Recent Developments in Magnetic Diagnostic Systems

Chemical Reviews

Volumn 115, Issue 19, 2015, Pages 10690-10724

  Lee, Hakho ^a   Shin, Tae Hyun ^b   Cheon, Jinwoo ^b   Weissleder, Ralph ^a,c  

^a MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^c Yonsei University   (South Korea)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIOCOMPATIBILITY; IRON; MOLECULES; SATURATION MAGNETIZATION;

CONVENTIONAL MATERIALS; HIGH-SATURATION MAGNETIZATION; MAGNETIC DIAGNOSTIC; MAGNETIC NANOPARTI CLES (MNPS); MOLECULAR DETECTION; PARAMAGNETIC BEHAVIOR; SEPARATION TECHNOLOGIES; TARGETING MOLECULES;

MAGNETIC NANOPARTICLES;

MAGNETITE NANOPARTICLE;

ANIMAL; CHEMISTRY; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; HUMAN; MAGNETISM;

ANIMALS; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; HUMANS; MAGNETIC PHENOMENA; MAGNETITE NANOPARTICLES;

EID: 84944271621     PISSN: 00092665     EISSN: 15206890     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/cr500698d     Document Type: Review

References (351)

1. Gubala, V.; Harris, L. F.; Ricco, A. J.; Tan, M. X.; Williams, D. E. Point of Care Diagnostics: Status and Future Anal. Chem. 2012, 84, 487-515
2. Ryan, F.; OShea, S.; Byrne, S. The Carry-Over Effects of Patient Self-Testing: Positive Effects on Usual Care Management by an Anticoagulation Management Service Thromb. Res. 2010, 126, e345-e348
3. von Lode, P. Point-of-Care Immunotesting: Approaching the Analytical Performance of Central Laboratory Methods Clin. Biochem. 2005, 38, 591-606
4. Varmus, H.; Kumar, H. S. Addressing the Growing International Challenge of Cancer: A Multinational Perspective Sci. Transl. Med. 2013, 5, 175cm2
5. Wang, J. Electrochemical Glucose Biosensors Chem. Rev. 2008, 108, 814-825
6. Beneteau-Burnat, B.; Bocque, M. C.; Lorin, A.; Martin, C.; Vaubourdolle, M. Evaluation of the Blood Gas Analyzer GEM PREMIER 3000 Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 2004, 42, 96-101
7. Christenson, R. H.; Azzazy, H. M. Cardiac Point of Care Testing: A Focused Review of Current National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry Guidelines and Measurement Platforms Clin. Biochem. 2009, 42, 150-157
8. McDonnell, B.; Hearty, S.; Leonard, P.; OKennedy, R. Cardiac Biomarkers and the Case for Point-of-Care Testing Clin. Biochem. 2009, 42, 549-561
9. Lewandrowski, K.; Flood, J.; Finn, C.; Tannous, B.; Farris, A. B.; Benzer, T. I.; Lee-Lewandrowski, E. Implementation of Point-of-Care Rapid Urine Testing for Drugs of Abuse in the Emergency Department of an Academic Medical Center: Impact on Test Utilization and ED Length of Stay Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 2008, 129, 796-801
10. Cervinski, M. A.; Gronowski, A. M. Reproductive-Endocrine Point-of-Care Testing: Current Status and Limitations Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 2010, 48, 935-942
11. Kok, L.; Elias, S. G.; Witteman, B. J.; Goedhard, J. G.; Muris, J. W.; Moons, K. G.; de Wit, N. J. Diagnostic Accuracy of Point-of-Care Fecal Calprotectin and Immunochemical Occult Blood Tests for Diagnosis of Organic Bowel Disease in Primary Care: The Cost-Effectiveness of a Decision Rule for Abdominal Complaints in Primary Care (CEDAR) Study Clin. Chem. 2012, 58, 989-998
12. Curtis, C. M.; Kost, G. J.; Louie, R. F.; Sonu, R. J.; Ammirati, E. B.; Sumner, S. Point-of-Care Hematology and Coagulation Testing in Primary, Rural Emergency, and Disaster Care Scenarios Point Care 2012, 11, 140-145
13. Taylor, J. R.; Lopez, L. M. Cholesterol: Point-of-Care Testing Ann. Pharmacother. 2004, 38, 1252-1257
14. Dheda, K.; Ruhwald, M.; Theron, G.; Peter, J.; Yam, W. C. Point-of-Care Diagnosis of Tuberculosis: Past, Present and Future Respirology 2013, 18, 217-232
15. Park, S.; Zhang, Y.; Lin, S.; Wang, T. H.; Yang, S. Advances in Microfluidic PCR for Point-of-Care Infectious Disease Diagnostics Biotechnol. Adv. 2011, 29, 830-839
16. Castro, C. M.; Ghazani, A. A.; Chung, J.; Shao, H.; Issadore, D.; Yoon, T. J.; Weissleder, R.; Lee, H. Miniaturized Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Platform for Detection and Profiling of Circulating Tumor Cells Lab Chip 2014, 14, 14-23
17. Curtis, C. M.; Louie, R. F.; Vy, J. H.; Ferguson, W. J.; Lam, M.; Truong, A. T.; Rust, M. J.; Kost, G. J. Innovations in Point-of-Care Testing for Enhanced United States Disaster Caches Am. J. Disaster Med. 2013, 8, 181-204
18. Cheng, M. M.; Cuda, G.; Bunimovich, Y. L.; Gaspari, M.; Heath, J. R.; Hill, H. D.; Mirkin, C. A.; Nijdam, A. J.; Terracciano, R.; Thundat, T.; Ferrari, M. Nanotechnologies for Biomolecular Detection and Medical Diagnostics Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 2006, 10, 11-19
19. Giljohann, D. A.; Mirkin, C. A. Drivers of Biodiagnostic Development Nature 2009, 462, 461-464
20. Sun, T.; Holmes, D.; Gawad, S.; Green, N. G.; Morgan, H. High Speed Multi-Frequency Impedance Analysis of Single Particles in a Microfluidic Cytometer Using Maximum Length Sequences Lab Chip 2007, 7, 1034-1040
21. Ellerbee, A. K.; Phillips, S. T.; Siegel, A. C.; Mirica, K. A.; Martinez, A. W.; Striehl, P.; Jain, N.; Prentiss, M.; Whitesides, G. M. Quantifying Colorimetric Assays in Paper-Based Microfluidic Devices by Measuring the Transmission of Light through Paper Anal. Chem. 2009, 81, 8447-8452
22. Myers, F. B.; Lee, L. P. Innovations in Optical Microfluidic Technologies for Point-of-Care Diagnostics Lab Chip 2008, 8, 2015-2031
23. Lee, H.; Sun, E.; Ham, D.; Weissleder, R. Chip-NMR Biosensor for Detection and Molecular Analysis of Cells Nat. Med. 2008, 14, 869-874
24. Issadore, D.; Chung, J.; Shao, H.; Liong, M.; Ghazani, A. A.; Castro, C. M.; Weissleder, R.; Lee, H. Ultrasensitive Clinical Enumeration of Rare Cells Ex Vivo Using a Micro-Hall Detector Sci. Transl. Med. 2012, 4, 141ra92
25. Gaster, R. S.; Xu, L.; Han, S. J.; Wilson, R. J.; Hall, D. A.; Osterfeld, S. J.; Yu, H.; Wang, S. X. Quantification of Protein Interactions and Solution Transport Using High-Density GMR Sensor Arrays Nat. Nanotechnol. 2011, 6, 314-320
26. Gijs, M. A.; Lacharme, F.; Lehmann, U. Microfluidic Applications of Magnetic Particles for Biological Analysis and Catalysis Chem. Rev. 2010, 110, 1518-1563
27. Plouffe, B. D.; Murthy, S. K.; Lewis, L. H. Fundamentals and Application of Magnetic Particles in Cell Isolation and Enrichment: A Review Rep. Prog. Phys. 2014, 78, 016601
28. Chalmers, J. J.; Zborowski, M.; Sun, L.; Moore, L. Flow through, Immunomagnetic Cell Separation Biotechnol. Prog. 1998, 14, 141-148
29. Zborowski, M.; Chalmers, J. J. Magnetic Cell Separation; Elsevier: Amsterdam, 2008; p xviii, 454 pp, [14] pp of plates.
30. Miltenyi, S.; Muller, W.; Weichel, W.; Radbruch, A. High Gradient Magnetic Cell Separation with MACS Cytometry 1990, 11, 231-238
31. Harisinghani, M. G.; Barentsz, J.; Hahn, P. F.; Deserno, W. M.; Tabatabaei, S.; van de Kaa, C. H.; de la Rosette, J.; Weissleder, R. Noninvasive Detection of Clinically Occult Lymph-Node Metastases in Prostate Cancer N. Engl. J. Med. 2003, 348, 2491-2499
32. Weissleder, R.; Reimer, P.; Lee, A. S.; Wittenberg, J.; Brady, T. J. MR Receptor Imaging: Ultrasmall Iron Oxide Particles Targeted to Asialoglycoprotein Receptors Am. J. Roentgenol. 1990, 155, 1161-1167
33. Weissleder, R.; Elizondo, G.; Wittenberg, J.; Lee, A. S.; Josephson, L.; Brady, T. J. Ultrasmall Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide: An Intravenous Contrast Agent for Assessing Lymph Nodes with MR Imaging Radiology 1990, 175, 494-498
34. Harisinghani, M.; Ross, R. W.; Guimaraes, A. R.; Weissleder, R. Utility of a New Bolus-Injectable Nanoparticle for Clinical Cancer Staging Neoplasia 2007, 9, 1160-1165
35. Shaw, S. Y.; Westly, E. C.; Pittet, M. J.; Subramanian, A.; Schreiber, S. L.; Weissleder, R. Perturbational Profiling of Nanomaterial Biologic Activity Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2008, 105, 7387-7392
36. Krishnan, K. M. Biomedical Nanomagnetics: A Spin through Possibilities in Imaging, Diagnostics, and Therapy IEEE Trans. Magn. 2010, 46, 2523-2558
37. Pankhurst, Q. A.; Connolly, J.; Jones, S. K.; Dobson, J. Applications of Magnetic Nanoparticles in Biomedicine J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 2003, 36, R167-R181
38. Issadore, D.; Park, Y. I.; Shao, H.; Min, C.; Lee, K.; Liong, M.; Weissleder, R.; Lee, H. Magnetic Sensing Technology for Molecular Analyses Lab Chip 2014, 14, 2385-2397
39. Gillis, P.; Koenig, S. H. Transverse Relaxation of Solvent Protons Induced by Magnetized Spheres: Application to Ferritin, Erythrocytes, and Magnetite Magn. Reson. Med. 1987, 5, 323-345
40. Danieli, E.; Perlo, J.; Blumich, B.; Casanova, F. Small Magnets for Portable NMR Spectrometers Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2010, 49, 4133-4135
41. Liu, Y.; Sun, N.; Lee, H.; Weissleder, R.; Ham, D. CMOS Mini Nuclear Magnetic Resonance System and Its Application for Biomolecular Sensing. IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference, 2008. ISSCC 2008. Digest of Technical Papers; IEEE: New York, 2008; p 140.
