev. Combust. Liq. 1939, 17, 225-235. Chem. Abstr. 1940, 34:39377.
19. Bondioli P. The preparation of fatty acid esters by means of catalytic reactions. Topics in Catalysis 2004, 27:77-82.
20. Bondioli P., Folegatti L. Evaluating the oxidation stability of biodiesel. An experimental contribution. Riv. Ital. Sostanze Grasse 1996, 73:349-353.
21. Bondioli P., Gasparoli A., Della Bella L., Tagliabue S. Evaluation of biodiesel storage stability using reference methods. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 2002, 104:777-784.
22. Bondioli P., Gasparoli A., Della Bella L., Tagliabue S., Lacoste F., Lagardere L. The Prediction of biodiesel storage stability. proposal for a quick test. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 2004, 106:822-830.
23. Bondioli P., Gasparoli A., Della Bella L., Tagliabue S., Toso G. Biodiesel stability under commercial storage conditions over one year. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 2003, 105:735-741.
24. Bondioli P., Gasparoli A., Lanzani A., Fedeli E., Veronese S., Sala M. Storage stability of biodiesel. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 1995, 72:699.
25. Boocock D.G.B., Konar S.K., Mao V., Lee C., Buligan S. Fast formation of high-purity methyl esters from vegetable oils. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 1998, 75:1167-1172.
26. Boocock D.G.B., Konar S.K., Mao V., Sidi H. Fast one-phase oil-rich processes for the preparation of vegetable oil methyl esters. Biomass Bioenergy 1996, 11:43-50.
27. Breccia A., Esposito B., Breccia Fratadocchi G., Fini A. Reaction between methanol and commercial seed oils under microwave irradiation. J. Microwave Power Electromagn. Energy. 1999, 34:3-8.
28. Bruwer, J.J.; B.v.D. Boshoff; F.J.C. Hugo; L.M. du Plessis; J. Fuls; C. Hawkins; A.N. van der Walt; A. Engelbrecht. Sunflower Seed Oil as an Extender for Diesel Fuel in Agricultural Tractors. Symposium of the South African Institute of Agricultural Engineers, 1980a.
29. Bruwer, J.J.; B.v.D. Boshoff; F.J.C. Hugo; J. Fuls; C. Hawkins; A.N. van der Walt; A. Engelbrecht; L.M. du Plessis. The Utilization of Sunflower Seed Oil as a Renewable Fuel for Diesel Engines. National Energy Symposium, American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 1980b.
30. Bruwer, J.J.; B.v.D. Boshoff; F.J.C. Hugo; J. Fuls; C. Hawkins; A.N. van der Walt; A. Engelbrecht; L.M. du Plessis. The Utilization of Sunflower Seed Oil as a Renewable Fuel for Diesel Engines Comm. Eur. Communities, [Rep.] EUR 1981, EUR 7091, Energy Biomass Conf., 1981; 1st, pp. 934-940.
31. Bunyakiat K., Makmee S., Sawangkeaw R., Ngamprasertsith S. Continuous production of biodiesel via transesterification from vegetable oils in supercritical methanol. Energy & Fuels 2006, 20:812-817.
32. Canakci M., Monyem A., Van Gerpen J. Accelerated oxidation processes in biodiesel. Trans. ASAE 1999, 42:1565.
33. Canakci M., Van Gerpen J. A pilot plant to produce biodiesel from high free fatty acid feedstocks. Trans. ASAE 2003, 46:945-954.
34. Canakci M., Van Gerpen J. Comparison of engine performance and emissions for petroleum diesel fuel, yellow grease biodiesel, and soybean oil biodiesel. Trans. ASAE 2003, 46:937-944.
35. Canakci M., Van Gerpen J. Biodiesel production from oils and fats with high free fatty acids. Trans. ASAE 2001, 44:1429-1436.
36. Canakci M., Van Gerpen J. Biodiesel production via acid catalysis. Trans. ASAE 1999, 42:1203-1210.
37. Cantrell D.G., Gillie L.J., Lee A.F., Wilson K. Structure-reactivity correlations in mgal hydrotalcite catalysts for biodiesel synthesis. Appl. Catal. A 2005, 287:183-190.
38. Cao W., Han H., Zhang J. Preparation of biodiesel from soybean oil using supercritical methanol and co-solvent. Fuel 2005, 84:347-351.
39. CEN EN 14214 Automotive Fuels: FAME for Diesel Engines; Requirements and Test Methods 2003, European Committee for Standardization.
40. Cetinkaya M., Karaosmanoglu F. A new application area for used cooking oil originated biodiesel: generators. Energy Fuels 2005, 19:645-652.
41. Chavanne C.G. Procédé de transformation d'huiles végétales en vue de leur utilisation comme carburants (Procedure for the transformation of vegetable oils for their uses as fuels). Belgian Patent 422,877 (August 31, 1937). Chem. Abstr. 1938, 32:43132.
42. Chavanne C.G. Sur un Mode d'Utilization Possible de l'Huile de Palme à la Fabrication d'un Carburant Lourd (A method of possible utilization of palm oil for the manufacture of a heavy fuel). Bull. Soc. Chim. 1943, 10, 52-58. Chem. Abst. 1944, 38:21839.
43. Chisti Y. Biodiesel from microalgae. Biotechnol. Advances 2007, 25:294-306.
44. Chiu C.W., Goff M.J., Suppes G.J. Distribution of methanol and catalysts between biodiesel and glycerin phases. AIChE J. 2005, 51:1274-1278.
45. Ciriminna R., Pagliaro M. One-pot homogeneous and heterogeneous oxidation of glycerol to ketomalonic acid mediated by tempo. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2003, 345:383-388.
46. Ciriminna R., Palmisano G., Della Pina C., Rossi M., Pagliaro M. One-pot electrocatalytic oxidation of glycerol to dha. Tetrahedron Lett. 2006, 47:6993-6995.
