Review of bioaerosols in indoor environment with special reference to sampling, analysis and control mechanisms

Environment International

Volumn 85, Issue , 2015, Pages 254-272

  Ghosh, Bipasha ^a   Lal, Himanshu ^a   Srivastava, Arun ^a  

^a JAWAHARLAL NEHRU UNIVERSITY   (India)

Author keywords

Air pollution; Bacteria; Bioaerosol; Fungi; Indoor environment

Indexed keywords

AIR CLEANERS; AIR POLLUTION; AIR QUALITY; BACTERIA; FUNGI; INDOOR AIR POLLUTION; METABOLITES; PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS; VENTILATION; VIRUSES;

AIRBORNE MICROORGANISMS; ANALYSIS AND CONTROLS; BIOAEROSOLS; CONCENTRATION LEVELS; INDOOR ENVIRONMENT; INFLUENZA A H1N1 VIRUS; MAINTENANCE ACTIVITY; SECONDARY METABOLITES;

AEROSOLS;

BIOLOGICAL MARKER; AEROSOL; ALLERGEN; PARTICULATE MATTER;

AEROSOL COMPOSITION; AEROSOL FORMATION; AIR QUALITY; ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION; BACTERIUM; FUNGUS; INDOOR AIR; INFLUENZA; VENTILATION;

AIR ANALYSIS; AIR POLLUTANT; AIR SAMPLING; AIRBORNE MICROORGANISM; BIOAEROSOL; BIOLOGICAL WARFARE; CONDENSATION; CULTURE TECHNIQUE; DENATURING GRADIENT GEL ELECTROPHORESIS; ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATION; EPIFLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY; FILTRATION; FLOW CYTOMETRY; FLUORESCENCE; GRAVITY; HEALTH HAZARD; HUMAN; INDOOR AIR POLLUTION; INFECTION; LASER; MATRIX ASSISTED LASER DESORPTION IONIZATION TIME OF FLIGHT MASS SPECTROMETRY; METAGENOMICS; NEXT GENERATION SEQUENCING; NONHUMAN; PARTICLE SIZE; PHYSICAL PHENOMENA; POLLUTION CONTROL; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASE; REVIEW; SPECIES DIFFERENCE; SPECTROSCOPY; AEROSOL; ANALYSIS; BACTERIUM; CHEMISTRY; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; FUNGUS; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; MICROBIOLOGY; PARTICULATE MATTER; POLLEN; PROCEDURES;

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); FUNGI;

AEROSOLS; AIR MICROBIOLOGY; AIR POLLUTION, INDOOR; ALLERGENS; BACTERIA; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; FUNGI; HUMANS; PARTICLE SIZE; PARTICULATE MATTER; POLLEN;

EID: 84942873882     PISSN: 01604120     EISSN: 18736750     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.09.018     Document Type: Review

References (263)