42. Massin, C.; Vincent, F.; Homsy, A.; Ehrmann, K.; Boero, G.; Besse, P. A.; Daridon, A.; Verpoorte, E.; de Rooij, N. F.; Popovic, R. S. Planar Microcoil-Based Microfluidic NMR Probes J. Magn. Reson. 2003, 164, 242-255
43. Shao, H.; Chung, J.; Balaj, L.; Charest, A.; Bigner, D. D.; Carter, B. S.; Hochberg, F. H.; Breakefield, X. O.; Weissleder, R.; Lee, H. Protein Typing of Circulating Microvesicles Allows Real-Time Monitoring of Glioblastoma Therapy Nat. Med. 2012, 18, 1835-1840
44. Lee, H.; Yoon, T. J.; Figueiredo, J. L.; Swirski, F. K.; Weissleder, R. Rapid Detection and Profiling of Cancer Cells in Fine-Needle Aspirates Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2009, 106, 12459-12464
45. Issadore, D.; Min, C.; Liong, M.; Chung, J.; Weissleder, R.; Lee, H. Miniature Magnetic Resonance System for Point-of-Care Diagnostics Lab Chip 2011, 11, 2282-2287
46. Ghazani, A. A.; Castro, C. M.; Gorbatov, R.; Lee, H.; Weissleder, R. Sensitive and Direct Detection of Circulating Tumor Cells by Multimarker μ-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Neoplasia 2012, 14, 388-395
47. Ghazani, A. A.; McDermott, S.; Pectasides, M.; Sebas, M.; Mino-Kenudson, M.; Lee, H.; Weissleder, R.; Castro, C. M. Comparison of Select Cancer Biomarkers in Human Circulating and Bulk Tumor Cells Using Magnetic Nanoparticles and a Miniaturized Micro-NMR System Nanomedicine 2013, 9, 1009-1017
48. Chung, H. J.; Reiner, T.; Budin, G.; Min, C.; Liong, M.; Issadore, D.; Lee, H.; Weissleder, R. Ubiquitous Detection of Gram-Positive Bacteria with Bioorthogonal Magnetofluorescent Nanoparticles ACS Nano 2011, 5, 8834-8841
49. Budin, G.; Chung, H. J.; Lee, H.; Weissleder, R. A Magnetic Gram Stain for Bacterial Detection Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2012, 51, 7752-7755
50. Chung, H. J.; Castro, C. M.; Im, H.; Lee, H.; Weissleder, R. A Magneto-DNA Nanoparticle System for Rapid Detection and Phenotyping of Bacteria Nat. Nanotechnol. 2013, 8, 369-375
51. Liong, M.; Fernandez-Suarez, M.; Issadore, D.; Min, C.; Tassa, C.; Reiner, T.; Fortune, S. M.; Toner, M.; Lee, H.; Weissleder, R. Specific Pathogen Detection Using Bioorthogonal Chemistry and Diagnostic Magnetic Resonance Bioconjugate Chem. 2011, 22, 2390-2394
52. Liong, M.; Hoang, A. N.; Chung, J.; Gural, N.; Ford, C. B.; Min, C.; Shah, R. R.; Ahmad, R.; Fernandez-Suarez, M.; Fortune, S. M.; Toner, M.; Lee, H.; Weissleder, R. Magnetic Barcode Assay for Genetic Detection of Pathogens Nat. Commun. 2013, 4, 1752
53. Rho, J.; Chung, J.; Im, H.; Liong, M.; Shao, H.; Castro, C. M.; Weissleder, R.; Lee, H. Magnetic Nanosensor for Detection and Profiling of Erythrocyte-Derived Microvesicles ACS Nano 2013, 7, 11227-11233
54. Connolly, J.; St Pierre, T. G. Proposed Biosensors Based on Time-Dependent Properties of Magnetic Fluids J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 2001, 225, 156-160
55. Stromberg, M.; Zardan Gomez de la Torre, T.; Goransson, J.; Gunnarsson, K.; Nilsson, M.; Svedlindh, P.; Stromme, M. Multiplex Detection of DNA Sequences Using the Volume-Amplified Magnetic Nanobead Detection Assay Anal. Chem. 2009, 81, 3398-3406
56. Park, K.; Harrah, T.; Goldberg, E. B.; Guertin, R. P.; Sonkusale, S. Multiplexed Sensing Based on Brownian Relaxation of Magnetic Nanoparticles Using a Compact AC Susceptometer Nanotechnology 2011, 22, 085501
57. Astalan, A. P.; Ahrentorp, F.; Johansson, C.; Larsson, K.; Krozer, A. Biomolecular Reactions Studied Using Changes in Brownian Rotation Dynamics of Magnetic Particles Biosens. Bioelectron. 2004, 19, 945-951
58. Grossman, H. L.; Myers, W. R.; Vreeland, V. J.; Bruehl, R.; Alper, M. D.; Bertozzi, C. R.; Clarke, J. Detection of Bacteria in Suspension by Using a Superconducting Quantum Interference Device Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2004, 101, 129-134
59. Hall, D. A.; Gaster, R. S.; Makinwa, K.; Wang, S. X.; Murmann, B. A 256 Pixel Magnetoresistive Biosensor Microarray in 0.18 μm CMOS IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits 2013, 48, 1290-1301
60. Baselt, D. R.; Lee, G. U.; Natesan, M.; Metzger, S. W.; Sheehan, P. E.; Colton, R. J. A Biosensor Based on Magnetoresistance Technology Biosens. Bioelectron. 1998, 13, 731-739
61. Osterfeld, S. J.; Yu, H.; Gaster, R. S.; Caramuta, S.; Xu, L.; Han, S. J.; Hall, D. A.; Wilson, R. J.; Sun, S.; White, R. L.; Davis, R. W.; Pourmand, N.; Wang, S. X. Multiplex Protein Assays Based on Real-Time Magnetic Nanotag Sensing Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2008, 105, 20637-20640
62. Gaster, R. S.; Hall, D. A.; Nielsen, C. H.; Osterfeld, S. J.; Yu, H.; Mach, K. E.; Wilson, R. J.; Murmann, B.; Liao, J. C.; Gambhir, S. S.; Wang, S. X. Matrix-Insensitive Protein Assays Push the Limits of Biosensors in Medicine Nat. Med. 2009, 15, 1327-1332
63. Besse, P.-A.; Boero, G.; Demierre, M.; Pott, V.; Popovic, R. Detection of a Single Magnetic Microbead Using a Miniaturized Silicon Hall Sensor Appl. Phys. Lett. 2002, 80, 4199
64. Mihajlović, G.; Xiong, P.; von Molnár, S.; Ohtani, K.; Ohno, H.; Field, M.; Sullivan, G. J. Detection of Single Magnetic Bead for Biological Applications Using an InAs Quantum-Well Micro-Hall Sensor Appl. Phys. Lett. 2005, 87, 112502
65. Togawa, K.; Sanbonsugi, H.; Lapicki, A.; Abe, M.; Handa, H.; Sandhu, A. High-Sensitivity InSb Thin-Film Micro-Hall Sensor Arrays for Simultaneous Multiple Detection of Magnetic Beads for Biomedical Applications IEEE Trans. Magn. 2005, 41, 3661-3663
66. Aytur, T.; Foley, J.; Anwar, M.; Boser, B.; Harris, E.; Beatty, P. R. A Novel Magnetic Bead Bioassay Platform Using a Microchip-Based Sensor for Infectious Disease Diagnosis J. Immunol. Methods 2006, 314, 21-29
67. Gambini, S.; Skucha, K.; Liu, P. P.; Kim, J.; Krigel, R. A 10 kPixel CMOS Hall Sensor Array with Baseline Suppression and Parallel Readout for Immunoassays IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits 2013, 48, 302-317
68. Liu, P. P.; Skucha, K.; Duan, Y.; Megens, M.; Kim, J.; Izyumin, I. I.; Gambini, S.; Boser, B. Magnetic Relaxation Detector for Microbead Labels IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits 2012, 47, 1056-1064
69. Issadore, D.; Chung, H. J.; Chung, J.; Budin, G.; Weissleder, R.; Lee, H. μHall Chip for Sensitive Detection of Bacteria Adv. Healthcare Mater. 2013, 2, 1224-1228
70. Balasubramanian, G.; Chan, I. Y.; Kolesov, R.; Al-Hmoud, M.; Tisler, J.; Shin, C.; Kim, C.; Wojcik, A.; Hemmer, P. R.; Krueger, A.; Hanke, T.; Leitenstorfer, A.; Bratschitsch, R.; Jelezko, F.; Wrachtrup, J. Nanoscale Imaging Magnetometry with Diamond Spins Under Ambient Conditions Nature 2008, 455, 648-651
71. Maze, J. R.; Stanwix, P. L.; Hodges, J. S.; Hong, S.; Taylor, J. M.; Cappellaro, P.; Jiang, L.; Dutt, M. V.; Togan, E.; Zibrov, A. S.; Yacoby, A.; Walsworth, R. L.; Lukin, M. D. Nanoscale Magnetic Sensing with an Individual Electronic Spin in Diamond Nature 2008, 455, 644-647
72. Taylor, J. M.; Cappellaro, P.; Childress, L.; Jiang, L.; Budker, D.; Hemmer, P. R.; Yacoby, A.; Walsworth, R.; Lukin, M. D. High-Sensitivity Diamond Magnetometer with Nanoscale Resolution Nat. Phys. 2008, 4, 810-816
73. Waldherr, G.; Beck, J.; Neumann, P.; Said, R. S.; Nitsche, M.; Markham, M. L.; Twitchen, D. J.; Twamley, J.; Jelezko, F.; Wrachtrup, J. High-Dynamic-Range Magnetometry with a Single Nuclear Spin in Diamond Nat. Nanotechnol. 2012, 7, 105-108
74. Budker, D.; Jackson, K.; Derek, F. Optical Magnetometry; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, U.K., 2013; p xvii, 412 pp.
