Uncertainties in human health risk assessment of environmental contaminants: A review and perspective

Environment International

Volumn 85, Issue , 2015, Pages 120-132

  Dong, Zhaomin ^a,b   Liu, Yanju ^a,b   Duan, Luchun ^a,b   Bekele, Dawit ^a,b   Naidu, Ravi ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE   (Australia)

^b University of South Australia and CRC for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment   (Australia)

Author keywords

Exposure; Hazard; Human health risk assessment; Modelling; Uncertainties

Indexed keywords

CONTAMINATION; DATA STREAMS; DECISION MAKING; HAZARDS; HEALTH RISKS; MODELS; PUBLIC HEALTH; UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS;

2 ,3 ,7 ,8 TETRACHLORODIBENZO P DIOXINS; CONTAMINANT EXPOSURE; ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANT; EXPOSURE; HUMAN HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT; REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS; UNCERTAINTIES; UNCERTAINTY SOURCES;

RISK ASSESSMENT;

2,3,7,8 TETRACHLORODIBENZO PARA DIOXIN; DANGEROUS GOODS; POLLUTANT;

ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD; HEALTH RISK; POLLUTANT; POLLUTION EXPOSURE; PUBLIC HEALTH; RISK ASSESSMENT; TCDD; TOXICOLOGY; UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS;

BAYESIAN HIERARCHICAL MODEL; BIOLOGICAL MONITORING; CONCENTRATION (PARAMETERS); ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; HEALTH HAZARD; HUMAN; IN VITRO STUDY; MATHEMATICAL COMPUTING; MONTE CARLO METHOD; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY; POLLUTANT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; STATISTICAL MODEL; TOXICITY TESTING; TOXICOKINETICS; ANALYSIS; DANGEROUS GOODS; HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENT; PROCEDURES; PUBLIC HEALTH; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA; THEORETICAL MODEL; TOXICITY; UNCERTAINTY; UNITED STATES;

ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS; HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES; HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENT; HUMANS; MODELS, THEORETICAL; PUBLIC HEALTH; RISK ASSESSMENT; TETRACHLORODIBENZODIOXIN; UNCERTAINTY; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84942063480     PISSN: 01604120     EISSN: 18736750     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.09.008     Document Type: Review

References (120)