1. Aketagawa J., Tanaka S., Tamura H., Shibata Y., Sait H. Activation of limulus coagulation factor G by several (1→3)-β-D-glucans: comparison of the potency of glucans with identical degree of polymerization but different conformations. J. Biochem. 1993, 113:683-686.
2. Al-Jahdali H., Memish Z.A., Menzies D. Tuberculosis in association with travel. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 2003, 21:125-130.
3. Alvarez A.J., Buttner M.P., Toranzos G.A., Dvorsky E.A., Toro A., Heikes T.B., Mertikas-Pifer L.E., Stetzenbach L.D. Use of solid-phase PCR for enhanced detection of airborne microorganisms. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1994, 60:374-376.
4. Alwis K.U., Milton D.K. Recombinant factor C assay for measuring endotoxin in house dust: comparison with LAL, and (1->3)-beta-D-glucans. Am. J. Ind. Med. 2006, 49(4):296-300.
5. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) 2009, 223-226. (Cincinnati, USA), (Available at www.acgih.org/TLV/stu-dies.htm).
6. Ammendolia M.G., Bertuccini L., Minelli F., Meschini S., Baldassarri L. A Sphingomonas bacterium interacting with epithelial cells. Res. Microbiol. 2004, 155:636-646.
7. Ana H.R., Mainelis G., White L. Development and calibration of real-time PCR for quantification of airborne microorganisms in air samples. Atmos. Environ. 2006, 40:7924-7939.
8. Andersen A.A. New sampler for the collection, sizing and enumeration of viable airborne particles. J. Bacteriol. 1958, 76:357-375.
9. Anonymous Respiratory health hazards in agriculture. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1998, 158:71-76.
10. Ansorge W.J. Next-generation DNA sequencing techniques. New Biotechnol. 2009, 25:4.
11. Araki A., Kawai T., Eitaki Y., Kanazawa A., Morimoto K., Nakayama K., Shibata E., Tanaka M., Takigawa T., Yoshimura T., Chikara H., Saijo Y., Kishi R. Relationship between selected indoor volatile organic compounds, so-called microbial VOC, and the prevalence of mucous membrane symptoms in single family homes. Sci. Total Environ. 2010, 408:2208-2215.
12. Atlas R.M. Bioterrorism: from threat to reality. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 2002, 56:167-185.
13. Aydogdu H., Asan A., Tatman Otkun M. Indoor and outdoor airborne bacteria in child day-care centers in Edirne City (Turkey), seasonal distribution and influence of meteorological factors. Environ. Monit. Assess. 2010, 164:53-66.
14. Balsalobre L., Hernández-Madrid A., Llull D., Martín-Galiano A.J., García E., Fenoll A. Molecular characterization of disease-associated Streptococci of the mitis group that are optochin susceptible. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2006, 44:4163-4171.
15. Bartram A.K., Lynch M.D., Stearns J.C., Moreno Hagelsieb G., Neufeld J.D. Generation of multimillion sequence 16S rRNA gene libraries from complex microbial communities by assembling paired-end Illumina reads. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2011, 77:3846-3852.
16. Baudelet M., Guyon L., Yu J., Wolf J.P., Amodeo T., Fréjafon E., Laloi P. Femtosecond time-resolved laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for detection and identification of bacteria: a comparison to the nanosecond regime. J. Appl. Phys. 2006, 99:084701.
17. Beavis R.C., Chaudhary T., Chait B.T. α-Cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid as a matrix for matrix-assisted laser desorption mass spectrometry. Org. Mass Spectrom. 1992, 27(2):156-158.
18. Becher R., Honglso J.K., Dybing E. Guidelines for indoor air in Norway - a practical approach. Pollut. Atmos. 2000, 166:245-246.
19. Beggs C.B., Noakesb C.J., Sleighb P.A., Fletcherb L.A., Kerrc K.G. Methodology for determining the susceptibility of airborne microorganisms to irradiation by an upper-room UVGI system. J. Aerosol Sci. 2006, 37:885-902.
20. Bennet J.W., Klich M. Mycotoxins. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2003, 16:497-516.
21. Berent J.K., Górny R.L., Strzelczyk A.B., Wlaz A. Airborne and dust borne microorganisms in selected Polish libraries and archives. Build. Environ. 2011, 46:1872-1879.
22. Bernstein I.L., Chan-Yeung M., Malo J.L., Bernstein D.I. Asthma in the Workplace 1999, Marcel Dekker, New York, NY. 2nd edn.
23. Blechova R., Pivodova D. Limulus amoebocyte lysate (lal) test - an alternative method for detection of bacterial endotoxins. Acta Vet. Brno. 2001, 70:291-296.
24. Blomquist G., Strom G., Stromquist L.H. Sampling of high concentrations of airborne fungi. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 1984, 10:109-113.
25. Bloom E., Nyman E., Must A., Pehrson C., Larsson L. Molds and mycotoxins in indoor environments-a survey in water-damaged buildings. J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 2009, 6(11):671-678.
26. Bond D.R., Russel J.B. Protonmotive force regulates the membrane conductance of Streptococcus bovis in a non-ohmic fashion. Microbiology 2000, 146:687-694.
27. Bonetta S., Bonetta S., Mosso S., Sampo S., Carraro E. Assessment of microbiological indoor air quality in an Italian office building equipped with an HVAC system. Environ. Monit. Assess. 2010, 161:473-483.
28. Bourdillon R.B., Lidwell O.M., Thomas J.C. A slit sampler for collecting and counting airborne bacteria. J. Hyg. (Camb.) 1941, 14:197-224.
29. Brewer J.H., Thrasher J.D., Straus D.C., Madison R.A., Hooper D. Detection of mycotoxins in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Toxins 2013, 5(4):605-617.
30. Bucci T., Hansen D.K., LaBorde J.B. Leucoencephalomalacia and hemorrhage in the brain of rabbits gavaged with mycotoxin fumonosin B1. Nat. Toxins 1996, 4:51-52.
31. Burge H.A. Bioaerosols: prevalence and health effects in the indoor environment. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 1990, 86(5):687-701.
32. Burge H.A. Risks associated with indoor infectious aerosols. Toxicol. Ind. Health 1990, 6(2):263-274.
33. Burge H.A. Bioaerosol Investigations, In: Bioaerosols 1995, 1-23. CRC Press, Boca Raton, USA.
34. Burge H.A., Solomon W.R. Sampling and analysis of biological aerosols. Atmos. Environ. 1987, 21:451-456.
35. Buttner M.P., Stetzenbach L.D. Monitoring airborne fungal spores in an experimental indoor environment to evaluate sampling methods and the effects of human activity on air sampling. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1993, 59:219-226.
36. Cage B.R., Schreiber K., Portony J., Barnes C. Evaluation of four bioaerosol samplers in the outdoor environment. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 1996, 77:401-406.
37. Campbell R., Berkeley R.C.W., Linton A.H., Madelin M.F. Microbiology of Soil, Air and Water. Microorganism- Function, Form and Environment 1991, 243-275. Baltimore University Park Press, Baltimore. L.E. Hawker, A.H. Linton (Eds.).
38. Cartwright C., Horrocks S., Kirton J., Crook B. Review of Methods to Measure Bioaerosols from Composting Sites 2009, Publ. By Environment Agency, Rio House, Waterside Drive, Aztec West, Almondsbury, Bristol, BS32 4UD.