75. Le Sage, D.; Arai, K.; Glenn, D. R.; DeVience, S. J.; Pham, L. M.; Rahn-Lee, L.; Lukin, M. D.; Yacoby, A.; Komeili, A.; Walsworth, R. L. Optical Magnetic Imaging of Living Cells Nature 2013, 496, 486-489
76. Mamin, H. J.; Kim, M.; Sherwood, M. H.; Rettner, C. T.; Ohno, K.; Awschalom, D. D.; Rugar, D. Nanoscale Nuclear Magnetic Resonance with a Nitrogen-Vacancy Spin Sensor Science 2013, 339, 557-560
77. 3Sample Volume Science 2013, 339, 561-563
78. Lara, O.; Tong, X.; Zborowski, M.; Chalmers, J. J. Enrichment of Rare Cancer Cells through Depletion of Normal Cells Using Density and Flow-through, Immunomagnetic Cell Separation Exp. Hematol. 2004, 32, 891-904
79. Choi, J.-W.; Ahn, C. H.; Bhansali, S.; Henderson, H. T. A New Magnetic Bead-Based, Filterless Bio-Separator with Planar Electromagnet Surfaces for Integrated Bio-Detection Systems Sens. Actuators, B 2000, 68, 34-39
80. Dupont, E. P.; Labonne, E.; Vandevyver, C.; Lehmann, U.; Charbon, E.; Gijs, M. A. Monolithic Silicon Chip for Immunofluorescence Detection on Single Magnetic Beads Anal. Chem. 2010, 82, 49-52
81. Lee, H.; Purdon, A. M.; Westervelt, R. M. Manipulation of Biological Cells Using a Microelectromagnet Matrix Appl. Phys. Lett. 2004, 85, 1063
82. Pamme, N. Magnetism and Microfluidics Lab Chip 2006, 6, 24-38
83. Gijs, M. A. M. Magnetic Bead Handling On-Chip: New Opportunities for Analytical Applications Microfluid. Nanofluid. 2004, 1, 22-40
84. Xia, N.; Hunt, T. P.; Mayers, B. T.; Alsberg, E.; Whitesides, G. M.; Westervelt, R. M.; Ingber, D. E. Combined Microfluidic-Micromagnetic Separation of Living Cells in Continuous Flow Biomed. Microdevices 2006, 8, 299-308
85. Smistrup, K.; Lund-Olesen, T.; Hansen, M. F.; Tang, P. T. Microfluidic Magnetic Separator Using an Array of Soft Magnetic Elements J. Appl. Phys. 2006, 99, 08P102
86. Inglis, D. W.; Riehn, R.; Austin, R. H.; Sturm, J. C. Continuous Microfluidic Immunomagnetic Cell Separation Appl. Phys. Lett. 2004, 85, 5093
87. Csordas, A.; Gerdon, A. E.; Adams, J. D.; Qian, J.; Oh, S. S.; Xiao, Y.; Soh, H. T. Detection of Proteins in Serum by Micromagnetic Aptamer PCR (MAP) Technology Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2010, 49, 355-358
88. Adams, J. D.; Kim, U.; Soh, H. T. Multitarget Magnetic Activated Cell Sorter Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2008, 105, 18165-18170
89. Berger, M.; Castelino, J.; Huang, R.; Shah, M.; Austin, R. H. Design of a Microfabricated Magnetic Cell Separator Electrophoresis 2001, 22, 3883-3892
90. Tibbe, A. G.; de Grooth, B. G.; Greve, J.; Liberti, P. A.; Dolan, G. J.; Terstappen, L. W. Optical Tracking and Detection of Immunomagnetically Selected and Aligned Cells Nat. Biotechnol. 1999, 17, 1210-1213
91. Choi, J. W.; Liakopoulos, T. M.; Ahn, C. H. An On-Chip Magnetic Bead Separator Using Spiral Electromagnets with Semi-Encapsulated Permalloy Biosens. Bioelectron. 2001, 16, 409-416
92. Lee, C. S.; Lee, H.; Westervelt, R. M. Microelectromagnets for the Control of Magnetic Nanoparticles Appl. Phys. Lett. 2001, 79, 3308
93. Cardoso, F.; Jankovic, J.; Grossman, R. G.; Hamilton, W. J. Outcome After Stereotactic Thalamotomy for Dystonia and Hemiballismus Neurosurgery 1995, 36, 501-7
94. Gossett, D. R.; Weaver, W. M.; Mach, A. J.; Hur, S. C.; Tse, H. T.; Lee, W.; Amini, H.; Di Carlo, D. Label-Free Cell Separation and Sorting in Microfluidic Systems Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2010, 397, 3249-3267
95. Tibbe, A. G.; de Grooth, B. G.; Greve, J.; Liberti, P. A.; Dolan, G. J.; Terstappen, L. W. Cell Analysis System Based on Immunomagnetic Cell Selection and Alignment Followed by Immunofluorescent Analysis Using Compact Disk Technologies Cytometry 2001, 43, 31-37
96. Chung, J.; Issadore, D.; Ullal, A.; Lee, K.; Weissleder, R.; Lee, H. Rare Cell Isolation and Profiling on a Hybrid Magnetic/Size-Sorting Chip Biomicrofluidics 2013, 7, 54107
97. Issadore, D.; Shao, H.; Chung, J.; Newton, A.; Pittet, M.; Weissleder, R.; Lee, H. Self-Assembled Magnetic Filter for Highly Efficient Immunomagnetic Separation Lab Chip 2011, 11, 147-151
98. Rozenfeld, E. V. Calculation of the Field of a Lattice of Point Magnetic Dipoles Phys. Solid State 2000, 42, 1680-1687
99. Pamme, N.; Wilhelm, C. Continuous Sorting of Magnetic Cells via On-Chip Free-Flow Magnetophoresis Lab Chip 2006, 6, 974-980
100. Kang, J. H.; Super, M.; Yung, C. W.; Cooper, R. M.; Domansky, K.; Graveline, A. R.; Mammoto, T.; Berthet, J. B.; Tobin, H.; Cartwright, M. J.; Watters, A. L.; Rottman, M.; Waterhouse, A.; Mammoto, A.; Gamini, N.; Rodas, M. J.; Kole, A.; Jiang, A.; Valentin, T. M.; Diaz, A.; Takahashi, K.; Ingber, D. E. An Extracorporeal Blood-Cleansing Device for Sepsis Therapy Nat. Med. 2014, 20, 1211-1216
101. Ramadan, Q.; Samper, V.; Poenar, D. P.; Yu, C. An Integrated Microfluidic Platform for Magnetic Microbeads Separation and Confinement Biosens. Bioelectron. 2006, 21, 1693-1702
102. Lee, H.; Liu, Y.; Ham, D.; Westervelt, R. M. Integrated Cell Manipulation System-CMOS/Microfluidic Hybrid Lab Chip 2007, 7, 331-337
103. Lehmann, U.; Vandevyver, C.; Parashar, V. K.; Gijs, M. A. Droplet-Based DNA Purification in a Magnetic Lab-On-a-Chip Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2006, 45, 3062-3067
104. Pipper, J.; Inoue, M.; Ng, L. F.; Neuzil, P.; Zhang, Y.; Novak, L. Catching Bird Flu in a Droplet Nat. Med. 2007, 13, 1259-1263
105. Koh, I.; Hong, R.; Weissleder, R.; Josephson, L. Sensitive NMR Sensors Detect Antibodies to Influenza Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 4119-4121
106. Yang, J.; Wei, F.; Schafer, C.; Wong, D. T. Detection of Tumor Cell-Specific mRNA and Protein in Exosome-Like Microvesicles from Blood and Saliva PLoS One 2014, 9, e110641
107. van Reenen, A.; de Jong, A. M.; den Toonder, J. M.; Prins, M. W. Integrated Lab-On-Chip Biosensing Systems Based on Magnetic Particle Actuation-A Comprehensive Review Lab Chip 2014, 14, 1966-1986
108. Bruls, D. M.; Evers, T. H.; Kahlman, J. A.; van Lankvelt, P. J.; Ovsyanko, M.; Pelssers, E. G.; Schleipen, J. J.; de Theije, F. K.; Verschuren, C. A.; van der Wijk, T.; van Zon, J. B.; Dittmer, W. U.; Immink, A. H.; Nieuwenhuis, J. H.; Prins, M. W. Rapid Integrated Biosensor for Multiplexed Immunoassays Based on Actuated Magnetic Nanoparticles Lab Chip 2009, 9, 3504-3510
109. Ashcroft, N. W.; Mermin, N. D. Solid State Physics; Holt, Rinehart and Winston: New York, 1976.
110. 3Nanoparticles Chem. Mater. 1999, 11, 3058-3064
111. 1Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agents J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 12624-12631
112. Jun, Y. W.; Seo, J. W.; Cheon, J. Nanoscaling Laws of Magnetic Nanoparticles and Their Applicabilities in Biomedical Sciences Acc. Chem. Res. 2008, 41, 179-189
113. Kim, D.; Lee, N.; Park, M.; Kim, B. H.; An, K.; Hyeon, T. Synthesis of Uniform Ferrimagnetic Magnetite Nanocubes J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 454-455
114. Noh, S. H.; Na, W.; Jang, J. T.; Lee, J. H.; Lee, E. J.; Moon, S. H.; Lim, Y.; Shin, J. S.; Cheon, J. Nanoscale Magnetism Control via Surface and Exchange Anisotropy for Optimized Ferrimagnetic Hysteresis Nano Lett. 2012, 12, 3716-3721