47. Claude S. Research of new outlets for glycerol-Recent developments in France. Fett/Lipid 1999, 101:101-104.
48. Cvengroš J., Povalanec F. Production and treatment of rapeseed oil methyl esters as alternative fuels for diesel engines. Bioresour. Technol. 1996, 55:145-152.
49. Czernichowski A., Czernichowski M., Wesolowska K. Generation of 1 kg/h of hydrogen from soybean biodiesel. Prepr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Fuel Chem. 2006, 51:619-620.
50. Dasari M.A., Goff M.J., Suppes G.J. Noncatalytic alcoholysis kinetics of soybean oil. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 2003, 80:189-192.
51. Demirbas A. Biodiesel from vegetable oils via transesterification in supercritical methanol. Energy Convers. Managem. 2002, 43:2349-2356.
52. Demirbas A. biodiesel fuels from vegetable oils via catalytic and non-catalytic supercritical alcohol transesterifications and other methods: a survey. Energy Conv. Managem. 2003, 44:2093-2109.
53. Demirbas A., Karslioglu S. Biodiesel production facilities from vegetable oils and animal fats. Energy Sources, Part A 2007, 29:133-141.
54. Deng L., Xu X., Haraldsson G.G., Tan T., Wang F. Enzymatic production of alkyl esters through alcoholysis: a critical evaluation of lipases and alcohols. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 2005, 82:341-347.
55. Di Serio M., Ledda M., Cozzolino M., Minutillo G., Tesser R., Santacesaria E. Transesterification of soybean oil to biodiesel by using heterogeneous basic catalysts. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2006, 45:3009-3014.
56. Diesel R. Die Entstehung des Dieselmotors 1913, Berlin, Verlag von Julius Springer, Berlin.
57. Diesel R. The diesel oil-engine. Engineering. Chem. Abstr. 1912, 6:1984-2406.
58. Diesel R. The diesel oil-engine and its industrial importance particularly for great britain. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. 1912b, 179-280. Chem. Abstr. 1913, 7:1605.
59. Dimmig, T.; J. Haupt; W. Radig. Biodiesel: Diesel Fuel Substitute from Vegetable Oils and Recycling Products. (Biodiesel aus Pflanzenölen und nativen Recyclingprodukten.) Freiberger Foschungshefte 1999, A852 (Neue Erkenntnisse zur stofflichen Nutzung von nachwachsenden Rohstoffen) pp. 34-60.
60. Dittmar T., Ondruschka B., Haupt J., Lauterbach M. determination of the influence of raw material and process technology on the oxidative stability of fatty acid methyl esters. (Ermittlung des Einflusses von Fettrohstoff und Prozesstechnologie auf die Oxidationsstabilität von Fettsäuremethylester.). Chemie Ing. Techn. 2004, 76:1170-1179.
61. Dittmar T., Ondruschka B., Haupt J., Lauterbach M. Improvement of the oxidative stability of fatty acid methyl esters with antioxidants-limitations of the rancimat test. Chemie Ing. Techn. 2004, 76:1167-1170. (Verbesserung der Oxidationsstabilität von Fettsäuremethylestern mit Antioxidantien-Grenzen des Rancimat-Tests.).
62. Dossin T.F., Reyniers M.-F., Berger R.J., Marin G.B. Simulation of heterogeneously mgo-catalyzed transesterification for fine-chemical and biodiesel industrial production. Appl. Catal. B: Environm. 2006, 67:136-148.
63. Drown D.C., Harper K., Frame E. Screening vegetable oil alcohol esters as fuel lubricity enhancers. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 2001, 78:579-584.
64. Du Plessis L.M. Plant oils as diesel fuel extenders: stability tests and specifications on different grades of sunflower seed and soyabean oils. CHEMSA 1982, 8:150-154.
65. Du Plessis L.M., de Villiers J.B.M., van der Walt W.H. Stability studies on methyl and ethyl fatty acid esters of sunflowerseed oil. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 1985, 62:748.
66. Dubé M., Tremblay A.Y., Liu J. Biodiesel production using a membrane reactor. Bioresour. Technol. 2007, 98:639-647.
67. Dunn R.O. Effect of oxidation under accelerated conditions on fuel properties of methyl soyate (biodiesel). J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 2002, 79:915-920.
68. Dunn R.O. Oxidative stability of soybean oil fatty acid methyl esters by oil stability index (osi). J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 2005, 82:381-387.
69. Dunn R.O. Alternative jet fuels from vegetable oils. Trans. ASAE 2001, 44:1751-1757.
70. Dunn R.O. Analysis of oxidative stability of methyl soyate by pressurized-differential scanning calorimetry. Trans. ASAE 2000, 43:1203-1208.
71. Dunn R.O. Cold weather properties and performance of biodiesel. The Biodiesel Handbook 2005, 83-121. AOCS Press, Champaign, IL. G. Knothe, J. Krahl, J. Van Gerpen (Eds.).
72. Dunn R.O. Oxidative stability of biodiesel by dynamic mode pressurized-differential scanning calorimetry (p-dsc). Trans. ASABE 2006, 49:1633-1641.
73. Dunn R.O. Effect of antioxidants on the oxidative stability of methyl soyate (biodiesel). Fuel Proc. Technol. 2005, 86:1071-1085.
74. Encinar J.M., Gonzalez J.F., Rodriguez J.J., Tejedor A. Biodiesel fuels from vegetable oils: transesterification of cynara cardunculus l. oils with ethanol. Energy & Fuels 2002, 16:443-450.
75. EPA. Environmental Protection Agency. A Comprehensive Analysis of Biodiesel Impacts on Exhaust Emissions. Draft Technical Report. EPA 420-P-02-001. October 2002.
76. Falk O., Meyer-Pittroff R. The effect of fatty acid composition on biodiesel oxidative stability. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 2004, 106:837-843.