39. Cevc G. Membrane electrostatics. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1990, 1031:311-381.
40. Chan P.L., Yu P.H.F., Cheng Y.W., Chan C.Y., Wong P.K. Comprehensive characterization of indoor airborne bacterial profile. J. Environ. Sci. 2009, 21:1148-1152.
41. Chen P.S., Li C.S. Sampling performance for bioaerosols by flow cytometry with fluorochrome. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2005, 39(3):231-237.
42. Cox C.S., Wathes C.M. Bioaerosols Handbook 1995, Lewis Publishers, New York.
43. Creighton T.C. Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology 1999, volumes 1-4. John Wiley & Sons.
44. Crook B., Sherwood-Higham J.L. Sampling and assay of bioaerosols in the work environment. J. Aerosol Sci. 1997, 28(3):417-426.
45. Cruz-Perez P., Buttner M.P., Stetzenbach L.D. Detection and quantitation of Aspergillus fumigatus in pure culture using polymerase chain reaction. Mol. Cell. Probes 2001, 15:81-88.
46. Davey H.M., Kell D.B. Flow cytometry and cell sorting of heterogenous microbial populations: the importance of single-cell analyses. Microbiol. Rev. 1996, 60(4):641-696.
47. Day J., Kell D., Griffith G. Differentiation of Phytophthora infestans sporangia from other airborne biological particles by flow cytometry. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2002, 68:37-45.
48. De Aquino Neto F.R., de Góes Siqueira L.F. Guidelines for indoor air quality in offices in Brazil. Proc. Healthy Build. 2004, 4:549-554.
49. DECOS Endotoxins - Health-Based Recommended Occupational Exposure Limit 1998.
50. Diedrich J., Rehse S.J., Palchaudhuri S. Escherichia coli identification and strain discrimination using nanosecond laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2007, 90:163901.
51. Dillon H.K., Heinsohn P.A., Miller J.D. Field Guide for the Determination of Biological Contaminants in Environmental Samples 2005, AIHA.
52. Ding P.H., Wang C.S. Effect of sampling time on the total recovery of AGI-30 impingers for E. coli aerosols. Aerosol Air Qual. Res. 2001, 1:31-36.
53. Douglas L.R. Evaluation of Bacterial Sampling Methods for use with the Bacterial tag-Encoded Flexible (flx) Amplicon Pyrosequencing (Btefap) Technique 2012, (Thesis).
54. Douwes J., Doekes G., Montijn R., Heederik D., Brunekreef B. Measurement of β(1→3)-Glucans in the Occupational and Home Environment with an Inhibition Enzyme F 1996.
55. Douwes J., Thorne P., Pearce N., Heederik D. Bioaerosol health effects and exposure assessment: progress and prospects. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 2003, 47(3):187-200.
56. Douwes J., van der Sluis B., Doekes G., van Leusden F., Wijnands L., van Strein R., Verhoeff A., Brunekreef B. Fungal extracellular polysaccharides in house dust as a marker for exposure to fungi: relations with culturable fungi, reported home dampness and respiratory symptoms. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 1999, 103:494-500.
57. Droffner M.L., Brinton W.F., Evans E. Evidence for the prominence of well characterized mesophilic bacteria in thermophilic (50-70°C) composting environments. Biomass Bioenergy 1995, 8(3):191-195.
58. Eduard W. Fungal spores: a critical review of the toxicological and epidemiological evidence as a basis for occupational exposure limit setting. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 2009, 39:799-864.
59. Eduard W., Heederik D. Methods for quantitative assessment of airborne levels of non-infectious microorganisms in highly contaminated work environments. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 1998, 59(2):113-127.
60. Eisen J.A. Environmental shotgun sequencing: its potential and challenges for studying the hidden world of microbes. PLoS Biol. 2007, 5(3):e82.
61. Ekhaise F.O., Ighosewe O.U., Ajakpovi O.D. Hospital indoor airborne microflora in private and government owned hospitals in Benin city, Nigeria. World J. Med. Sci. 2008, 3(1):19-23.
62. Engelhart S., Glasmacher A., Simon A., Exner M. Air sampling of Aspergillus fumigates and other thermotolerant fungi: comparative performance of the sartorious MD8 airport and the Merck MAS-100 portable bioaerosol sampler. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 2007, 210:733-739.
63. Eninger R.M., Adhikari A., Reponen T., Grinshpun S.A. Differentiating between physical and viable penetrations when challenging respirator filters with bioaerosols. Clean 2008, 36:615-621.
64. Fang Z.G., Ouyang Z.Y., Zheng H., Wang X.K., Hu L.F. Culturable airborne bacteria in outdoor environments in Beijing, China. Microb. Ecol. 2007, 54(3):487-496.
65. Feller W. An Introduction to the Probability Theory and its Application 1950, Wiley, New York.
66. Fernando N.L., Fedorak P.M. Changes at an activated sludge sewage treatment plant alter the numbers of airborne aerobic microorganisms. Water Res. 2005, 39:4597.
67. Flagan R.C. Electrical Techniques. Aerosols: Prnciples, Techniques and Applications 2001, 57-568. Willey-Interscience, New York. 2nd ed. P.A. Baron, K. Willeke (Eds.).
68. Fletcher L.A., Gaunt L.F., Begges C.B., Shepherd S.J., Sleigh P.A., Noakes C.J., Kerr K.G. Bactericidal action of positive and negative ions in air. BMC Microbiol. 2007, 7:32.
69. Foarde K., Dulaney P., Cole E., VanOsdell D., Ensor D., Chang J. Assessment of fungal growth on ceiling tiles under environmentally characterized conditions. Proceedings of indoor air'93, Helsinki, Finland 1993, 4:357-362.
70. Foweraker J.E., Cooke N.J., Hawkey P.M. Ecology of haemophilus influenzae and haemophilus parainfluenzae in sputum and saliva and effects of antibiotics on their distribution in patients with lower respiratory tract infections. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1993, 37:804-809.
71. Gangneux J.P. Comparative performance of impactor air samplers for quantification of fungal contamination. J. Hosp. Infect. 2001, 47(2):149-155.
72. Georgakopoulos D.G., Despres V., Froehlich-Nowoisky J. Microbiology and atmospheric processes: biological, physical and chemical characterization of aerosol particles. Biogeosciences 2009, 6:721-737.
73. Ghosh B., Lal H., Kushwaha R., Hazarika N., Srivastava A., Jain V.K. Estimation of bioaerosol in indoor environment in the university library of Delhi. Sustain. Environ. Res. 2013, 23(3):199-207.
74. Gilbert Y., Duchaine C. Bioaerosols in industrial environments: a review. Can. J. Civ. Eng. 2009, 36:1873-1886.
75. Godwin C., Batterman S. Indoor air quality in Michigan schools. Indoor Air 2007, 17:109-121.
76. Goh I., Obbard P., Viswanathan S., Huang Y. Airborne bacteria and fungal spores in the indoor environment, a case study in Singapore. Acta Biotechnol. 2000, 20(1):67-73.
77. Gołofit-Szymczak M., Górny R.L. Bacterial and fungal aerosols in air-conditioned office buildings in Warsaw, Poland-the winter season. Int. J. Occup. Saf. Ergon. (JOSE) 2010, 16(4):465-476.
78. Gorny R.L., Dutkiewicz J. Bacterial and fungal aerosols in indoor environment in central and eastern European countries. Ann. Agric. Environ. Med. 2002, 9:17-23.