115. Bean, C. P.; Livingston, J. D. Superparamagnetism J. Appl. Phys. 1959, 30, S120
116. Kittel, C. Physical Theory of Ferromagnetic Domains Rev. Mod. Phys. 1949, 21, 541-583
117. Brown, W. Thermal Fluctuations of a Single-Domain Particle Phys. Rev. 1963, 130, 1677-1686
118. Standley, K. J. Oxide Magnetic Materials; Clarendon Press: Oxford, U.K., 1972.
119. Park, J.; An, K.; Hwang, Y.; Park, J. G.; Noh, H. J.; Kim, J. Y.; Park, J. H.; Hwang, N. M.; Hyeon, T. Ultra-Large-Scale Syntheses of Monodisperse Nanocrystals Nat. Mater. 2004, 3, 891-895
120. Chung, S. H.; Hoffmann, A.; Bader, S. D.; Liu, C.; Kay, B.; Makowski, L.; Chen, L. Biological Sensors Based on Brownian Relaxation of Magnetic Nanoparticles Appl. Phys. Lett. 2004, 85, 2971
121. Walker, M.; Mayo, P. I.; OGrady, K.; Charles, S. W.; Chantrell, R. W. The Magnetic Properties of Single-Domain Particles with Cubic Anisotropy. I. Hysteresis Loops J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 1993, 5, 2779-2792
122. Rosensweig, R. E. Heating Magnetic Fluid with Alternating Magnetic Field J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 2002, 252, 370-374
123. 2NMRD Profiles of Solutions of Magnetic Nanoparticles Magn. Reson. Med. 1995, 34, 227-233
124. Gossuin, Y.; Gillis, P.; Hocq, A.; Vuong, Q. L.; Roch, A. Magnetic Resonance Relaxation Properties of Superparamagnetic Particles Wiley Interdiscip. Rev.: Nanomed. Nanobiotechnol. 2009, 1, 299-310
125. Gueron, M. Nuclear Relaxation in Macromolecules by Paramagnetic Ions: A Novel Mechanism J. Magn. Reson. 1975, 19, 58-66
126. 2-Shortening by Strongly Magnetized Spheres: A Chemical Exchange Model Magn. Reson. Med. 2002, 47, 388-391
127. Yablonskiy, D. A.; Haacke, E. M. Theory of NMR Signal Behavior in Magnetically Inhomogeneous Tissues: The Static Dephasing Regime Magn. Reson. Med. 1994, 32, 749-763
128. Yoon, T. J.; Lee, H.; Shao, H.; Hilderbrand, S. A.; Weissleder, R. Multicore Assemblies Potentiate Magnetic Properties of Biomagnetic Nanoparticles Adv. Mater. 2011, 23, 4793-4797
129. Leslie-Pelecky, D. L.; Rieke, R. D. Magnetic Properties of Nanostructured Materials Chem. Mater. 1996, 8, 1770-1783
130. McCurrie, R. A. The Structure and Properties of Ferromagnetic Materials; Academic Press: Waltham, MA, 1994.
131. Jun, Y. W.; Choi, J. S.; Cheon, J. Heterostructured Magnetic Nanoparticles: Their Versatility and High Performance Capabilities Chem. Commun. 2007, 1203-1214
132. Hyeon, T. Chemical Synthesis of Magnetic Nanoparticles Chem. Commun. 2003, 927-934
133. Gupta, A. K.; Gupta, M. Synthesis and Surface Engineering of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications Biomaterials 2005, 26, 3995-4021
134. Sun, S.; Murray, C. B. Synthesis of Monodisperse Cobalt Nanocrystals and Their Assembly into Magnetic Superlattices J. Appl. Phys. 1999, 85, 4325
135. Puntes, V. F.; Krishnan, K. M.; Alivisatos, A. P. Colloidal Nanocrystal Shape and Size Control: The Case of Cobalt Science 2001, 291, 2115-2117
136. Osuna, J.; de Caro, D.; Amiens, C.; Chaudret, B.; Snoeck, E.; Respaud, M.; Broto, J.-M.; Fert, A. Synthesis, Characterization, and Magnetic Properties of Cobalt Nanoparticles from an Organometallic Precursor J. Phys. Chem. 1996, 100, 14571-14574
137. Huber, D. L. Synthesis, Properties, and Applications of Iron Nanoparticles Small 2005, 1, 482-501
138. Cordente, N.; Respaud, M.; Senocq, F.; Casanove, M.-J.; Amiens, C.; Chaudret, B. Synthesis and Magnetic Properties of Nickel Nanorods Nano Lett. 2001, 1, 565-568
139. 2Science 2004, 303, 821-823
140. 3: A New Optically Transparent Magnetic Material Science 1992, 257, 219-223
141. Rockenberger, J.; Scher, E. C.; Alivisatos, A. P. A New Nonhydrolytic Single-Precursor Approach to Surfactant-Capped Nanocrystals of Transition Metal Oxides J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 11595-11596
142. Castro, C.; Millan, A.; Palacio, F. Nickel Oxide Magnetic Nanocomposites in an Imine Polymer Matrix J. Mater. Chem. 2000, 10, 1945-1947
143. Shevchenko, E. V.; Talapin, D. V.; Rogach, A. L.; Kornowski, A.; Haase, M.; Weller, H. Colloidal Synthesis and Self-Assembly of CoPt Nanocrystals J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 11480-11485
144. Seo, W. S.; Lee, J. H.; Sun, X.; Suzuki, Y.; Mann, D.; Liu, Z.; Terashima, M.; Yang, P. C.; McConnell, M. V.; Nishimura, D. G.; Dai, H. FeCo/Graphitic-Shell Nanocrystals as Advanced Magnetic-Resonance-Imaging and Near-Infrared Agents Nat. Mater. 2006, 5, 971-976
145. Sun, S. Monodisperse FePt Nanoparticles and Ferromagnetic FePt Nanocrystal Superlattices Science 2000, 287, 1989-1992
146. 4Nanoparticles J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 11458-11459
147. Lee, J. H.; Huh, Y. M.; Jun, Y. W.; Seo, J. W.; Jang, J. T.; Song, H. T.; Kim, S.; Cho, E. J.; Yoon, H. G.; Suh, J. S.; Cheon, J. Artificially Engineered Magnetic Nanoparticles for Ultra-Sensitive Molecular Imaging Nat. Med. 2007, 13, 95-99
148. Jang, J. T.; Nah, H.; Lee, J. H.; Moon, S. H.; Kim, M. G.; Cheon, J. Critical Enhancements of MRI Contrast and Hyperthermic Effects by Dopant-Controlled Magnetic Nanoparticles Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2009, 48, 1234-1238
149. Jain, T. K.; Reddy, M. K.; Morales, M. A.; Leslie-Pelecky, D. L.; Labhasetwar, V. Biodistribution, Clearance, and Biocompatibility of Iron Oxide Magnetic Nanoparticles in Rats Mol. Pharmaceutics 2008, 5, 316-327
150. Weissleder, R.; Stark, D. D.; Engelstad, B. L.; Bacon, B. R.; Compton, C. C.; White, D. L.; Jacobs, P.; Lewis, J. Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide: Pharmacokinetics and Toxicity Am. J. Roentgenol. 1989, 152, 167-173
151. Reimer, P.; Rummeny, E. J.; Daldrup, H. E.; Balzer, T.; Tombach, B.; Berns, T.; Peters, P. E. Clinical Results with Resovist: A Phase 2 Clinical Trial Radiology 1995, 195, 489-496
152. Jung, C. W.; Jacobs, P. Physical and Chemical Properties of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide MR Contrast Agents: Ferumoxides, Ferumoxtran, Ferumoxsil Magn. Reson. Imaging 1995, 13, 661-674
153. Bullivant, J. P.; Zhao, S.; Willenberg, B. J.; Kozissnik, B.; Batich, C. D.; Dobson, J. Materials Characterization of Feraheme/Ferumoxytol and Preliminary Evaluation of Its Potential for Magnetic Fluid Hyperthermia Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2013, 14, 17501-17510
154. Häfeli, U. Scientific and Clinical Applications of Magnetic Carriers; Springer: New York, 1997.
155. Weissleder, R.; Nahrendorf, M.; Pittet, M. J. Imaging Macrophages with Nanoparticles Nat. Mater. 2014, 13, 125-138
156. Carter, C. B.; Norton, G. Ceramic Materials: Science and Engineering; Springer: New York, 2013.
157. Varadan, V. K.; Chen, L. F.; Xie, J. Nanomedicine: Design and Applications of Magnetic Nanomaterials, Nanosensors and Nanosystems; Wiley: Hoboken, NJ, 2008.
158. Lu, A. H.; Salabas, E. L.; Schuth, F. Magnetic Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Protection, Functionalization, and Application Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 1222-1244
159. Laurent, S.; Forge, D.; Port, M.; Roch, A.; Robic, C.; Vander Elst, L.; Muller, R. N. Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Stabilization, Vectorization, Physicochemical Characterizations, and Biological Applications Chem. Rev. 2008, 108, 2064-2110
160. Josephson, L.; Tung, C. H.; Moore, A.; Weissleder, R. High-Efficiency Intracellular Magnetic Labeling with Novel Superparamagnetic-Tat Peptide Conjugates Bioconjugate Chem. 1999, 10, 186-191
161. Kim, D. K.; Mikhaylova, M.; Zhang, Y.; Muhammed, M. Protective Coating of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Chem. Mater. 2003, 15, 1617-1627
162. Lutz, J. F.; Stiller, S.; Hoth, A.; Kaufner, L.; Pison, U.; Cartier, R. One-Pot Synthesis of PEGylated Ultrasmall Iron-Oxide Nanoparticles and Their In Vivo Evaluation as Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agents Biomacromolecules 2006, 7, 3132-3138
163. Li, Z.; Tan, B.; Allix, M.; Cooper, A. I.; Rosseinsky, M. J. Direct Coprecipitation Route to Monodisperse Dual-Functionalized Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanocrystals without Size Selection Small 2008, 4, 231-239
164. Pardoe, H.; Chua-anusorn, W.; Pierre, T. G. S.; Dobson, J. Detection Limits for Ferrimagnetic Particle Concentrations Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging Based Proton Transverse Relaxation Rate Measurements Phys. Med. Biol. 2003, 48, N89-N95
165. Cornell, R. M.; Schwertmann, U. The Iron Oxides: Structure, Properties, Reactions, Occurrences and Uses; Wiley: Hoboken, NJ, 2006.