1. An W., Hu J., Giesy J.P., Yang M. Extinction risk of exploited wild roach (Rutilus rutilus) populations due to chemical feminization. Environ Sci Technol 2009, 43:7895-7901.
2. Andersen M.E., Krewski D. Toxicity testing in the 21st century: bringing the vision to life. Toxicol Sci 2009, 107:324-330.
3. Ankley G.T., Bennett R.S., Erickson R.J., Hoff D.J., Hornung M.W., Johnson R.D., Mount D.R., Nichols J.W., Russom C.L., Schmieder P.K. Adverse outcome pathways: a conceptual framework to support ecotoxicology research and risk assessment. Environ Toxicol Chem 2010, 29:730-741.
4. Armstrong B., Hutchinson E., Unwin J., Fletcher T. Lung cancer risk after exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: a review and meta-analysis. Environ Health Perspect 2004, 112:970-978.
5. Axelrad D.A., Bellinger D.C., Ryan L.M., Woodruff T.J. Dose-response relationship of prenatal mercury exposure and IQ: an integrative analysis of epidemiologic data. Environ Health Perspect 2007, 115:609-615.
6. Aylward L.L., Brunet R.C., Starr T.B., Carrier G., Delzell E., Cheng H., Beall C. Exposure reconstruction for the TCDD-exposed NIOSH cohort using a concentration- and age-dependent model of elimination. Risk Anal 2005, 25:945-956.
7. Aylward L.L., Kirman C.R., Schoeny R., Portier C.J., Hays S.M. Evaluation of biomonitoring data from the CDC national exposure report in a risk assessment context: perspectives across chemicals. Environ Health Perspect 2013, 121:287-294.
8. Bernillon P., Bois F.Y. Statistical issues in toxicokinetic modeling: a Bayesian perspective. Environ Health Perspect 2000, 108:883-893.
9. Bhattacharya S., Zhang Q., Carmichael P.L., Boekelheide K., Andersen M.E. Toxicity testing in the 21st century: defining new risk assessment approaches based on perturbation of intracellular toxicity pathways. PLoS One 2011, 6.
10. Bokkers B.G., Slob W. A comparison of ratio distributions based on the NOAEL and the benchmark approach for subchronic-to-chronic extrapolation. Toxicol Sci 2005, 85:1033-1040.
11. Burgess-Herbert S.L., Euling S.Y. Use of comparative genomics approaches to characterize interspecies differences in response to environmental chemicals: challenges, opportunities, and research needs. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013, 271:372-385.
12. Callahan M.A., Sexton K. If cumulative risk assessment is the answer, what is the question?. Environ Health Perspect 2007, 115:799-806.
13. Cheng H., Aylward L., Beall C., Starr T.B., Brunet R.C., Carrier G., Delzell E. TCDD exposure-response analysis and risk assessment. Risk Anal 2006, 26:1059-1071.
14. Chiu W.A., Ginsberg G.L. Development and evaluation of a harmonized physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for perchloroethylene toxicokinetics in mice, rats, and humans. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2011, 253:203-234.
15. Chiu W.A., Okino M.S., Evans M.V. Characterizing uncertainty and population variability in the toxicokinetics of trichloroethylene and metabolites in mice, rats, and humans using an updated database, physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model, and Bayesian approach. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2009, 241:36-60.
16. Chiu W.A., Okino M.S., Lipscomb J.C., Evans M.V. Issues in the pharmacokinetics of trichloroethylene and its metabolites. Environ Health Perspect 2006, 114:1450-1456.
17. Clark L.H., Woodrow Setzer R., Barton H.A. Framework for evaluation of physiologically-based pharmacokinetic models for use in safety on risk assessment. Risk Anal 2004, 24:1697-1717.
18. Cote I., Anastas P.T., Birnbaum L.S., Clark R.M., Dix D.J., Edwards S.W., Preuss P.W. Advancing the next generation of health risk assessment. Environ Health Perspect 2012, 120:1499-1502.
19. Crump K.S., Canady R., Kogevinas M. Meta-analysis of dioxin cancer dose response for three occupational cohorts. Environ Health Perspect 2003, 111:681.
20. Crump K.S., Chen C., Louis T.A. The future use of in vitro data in risk assessment to set human exposure standards: challenging problems and familiar solutions. Environ Health Perspect 2010, 118:1350-1354.
21. Crump K.S., Chiu W.A., Subramaniam R.P. Issues in using human variability distributions to estimate low-dose risk. Environ Health Perspect 2010, 118:387.
22. Dong Z., Hu J. Development of lead source-specific exposure standards based on aggregate exposure assessment: Bayesian inversion from biomonitoring information to multipathway exposure. Environ Sci Technol 2011, 46:1144-1152.
23. Dorne J., Renwick A. The refinement of uncertainty/safety factors in risk assessment by the incorporation of data on toxicokinetic variability in humans. Toxicol Sci 2005, 86:20-26.
24. Dorne J., Walton K., Renwick A. Human variability in xenobiotic metabolism and pathway-related uncertainty factors for chemical risk assessment: a review. Food Chem Toxicol 2005, 43:203-216.