77. Fang, H.L.; R.L. McCormick. Spectroscopic study of biodiesel degradation pathways. SAE Techn. Pap. Ser. 2006-01-3300; 2006.
78. Fernández-Álvarez P., Vila J., Garrido-Fernández J.M., Grifoll M., Lema J.M. Trials of bioremediation on a beach affected by the heavy oil spill of the prestige. J. Hazardous Materials 2006, 137:1523-1531.
79. Ferrari R.A., Oliveira V.d.S., Scabio A. Biodiesel from soybean: characterization and consumption in an energy generator. (Biodiesel de Soja-Taxa de Conversão em Ésteres Etílicos, Caracterização Físico-Química e Consumo em Gerador de Energia.). Quim. Nova 2005, 28:19-23.
80. Frankel E.N. Lipid Oxidation 2005, PJ Barnes and Associates, Bridgwater, England. Second ed.
81. Freedman B., Butterfield R.O., Pryde E.H. Transesterification kinetics of soybean oil. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 1986, 63:1375-1380.
82. Freedman B., Kwolek W.F., Pryde E.H. Quantitation in the analysis of transesterified soybean oil by capillary gas chromatography. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 1986, 63:1370-1375.
83. Freedman, B.; E.H. Pryde. Fatty esters from vegetable oils for use as a diesel fuel. Proceedings of the International Conference on Plant and Vegetable Oils as Fuels. ASAE Publ. 4-82 (Veg. Oil Fuels). 1982; pp. 117-122.
84. Freedman B., Pryde E.H., Mounts T.L. Variables affecting the yields of fatty esters from transesterified vegetable oils. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 1984, 61:1638-1643.
85. Fukuda H., Kondo A., Noda H. Biodiesel fuel production by transesterification of oils. J. Biosci. Bioeng. 2001, 92:405-416.
86. Gaupp K. Pflanzenöle als Dieselkraftstoffe (Plant oils as diesel fuel), Automobiltech. Z. 1937, 40, 203-207. Chem. Abstr. 1937, 31:88765.
87. Goering, C.E.; R.M. Campion; A.W. Schwab; E.H. Pryde. Evaluation of soybean oil-aqueous ethanol microemulsions for diesel engines. Proceedings of the international conference on plant and vegetable oils as fuels, ASAE Publ. 4-82 (Veg. Oil Fuels) 1982, 279-286.
88. Gryglewicz S. Rapeseed oil methyl esters preparation using heterogeneous catalysts. Bioresour. Technol. 1999, 70:249-253.
89. Gutsche B. Technology of methyl ester production and its application to biofuels. (Technologie der Methylesterherstellung - Anwendung für die Biodieselproduktion.). Fett/Lipid 1997, 99:418-427.
90. Haas M.J., Bloomer S., Scott K. Simple, high-efficiency synthesis of fatty acid methyl esters from soapstock. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 2000, 77:373-379.
91. Haas M.J., McAloon A., Yee W.C., Foglia T.A. A process model to estimate biodiesel production costs. Bioresour. Technol. 2006, 97:671-678.
92. Haas M.J., Michalski P.J., Runyon S., Nunez A., Scott K.M. Production of fame from acid oil, a by-product of vegetable oil refining. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 2003, 80:97-102.
93. Haas M.J., Piazza G.J., Foglia T.A. Enzymatic approaches to the production of biodiesel fuels. Lipid Biotechnology 2002, 587-598. Marcel Dekker, New York, Basel. T.M. Kuo, H.W. Gardner (Eds.).
94. Haas M.J., Scott K.M. Moisture removal substantially improves the efficiency of in situ biodiesel production from soybeans. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 2007, 84:197-204.
95. Haas M.J., Scott K.M., Alleman T.L., McCormick R.L. Engine performance of biodiesel fuel prepared from soybean soapstock: a high quality renewable fuel produced from a waste feedstock. Energy Fuels 2001, 15:1207-1212.
96. Haas M.J., Scott K.M., Marmer W.N., Foglia T.A. In situ alkaline transesterification: an effective method for the production of fatty acid esters from vegetable oils. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 2004, 81:83-89.
97. Hancsók J., Bubálik M., Tör M., Baladincz J. Synthesis of fuel additives on vegetable oil basis at laboratory scale. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 2006, 108:644-651.
98. Harrington K.J., D'Arcy-Evans C. A comparison of conventional and in situ methods of transesterification of seed oil from a series of sunflower cultivars. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 1985, 62:1009-1013.
99. He H., Sun S., Wang T., Zhu S. Transesterification kinetics of soybean oil for production of biodiesel in supercritical methanol. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 2007, 84:399-404.
100. He H., Wang T., Zhu S. Continuous production of biodiesel fuel from vegetable oil using supercritical methanol process. Fuel 2007, 86:442-447.
101. Heywood J.B. Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals 1988, McGraw Hill Book Co., New York, NY.
102. Hill J., Nelson E., Tilman D., Polasky S., Tifanny D. Environmental, economic and energetic costs and benefits of biodiesel and ethanol biofuels. PNSS 2006, 103:11206-11210.
103. Hillion, S.R;, J.-J. Rouxel; S. Leporq. Process for the Production of Esters from Vegetable Oils or Animal Oils Alcohols. U.S. Patent 5,908,946. June 1, 1999.
104. Hirai T., Ikenaga N., Miyake T., Suzuki T. Production of hydrogen by steam reforming of glycerin on ruthenium catalyst. Energy & Fuels 2005, 19:1761-1762.
105. Hirschmann S., Baganz K., Koschik I., Vorlop K.-D. Development of an integrated bioconversion process for the production of 1,3-propanediol from raw glycerol esters. Landbauforschung Völkenrode 2005, 55:261-267.
106. Hoydonckx H.E., De Vos D.E., Chavan S.A., Jacobs P.A. Esterification and transesterification of renewable chemicals. Top. Catal. 2004, 27:83-96.