166. Tartaj, P.; Morales, M. P.; Veintemillas-Verdaguer, S.; Gonzalez-Carreño, T.; Serna, C. J. Chapter 5 synthesis, properties and biomedical applications of magnetic nanoparticles Handb. Magn. Mater. 2006, 16, 403-482
167. Massart, R.; Cabuil, V. Effect of Some Parameters on the Formation of Colloidal Magnetite in Alkaline-Medium-Yield and Particle-Size Control J. Chim. Phys. Phys.-Chim. Biol. 1987, 84, 967
168. Jolivet, J.-P.; Froidefond, C.; Pottier, A.; Chanéac, C.; Cassaignon, S.; Tronc, E.; Euzen, P. Size Tailoring of Oxide Nanoparticles by Precipitation in Aqueous Medium. A Semi-Quantitative Modelling J. Mater. Chem. 2004, 14, 3281
169. Babes, L.; Denizot, B.; Tanguy, G.; Le Jeune, J. J.; Jallet, P. Synthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Used as MRI Contrast Agents: A Parametric Study J. Colloid Interface Sci. 1999, 212, 474-482
170. Gribanov, N. M.; Bibik, E. E.; Buzunov, O. V.; Naumov, V. N. Physico-Chemical Regularities of Obtaining Highly Dispersed Magnetite by the Method of Chemical Condensation J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 1990, 85, 7-10
171. Tronc, E.; Belleville, P.; Jolivet, J. P.; Livage, J. Transformation of Ferric Hydroxide into Spinel by Iron(II) Adsorption Langmuir 1992, 8, 313-319
172. Shen, T.; Weissleder, R.; Papisov, M.; Bogdanov, A.; Brady, T. J. Monocrystalline Iron Oxide Nanocompounds (MION): Physicochemical Properties Magn. Reson. Med. 1993, 29, 599-604
173. Constantinides, C. D.; Rogers, J.; Herzka, D. A.; Boada, F. E.; Bolar, D.; Kraitchman, D.; Gillen, J.; Bottomley, P. A. Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide MION as a Contrast Agent for Sodium MRI in Myocardial Infarction Magn. Reson. Med. 2001, 46, 1164-1168
174. Weissig, V.; Pettinger, T. K.; Murdock, N. Nanopharmaceuticals (Part 1): Products on the Market Int. J. Nanomed. 2014, 9, 4357-4373
175. Ferguson, R. M.; Khandhar, A. P.; Krishnan, K. M. Tracer Design for Magnetic Particle Imaging J. Appl. Phys. 2012, 111, 07B318
176. Perez, J. M.; Josephson, L.; OLoughlin, T.; Hogemann, D.; Weissleder, R. Magnetic Relaxation Switches Capable of Sensing Molecular Interactions Nat. Biotechnol. 2002, 20, 816-820
177. Josephson, L.; Kircher, M. F.; Mahmood, U.; Tang, Y.; Weissleder, R. Near-Infrared Fluorescent Nanoparticles as Combined MR/Optical Imaging Probes Bioconjugate Chem. 2002, 13, 554-560
178. Perez, J. M.; OLoughin, T.; Simeone, F. J.; Weissleder, R.; Josephson, L. DNA-Based Magnetic Nanoparticle Assembly Acts as a Magnetic Relaxation Nanoswitch Allowing Screening of DNA-Cleaving Agents J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 2856-2857
179. Perez, J. M.; Simeone, F. J.; Saeki, Y.; Josephson, L.; Weissleder, R. Viral-Induced Self-Assembly of Magnetic Nanoparticles Allows the Detection of Viral Particles in Biological Media J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 10192-10193
180. Perez, J. M.; Simeone, F. J.; Tsourkas, A.; Josephson, L.; Weissleder, R. Peroxidase Substrate Nanosensors for MR Imaging Nano Lett. 2004, 4, 119-122
181. Perez, J. M.; Josephson, L.; Weissleder, R. Use of Magnetic Nanoparticles as Nanosensors to Probe for Molecular Interactions ChemBioChem 2004, 5, 261-264
182. Tassa, C.; Shaw, S. Y.; Weissleder, R. Dextran-Coated Iron Oxide Nanoparticles: A Versatile Platform for Targeted Molecular Imaging, Molecular Diagnostics, and Therapy Acc. Chem. Res. 2011, 44, 842-852
183. Colombo, M.; Carregal-Romero, S.; Casula, M. F.; Gutierrez, L.; Morales, M. P.; Bohm, I. B.; Heverhagen, J. T.; Prosperi, D.; Parak, W. J. Biological Applications of Magnetic Nanoparticles Chem. Soc. Rev. 2012, 41, 4306-4334
184. Hyeon, T.; Lee, S. S.; Park, J.; Chung, Y.; Na, H. B. Synthesis of Highly Crystalline and Monodisperse Maghemite Nanocrystallites without a Size-Selection Process J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 12798-12801
185. 4(M = Fe, Co, Mn) Nanoparticles J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 273-279
186. Cheon, J.; Kang, N. J.; Lee, S. M.; Lee, J. H.; Yoon, J. H.; Oh, S. J. Shape Evolution of Single-Crystalline Iron Oxide Nanocrystals J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 1950-1951
187. Jun, Y. W.; Choi, J. S.; Cheon, J. Shape Control of Semiconductor and Metal Oxide Nanocrystals through Nonhydrolytic Colloidal Routes Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2006, 45, 3414-3439
188. Sun, S.; Zeng, H. Size-Controlled Synthesis of Magnetite Nanoparticles J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 8204-8205
189. Sugimoto, T. Monodispersed Particles; Elsevier Science: Amsterdam, 2001.
190. Jun, Y. W.; Lee, J. H.; Cheon, J. Chemical Design of Nanoparticle Probes for High-Performance Magnetic Resonance Imaging Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 5122-5135
191. Giersig, M.; Hilgendorff, M. Magnetic Nanoparticle Superstructures Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2005, 2005, 3571-3583
192. Lee, N.; Hyeon, T. Designed Synthesis of Uniformly Sized Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Efficient Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agents Chem. Soc. Rev. 2012, 41, 2575-2589
193. 5Phys. Rev. Lett. 1985, 55, 410-413
194. Wilcoxon, J. P.; Provencio, P. P. Use of Surfactant Micelles to Control the Structural Phase of Nanosize Iron Clusters J. Phys. Chem. B 1999, 103, 9809-9812
195. Rudge, S. R.; Kurtz, T. L.; Vessely, C. R.; Catterall, L. G.; Williamson, D. L. Preparation, Characterization, and Performance of Magnetic Iron-Carbon Composite Microparticles for Chemotherapy Biomaterials 2000, 21, 1411-1420
196. Cabot, A.; Puntes, V. F.; Shevchenko, E.; Yin, Y.; Balcells, L.; Marcus, M. A.; Hughes, S. M.; Alivisatos, A. P. Vacancy Coalescence During Oxidation of Iron Nanoparticles J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 10358-10360
197. Peng, S.; Wang, C.; Xie, J.; Sun, S. Synthesis and Stabilization of Monodisperse Fe Nanoparticles J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 10676-10677
198. Ban, Z.; Barnakov, Y. A.; Li, F.; Golub, V. O.; OConnor, C. J. The Synthesis of Core-Shell Iron@Gold Nanoparticles and Their Characterization J. Mater. Chem. 2005, 15, 4660-4662
199. Lu, Z.; Prouty, M. D.; Guo, Z.; Golub, V. O.; Kumar, C. S.; Lvov, Y. M. Magnetic Switch of Permeability for Polyelectrolyte Microcapsules Embedded with Co@Au Nanoparticles Langmuir 2005, 21, 2042-2050
200. Wilson, J. L. Synthesis and Magnetic Properties of Polymer Nanocomposites with Embedded Iron Nanoparticles J. Appl. Phys. 2004, 95, 1439
201. 2Composites: Synthesis, Structure and Magnetic Properties Carbon 2006, 44, 423-427
202. 2) Nanoparticles in Solution Chem. Mater. 2010, 22, 2892-2897
203. Shultz, M. D.; Calvin, S.; Gonzalez-Jimenez, F.; Mujica, V.; Alleluia, B. C.; Carpenter, E. E. Gold-Coated Cementite Nanoparticles: An Oxidation-Resistant Alternative to α-Iron Chem. Mater. 2009, 21, 5594-5600
204. 3Si Nanoparticles for Alternating Magnetic Field Heating J. Nanopart. Res. 2013, 15, 1-8
205. Amendola, V.; Riello, P.; Meneghetti, M. Magnetic Nanoparticles of Iron Carbide, Iron Oxide, Iron@Iron Oxide, and Metal Iron Synthesized by Laser Ablation in Organic Solvents J. Phys. Chem. C 2011, 115, 5140-5146
206. Wrobel, R. J.; Hełminiak, A.; Arabczyk, W.; Narkiewicz, U. Studies on the Kinetics of Carbon Deposit Formation on Nanocrystalline Iron Stabilized with Structural Promoters J. Phys. Chem. C 2014, 118, 15434-15439
207. Sharma, M.; Mantri, S.; Bahadur, D. Study of Carbon Encapsulated Iron Oxide/Iron Carbide Nanocomposite for Hyperthermia J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 2012, 324, 3975-3980
208. Sun, S. Recent Advances in Chemical Synthesis, Self-Assembly, and Applications of FePt Nanoparticles Adv. Mater. 2006, 18, 393-403
209. Park, J.-I.; Cheon, J. Synthesis of "Solid Solution" and "Core-Shell" Type Cobalt-Platinum Magnetic Nanoparticles via Transmetalation Reactions J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 5743-5746
210. Cullity, B. D.; Graham, C. D. Introduction to Magnetic Materials; Wiley: Hoboken, NJ, 2011.
211. 0Ordered Phase in CoPt and FePt Thin Films J. Appl. Phys. 1999, 86, 4527
212. 0Ordered FePt Nanoparticles J. Cryst. Growth 2003, 252, 440-450
213. Sun, S.; Fullerton, E. E.; Weller, D.; Murray, C. B. Compositionally Controlled FePt Nanoparticle Materials IEEE Trans. Magn. 2001, 37, 1239-1243
214. Howard, L. E.; Nguyen, H. L.; Giblin, S. R.; Tanner, B. K.; Terry, I.; Hughes, A. K.; Evans, J. S. A Synthetic Route to Size-Controlled FCC and FCT FePt Nanoparticles J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 10140-10141
215. Momose, S.; Kodama, H.; Uzumaki, T.; Tanaka, A. Fine Tuning of the Sizes of FePt Nanoparticles Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 2005, 44, 1147-1149
216. Chen, M.; Liu, J. P.; Sun, S. One-Step Synthesis of Fept Nanoparticles with Tunable Size J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 8394-8395
217. Lee, J. H.; Jang, J. T.; Choi, J. S.; Moon, S. H.; Noh, S. H.; Kim, J. W.; Kim, J. G.; Kim, I. S.; Park, K. I.; Cheon, J. Exchange-Coupled Magnetic Nanoparticles for Efficient Heat Induction Nat. Nanotechnol. 2011, 6, 418-422
218. Patterson, A. The Scherrer Formula for X-Ray Particle Size Determination Phys. Rev. 1939, 56, 978-982
219. Hansen, M. F.; Mørup, S. Estimation of Blocking Temperatures From ZFC/FC Curves J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 1999, 203, 214-216
220. Joffe, I.; Heubregbr, R. Hysteresis Properties of Distributions of Cubic Single-Domain Ferromagnetic Particles Philos. Mag. 1974, 29, 1051-1059
221. Stoner, E. C.; Wohlfarth, E. P. A Mechanism of Magnetic Hysteresis in Heterogeneous Alloys Philos. Trans. R. Soc., A 1948, 240, 599-642
222. Derjaguin, B.; Landau, L. D. Theory of the Stability of Strongly Charged Lyophobic Sols and of the Adhesion of Strongly Changed Particles in Solution of Electrolytes Acta Physicochim. URSS 1941, 14, 633-662
223. Verwey, E. J. W.; Overbeek, J. T. G. Theory of the Stability of Lyophobic Colloids; Dover Books on Chemistry; Dover Publications: Mineola, NY, 1999.