25. Egeghy P.P., Judson R., Gangwal S., Mosher S., Smith D., Vail J., Cohen Hubal E.A. The exposure data landscape for manufactured chemicals. Sci Total Environ 2012, 414:159-166.
26. Egger M., Smith G.D., Phillips A.N. Meta-analysis: principles and procedures. BMJ 1997, 315:1533-1537.
27. Ekins S. Computational Toxicology: Risk Assessment for Pharmaceutical and Environmental Chemicals 2007, John Wiley & Sons.
28. Elonen G.E., Spehar R.L., Holcombe G.W., Johnson R.D., Fernandez J.D., Erickson R.J., Tietge J.E., Cook P.M. Comparative toxicity of 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin to seven freshwater fish species during early life-stage development. Environ Toxicol Chem 1998, 17:472-483.
29. Emond C., Birnbaum L.S., DeVito M.J. Use of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for rats to study the influence of body fat mass and induction of CYP1A2 on the pharmacokinetics of TCDD. Environ Health Perspect 2006, 114:1394-1400.
30. ENHEALTH Environmental Health Risk Assessment - Guidelines for Assessing Human Health Risks From Environmental Hazards 2012, Environmental Health Standing Committee, Canberra, Australia.
31. European Chemicals Agency. Guidance for human health risk assessment for biocidal active substances and biocidal products. Helsinki, Finland; 2013.
32. Fernandez-Salguero P.M., Hilbert D.M., Rudikoff S., Ward J.M., Gonzalez F.J. Aryl-hydrocarbon receptor-deficient mice are resistant to 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-induced toxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1996, 140:173-179.
33. Fowler B.A. Computational Toxicology: Methods and Applications for Risk Assessment 2013.
34. Freireich E.J., Gehan E., Rall D., Schmidt L., Skipper H. Quantitative comparison of toxicity of anticancer agents in mouse, rat, hamster, dog, monkey, and man. Cancer Chemother Rep 1966, 50:219-244.
35. Gallagher C.M., Meliker J.R. Blood and urine cadmium, blood pressure, and hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ Health Perspect 2010, 118:1676-1684.
36. Gelman A., Bois F., Jiang J. Physiological pharmacokinetic analysis using population modeling and informative prior distributions. J Am Stat Assoc 1996, 91:1400-1412.
37. Gilchrist M., Thorsson V., Li B., Rust A.G., Korb M., Kennedy K., Hai T., Bolouri H., Aderem A. Systems biology approaches identify ATF3 as a negative regulator of Toll-like receptor 4. Nature 2006, 441:173-178.
38. Glass G.V. Primary, secondary, and meta-analysis of research. Educational Researcher 1976, 5:3-8.
39. Glorennec P., Bemrah N., Tard A., Robin A., Le Bot B., Bard D. Probabilistic modeling of young children's overall lead exposure in France: integrated approach for various exposure media. Environ Int 2007, 33:937-945.
40. Head J.A., Hahn M.E., Kennedy S.W. Key amino acids in the aryl hydrocarbon receptor predict dioxin sensitivity in avian species. Environ Sci Technol 2008, 42:7535-7541.
41. Integrated Risk Information System. Methylmercury (MeHg) (CASRN 22967-92-6). in: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency., ed; 2001.
42. International Programme on Chemical Safety Assessing Human Health Risks of Chemicals: Principles for the Assessment of Risk to Human Health from Exposure to Chemicals 1999, World Health Organization, Geneva.
43. International Programme on Chemical Safety Chemical-specific Adjustment Factors for Interspecies Differences and Human Variability: Guidance Document for Use of Data in Dose/Concentration-Response Asses: IPCS Harmonization Project Document 2005, World Health Organization, Geneva.
44. International Programme on Chemical Safety. Guidance document on characterizing and communicating uncertainty in exposure assessment. World Health Organization; 2005b.
45. International Programme on Chemical Safety Guidance Document on Evaluating and Expressing Uncertainty in Hazard Characterization 2014, World Health Organization, Geneva.
46. Jardine C., Hrudey S., Shortreed J., Craig L., Krewski D., Furgal C., McColl S. Risk management frameworks for human health and environmental risks. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev 2003, 6:569-718.
47. Jin Y., Saito N., Harada K.H., Inoue K., Koizumi A. Historical trends in human serum levels of perfluorooctanoate and perfluorooctane sulfonate in Shenyang. China The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine 2007, 212:63-70.
48. Johnson J.B., Omland K.S. Model selection in ecology and evolution. Trends Ecol Evol 2004, 19:101-108.
49. Junko N., Isamu O. Specific Health Risk Assessment for PCB (in Japanese) 2008, Maruzen Company Limited, Tokyo.
50. Kärrman A., Ericson I., van Bavel B., Darnerud P.O., Aune M., Glynn A., Lignell S., Lindström G. Exposure of perfluorinated chemicals through lactation: levels of matched human milk and serum and a temporal trend, 1996-2004, in Sweden. Environ Health Perspect 2007, 115:226-230.