107. Hsu A.-F., Jones K., Foglia T.A., Marmer W.N. Immobilized lipase-catalyzed production of alkyl esters of restaurant grease as biodiesel. Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem. 2002, 36:181-186.
108. Hsu A.-F., Jones K.C., Foglia T.A., Marmer W.N. Optimization of alkyl ester production from grease using a phyllosilicate sol-gel immobilized lipase. Biotechnol. Lett. 2003, 25:1713-1716.
109. Hu J., Du Z., Tang Z., Min E. Study on the solvent power of a new green solvent. Biodiesel. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2004, 43:7928-7931.
110. Huguenard C.M. Dual Fuel for Diesel Engines Using Cottonseed Oil, M.S. Thesis 1951, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH.
111. Imandi S.B., Nabdaru V.V.R., Somalanak S.R., Garapati H.R. Optimization of medium constituents for the production of citric acid from byproduct glycerol using doehlert experimental design. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 2007, 40:1367-1372.
112. Iriondo A., Barrio V.L., Cabra J.F., Arias P.L., Güemez M.B., Navarro R.M., Sánchez-Sanchez M.C., Fierro J.L.G. H2 Production from residual glycerol obtained from biomass transesterification. Prepr. Pap-. Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Fuel Chem. 2006, 51:557-558.
113. Jakobson G., Kathagen F.W., Klatt M., Steinberner U. Glycerol in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 1989, 477-489. VCH-Verlag, Weinheim, Germany. Fifth ed.
114. Johnson, L.A.; E.G. Hammond. Soybean Oil Ester Fuel Blends. U.S. Patent 5,520,708. 1996.
115. Kaieda M., Samukawa T., Matsumoto T., Ban K., Kondo A., Shimada Y., Noda H., Nomoto F., Ohtsuka K., Izumoto E., Fukuda H. Biodiesel fuel production from plant oil catalyzed by rhizopus oryzae lipase in a water-containing system without an organic solvent. J. Biosci. Bioeng. 1999, 88:627-631.
116. Analysis of Lipid Oxidation 2005, AOCS Press, Champaign, IL. A. Kamal-Eldin, J. Pokorn-ý (Eds.).
117. Karinen R.S., Krause A.O.I. New biocomponents from glycerol. Appl. Catal. A 2006, 306:128-133.
118. Kijora C., Kupsch R.-D. Evaluation of technical glycerols from "biodiesel" production as a feed component in fattening of pigs. Fett/Lipid 1996, 98(7-8):240-245.
119. Kildiran G., Yücel S.Ö., Türkay S. In-situ alcoholysis of soybean oil. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 1996, 73:225-228.
120. Kim H.J., Kang B.-S., Kim M.-J., Park Y.M., Kim D.K., Lee J.-S., Lee K.-Y. Transesterification of vegetable oil to biodiesel using heterogeneous base catalyst. Catal. Today 2004, 93-95:315-320.
121. Kiss A.A., Dimian A.C., Rothenberg G. Solid acid catalysts for biodiesel production-towards sustainable energy. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2006, 348:75-81.
122. Klepáová K., Mravec D., Hájeková E., Bajus M. Etherification of glycerol. Petroleum & Coal 2003, 45:54-57.
123. Klopfenstein N.W. Effect of molecular weights of fatty acid esters on cetane numbers as diesel fuels. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 1985, 62:1029-1031.
124. Knothe G. Analysis of oxidized biodiesel by 1h-nmr and effect of contact area with air. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 2006, 108:493-500.
125. Knothe G. Analyzing biodiesel: standards and other methods. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 2006, 83:823-833.
126. Knothe G. Historical perspectives on vegetable oil-based diesel fuels. INFORM 2001, 12:1103-1107.
127. Knothe G. Structure indices in FA chemistry. How relevant is the iodine value?. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 2002, 79:847-854.
128. Knothe G. The history of vegetable oil-based diesel fuels. The Biodiesel Handbook 2005, 4-16. AOCS Press, Champaign, IL. G. Knothe, J. Krahl, J. Van Gerpen (Eds.).
129. Knothe G., Bagby M.O., Ryan T.W. Cetane Numbers of Fatty Compounds: Influence of Compound Structure and of Various Potential Cetane Improvers. SAE Technical Paper Series No. 971681 1997, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA.
130. Knothe G., Dunn R.O. Dependence of oil stability index of fatty compounds on their structure and concentration and presence of metals. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 2003, 80:1021-1026.
131. Knothe G., Matheaus A.C., Ryan T.W. Cetane numbers of branched and straight-chain fatty esters determined in an ignition quality test. Fuel 2003, 82:971-975.
132. Knothe G., Steidley R. Lubricity of components of biodiesel and petrodiesel. the origin of biodiesel lubricity. Energy & Fuels 2005, 19:1192-1200.
133. The Biodiesel Handbook 2005, AOC Press, Champaign, IL. G. Knothe, J. Van Gerpen, J. Krahl (Eds.).
134. Koller M., Bona R., Braunegg G., Hermann C., Horvat P., Kroutil M., Martinz J., Neto J., Pereira L., Varila P. Production of polyhydroxyalkanoates from agricultural waste and surplus materials. Biomacromolecules 2005, 6:561-565.
135. Kulkarni M.G., Dalai A.K. Waste cooking oil-An economical source for biodiesel: A review. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2006, 45:2901-2913.
136. Lacoste F., Lagardere L. quality parameters evolution during biodiesel oxidation using rancimat test. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 2003, 105:149-155.
137. Lahr D.G., Shanks B.H. Kinetic analysis of the hydrogenolysis of lower polyhydric alcohols: Glycerol to glycols. Ind. Eng. Chem. 2003, 42:5467-5472.
138. Leadbeater N.E., Stencel L.M. Fast, easy preparation of biodiesel using microwave heating. Energy Fuels 2006, 20:2281-2283.