224. Vincent, B.; Edwards, J.; Emmett, S.; Jones, A. Depletion Flocculation in Dispersions of Sterically-Stabilised Particles ("Soft Spheres") Colloids Surf. 1986, 18, 261-281
225. Veiseh, O.; Gunn, J. W.; Zhang, M. Design and Fabrication of Magnetic Nanoparticles for Targeted Drug Delivery and Imaging Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 2010, 62, 284-304
226. Salvati, A.; Pitek, A. S.; Monopoli, M. P.; Prapainop, K.; Bombelli, F. B.; Hristov, D. R.; Kelly, P. M.; Aberg, C.; Mahon, E.; Dawson, K. A. Transferrin-Functionalized Nanoparticles Lose Their Targeting Capabilities when a Biomolecule Corona Adsorbs on the Surface Nat. Nanotechnol. 2013, 8, 137-143
227. Nel, A. E.; Madler, L.; Velegol, D.; Xia, T.; Hoek, E. M.; Somasundaran, P.; Klaessig, F.; Castranova, V.; Thompson, M. Understanding Biophysicochemical Interactions at the Nano-Bio Interface Nat. Mater. 2009, 8, 543-557
228. Ling, D.; Hyeon, T. Chemical Design of Biocompatible Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Medical Applications Small 2013, 9, 1450-1466
229. Nel, A.; Xia, T.; Mädler, L.; Li, N. Toxic Potential of Materials at the Nanolevel Science 2006, 311, 622-627
230. Blackman, M. L.; Royzen, M.; Fox, J. M. Tetrazine Ligation: Fast Bioconjugation Based on Inverse-Electron-Demand Diels-Alder Reactivity J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 13518-13519
231. Mocan, T.; Clichici, S.; Agoşton-Coldea, L.; Mocan, L.; Şimon, Ş.; Ilie, I.; Biriş, A.; Mureşan, A. Implications of Oxidative Stress Mechanisms in Toxicity of Nanoparticles (Review) Acta Physiol. Hung. 2010, 97, 247-255
232. Hadley, M. J.; Wright, A. J.; Rowson, N. A.; Grover, L. M. Acicular Nanoparticles Formed through Coprecipitation of Iron Salts in the Presence of Bovine Serum Albumin J. Mater. Chem. 2011, 21, 13769
233. Ma, H. L.; Qi, X. R.; Maitani, Y.; Nagai, T. Preparation and Characterization of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Stabilized by Alginate Int. J. Pharm. 2007, 333, 177-186
234. Javid, A.; Ahmadian, S.; Saboury, A. A.; Kalantar, S. M.; Rezaei-Zarchi, S. Chitosan-Coated Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Doxorubicin Delivery: Synthesis and Anticancer Effect Against Human Ovarian Cancer Cells Chem. Biol. Drug Des. 2013, 82, 296-306
235. Xu, C.; Xu, K.; Gu, H.; Zheng, R.; Liu, H.; Zhang, X.; Guo, Z.; Xu, B. Dopamine as a Robust Anchor to Immobilize Functional Molecules on the Iron Oxide Shell of Magnetic Nanoparticles J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 9938-9939
236. Wei, H.; Insin, N.; Lee, J.; Han, H. S.; Cordero, J. M.; Liu, W.; Bawendi, M. G. Compact Zwitterion-Coated Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Biological Applications Nano Lett. 2012, 12, 22-25
237. Liu, Y.; Chen, T.; Wu, C.; Qiu, L.; Hu, R.; Li, J.; Cansiz, S.; Zhang, L.; Cui, C.; Zhu, G.; You, M.; Zhang, T.; Tan, W. Facile Surface Functionalization of Hydrophobic Magnetic Nanoparticles J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2014, 136, 12552-12555
238. Taupitz, M.; Wagner, S.; Schnorr, J.; Kravec, I.; Pilgrimm, H.; Bergmann-Fritsch, H.; Hamm, B. Phase I Clinical Evaluation of Citrate-Coated Monocrystalline Very Small Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Particles as a New Contrast Medium for Magnetic Resonance Imaging Invest. Radiol. 2004, 39, 394-405
239. Jun, Y. W.; Huh, Y. M.; Choi, J. S.; Lee, J. H.; Song, H. T.; Kim, S.; Yoon, S.; Kim, K. S.; Shin, J. S.; Suh, J. S.; Cheon, J. Nanoscale Size Effect of Magnetic Nanocrystals and Their Utilization for Cancer Diagnosis via Magnetic Resonance Imaging J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 5732-5733
240. Huh, Y. M.; Jun, Y. W.; Song, H. T.; Kim, S.; Choi, J. S.; Lee, J. H.; Yoon, S.; Kim, K. S.; Shin, J. S.; Suh, J. S.; Cheon, J. In Vivo Magnetic Resonance Detection of Cancer by Using Multifunctional Magnetic Nanocrystals J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 12387-12391
241. Mahato, R. I. Biomaterials for Delivery and Targeting of Proteins and Nucleic Acids; CRC Press Inc.: Boca Raton, FL, 2004.
242. Otsuka, H.; Nagasaki, Y.; Kataoka, K. PEGylated Nanoparticles for Biological and Pharmaceutical Applications Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 2003, 55, 403-419
243. Karakoti, A. S.; Das, S.; Thevuthasan, S.; Seal, S. PEGylated Inorganic Nanoparticles Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2011, 50, 1980-1994
244. 4Nanoparticles for Reduced Non-Specific Uptake by Macrophage Cells Adv. Mater. 2007, 19, 3163-3166
245. 4Nanoparticles J. Phys. Chem. C 2011, 115, 683-691
246. Kim, S. W.; Kim, S.; Tracy, J. B.; Jasanoff, A.; Bawendi, M. G. Phosphine Oxide Polymer for Water-Soluble Nanoparticles J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 4556-4557
247. Na, H. B.; Lee, I. S.; Seo, H.; Park, Y. I.; Lee, J. H.; Kim, S. W.; Hyeon, T. Versatile PEG-Derivatized Phosphine Oxide Ligands for Water-Dispersible Metal Oxide Nanocrystals Chem. Commun. 2007, 5167-5169
248. Kohler, N.; Fryxell, G. E.; Zhang, M. A Bifunctional Poly(Ethylene Glycol) Silane Immobilized on Metallic Oxide-Based Nanoparticles for Conjugation with Cell Targeting Agents J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 7206-7211
249. Na, H. B.; Palui, G.; Rosenberg, J. T.; Ji, X.; Grant, S. C.; Mattoussi, H. Multidentate Catechol-Based Polyethylene Glycol Oligomers Provide Enhanced Stability and Biocompatibility to Iron Oxide Nanoparticles ACS Nano 2012, 6, 389-399
250. Juliano, R. L. Drug Delivery Systems: Characteristics and Biomedical Applications; Oxford University Press: Oxford, U.K., 1980.