79. Gravensen S. Microbiological studies on carpets versus hard floors in nonindustrial occupations. Indoor Air'87, Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate 1987, 668-672. Institute of Water, Soil and Air Hygiene, Berlin.
80. Gravensen S., Larsen L., Gyntelberg F., Skov P. Demonstration of microorganisms and dust in schools and offices. Allergy 1986, 41:520-525.
81. Gregory P.H. The Microbiology of the Atmosphere 1973, Leonard Hall. 2nd ed.
82. Grinshpun S.A., Adhikari A., Li C., Reponen T., Yermakov M., Schoenitz M., Dreizin E., Trunov M., Mohan S. Thermal inactivation of airborne viable Bacillus subtilis spores by short-term exposure in axially heated air flow. J. Aerosol Sci. 2010, 41:352-363.
83. Special issue: measurement and characterization of bioaerosols. J. Aerosol Sci. 2005, 36:553-812. S.A. Grinshpun, J.M. Clark (Eds.).
84. Grishpun S.A., Buttner M.P., Willeke K., Mills A.L. Manual of Environmental Microbiology 2007, 939-951. ASM Press, Washington, DC. 3rd ed. C.J. Husrt, R.L. Crawford, G.R.J.L. Garland, D.A. Lipson, L.D. Stetzenbach (Eds.).
85. Grishpun S.A., Chang C.W., Willeke K., Nevalainen A. Inlet characteristics of bioaerosol samplers. J. Aerosol Sci. 1994, 25:1503-1522.
86. Health-Council-of-the-Netherlands Health risks associated with livestock farms 2012, publication no. 2012/27. http://www.gezondheidsraad.nl/en/publications/preventie/health-risks-associated-with-livestock-farms.
87. Heidelberg J.F., Shahamat M., Levin M., Rahman I., Stelma G., Grim C., Colwell R.R. Effect of aerosolization on culturability and viability of Gram-negative bacteria. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1997, 63(9):3585-3588.
88. Henderson D.A. Smallpox: clinical and epidemiologic features. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 1999, 5:537-539.
89. Henningson E.W., Fangmark I., Larsson E., Wikstrom L.E. Collection efficiency of liquid samplers for microbiological aerosols. J. Aerosol Sci. 1988, 19(7):911-914.
90. Henningson E.W., Ahlberg M.S. Evaluation of microbiological aerosol samplers - a review. J. Aerosol Sci. 1994, 25(8):1459-1492.
91. Higgins J.A., Cooper M., Schroeder-Tucker L., Black S., Miller D., Karns J.S., Manthey E., Breeze R., Perdue M.L. A field investigation of Bacillus anthracis contamination of US Department of Agriculture and other Washington, DC, buildings during the anthrax attack of October 2001. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2003, 69:593-599.
92. Hinds W.C. Aerosol Technology 1982, 78. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., New York, NY, (104-126, 165).
93. Hofle M.G. Transfer RNAs as genotypic fingerprints of eubacteria. Arch. Microbiol. 1990, 153:299-304.
94. Holmberg K. Indoor mold exposure to health effects. Indoor Air' 87: Volatile organic compounds, combustion gases, particles and fibers, microbiological agents 1987, vol. 1:637-642. Institute for Water, Soil and Air Hygiene, Berlin. B. Seifert, H. Esdorn, M. Fischer, H. Ruden, J. Wegner (Eds.).
95. Hop C.E.C.A., Bakhtiar R. An introduction to electrospray ionization and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: essential tools in a modern biotechnology environment. Biospectroscopy 1997, 3:259-280.
96. Hoseinzadeh E., Samarghandie M.R., Ghiasian S.A., Alikhani M.Y., Roshanaie G. evaluation of bioaerosols in five educational hospitals wards air in Hamedan, during 2011-2012. Jundishapur J. Microbiol. 2013, 6(6):e10704.
97. Howard W.A. Incidence and clinical characteristics of mould allergy. Atlas of Moulds in Europe Causing Respiratory Allergy 1984, 147-156. ASK Publishing, Copenhagen. K. Wilken-Jensen, S. Gravesen (Eds.).
98. Hugenholtz P. Exploring prokaryotic diversity in the genomic era. Genome Biol. 2002, 3. (Reviews 0003).
99. Hussong D., Colwell R.R., Obrien M., Weiss E., Pearson A.D., Weiner R.M., Burge W.D. Viable Legionella-Pneumophila not detectable by culture on agar media. Bio-Technology 1987, 5:947-950.
100. Hwang G.B., Jung J.H., Jeong T.G., Lee B.U. Effect of hybrid UV-thermal energy stimuli on inactivation of S. epidermidis and B. subtilis bacterial bioaerosols. Sci. Total Environ. 2010, 408:5903-5909.
101. Institut für Arbeitsschutz der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung (IFA) Verfahren zur Bestimmung der Bakterienkonzentration in der Luft am Arbeitsplatz (#9430) 2004, Erich Schmidt Verlag, Berlin, Germany.
102. Jargot D., Melin S. Characterization and validation of sampling and analytical methods for mycotoxins in workplace air. Environ. Sci. Process. Impacts 2013, 15(3):633-644.
103. Jensen P.A., Todd W.F., Davis G.N., Scarpino P.V. Evaluation of eight bioaerosol samplers challenged with aerosols of free bacteria. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 1992, 53(10):660-667.
104. Jensen P.A., Schafer M.P. Sampling and Characterization of Bioaerosols. NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods. Revision of Jensen PA, Lighthart B, Mohr AJ, Shaffer BT [1994]. Instrumentation used with Microbial Bioaerosol. Atmospheric Microbial Aerosols: Theory and Applications 1998, 226-284. Chapman & Hall, New York, NY. B. Lighthart, A.J. Mohr (Eds.).
105. Jo W.K., Seo Y.J. Indoor and outdoor bioaerosol levels at recreation facilities, elementary schools, and homes. Chemosphere 2005, 61:1570-1579.
106. Jones A.M., Harrison R.M. The effects of meteorological factors on atmospheric bioaerosol concentrations - a review. Sci. Total Environ. 2004, 326(1-3):151-180.
107. Jones B., Cookson J. Natural atmospheric microbiological condition in a typical suburban area. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1983, 45:919-934.
108. Jung J.H., Lee J.E., Lee C.H., Kim S.S., Lee B.U. Treatment of fungal bioaerosols by a high temperature, short-time process in a continuous flow system. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2009, 75:2742-2749.
109. Juozaitis A., Willeke k., Grinshpun S.A., Dennelly J. Impaction onto a glass slide or agar versus impingement into a liquid for the collection and recovery of airborne microorganisms. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1994, 60(3):861.
110. Kallioski P., Pasanen A., Korpi A., Pasanen P. Housedust as a growth medium for microorganisms. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate 1996, 131-135. Institute of Public Health, Nagoya, Japan.
111. Kalogerakis N., Paschali D., Lekaditis V., Pantidou A., Eleftheriadis K., Lazaridis M. Indoor air quality - bioaerosol measurements in domestic and office premises. J. Aerosol Sci. 2005, 36:751-761.
112. Kaminske E., Stawicki S., Wasowicz E. Volatile flavor compounds produced by molds of Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fungi imperfecti. Appl. Microbiol. 1974, 27(6):1001.
113. Kanaani H., Hargreaves M., Ristovski Z., Morawska L. Deposition rate of fungal spores in indoor environments, factors effecting them and comparison with non-biological aerosols. Atmos. Environ. 2008, 42:7141-7154.
114. Kang Y.J., Frank J.F. Biological aerosol: a review of airborne contamination and its measurement in dairy processing plants. J. Food Prot. 1989, 52:512-524.