139. Leclercq E., Finiels A., Moreau C. Transesterification of rapeseed oil in the presence of basic zeolites and related solid catalysts. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 2001, 78:1161-1165.
140. Lee I., Johnson L.A., Hammond E.G. Use of branched-chain esters to reduce the crystallization temperature of biodiesel. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 1995, 72:1155-1160.
141. Lem R.F.-A. Dual Fuel for Diesel Engines Using Corn Oil with Variable Injection Timing, M.S. Thesis 1952, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH.
142. Leung D.Y.C., Koo B.C.P., Guo Y. Degradation of biodiesel under different storage conditions. Bioresour. Technol. 2006, 97:250-256.
143. Liang Y.C., May C.Y., Foon C.S., Ngan M.A., Hock C.C., Basiron Y. The effect of natural and synthetic antioxidants on the oxidative stability of palm diesel. Fuel 2006, 85:867-870.
144. Linko Y.-Y., Lämsä M., Wu X., Uosukainen E., Seppälä J., Linko P. Biodegradable products by lipase biocatalysis. J. Biotechnol. 1998, 66:41-50.
145. Lipkowski A.W., Kijenski J., Walisiewicz-Niedbalska W. Gliperol-New biofuel for diesel engines. Chemik 2005, 58:238-240.
146. Loh S.-K., Chew S.-M., Choo Y.-M. Oxidative stability and storage behavior of fatty acid methyl esters derived from used palm oil. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 2006, 83:947-952.
147. Lotero E., Goodwin J.G., Bruce D.A., Suwannakarn K., Liu Y., Lopez D.E. The catalysis of biodiesel synthesis. Catalysis 2006, 19:41-83.
148. Lotero E., Liu Y., Lopez D.E., Suwannakarn K., Bruce D.A., Goodwin J.G. Synthesis of biodiesel via acid catalysis. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2005, 44:5353-5363.
149. Ma F., Clements L.D., Hanna M.A. biodiesel fuel from animal fat. ancillary studies on transesterification of beef tallow. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1998, 37:3768-3771.
150. Ma F., Clements L.D., Hanna M.A. the effects of catalyst, free fatty acids, and water on transesterification of beef tallow. Trans. ASAE. 1998, 41:1261-1264.
151. Ma F., Clements L.D., Hanna M.A. The effect of mixing on transesterification of beef tallow. Bioresour. Technol. 1999, 69:289-293.
152. Ma F., Hanna M.A. Biodiesel production: a review. Bioresour. Technol. 1999, 70:1-15.
153. Marchetti J.M., Miguel V.U., Errazu A.F. Heterogeneous esterification of oil with high amount of free fatty acids. Fuel 2007, 86:906-910.
154. Marchetti J.M., Miguel V.U., Errazu A.F. Possible methods for biodiesel production. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2007, 11:1300-1311.
155. Mathot R.E. Vegetable oils for internal combustion engines. Engineer 1921, 132, 138-139. Chem. Abstr. 1921, 15:3735.
156. Mazzocchia C., Modica G., Kaddouri A., Nannicini R. Fatty acid methyl esters synthesis from triglycerides over heterogeneous catalysts in the presence of microwaves. C.R. Chimie 2004, 7:601-605.
157. Mbaraka I.K., Shanks B.H. Conversion of oils and fats using advanced mesoporous heterogeneous catalysts. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 2006, 83:79-91.
158. Mbaraka I.K., Shanks B.H. Design of multifunctionalized mesoporous silicas for esterification of fatty acid. J. Catalysis 2005, 229:365-373.
159. x Emissions from Biodiesel. Society of Automotive Engineers Technical paper Series. SAE 2002-01-1658 2002, SAE, Warrendale, PA.
160. McCormick, R.L.; A. Williams; J. Ireland; M. Brimhall; R.R. Hayes. Effects of Biodiesel Blends on Vehicle Emissions. Fiscal Year 2006 Annual Operating Plan-Milestone 10.4. National Renewable Energy Laboratory. NREL/MP-540-40554, October 2006.
161. Meher L.C., Sagar D.V., Nail S.N. Technical aspects of biodiesel production by transesterification-A review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2006, 10:248-268.
162. Miao X., Wu Q. Biodiesel production from heterotrophic microalgal oil. Bioresour. Technol. 2006, 97:841-846.
163. Miller N.J., Mudge S.M. The effect of biodiesel on the rate of removal and weathering characteristics of crude oil within artificial sand columns. Spill Sci. Technol. Bull. 1997, 4:17-33.
164. Minami E., Saka S. Kinetics of hydrolysis and methyl esterification for biodiesel production in two-step supercritical methanol process. Fuel 2006, 85:2479-2483.
165. Mittelbach M. Lipase catalyzed alcoholysis of sunflower oil. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 1990, 67:168-170.
166. Mittelbach M., Roth G., Bergmann A. Simultaneous gas chromatographic determination of methanol and free glycerol in biodiesel. Chromatographia 1996, 42:431-434.
167. Mittelbach M., Schober S. The influence of antioxidants on the oxidation stability of biodiesel. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 2003, 80:817-823.
168. Mittelbach M., Trathnigg B. Kinetics of alkaline catalyzed methanolysis of sunflower oil. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 1990, 92:145-148.
169. Miyazawa T., Kunimori K., Tomishige K. Glycerol hydrogenolysis in aqueous solution over ru/c+ an ion exchange resin and its reaction mechanism. Prepr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Fuel Chem. 2006, 51:530-531.
170. Monyem A., Canakci M., Van Gerpen J.H. Investigation of biodiesel thermal stability under simulated in-use conditions. Appl. Eng. Agric. 2000, 16:373-378.
171. Monyem A., Van Gerpen J.H. The effect of biodiesel oxidation on engine performance and emissions. Biomass Bioenergy 2001, 20:317-325.