251. Sery, T. W.; Hehre, E. J. Degradation of Dextrans by Enzymes of Intestinal Bacteria J. Bacteriol. 1956, 71, 373-380
252. Creixell, M.; Herrera, A. P.; Latorre-Esteves, M.; Ayala, V.; Torres-Lugo, M.; Rinaldi, C. The Effect of Grafting Method on the Colloidal Stability and In Vitro Cytotoxicity of Carboxymethyl Dextran Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles J. Mater. Chem. 2010, 20, 8539
253. Moffitt, E. A. Blood Substitutes Can. Anaesth. Soc. J. 1975, 22, 12-19
254. Dong, A.; Ye, X.; Chen, J.; Kang, Y.; Gordon, T.; Kikkawa, J. M.; Murray, C. B. A Generalized Ligand-Exchange Strategy Enabling Sequential Surface Functionalization of Colloidal Nanocrystals J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 998-1006
255. Liong, M.; Shao, H.; Haun, J. B.; Lee, H.; Weissleder, R. Carboxymethylated Polyvinyl Alcohol Stabilizes Doped Ferrofluids for Biological Applications Adv. Mater. 2010, 22, 5168-5172
256. Kircheis, R.; Wightman, L.; Wagner, E. Design and Gene Delivery Activity of Modified Polyethylenimines Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 2001, 53, 341-358
257. Boussif, O.; Lezoualch, F.; Zanta, M. A.; Mergny, M. D.; Scherman, D.; Demeneix, B.; Behr, J. P. A Versatile Vector for Gene and Oligonucleotide Transfer into Cells in Culture and In Vivo: Polyethylenimine Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1995, 92, 7297-7301
258. Kievit, F. M.; Veiseh, O.; Bhattarai, N.; Fang, C.; Gunn, J. W.; Lee, D.; Ellenbogen, R. G.; Olson, J. M.; Zhang, M. PEI-PEG-Chitosan Copolymer Coated Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Safe Gene Delivery: Synthesis, Complexation, and Transfection Adv. Funct. Mater. 2009, 19, 2244-2251
259. Duan, H.; Kuang, M.; Wang, X.; Wang, Y. A.; Mao, H.; Nie, S. Reexamining the Effects of Particle Size and Surface Chemistry on the Magnetic Properties of Iron Oxide Nanocrystals: New Insights into Spin Disorder and Proton Relaxivity J. Phys. Chem. C 2008, 112, 8127-8131
260. Lee, N.; Kim, H.; Choi, S. H.; Park, M.; Kim, D.; Kim, H. C.; Choi, Y.; Lin, S.; Kim, B. H.; Jung, H. S.; Kim, H.; Park, K. S.; Moon, W. K.; Hyeon, T. Magnetosome-Like Ferrimagnetic Iron Oxide Nanocubes for Highly Sensitive MRI of Single Cells and Transplanted Pancreatic Islets Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2011, 108, 2662-2667
261. 4(M = Fe, Co, or Mn) Nanoparticles and Their Hybridization to DNA-Functionalized Surfaces Langmuir 2005, 21, 3096-3103
262. Nasongkla, N.; Bey, E.; Ren, J.; Ai, H.; Khemtong, C.; Guthi, J. S.; Chin, S. F.; Sherry, A. D.; Boothman, D. A.; Gao, J. Multifunctional Polymeric Micelles as Cancer-Targeted, MRI-Ultrasensitive Drug Delivery Systems Nano Lett. 2006, 6, 2427-2430
263. Yu, W. W.; Chang, E.; Sayes, C. M.; Drezek, R.; Colvin, V. L. Aqueous Dispersion of Monodisperse Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanocrystals through Phase Transfer Nanotechnology 2006, 17, 4483-4487
264. Kim, B. S.; Qiu, J. M.; Wang, J. P.; Taton, T. A. Magnetomicelles: Composite Nanostructures from Magnetic Nanoparticles and Cross-Linked Amphiphilic Block Copolymers Nano Lett. 2005, 5, 1987-1991
265. Tanimoto, A.; Kuribayashi, S. Application of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide to Imaging of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Eur. J. Radiol. 2006, 58, 200-216
266. Gupta, A. K.; Wells, S. Surface-Modified Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery: Preparation, Characterization, and Cytotoxicity Studies IEEE Trans. Nanobiosci. 2004, 3, 66-73
267. Wang, Y.; Wong, J. F.; Teng, X.; Lin, X. Z.; Yang, H. "Pulling" Nanoparticles into Water: Phase Transfer of Oleic Acid Stabilized Monodisperse Nanoparticles into Aqueous Solutions of α-Cyclodextrin Nano Lett. 2003, 3, 1555-1559
268. Muthiah, M.; Lee, S. J.; Moon, M.; Lee, H. J.; Bae, W. K.; Chung, I. J.; Jeong, Y. Y.; Park, I.-K. Surface Tunable Polymersomes Loaded with Magnetic Contrast Agent and Drug for Image Guided Cancer Therapy J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 2013, 13, 1626-1630
269. Cheng, J.; Teply, B. A.; Sherifi, I.; Sung, J.; Luther, G.; Gu, F. X.; Levy-Nissenbaum, E.; Radovic-Moreno, A. F.; Langer, R.; Farokhzad, O. C. Formulation of Functionalized PLGA-PEG Nanoparticles for In Vivo Targeted Drug Delivery Biomaterials 2007, 28, 869-876
270. Li, K.; Ding, D.; Huo, D.; Pu, K.-Y.; Thao, N. N. P.; Hu, Y.; Li, Z.; Liu, B. Conjugated Polymer Based Nanoparticles as Dual-Modal Probes for Targeted In Vivo Fluorescence and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Adv. Funct. Mater. 2012, 22, 3107-3115
271. Charoenmark, L.; Polpanich, D.; Thiramanas, R.; Tangboriboonrat, P. Preparation of Superparamagnetic Polystyrene-Based Nanoparticles Functionalized by Acrylic Acid Macromol. Res. 2012, 20, 590-596
272. Verena, H.; Myriam, L.; Clemens Kilian, W.; Hubert, S.; Katharina, L.; Volker, M. Synthesis and Biomedical Applications of Functionalized Fluorescent and Magnetic Dual Reporter Nanoparticles as Obtained in the Miniemulsion Process J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 2006, 18, S2581
273. Ren, J.; Hong, H.; Ren, T.; Teng, X. Preparation and Characterization of Magnetic PLA-PEG Composite Nanoparticles for Drug Targeting React. Funct. Polym. 2006, 66, 944-951
274. 2Nanoparticles via Bioinspired Silification for Magnetic Resonance Imaging Adv. Funct. Mater. 2010, 20, 722-731
275. 2-Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging Adv. Funct. Mater. 2009, 19, 2319-2324
276. 3Single Crystal Nucleus ACS Nano 2009, 3, 3377-3382
277. Xu, X.; Friedman, G.; Humfeld, K. D.; Majetich, S. A.; Asher, S. A. Synthesis and Utilization of Monodisperse Superparamagnetic Colloidal Particles for Magnetically Controllable Photonic Crystals Chem. Mater. 2002, 14, 1249-1256
278. Kaewsaneha, C.; Tangboriboonrat, P.; Polpanich, D.; Eissa, M.; Elaissari, A. Anisotropic Janus Magnetic Polymeric Nanoparticles Prepared via Miniemulsion Polymerization J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2013, 51, 4779-4785
279. 2Magnetic Resonance Enables Nanoparticle-Mediated Rapid Detection of Candidemia in Whole Blood Sci. Transl. Med. 2013, 5, 182ra54
280. Ulman, A. Formation and Structure of Self-Assembled Monolayers Chem. Rev. 1996, 96, 1533-1554
281. Lu, Y.; Yin, Y.; Mayers, B. T.; Xia, Y. Modifying the Surface Properties of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles through a Sol-Gel Approach Nano Lett. 2002, 2, 183-186
282. Tago, T.; Hatsuta, T.; Miyajima, K.; Kishida, M.; Tashiro, S.; Wakabayashi, K. Novel Synthesis of Silica-Coated Ferrite Nanoparticles Prepared Using Water-in-Oil Microemulsion J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 2002, 85, 2188-2194
283. Graf, C.; Vossen, D. L. J.; Imhof, A.; van Blaaderen, A. General Method to Coat Colloidal Particles with Silica Langmuir 2003, 19, 6693-6700
284. Stöber, W.; Fink, A.; Bohn, E. Controlled Growth of Monodisperse Silica Spheres in the Micron Size Range J. Colloid Interface Sci. 1968, 26, 62-69
285. Hench, L. L.; West, J. K. The Sol-Gel Process Chem. Rev. 1990, 90, 33-72
286. 3Nanocomposites Chem. Mater. 2006, 18, 614-619
287. Choi, J. S.; Lee, J. H.; Shin, T. H.; Song, H. T.; Kim, E. Y.; Cheon, J. Self-Confirming "AND" Logic Nanoparticles for Fault-Free MRI J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 11015-11017
288. Yoo, D.; Jeong, H.; Preihs, C.; Choi, J. S.; Shin, T. H.; Sessler, J. L.; Cheon, J. Double-Effector Nanoparticles: A Synergistic Approach to Apoptotic Hyperthermia Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2012, 51, 12482-12485
289. 2Dual-Mode MRI Contrast Agent for Enhancing Accuracy by Engineered Nanomaterials ACS Nano 2014, 8, 3393-3401
290. Misra, A. Challenges in Delivery of Therapeutic Genomics and Proteomics; Elsevier Science: Amsterdam, 2010.
291. Trubetskoy, V. S.; Torchilin, V. P.; Kennel, S. J.; Huang, L. Use of N-Terminal Modified Poly(L-Lysine)-Antibody Conjugate as a Carrier for Targeted Gene Delivery in Mouse Lung Endothelial Cells Bioconjugate Chem. 1992, 3, 323-327
292. Haun, J. B.; Devaraj, N. K.; Hilderbrand, S. A.; Lee, H.; Weissleder, R. Bioorthogonal Chemistry Amplifies Nanoparticle Binding and Enhances the Sensitivity of Cell Detection Nat. Nanotechnol. 2010, 5, 660-665
293. Hermanson, G. T. Bioconjugate Techniques; Elsevier Science: Amsterdam, 2013.
294. Högemann, D.; Josephson, L.; Weissleder, R.; Basilion, J. P. Improvement of MRI Probes to Allow Efficient Detection of Gene Expression Bioconjugate Chem. 2000, 11, 941-946
295. Scarberry, K. E.; Dickerson, E. B.; McDonald, J. F.; Zhang, Z. J. Magnetic Nanoparticle-Peptide Conjugates for In Vitro and In Vivo Targeting and Extraction of Cancer Cells J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 10258-10262
296. Liu, C. H.; Sahoo, S. L.; Tsao, M. H. Acridine Orange Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles for Nucleus Labeling and DNA Adsorption Colloids Surf., B 2014, 115, 150-156
297. 4Composite Nanoparticles by In Situ Preparation and Evaluation of the Enzyme Stability J. Mol. Catal. B: Enzym. 2014, 109, 53-61
298. Sletten, E. M.; Bertozzi, C. R. Bioorthogonal Chemistry: Fishing for Selectivity in a Sea of Functionality Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2009, 48, 6974-6998
299. Sletten, E. M.; Bertozzi, C. R. From Mechanism to Mouse: A Tale of Two Bioorthogonal Reactions Acc. Chem. Res. 2011, 44, 666-676
300. McKay, C. S.; Finn, M. G. Click Chemistry in Complex Mixtures: Bioorthogonal Bioconjugation Chem. Biol. 2014, 21, 1075-1101
301. Kolb, H. C.; Finn, M. G.; Sharpless, K. B. Click Chemistry: Diverse Chemical Function from a Few Good Reactions Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2001, 40, 2004-2021