51. Keil D.E., Peden-Adams M.M., Wallace S., Ruiz P., Gilkeson G.S. Assessment of trichloroethylene (TCE) exposure in murine strains genetically-prone and non-prone to develop autoimmune disease. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A 2009, 44:443-453.
52. Krewski D., Westphal M., Andersen M.E., Paoli G.M., Chiu W.A., Al-Zoughool M., Croteau M.C., Burgoon L.D., Cote I. A framework for the next generation of risk science. Environ Health Perspect 2014, 122:796-805.
53. Lanphear B.P., Hornung R., Khoury J., Yolton K., Baghurst P., Bellinger D.C., Canfield R.L., Dietrich K.N., Bornschein R., Greene T. Low-level environmental lead exposure and children's intellectual function: an international pooled analysis. Environ Health Perspect 2005, 113:894-899.
54. Lehman AJ, F.O. 100-fold margin of safety. Associate Food Drug Office US Quarterly Bull. 18:33-35; 1954.
55. Lioy P.J. Time for a change: from exposure assessment to exposure science. Environ Health Perspect 2008, 116:A282.
56. Lioy P.J. Exposure science: a view of the past and milestones for the future. Environ Health Perspect 2010, 118:1081-1090.
57. Lioy P.J., Smith K.R. A discussion of exposure science in the 21st century: a vision and a strategy. Environ Health Perspect 2013, 121:405.
58. Lipscomb J.C., Haddad S., Poet T., Krishnan K. Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models in toxicity testing and risk assessment. New Technologies for Toxicity Testing. Springer US 2012, 76-95.
59. Lyons M.A., Yang R.S.H., Mayeno A.N., Reisfeld B. Computational toxicology of chloroform: Reverse dosimetry using Bayesian inference, Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation, and human biomonitoring data. Environ Health Perspect 2008, 116:1040-1046.
60. National Toxicology Program. NTP Technical Report on the carcinogenesis bioassay of bisphenol A (CAS No. 80-05-7) in F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice (feed study). NTP-80-35. NIH Publ. No. 82-177. National Toxicology Program; 1982.
61. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Guidance document for using the OECD(Q) SAR application toolbox to develop chemical categories according to the OECD guidance on grouping of chemicals. ENV/JM/MONO(2009)5 2009.
62. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Statistical and dose response analysis, including benchmark dose and linear extrapolation, NOAELS and NOAEL, LOAELS and LOELS. 2010.
63. Paustenbach D., Galbraith D. Biomonitoring and biomarkers: exposure assessment will never be the same. Environ Health Perspect 2006, 114:1143.
64. Peterson R.E., Theobald H.M., Kimmel G.L. Developmental and reproductive toxicity of dioxins and related compounds: cross-species comparisons. CRC Crit Rev Toxicol 1993, 23:283-335.
65. Poulter, S.R. Monte Carlo simulation in environmental risk assessment-science, policy and legal issues. A Risk Assessment and Policy Association; 1998.
66. Redding L.E., Sohn M.D., McKone T.E., Chen J.-W., Wang S.-L., Hsieh D.P., Yang R.S. Population physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling for the human lactational transfer of PCB-153 with consideration of worldwide human biomonitoring results. Environ Health Perspect 2008, 116:1629-1635.
67. Renwick A. Data derived safety factors for the evaluation of food additives and environmental contaminants. Food Addit Contam 1993, 10:275-305.
68. Renwick A., Lazarus N. Human variability and noncancer risk assessment-an analysis of the default uncertainty factor. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 1998, 27:3-20.
69. Rhomberg L.R., Goodman J.E., Haber L.T., Dourson M., Andersen M.E., Klaunig J.E., Meek B., Price P.S., McClellan R.O., Cohen S.M. Linear low-dose extrapolation for noncancer health effects is the exception, not the rule. Crit Rev Toxicol 2011, 41:1-19.
70. Rotroff D.M., Dix D.J., Houck K.A., Knudsen T.B., Martin M.T., McLaurin K.W., Reif D.M., Crofton K.M., Singh A.V., Xia M. Using in vitro high throughput screening assays to identify potential endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Environ Health Perspect 2013, 121:7-14.
71. Royle K., Kontoravdi C. A systems biology approach to optimising hosts for industrial protein production. Biotechnol Lett 2013, 35:1961-1969.
72. Rusyn I., Daston G.P. Computational toxicology: realizing the promise of the toxicity testing in the 21st century. Environ Health Perspect 2010, 118:1047-1050.
73. Schultz T.W., Cronin M.T., Walker J.D., Aptula A.O. Quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) in toxicology: a historical perspective. J Mol Struct (THEOCHEM) 2003, 622:1-22.
74. Sedykh A., Zhu H., Tang H., Zhang L.Y., Richard A., Rusyn I., Tropsha A. Use of in vitro HTS-derived concentration-response data as biological descriptors improves the accuracy of QSAR models of in vivo toxicity. Environ Health Perspect 2011, 119:364-370.
75. Starr T.B. Significant shortcomings of the US Environmental Protection Agency's latest draft risk characterization for dioxin-like compounds. Toxicol Sci 2001, 64:7-13.