172. Monyem A., Van Gerpen J.H., Canakci M. The effect of timing and oxidation on emissions from biodiesel-fueled engines. Trans. ASAE 2001, 44:35-42.
173. Morrison L.R. Glycerol. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology 1994, Vol. 12:681-694. John Wiley & Sons, New York, . Fourth ed.
174. Mudge S.M., Pereira G. Stimulating the biodegradation of crude oil with biodiesel. preliminary results. Spill Sci. Technol. Bull. 1999, 5:353-355.
175. Mushrush G., Beal E.J., Spencer G., Wynne J.H., Lloyd C.L., Hughes J.M., Walls C.L., Hardy D.R. An environmentally benign soybean derived fuel as a blending stock or replacement for home heating oil. J. Environ. Sci. Health 2001, A36:613-622.
176. Nagle N., Lemke P. Production of methyl ester fuel from microalgae. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 1990, 355-361.
177. Nakazono Y. Production technology for biodiesel fuels. Eco Industry 2003, 8:43-53. (Article in Japanese).
178. Nelson L.A., Foglia T.A., Marmer W.N. Lipase-catalyzed production of biodiesel. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 1996, 73:1191-1195.
179. Noureddini H., Zhu D. Kinetics of transesterification of soybean oil. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 1997, 74:1457-1463.
180. Obbard J.P., Ng K.L., Xu R. Bioremediation of petroleum contaminated beach sediments: use of crude palm oil and fatty acids to enhance indigenous biodegradation. Water, Air & Soil Pollut. 2004, 157:149-161.
181. Pachauri, N.; B. He. Value-added Utilization of Crude Glycerol from Biodiesel Production: A Survey of Current Research Activities. ASABE Paper No. 066223, 2006 ASABE Annual International Meeting.
182. Pereira M.G., Mudge S.M. Cleaning oiled shores: laboratory experiments testing the potential use of vegetable oil biodiesels. Chemosphere 2004, 54:297-304.
183. Peter S.K.F., Ganswindt R., Neuner H.-P., Weidner E. Alcoholysis of triacylglycerols by heterogeneous catalysis. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 2002, 104:324-330.
184. Peters R.A. Fatty alcohol production and use. INFORM 1996, 7:502-504.
185. Peterson G.R., Scarrah W.P. Rapeseed oil transesterification by heterogeneous catalysis. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 1984, 61:1593-1597.
186. Pimentel D., Patzek T.W. Ethanol production using corn, switchgrass and wood; biodiesel production using soybean and sunflower. Natural Resour. Res. 2005, 14:65-76.
187. Pizarro A.V.L., Park E.Y. Lipase-catalyzed production of biodiesel fuel from vegetable oils contained in waste activated bleaching earth. Process Biochem. 2003, 38:1077-1082.
188. Plank C., Lorbeer E. Simultaneous determination of glycerol, and mono-, di-, and triglycerides in vegetable oil methyl esters by capillary gas chromatography. J. Chromatogr., A 1995, 697:461-468.
189. Poirier, M.-A.; D.E. Steere; J.A. Krogh. Cetane Improver Compositions Comprising Nitrated Fatty Acid Derivatives. U.S. Patent 5,454,842, October 3, 1995.
190. Polavka J., Paligová J., Cvengroš J., Šimon P. Oxidation stability of methyl esters studied by differential thermal analysis and rancimat. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 2005, 82:519-524.
191. Posorske L.H. Industrial-scale application of enzymes to the fats and oil industry. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 1984, 61:1758-1760.
192. Rantanen L., Linnaila R., Aakko P., Harju T. NExBTL- Biodiesel Fuel of the Second Generation. Society of Automotive Engineers Technical paper Series. 2005-01-3771 2005, SAE, Warrendale, PA, .
193. Reddy C.R.V., Oshel R., Verkade J.G. Room-temperature conversion of soybean oil and poultry fat to biodiesel catalyzed by nanocrystalline calcium oxides. Energy & Fuels 2006, 20:1310-1314.
194. Samuels, W.D.; H.N. Conkle; B.F. Monzyk; K.L. Simmons; J.G. Frye; T.A. Werpy; S.F. Kuczek; S.P. Chauhan. Deicing/anti-icing fluids, U.S. Patent 7105105, September 12, 2006.
195. Schmidt A.W. Pflanzenöle als dieselkraftstoffe. Tropenpflanzer 1932, 35, 386-389. Chem. Abstr. 1933, 27:1735.
196. Schmidt A.W. Engine studies with diesel fuel (motorische untersuchungen mit dieselkraftstoffen). Automobiltechn. Z.. Chem. Abstr. 1933, 27:4055-4214.
197. Schmidt A.W., Gaupp K. Pflanzenöle als dieselkraftstoffe. Tropenpflanzer 1934, 37, 51-59. Chem. Abstr. 1934, 28:69747.
198. Schober S., Mittelbach M. Influence of diesel particulate filter additives on biodiesel quality. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 2005, 107:268-271.
199. Schober S., Mittelbach M. The impact of antioxidants on biodiesel oxidation stability. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 2004, 106:382-389.
200. Schroeder, J.; I. Shapiro; J. Nelson. Candle mixtures comprising naturally derived alkyl esters, PCT Int. Appl. WO 2004 46,286; Chem. Abstr. 141, 8856j.
201. Schuchardt U., Serchelt R., Vargas R.M. Transesterification of vegetable oils: A review. J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 1998, 9:199-210.
202. Selmi B., Thomas D. Immobilized lipase-catalyzed ethanolysis of sunflower oil in a solvent-free medium. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 1998, 75:691-695.
203. Sercheli R., Vargas R.M., Schuchardt U. Alkylguanidine-catalyzed heterogeneous transesterification of soybean oil. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 1999, 76:1207-1210.