302. Rostovtsev, V. V.; Green, L. G.; Fokin, V. V.; Sharpless, K. B. A Stepwise Huisgen Cycloaddition Process: Copper(I)-Catalyzed Regioselective "Ligation" of Azides and Terminal Alkynes Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2002, 41, 2596-2599
303. Moses, J. E.; Moorhouse, A. D. The Growing Applications of Click Chemistry Chem. Soc. Rev. 2007, 36, 1249-1262
304. Tornøe, C. W.; Christensen, C.; Meldal, M. Peptidotriazoles on Solid Phase: [1,2,3]-Triazoles by Regiospecific Copper(I)-Catalyzed 1,3-Dipolar Cycloadditions of Terminal Alkynes to Azides J. Org. Chem. 2002, 67, 3057-3064
305. Chan, T. R.; Hilgraf, R.; Sharpless, K. B.; Fokin, V. V. Polytriazoles as Copper(I)-Stabilizing Ligands in Catalysis Org. Lett. 2004, 6, 2853-2855
306. Rodionov, V. O.; Presolski, S. I.; Gardinier, S.; Lim, Y. H.; Finn, M. G. Benzimidazole and Related Ligands for Cu-Catalyzed Azide-Alkyne Cycloaddition J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 12696-12704
307. Baskin, J. M.; Prescher, J. A.; Laughlin, S. T.; Agard, N. J.; Chang, P. V.; Miller, I. A.; Lo, A.; Codelli, J. A.; Bertozzi, C. R. Copper-Free Click Chemistry for Dynamic In Vivo Imaging Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2007, 104, 16793-16797
308. Jewett, J. C.; Bertozzi, C. R. Cu-Free Click Cycloaddition Reactions in Chemical Biology Chem. Soc. Rev. 2010, 39, 1272
309. Saxon, E. Cell Surface Engineering by a Modified Staudinger Reaction Science 2000, 287, 2007-2010
310. Zhang, H.; Ma, Y.; Sun, X. L. Chemically-Selective Surface Glyco-Functionalization of Liposomes through Staudinger Ligation Chem. Commun. 2009, 3032-3034
311. de Araujo, A. D.; Palomo, J. M.; Cramer, J.; Kohn, M.; Schroder, H.; Wacker, R.; Niemeyer, C.; Alexandrov, K.; Waldmann, H. Diels-Alder Ligation and Surface Immobilization of Proteins Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2005, 45, 296-301
312. Devaraj, N. K.; Upadhyay, R.; Haun, J. B.; Hilderbrand, S. A.; Weissleder, R. Fast and Sensitive Pretargeted Labeling of Cancer Cells through a Tetrazine/Trans-Cyclooctene Cycloaddition Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2009, 48, 7013-7016
313. Devaraj, N. K.; Hilderbrand, S.; Upadhyay, R.; Mazitschek, R.; Weissleder, R. Bioorthogonal Turn-On Probes for Imaging Small Molecules Inside Living Cells Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2010, 49, 2869-2872
314. Karver, M. R.; Weissleder, R.; Hilderbrand, S. A. Synthesis and Evaluation of a Series of 1,2,4,5-Tetrazines for Bioorthogonal Conjugation Bioconjugate Chem. 2011, 22, 2263-2270
315. Haun, J. B.; Castro, C. M.; Wang, R.; Peterson, V. M.; Marinelli, B. S.; Lee, H.; Weissleder, R. Micro-NMR for Rapid Molecular Analysis of Human Tumor Samples Sci. Transl. Med. 2011, 3, 71ra16
316. Haun, J. B.; Devaraj, N. K.; Marinelli, B. S.; Lee, H.; Weissleder, R. Probing Intracellular Biomarkers and Mediators of Cell Activation Using Nanosensors and Bioorthogonal Chemistry ACS Nano 2011, 5, 3204-3213
317. Liong, M.; Tassa, C.; Shaw, S. Y.; Lee, H.; Weissleder, R. Multiplexed Magnetic Labeling Amplification Using Oligonucleotide Hybridization Adv. Mater. 2011, 23, H254-H257
318. Vallee, A.; Humblot, V.; Pradier, C. M. Peptide Interactions with Metal and Oxide Surfaces Acc. Chem. Res. 2010, 43, 1297-1306
319. Hochuli, E.; Bannwarth, W.; Döbeli, H.; Gentz, R.; Stüber, D. Genetic Approach to Facilitate Purification of Recombinant Proteins with a Novel Metal Chelate Adsorbent Nat. Biotechnol. 1988, 6, 1321-1325
320. Ueda, E. K. M.; Gout, P. W.; Morganti, L. Current and Prospective Applications of Metal Ion-Protein Binding J. Chromatogr., A 2003, 988, 1-23
321. Xu, C.; Xu, K.; Gu, H.; Zhong, X.; Guo, Z.; Zheng, R.; Zhang, X.; Xu, B. Nitrilotriacetic Acid-Modified Magnetic Nanoparticles as a General Agent to Bind Histidine-Tagged Proteins J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 3392-3393
322. Kim, J. S.; Valencia, C. A.; Liu, R.; Lin, W. Highly-Efficient Purification of Native Polyhistidine-Tagged Proteins by Multivalent NTA-Modified Magnetic Nanoparticles Bioconjugate Chem. 2007, 18, 333-341
323. Durland, R. H.; Eastman, E. M. Manufacturing and Quality Control of Plasmid-Based Gene Expression Systems Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 1998, 30, 33-48
324. Kim, J.; Piao, Y.; Lee, N.; Park, Y. I.; Lee, I. H.; Lee, J. H.; Paik, S. R.; Hyeon, T. Magnetic Nanocomposite Spheres Decorated with NiO Nanoparticles for a Magnetically Recyclable Protein Separation System Adv. Mater. 2010, 22, 57-60
325. Lee, I. S.; Lee, N.; Park, J.; Kim, B. H.; Yi, Y. W.; Kim, T.; Kim, T. K.; Lee, I. H.; Paik, S. R.; Hyeon, T. Ni/NiO Core/Shell Nanoparticles for Selective Binding and Magnetic Separation of Histidine-Tagged Proteins J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 10658-10659
326. Lodish, H.; Berk, A.; Kaiser, C. A.; Krieger, M.; Bretscher, A.; Ploegh, H.; Amon, A.; Scott, M. P. Molecular Cell Biology; W. H. Freeman: New York, 2012.
327. Sapsford, K. E.; Algar, W. R.; Berti, L.; Gemmill, K. B.; Casey, B. J.; Oh, E.; Stewart, M. H.; Medintz, I. L. Functionalizing Nanoparticles with Biological Molecules: Developing Chemistries that Facilitate Nanotechnology Chem. Rev. 2013, 113, 1904-2074
328. Livnah, O.; Bayer, E. A.; Wilchek, M.; Sussman, J. L. Three-Dimensional Structures of Avidin and the Avidin-Biotin Complex Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1993, 90, 5076-5080
329. Green, N. M. Thermodynamics of the Binding of Biotin and Some Analogues by Avidin Biochem. J. 1966, 101, 774-780
330. Tiefenauer, L. X.; Kuehne, G.; Andres, R. Y. Antibody-Magnetite Nanoparticles: In Vitro Characterization of a Potential Tumor-Specific Contrast Agent for Magnetic Resonance Imaging Bioconjugate Chem. 1993, 4, 347-352
331. Guven, B.; Basaran-Akgul, N.; Temur, E.; Tamer, U.; Boyaci, I. H. SERS-Based Sandwich Immunoassay Using Antibody Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles for Escherichia Coli Enumeration Analyst 2011, 136, 740-748
332. Artemov, D. Molecular Magnetic Resonance Imaging with Targeted Contrast Agents J. Cell. Biochem. 2003, 90, 518-524
333. Miller, B. T.; Collins, T. J.; Rogers, M. E.; Kurosky, A. Peptide Biotinylation with Amine-Reactive Esters: Differential Side Chain Reactivity Peptides 1997, 18, 1585-1595
334. Wilchek, M.; Bayer, E. A.; Livnah, O. Essentials of Biorecognition: The (Strept)avidin-Biotin System as a Model for Protein-Protein and Protein-Ligand Interaction Immunol. Lett. 2006, 103, 27-32
335. Yao, Z.; Zhang, M.; Sakahara, H.; Nakamoto, Y.; Higashi, T.; Zhao, S.; Sato, N.; Arano, Y.; Konishi, J. The Relationship of Glycosylation and Isoelectric Point with Tumor Accumulation of Avidin J. Nucl. Med. 1999, 40, 479-483
336. Chaiet, L.; Wolf, F. J. The Properties of Streptavidin, a Biotin-Binding Protein Produced by Streptomycetes Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1964, 106, 1-5
337. Nash, M. A.; Yager, P.; Hoffman, A. S.; Stayton, P. S. Mixed Stimuli-Responsive Magnetic and Gold Nanoparticle System for Rapid Purification, Enrichment, and Detection of Biomarkers Bioconjugate Chem. 2010, 21, 2197-2204
338. Min, C.; Shao, H.; Liong, M.; Yoon, T. J.; Weissleder, R.; Lee, H. Mechanism of Magnetic Relaxation Switching Sensing ACS Nano 2012, 6, 6821-6828
339. Ilyas, S.; Ilyas, M.; van der Hoorn, R. A.; Mathur, S. Selective Conjugation of Proteins by Mining Active Proteomes through Click-Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles ACS Nano 2013, 7, 9655-9663
340. Ranzoni, A.; Sabatte, G.; van Ijzendoorn, L. J.; Prins, M. W. One-Step Homogeneous Magnetic Nanoparticle Immunoassay for Biomarker Detection Directly in Blood Plasma ACS Nano 2012, 6, 3134-3141
341. Haun, J. B.; Yoon, T. J.; Lee, H.; Weissleder, R. Magnetic Nanoparticle Biosensors Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Nanomed. Nanobiotechnol. 2010, 2, 291-304
342. Shao, H.; Yoon, T. J.; Liong, M.; Weissleder, R.; Lee, H. Magnetic Nanoparticles for Biomedical NMR-Based Diagnostics Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2010, 1, 142-154
343. Shao, H.; Min, C.; Issadore, D.; Liong, M.; Yoon, T. J.; Weissleder, R.; Lee, H. Magnetic Nanoparticles and MicroNMR for Diagnostic Applications Theranostics 2012, 2, 55-65
344. Lee, H.; Yoon, T. J.; Weissleder, R. Ultrasensitive Detection of Bacteria Using Core-Shell Nanoparticles and an NMR-Filter System Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2009, 48, 5657-5660
345. Perez, J. M.; OLoughin, T.; Simeone, F. J.; Weissleder, R.; Josephson, L. DNA-Based Magnetic Nanoparticle Assembly Acts as a Magnetic Relaxation Nanoswitch Allowing Screening of DNA-Cleaving Agents J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 2856-2857
346. Beyda, N. D.; Alam, M. J.; Garey, K. W. Comparison of the T2dx Instrument with T2Candida Assay and Automated Blood Culture in the Detection of Candida Species Using Seeded Blood Samples Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 2013, 77, 324-326
347. Ling, Y.; Vassiliou, C. C.; Cima, M. J. Magnetic Relaxation-Based Platform for Multiplexed Assays Analyst 2010, 135, 2360-2364
348. Im, H.; Shao, H.; Park, Y. I.; Peterson, V. M.; Castro, C. M.; Weissleder, R.; Lee, H. Label-Free Detection and Molecular Profiling of Exosomes with a Nano-Plasmonic Sensor Nat. Biotechnol. 2014, 32, 490-495
349. 2Magnetic Resonance: A Diagnostic Platform for Studying Integrated Hemostasis in Whole Blood Clin. Chem. 2014, 60, 1174-1182
350. Dittmer, W. U.; Evers, T. H.; Hardeman, W. M.; Huijnen, W.; Kamps, R.; de Kievit, P.; Neijzen, J. H.; Nieuwenhuis, J. H.; Sijbers, M. J.; Dekkers, D. W.; Hefti, M. H.; Martens, M. F. Rapid, High Sensitivity, Point-of-Care Test for Cardiac Troponin Based on Optomagnetic Biosensor Clin. Chim. Acta 2010, 411, 868-873
351. Sun, E. Y.; Weissleder, R.; Josephson, L. Continuous Analyte Sensing with Magnetic Nanoswitches Small 2006, 2, 1144-1147