115. Katzenelson E., Buium I., Shuval H.I. Risk of communicable infection associated with wastewater irrigation in agricultural settlements. Science 1976, 194:944-946.
116. Kelly C., Pady S. Microbiological studies of air masses over Montreal during 1950 and 1951. Can. J. Bot. 1954, 32:591-600.
117. Kenny L.C., Stancliffe J.D., Crook B. The adaptation of existing personal inhalable aerosol samplers for bioaerosol sampling. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 1998, 59:831-841.
118. Kepner R.L., Pratt J.R. Use of fluorochromes for direct enumeration of total bacteria in environmental samples: past and present. Microbiol. Rev. 1994, 58(4):603-615.
119. Kerr K.G., Beggs C.B., Dean S.G., Thornton J., Donnelly J.K., Todd N.J., Sleigh P.A., Qureshi A., Talor C.C. air ionization and colonization/infection with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Acinetobacter species in an intensive care unit. Intensive Care Med. 2006, 32:315-317.
120. Kethley T.W., Gordon M.T., Orr C. A thermal precipitator for aerobacteriology. Science 1952, 116:368-369.
121. Kildeso J., Nielsen B.H. Exposure assessment of airborne microorganisms by fluorescence microscopy and image processing. Ann. Occup. Hyg. Copenhagen, Denmark 1997, 41(2):201-207.
122. Kim Y.S., Yoon K.Y., Park J.H., Hwang J. Application of air ions for bacterial decolonization in air filters contaminated by aerosolized bacteria. Sci. Total Environ. 2011, 409:748-755.
123. Kirk J.L., Beaudette L.A., Hart M., Moutoglis P., Klironomos J.N., Lee H., Trevors J.T. Methods of studying soil microbial diversity. J. Microbiol. Methods 2004, 58:169-188.
124. Kleefsman W.A., Stowers M.A., Verheijen P.J.T., Marijnissen J.C.M. Single particle mass spectrometry - bioaerosol analysis by MALDI-MS. Kona 2008, 26:205-214.
125. Klietmann W.F., Ruoff K.L. Bioterrorism: implications for the clinical microbiologist. Clin. Microbiol. 2001, 14:364-381.
126. Klontz K.C., Hynes N.A., Gunn R.A., Wilder M.H., Harmon M.W., Kendal A.P. An outbreak of influenza Taiwan/1/86 (H1N1) infections at a naval base and its association with airplane travel. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1989, 129:341-348.
127. Knutson E.O., Whitby K.T. Aerosol classification by electric mobility: apparatus, theory, and applications. J. Aerosol Sci. 1975, 6:443-451.
128. Kozak P.P., Gallup J., Cummins L.M., Gillam S.A. Currently available methods for home mould surveys; description of techniques. Ann. Allergy 1980, 45:85-89.
129. Kreiss K., Hodgson M.J. Building-associated Epidemics. Indoor Air Quality 1984, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla. P.J. Walsh, C.S. Dudney, E.D. Copenhaver (Eds.).
130. Ku S.C., Hsueh P.R., Yang P.C., Luh K.T. Clinical and microbiological characteristics of bacteremia caused by Acinetobacter lwoffi. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 2000, 19:501-505.
131. Kujundzic E., Hernandez M., Miller S.L. Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation inactivation of airborne fungal spores and bacteria in upper room air and HVAC in-duct configurations. J. Environ. Eng. Sci. 2007, 6:1-9.
132. Kujundzic E., Matalkah F., Howard C.J., Hernandez M., Miller S.L. UV air cleaners and upper room air ultraviolet germicidal irradiation for controlling airborne bacteria and fungal spores. J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 2006, 3:536-546.
133. Kulmala M., Asmi A., Pirjola L. Indoor air aerosol model: the effect of outdoor air, filtration and ventilation on indoor concentrations. Atmos. Environ. 1999, 33:2133-2144.
134. Kundsin R.C. Airborne Contagion. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1980, 353:1.
135. Kunkel W.B. The static electrification of dust particles on dispersion into a cloud. J. Appl. Phys. 1950, 21:820-832.
136. Lacey J. Aerobiology and health: the role of airborne fungal spores in respiratory disease. Frontiers in Mycology 1991, 157-184. CAB International, Wallingford, UK. D.L. Hawksworth (Ed.).
137. Lacey J., Dutkiewicz J. Bioaerosols and occupational lung disease. J. Aerosol Sci. 1994, 25:1371-1404.
138. Lal H., Punia T., Ghosh B., Srivastava A., Jain V.K. Comparative study of bioaerosol during monsoon and post-monsoon seasons at four sensitive sites in Delhi region. Ijaees 2013, 1(2):1-7.
139. Lange J.L., Thorne P.S., Lynch N. Application of flow cytometry and flourescent in situ hybridization for assessment of exposures to airborne bacteria. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1997, 63:1557-1563.
140. LeBouf R., Yesse L., Rossner A. Seasonal and diurnal variability in airborne mold from an indoor residential environment in Northern New York. J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc. 2012, 58(5):684-692.
141. Lecour P.B., Veillette M., Marsolais D., Duchaine C. Characterization of bioaerosols from dairy barns: reconstructing the puzzle of occupational respiratory diseases by using molecular approaches. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2012, 78:3242-3248.
142. Lee B.U. Life comes from the air: a short review on bioaerosol control. Aerosol Air Qual. Res. 2011, 11:921-927.
143. Lee B.U., Hong I.G., Lee D.H., Chong E.S., Jung J.H., Lee J.H., Kim H.J., Lee I. bacterial bioaerosol concentrations in public restroom environments. Aerosol Air Qual. Res. 2012, 12:251-255.
144. Lee B.U., Yermakov M., Grinshpun S.A. Removal of fine and ultrafine particles from indoor air environments by the unipolar ion emission. Atmos. Environ. 2004, 38:4815-4823.
145. Lee B.U., Yun S.H., Ji J., Bae G.N. Inactivation of S. epidermidis, B. subtilis, and E. coli bacteria bioaerosols deposited on a filter utilizing airborne silver nanoparticles. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2008, 18:176-182.
146. Lee B.U., Yun S.H., Jung J.H., Bae G.N. Effect of relative humidity and variation of particle number size distribution on the inactivation effectiveness of airborne silver nanoparticles against bacteria bioaerosols deposited on a filter. J. Aerosol Sci. 2010, 41:447-456.
147. Lee J.H., Wu C.Y., Wysocki K.M., Farrah S., Wander J. Efficacy of iodine treated biocidal filter media against bacterial spore aerosols. J. Appl. Microbiol. 2008, 105:1318-1326.
148. Lee R.E., Harris K., Akland G. Relationship between viable bacteria and air pollution in an urban atmosphere. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 1973, 34(4):164-170.
149. Lee S.A., Willeke K., Mainelis G., Adhikari A., Wang H., Reponen T., Grinshpun S.A. Assessment of electrical charge on airborne microorganisms by a new bioaerosol sampling method. J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 2004, 1:127-138.
150. Lee Y.L., Song K., Sneddon J. Laser-induced breakdown spectrometry 2000, Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 227 Main Street, Suite 100, Huntington, New York.
151. Lee Y.H., Lee B.U. Inactivation of airborne E. coli and B. subtilis bioaerosols utilizing thermal energy. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2006, 16:1684-1689.