204. Shah P., Ramaswamy A.V., Lazar K., Ramaswamy V. Synthesis and characterization of tin oxide-modified mesoporous sba-15 molecular sieves and catalytic activity in trans-esterification reaction. Appl. Catal. 2004, A 273:239-248.
205. Shah S., Sharma S., Gupta M.N. Enzymatic transesterification for biodiesel production. Indian J. Biochem. Biophys. 2003, 40:392-399.
206. Sharp C.A., Howell S.A., Jobe J. The Effect of Biodiesel Fuels on Transient Emissions from Modern Diesel Engines, Part I Regulated Emissions and Performance. Society of Automotive Engineers Technical Paper Series SAE 2000-01-1967 2000, SAE, Warrendale, PA.
207. Sharp C.A., Howell S.A., Jobe J. The Effect of Biodiesel Fuels on Transient Emissions from Modern Diesel Engines, Part II Unregulated Emissions and Chemical Characterization. Society of Automotive Engineers Technical Paper Series SAE 2000-01-1968 2000, SAE, Warrendale, PA.
208. Sheehan J., Dunahry T., Benemann J., Roessler P. A Look Back at the U.S. Department of Energy's Aquatic Species Program Biodiesel from Algae 1998, National Renewable Energy Lab., NREL/TP -580-24190 July.
209. Sheehan J., Camobreco V., Duffield J., Graboski M., Shapouri H. Life Cycle Inventory of Biodiesel and Petroleum Diesel for Use in and Urban Bus. NREL / SR-580-24089; National Renewable Energy Laboratory 1998, U.S. Department of Energy, Golden, CO.
210. Shibasaki-Kitakawa N., Honda H., Kuribayashi H., Toda T., Fukumura T., Yonemoto T. Biodiesel production using anionic ion-exchange resin as heterogeneous catalyst. Bioresour. Technol. 2007, 98:416-421.
211. Shimada Y., Watanabe Y., Samukawa T., Sugihara A., Noda H., Fukuda H., Tominaga Y. Conversion of vegetable oil to biodiesel using immobilized candida antarctica lipase. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 1999, 76:789-793.
212. Siler-Marinkovic S., Tomasevic A. Transesterification of sunflower oil in situ. Fuel 1998, 77:1389-1391.
213. Simkovsky N.M., Ecker A. Effect of antioxidants on the oxidative stability of rapeseed oil methyl esters. Erdoel, Erdgas, Kohle 1999, 115:317-318.
214. Simkovsky N.M., Ecker A. Influence of light and contents of tocopherol on the oxidative stability of fatty acid methyl esters. (Einfluß von licht und tocopherolgehalt auf die oxidationsstabilität von fettsäuremethylestern.). Fett/Lipid 1998, 100:534-538.
215. Šmídová D., Mikulášek P., Stloukal R., Hirschmann S. The biodiol production: Separation of model biomass by microfiltration. Desalination 2006, 200:466-467.
216. Soumanou M.M., Bornscheuer U.T. Lipase-catalyzed alcoholysis of vegetable oils. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 2003, 105:656-660.
217. Spooner-Wyman J.K., Appleby D.B., Yost D.M. Evaluation of Di-Butoxy Glycerol (Dbg) for Use As a Diesel Fuel Blend Component. Society of Automotive Engineers Technical Paper Series SAE 2003-01-2281 2003, SAE, Warrendale, PA.
218. Srinivas D., Srivastava R., Ratnasamy P. Transesterifications over titanosilicate molecular sieves. Catalysis Today 2004, 96:127-133.
219. Staat F., Vallet E. Vegetable oil methyl ester as a diesel substitute. Chem. Ind. (London) 1994, 863-865.
220. Stavarache C., Vinatoru M., Nishimura R., Maeda Y. Conversion of vegetable oil to biodiesel using ultrasonic irradiation. Chem. Lett. 2003, 32:716-717.
221. Stavinoha L., Howell S. Potential Analytical Methods for Stability Testing of Biodiesel and Biodiesel Blends 1999, Society of Automotive Engineers Technical Paper Series 1999-01-3520 SAE, Warrendale, PA.
222. Stern, R.; G. Hillion; J.J. Rouxel; S. Leporq. Process for the Production of Esters from Vegetable Oils or Animal Oils Alcohols. U.S. Patent No. 5,908,946. June 1, 1999.
223. Suppes G.J., Bockwinkel K., Lucas S., Botts J.B., Mason M.H., Heppert J.A. Calcium carbonate catalyzed alcoholysis of fats and oils. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 2001, 78:139-145.
224. Suppes G.J., Chen Z., Rui Y., Mason M., Heppert J.A. Synthesis and cetane improver performance of fatty acid glycol nitrates. Fuel 1999, 78:73-81.
225. Suppes G.J., Dasari M.A. Synthesis and evaluation of alkyl nitrates from triglycerides as cetane improvers. Ind. Eng. Chem. 2003, 42:5042-5053.
226. Suppes G.J., Dasari M.A., Doskocil E.J., Mankidy P.J., Goff M.J. Transesterification of soybean oil with zeolite and metal catalysts. Appl. Catalysis A 2004, 257:213-223.
227. Suppes G.J., Goff M., Burkhart M.L., Bockwinkel K., Mason M.H., Botts J.B., Heppert J.A. Multifunctional diesel fuel additives from triglycerides. Energy Fuels 2001, 15:151-157.
228. Tat M.E., Van Gerpen J.H. Biodiesel blend detection using a fuel composition sensor. Appl. Engin. Agric. 2003, 19:125-131.
229. Tat M.E., Van Gerpen J.H. Effect of temperature and pressure on the speed of sound and isentropic bulk modules of mixtures of biodiesel and diesel fuel. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 2003, 80:1127-1130.
230. Tat M.E., Van Gerpen J.H. Speed of sound and isentropic bulk modulus of alkyl monoesters at elevated temperatures and pressures. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 2003, 80:1249-1256.
231. Terry, B.; R.L. McCormick; M. Natarajanm. Impact of Biodiesel Blends on Fuel System Component Durability. SAE Techn. Pap. Ser. 2006-01-3279; 2006.
232. Thompson J.C., Peterson C.L., Reece D.L., Beck S.M. Two-year storage study with methyl and ethyl esters of rapeseed. Trans. ASAE 1998, 41:931-939.
233. van den Abeele M. L'huile de palme: matière première pour la préparation d'un carburant lourd utilisable dans les moteurs à combustion interne (Palm oil as raw material for the production of a heavy motor fuel). Bull. Agr. Congo Belge 1942, 33, 3-90. Chem. Abstr. 1944, 38:28051.
234. Van Gerpen J. Biodiesel processing and production. Fuel Process. Technol. 2005, 86:1097-1107.
235. Van Gerpen, J.; B. Dvorak. The Effect of Phosphorus Level on the Total Glycerol and Reation Yield of Biodiesel. Presented at Bioenergy 2002, the 10th Biennial Bioenergy Conference, Boise, ID. September 22-26, 2002.
236. Varma M.N., Madras G. Synthesis of biodiesel from castor oil and linseed oil in supercritical fluids. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2007, 46:1-6.
237. Walton J. The fuel possibilities of vegetable oils. Gas Oil Power 1938, 33, 167-168. Chem. Abstr. 1939, 33:8336.
238. Wang K., Hawley M.C., DeAthos S.J. Conversion of glycerol to 1,3-propanediol via selective dehydroxylation. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2003, 42:2913-2923.
239. Wang P.S., Tat M.E., Van Gerpen J. The production of isopropyl esters and their use in a diesel engine. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 2005, 82:845-849.
240. Wang L., Yang J. Transesterification of soybean oil with nano-mgo or not in supercritical and subcritical methanol. Fuel 2007, 86:328-333.
241. Warabi Y., Kusdiana D., Saka S. Reactivity of triglycerides and fatty acids of rapeseed oil in supercritical alcohols. Bioresour. Technol. 2004, 91:283-297.
242. Wardle D.A. Global sale of green air travel supported using biodiesel. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2003, 7:1-64.
243. Watanabe Y., Shimada Y., Sugihara A., Noda H., Fukuda H., Tominaga Y. Continuous production of biodiesel fuel from vegetable oil using immobilized candida antarctica lipase. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 2000, 77:355-360.
244. Watkins R.S., Lee A.F., Wilson K. Li-CaO catalysed tri-glyceride transesterification for biodiesel applications. Green Chem. 2004, 6:335-340.
245. Wehlmann J. Use of esterified rapeseed oil as plasticizer in plastics processing. Fett/Lipid 1999, 101:249-256.
246. Westbrook, S.R.; L.L. Stavinoha. Biodiesel and B20 Blends: Stability Test Methods and Stability Characteristics. Proc. Int. Conf. on Stability and Handling of Liquid Fuels, 8th, 2003. 271-298.
247. Wildes S. Methyl soyate: a new green alternative solvent. Chemical Health & Safety 2002, 924-926.
248. Willing A. Oleochemical esters-environmentally compatible raw materials for oils and lubricants from renewable resources. Fett/Lipid 1999, 101:192-198.
249. Wolfson A., Dlugy C., Tavor D., Blumenfeld J., Shotland Y. Baker's yeast catalyzed asymmetric reduction in glycerol. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2006, 17:2043-2045.
250. Wu W.-H., Foglia T.A., Marmer W.N., Dunn R.O., Goering C.E., Briggs T.E. Low-temperature property and engine performance evaluation of ethyl and isopropyl esters of tallow and grease. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 1998, 75:1173-1178.
251. Wu W.H., Foglia T.A., Marmer W.N., Phillips J.G. Optimizing production of ethyl esters of grease using 95% ethanol by response surface methodology. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 1999, 76:517-521.
252. Wyatt V.T., Nuñez A., Foglia T.A., Marmer W.N. Synthesis of hyperbranched poly(glycerol-diacid) oligomers. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 2006, 83:1033-1039.
253. Xie W., Huang X. Synthesis of biodiesel from soybean oil using heterogeneous kf/zno catalyst. Catal. Lett. 2006, 107:53-59.
254. Xie W., Huang X., Li H. Soybean oil methyl esters preparation using nax zeolites loaded with koh as a heterogeneous catalyst. Bioresour. Technol. 2007, 98:936-939.
255. Xie W., Li H. Alumina-supported potassium iodide as a heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production from soybean oil. J. Molec. Catal. A: Chemical 2006, 255:1-9.
256. Xie W., Peng H., Chen L. Transesterification of soybean oil catalyzed by potassium loaded on alumina as a solid-phase catalyst. Appl. Catal. A: Gen. 2006, 300:67-74.
257. Xu Y., Du W., Liu D., Zeng J. A novel enzymatic route for biodiesel production from renewable oils in a solvent-free medium. Biotechnol. Lett. 2003, 25:1239-1241.
258. Xu H., Miao X., Wu Q. High quality biodiesel production from a microalga chlorella protothecoides by heterotrophic growth in fermenters. J. Biotechnol. 2006, 126:499-507.
259. Zamzow K.L., Tsukamoto T.K., Miller G.C. Waste from biodiesel manufacturing as an inexpensive carbon source for bioreactors treating acid mine drainage. Mine Water Environ. 2006, 25:163-170.
260. Zhou W., Boocock D.G.B. Phase behavior of the base-catalyzed transesterification of soybean oil. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 2006, 83:1041-1045.
261. Zhou W., Boocock D.G.B. Phase distributions of alcohol, glycerol, and catalyst in the transesterification of soybean oil. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 2006, 83:1047-1052.
262. Zhou W., Konar S.K., Boocock D.G.B. Ethyl esters from the single-phase base-catalyzed ethanolysis of vegetable oils. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 2003, 80:367-371.