152. Li C.S., Lin Y.C. Sampling performance of impactors for bacterial bioaerosols. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 1999, 30(3):280-287.
153. Li C.S., Hao M.L., Lin W.H., Chang C.W., Wang C.S. Evaluation of microbial samplers for bacterial microorganisms. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 1999, 30:100-108.
154. Li Y., Duan S., Yu I.T.S., Wong T.W. Multi-zone modeling of probable SARS virus transmission by airflow between flats in Block E, Amoy Gardens. Indoor Air 2005, 15:96-111.
155. Lidwell O.M. Ultraviolet radiation and the control of airborne contamination in the operating room. J. Hosp. Infect. 1994, 28:245-248.
156. Lighthart B., Shaffer B.T. Bacterial flux from chaparral into the atmosphere in mid-summer at a high desert location. Atmos. Environ. 1994, 28:1267-1274.
157. Lin W.H., Li C.S. Evaluation of impingement and filtration methods for yeast bioaerosol sampling. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 1999, 30:119-126.
158. Lorenze P., Liebeton K., Niehaus F., Eck J. Screening for novel enzymes for biocatalytic processes: accessing the metagenome as resource of novel functional sequence space. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 2002, 13:572-577.
159. Luczynska C.M., Arruda L.K., Platts-Mills T.A., et al. A two-site monoclonal antibody ELISA for the quantification of the major Dermatophagoides spp. allergens, Der p I and Der f I. J. Immunol. Methods 1989, 118:227-235.
160. Macher J.M. Positive hole correction of multiple jet impactors for collecting viable microorganisms. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 1989, 50:561-568.
161. Macher J.M., Hansson H.C. Personal size-separating impactor for sampling micobiological aerosols. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. 1987, 48:652-655.
162. Madigan M.T., Martinko J.M. Brock Biology of Microorganisms 2006, Pearson Prentice Hall, New Jersey, USA, (Chap. 1, Chap 3 (p. 52), Chap 20 (p.673)). 11th edition.
163. Madsen A.M., Zervas A., Tendal K., Nielsen J.L. Microbial diversity in bioaerosol samples causing ODTS compared to reference bioaerosol samples as measured using Illumina sequencing and MALDI-TOF. Environ. Res. 2015, 140:255-267.
164. Mainelis G., Adhikari A., Willeke K., Lee S.A., Reponen T., Grinshpun S.A. Collection of airborne microorganisms by a new electrostatic precipitator. J. Aerosol Sci. 2002, 33:1417-1432.
165. Mainelis G., Gorny R.L., Trunov M., Grinshupun S.A., Baron P., Yadav J., Willeke K. Effect of electrical charges and fields on injury and viability of airborne bacteria. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2002, 79(2):229-241.
166. Mainelis G., Grinshpun S.A., Willeke K. Collection of airborne microorganisms by electrostatic precipitation. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 1999, 30:127-144.
167. Mainelis G., Willeke K., Adhikari A., Reponen T., Grinshpun S.A. Design and collection efficiency of a new electrostatic precipitator for bioaerosol collection. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2002, 36:1073-1085.
168. Mainelis G., Willeke K., Baron P., Reponen T., Grinshpun S.A., Gorny R.L., Trakumas S. Electrical charges on airborne microorganisms. J. Aerosol Sci. 2001, 32(9):1087-1110.
169. Mainelis G., Willeke K., Baron P., Reponen T., Grinshpun S.A. Induction charging and electrostatic classification of micrometer size particles for investigating the electrobiological properties of airborne microorganisms. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2002, 36(4):479-491.
170. Makkar N.S., Casida L.E. Technique for estimating low numbers of a bacterial strain(s) in soil. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1987, 53:887-888.
171. Mandal J., Brandl H. Bioaerosols in indoor environment - a review with special reference to residential and occupational locations. Open Environ. Biol. Monit. J. 2011, 4:83-96.
172. Mardis E.R. The impact of next generation sequencing technology on genetics. Trends Genet. 2008, 24:3.
173. Margulies M., et al. Genome sequencing in micro fabricated high density pico litre reactors. Nature 2005, 437:376-380.
174. Meir R., Zingre H. Qualification of air sampler systems: the MAS-100. Swiss Pharma 2000, 22:15-21.
175. Mentese S., Arisoy M., Yousefi Rad A., Gullu G. Bacteria and fungi levels in various indoor and outdoor environments in Ankara, Turkey. Clean 2009, 37(6):487-493.
176. Mielniczuk Z., Mielniczuk E., Larsson L. Determination of muramic acid in organic dust by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. B Biomed. Appl. 1995, 670:167-172.
177. Miller J.D., Young J.C. The use of ergosterol to measure exposure to fungal propagules in indoor air. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 1997, 58:39-43.
178. Mohr A.J. Fate and transport of mechanism in air 2001, (chapter 74, in Manual of Environmental Microbiology).
179. Mojica B. Airborne Pathogens 1998, 506-507. Oxford Univ Press Inc.
180. Molhave L. Volatile organic compounds and the sick building syndrome. Environmental Toxicants: Human Exposures and Their Health Effects 2009, 241-256. Wiley-Interscience, New York. 3rd ed. M. Lippmann (Ed.).
181. Monard C., Gantner S., Stenlid J. Utilizing ITS1 and ITS2 to study environmental fungal diversity using pyrosequencing. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 2013, 84:165-175.
182. Moreno-Lopez J. Acute respiratory disease in cattle. Virus infections in ruminants 1990, 551-554. Elsevier publishers, Amsterdam. Z. Dinter, B. Morein (Eds.).
183. Muilenberg M.L. Sampling devices. Immunol. Allergy Clin. N. Am. 2003, 23:337-355.
184. Muirhead K.A., Horan P.K., Poste G. Flow cytometry: Present and future. Biotechnology 1985, 3:337-356.
185. Muyzer G., Kornelia S. Application of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE) in microbial ecology. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 1998, 73:127-141.
186. Muyzer G., de Waal E.C., Uitterlinden A.G. Profiling of complex microbial populations by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of polymerase chain reaction-amplified genes encoding for 16S rRNA. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1993, 59:695-700.
187. Myers R.M., Fischer S.G., Lerman L.S., Maniatis T. Nearly all single base substitutions in DNA fragments joined to a GC-clamp can be detected by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Nucleic Acids Res. 1985, 13:3131-3145.
188. Nasir Z.A., Colbeck I. Assessment of bacterial and fungal aerosol in different residential settings. Water Air Soil Pollut. 2010, 211:367-377.
189. Nehme B., Létourneau V., Forster R.J., Veillette M., Duchaine C. Culture-independent approach of the bacterial bioaerosol diversity in the standard swine confinement buildings, and assessment of seasonal effect. Environ. Microbiol. 2008, 10:665-675.
190. Neidhart F.C., Ingraham J.L., Schaechter M. Physiology of the Bacterial Cell: A Molecular Approach. 1990 1990, Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland.
191. Nesa D., Lortholary J., Bouakline A., Bordes M., Chandenier J., Derouin F., Noyce J.O., Hughes J.F. Bactericidal effects of negative and positive ions generated in nitrogen on Escherichia coli. J. Electrost. 2002, 54:179-187.
192. Nevälainen A. Bacterial Aerosols in Indoor Air 1989, (Dissertation), National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland.
193. Nonnenmann M.W., Bextine B., Dowd S.E., Gilmore K., Levin J.L. Culture-independent characterization of bacteria and fungi in a poultry bioaerosol using pyrosequencing: a new approach. J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 2010, 7(12):693-699.
194. Nonnenmann M.W., Bextine B., Dowd S.E., Gilmore K., Levin J.L. Culture-independent characterization of bacteria and fungi in a poultry bioaerosol using pyrosequencing: a new approach. J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 2010, 7(12):693-699.
195. Noyce J.O., Hughes J.F. Bactericidal effects of negative and positive ions generated in nitrogen on Escherichia coli. J Electrostatics 2002, 54:179-187.
196. Ogden E.C., Raynor G.S. A new sampler for airborne pollen: the rotoslide. J. Allergy 1967, 40:1-11.
197. Olenchock S.A. Health effects of biological agents: the role of endotoxins. Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 1994, 9:62-64.
198. Oliver J.D. The viable but nonculturable state in bacteria. J. Microbiol. 2005, 43:93-100.
199. Orr C., Gordon M.T., Kordecki M.C. Thermal precipitation for sampling airborne microorganisms. J. Appl. Microbiol. 1956, 4:116-118.
200. Pasanen P., Pasanen A.L., Janunen M. Water condensation promotes fungal growth in ventilation ducts. Indoor Air 2000, 3:106-112.
201. Pasquarella C., Pitzurra O., Savino A. The index of microbial air contamination. J. Hosp. Infect. 2000, 46:241-256.
202. Peccia J., Hernandez M. Incorporating polymerase chain reaction based identification, population characterization, and quantification of microorganisms into aerosol science: a review. Atmos. Environ. 2005, 40:3941-3961.
203. Pegas P.N., Evtyugina M.G., Alves C.A. Outdoor/indoor air quality in primary schools in Lisbon: a preliminary study. Quim Nova 2010, 33:1145-1149.
204. Pillai S.D., Ricke S.C. Bioaerosols from municipal and animal wastes: background and contemporary issues. Can. J. Microbiol. 2002, 48:681-696.
205. Porter J., Deere D., Hardman M., Edwards C., Pickup R. Go with the flow - use of flow cytometry in environmental microbiology. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 1997, 24:93-101.
206. Predicala B.Z., Urban J.E., Maghirang R.G., Jerez S.B., Goodband R.D. Assessment of bioaerosols in swine barns by filtration and impaction. Curr. Microbiol. 2002, 44(2):136-140. (Protection 81(B3), 166-170).
207. Radziemski L.J., Cremers D.A. Handbook of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy 2006, John Wiley, New York.
208. Reboux G., Piarroux R., Mauny F., Madroszyk A., Millon L., Bardonnet K., Dalphin J.C. Role of molds in farmer's lung disease in Eastern France. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2001, 163:1534-1539.
209. Recer G.M., Browne M.L., Horn E.G., Hill K.M., Boehler W.F. Ambient air levels of Aspergillus fumigatus and thermophilic actinomycetes in a residential neighborhood near a yard-waste composting facility. Aerobiologia 2001, 17:99-108.
210. Reponen T., Nevalainen A., Willeke K., Grinshpun S.A. Biological Particle Sampling in Aerosol Measurement: Principles, Techniques and Applications 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, (Chapter 24). 3rd edn. P.A. Baron, K. Willeke, P. Kulkarni (Eds.).
211. Reynolds S.J., Black D.W., Borin S.S., Breuer G., Burmeister L.F., Fuortes L.J., Smith T.F., Stein M.A., Subramanian P., Thorne P.S., Whitten P. Indoor Environmental Quality in Six Commercial Office Buildings in the Midwest United States. Appl. Occu. Environ. Hyg. 2001, 16:1065-1077.
212. Roponen M., Seuri M., Nevalainen A., Hirvonen M.R. Fungal spores as such do not cause 699 nasal inflammation in mold exposure. Inhal. Toxicol. 2002, 14:541-549.
213. Rösch P., Harz M., Schmitt M. Chemotaxonomic identification of single bacteria by micro-Raman spectroscopy: application to clean-room-relevant biological contaminations. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2005, 71:1626-1637.
214. Ross R.K., Yuan J.M., Yu M.C., Wogan G.N., Qian G.S., Tu J.T., Groopman J., Gao Y.T., Henderson B.E. Urinary aflatoxin biomarkers and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Lancet 1992, 339:1413-1414.
215. Rotter B.A., Prelusky D.B., Pestka J.J. Toxicology of deoxenivalenol (vomitoxin). J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 1996, 48:1-34.
216. Saiki R.K., Scharf S., Faloona F., Mullis K.B., Horn G.T., Erlich H.A., Arnheim N. Enzymatic amplification of beta-globin genomic sequences and restriction site analysis for diagnosis of sickle cell anemia. Science 1985, 230:1350-1354.
217. Samadi S., Wouters I.M., Heederik D.J. A review of bio-aerosol exposures and associated health effects in veterinary practice. Ann. Agric. Environ. Med. 2013, 20:206-221.
218. Sanchez-Monedero M.A., Stentiford E.I. Generation and dispersion of airborne microorganisms from composting facilities. Process Saf. Environ. Prot. 2003, 81(B3):166-170.
219. Saraf A., Larsson L., Burge H., Milton D. Quantification of ergosterol and 3-hydroxy fatty acids in settled house dust by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry: comparison with fungal culture and determination of endotoxin by a Limulus amebocyte lysate assay. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1997, 63:2554-2559.
220. Schafer M.P., Martinez K.F., Mathews E.S. Rapid detection and determination of the aerodynamic size range of airborne mycrobacteria associated with whirlpools. Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 2003, 18(1):41-50.
221. Schechter I., Miziolek A.W., Vincenzo P. Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS): Fundamentals and Applications 2006, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
222. Segata N., Boernigen D., Tickle T.L., Morgan X.C., Garrett W.S., Huttenhower C. Computational meta'omics for microbial community. Mol. Syst. Biol. 2013, 9(666):666.
223. Seng P., Drancourt M., Gouriet F., La Scola B., Fournier P.E., Rolain J.M., Raoult D. Ongoing revolution in bacteriology: routine identification of bacteria by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2009, 49(4):552-553.
224. Sheffield V.C., Cox D.R., Myers R.M. Attachment of a 40-bp G+C rich sequence (GC clamp) to genomic DNA fragments by polymerase chain reaction results in improved detection of single-base changes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1989, 86:232-236.
225. Singleton P. Bacteria in Biology, Biotechnology and Medicine 1997, Wiley, Chichester, England. 4th ed.
226. Solomon W.R. Assessing fungal prevalence in domestic interiors. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 1975, 56:235-242.
227. Srikanth P., Sudharsanam S., Steinberg R. Bioaerosols in indoor environment: composition, health effects and analysis. Indian J. Med. Microbiol. 2008, 26:302-312.
228. Srivastava A., Singh M., Jain V.K. Identification and characterization of size-segregated bioaerosols at Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. Nat. Hazards 2012, 60:485-499.
229. Stanley R.G., Linskins H.F. Pollen: biology, chemistry and management 1974, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
230. Stein J.L., Marsh T.L., Wu K.Y., Shizuya H., DeLong E.F. Characterization of uncultivated prokaryotes: isolation and analysis of a 40-kilobase-pair genome fragment front a planktonic marine archaeon. J. Bacteriol. 1996, 178:591-599.
231. Stetzenbach L.D. Introduction to aerobiology. Manual of Environmental Microbiology 1997, 619-628. ASM Press, Washington DC.
232. Stetzenbach L.D., Buttner M.P., Cruz P. Detection and enumeration of airborne biocontaminants. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 2004, 15:170-174.
233. Strupat K., Karas M., Hillenkamp F. 2,5-Dihidroxybenzoic acid: a new matrix for laser desorption-ionization mass spectrometry. Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Process. 1991, 72(111):89-102.
234. Sutton G.H.C. Enumeration of total airborne bacteria, yeast and mould contaminants and identification of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria Spp. Salmonella Spp., and Staphylococcus Spp. in a beef and pork slaughter facility 2004, PhD thesis. University of Florida, USA.
235. SUVA Grenzwerte am Arbeitsplatz 2007, Luzern, Switzerland.
236. Swan J.R., Crook B., Gilbert E.J. Microbial emission from composting sites. Issues Environ. Sci. Technol. 2002, 18:23-85.
237. Swan J.R.M., Kelsey A., Crook B., Gilbert E.J., Executive, H.a.S. Occupational and environmental exposure to bioaerosols from composting and potential health effects - a critical review of published data. Research Report 130 2003.
238. Taylor E.J. Dorland's Medical Dictionary 1988, W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia.
239. Terkonda P.K. Sources and effects of microbiological indoor pollutants. Indoor Air '87, Proceedings of the 4′ International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate 1987, 713-717. Institute for Water, Soil and Air Hygiene, Berlin.
240. Terzieva S., Donnelly J., Ulevicius V., Grinshpun S.A., Willeke K., Stelma G.N., Brenner K.P. Comparison of methods for detection and enumeration of airborne microorganisms collected by liquid impingement. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1996, 62(7):2264-2272.
241. Thompson W.A.R. Black's Medical Dictionary 1981, Adam and Charles Black. 33rd ed.
242. Torsvik V., Goksoyr J., Daae F.L., Sorheim R., Michalsen J., Salte K. Use of DNA analysis to determine the diversity of microbial communities. Beyond the Biomass: Compositional and Functional Analysis of Soil Microbial Communities 1994, 39-48. John Wiley & Sons Ltd., Chichester, UK. K. Ritz, J. Dighton, K.E. Giller (Eds.).
243. Tyson G.W., Chapman J., Hugenholtz P., Allen E.E., Ram R.J., Richardson P.M., Solovyev V.V., Rubin E.M., Rokhsar D.S., Banfield J.F. Community structure and metabolism through reconstruction of microbial genomes from the environment. Nature 2004, 428:37-43.
244. Van den Bogart H.G., Van den Ende G., Van Loon P.C., Van Griensven L.J. Mushroom worker's lung: serologic reactions to thermophilic actinomycetes present in the air of compost tunnels. Mycopathologia 1993, 122:21-28.
245. Verhoeff A.P., Van Wijen J.H., Boleij J.S.M., Brunekreef B., Van Reenen Hoekstra E.S., Samson R.A. Enumeration and identification of airborne viable mould propagules in houses. Allergy 1990, 45:275-284.
246. Vlodavets V., Mats L. The influence of meteorological factors on the microflora of the atmospheric air in Moscow. J. Microbiol. 1958, 59:539-544.
247. Wady L., Larsson L. Determination of microbial volatile organic compounds adsorbed on house dust particles and gypsum board using SPME/GC-MS. Indoor Air 2005, 9:27-32.
248. Waldmann L., Schmitt K.M. Thermophoresis and diffusion phoresis of aerosols. Aerosol Science 1966, London Academic Press, (Chap. 4).
249. Walinder R., Ernstgaard L., Norback D., Wieslander G., Johanson G. Acute effects of 1-octen-3-ol, a microbial volatile organic compound (MVOC) - an experimental study. Toxicol. Lett. 2008, 181:141-147.
250. Wang Z., Reponen T., Grinshpun S.A., Gorny R.L., Willeke K. Effect of sampling time and air humidity on the bioefficiency of filter samplers for bioaerosol collection. J. Aerosol Sci. 2001, 32(5):661-674.
251. Wanner H.U., Verhoff A., Colombi A. Biological particles in indoor environments. Commission of the European Communities, Report no. 12. Luxembourg 1994.
252. Watson H.H. The sampling efficiency of the thermal precipitator. Br. J. Appl. Phys. 1958, 2:78-81.
253. Willeke K., Grinshpun S.A., Donnelly J., Juozaitis A., Thompson M., Chang C.W., Liebhaber F., Nevalainen A. Physical and biological sampling efficiencies of bioaerosol samplers. Indoor Air Quality and Climate. 1993, 4:131-136.
254. Willeke K., Grinshpun S.A., Chang V.J., acozaitis A., Liebhaber F., Nevalainen A., Willeke K., Lin X.J., Grinshpun S.A. Improved aerosol collection by combined impaction and centrifugal motion. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 1998, 28(5):439-456.
255. Williams R.H., Ward E., McCartney H.A. Methods for integrated air sampling and DNA analysis for detection of airborne fungal spores. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2001, 67:2453-2459.
256. Wong L.T., Mui K.W., Hui P.S., Chan W.Y. Bayesian assessment for acceptable airborne bacteria levels in air-conditioned spaces. J. Aerosol Sci. 2007, 17:80-86.
257. Wright T.J., Greene V.W., Paulus H.J. Viable microorganisms in an urban atmosphere. J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. 1969, 19(5):337-341.
258. Wu, C.Y., Lee, J. H., Reimenschneider, L.A. 2013. High efficiency viable sampler for ultrafine bioaerosols. United States Patent. US 8349582 B2.
259. Xu Z., Yao M. Monitoring of bioaerosol inhalation risks in different environments using a six stage Anderson Sampler and the PCR-DGGE Method. Environ. Monit. Assess. 2013, 185:3993-4003.
260. Yooseph S., Pfannkoch C.A., Tenney A., McQuaid J., Williamson S., Thiagarajan M., Brami D., Zeigler-Allen L., Hoffman J., Goll J.B., Fadrosh D., Glass J., Adams M.D., Friedman R., Venter J.C. A metagenomic framework for the study of airborne microbial communities. PLoS ONE 2013, 8(12):e81862. 10.1371/journal.pone.0081862.
261. Zare R.N. My life with LIF: a personal account of developing laser-induced fluorescence. Annu. Rev. Anal. Chem. 2012, 5:1-14.
262. Zeng G.Y., Westermark S.O., Rasmuson-Lestander A., Wang X.R. Detection and quantification of Cladosporium in aerosols by real-time PCR. J. Environ. Monit. 2006, January 8(1):153-160.
263. Zollinger M., Krebs W., Brandl H. Bioaerosols formation during grape stemming and crushing. Sci. Total Environ. 2006, 363:253-259.