76. Steenland K., Deddens J., Piacitelli L. Risk assessment for 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) based on an epidemiologic study. Am J Epidemiol 2001, 154:451-458.
77. Steven Wiley H., Shvartsman S.Y., Lauffenburger D.A. Computational modeling of the EGF-receptor system: a paradigm for systems biology. Trends Cell Biol 2003, 13:43-50.
78. Strikwold M., Spenkelink B., Woutersen R.A., Rietjens I.M., Punt A. Combining in vitro embryotoxicity data with physiologically based kinetic (PBK) modelling to define in vivo dose-response curves for developmental toxicity of phenol in rat and human. Arch Toxicol 2013, 87:1709-1723.
79. Thornton A., Lee P. Publication bias in meta-analysis: its causes and consequences. J Clin Epidemiol 2000, 53:207-216.
80. Tice R.R., Austin C.P., Kavlock R.J., Bucher J.R. Improving the human hazard characterization of chemicals: a Tox21 update. Environ Health Perspect 2013, 121:756-765.
81. U.K.IGHRC Uncertainty Factors: Their Use in Human Health Risk Assessment by UK Government 2003, Interdepartmental Group on Health Risks from Chemicals, Leicester, U.K.
82. U.S.EPA Guideline for Carcinogen Risk Assessment. 630/R-00/004 1986, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
83. U.S. EPA. Guidelines for exposure assessment; notice. Part VI. Federal Register 29 May 1992 57(104): 22888-22938. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 1992.
84. U.S.EPA The Use of the Benchmark Dose Approach in Health Risk Assessment 1995, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
85. U.S.EPA Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment 1996, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
86. U.S.EPA Guiding Principles for Monte Carlo Analysis 1997, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
87. U.S.EPA Risk Characterization Handbook 2000, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
88. U.S.EPA Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund (RAGS) Volume iii - Part A: Process for Conducting Probabilistic Risk Assessment 2001, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC.
89. U.S.EPA Value-of-information Approach to Motivate Uncertainty Factors With Mechanistic Data: Chlorine Human Health Inhalation Risk Case Study 2001, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
90. U.S.EPA Guidance on Cumulative Risk Assessment of Pesticide Chemicals That Have a Common Mechanism of Toxicity 2002, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
91. U.S.EPA Exposure and Human Health Reassessment of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and Related Compounds National Academy Sciences (NAS) Review Draft 2003, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
92. U.S.EPA Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment 2005, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
93. U.S.EPA Approaches for the Application of Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Models and Supporting Data in Risk Assessment 2006, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
94. U.S.EPA U.S. EPA Office of Research and Development Computational Toxicology Research Program Implementation Plan for Fiscal Years 2009 to 2012 2009, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
95. U.S.EPA EPA's Reanalysis of Key Issues Related to Dioxin Toxicity and Response to NAS Comments 2010, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
96. U.S.EPA EPA's Reanalysis of Key Issues Related to Dioxin Toxicity and Response to NAS Comments 2012, Volume 1. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
97. U.S.EPA Fact Sheet: Chemicals Snapshot 2012, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
98. U.S.EPA Health Effects Assessment Document for Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins 1985, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
99. U.S.EPA Special Report on Ingested Inorganic Arsenic Skin Cancer; Nutritional Essentiality 1988, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
100. U.S. EPA. Recommended use of body weight 3/4 as the default method in derivation of the oral reference dose. EPA/100/R11/0001. Washington, D.C. Environmental Protection Agency; 2011.
101. U.S.EPA Next Generation Risk Assessment: Incorporation of Recent Advances in Molecular, Computational, and Systems Biology 2014, Washington, DC.
102. U.S.EPA Review of EPA's Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) Process: The National Academies Press 2014.
103. U.S.NRC Risk Assessment in the Federal Government: Managing the Process 1983, U.S. National Research Council, Washington, DC.
104. U.S.NRC Science and Judgment in Risk Assessment 1994, U.S. National Research Council, Washington, DC.
105. U.S.NRC Understanding Risk: Informing Decisions in a Democratic Society 1996, U.S. National Research Council, Washington, DC.
106. U.S.NRC Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century: A Vision and Strategy 2007, U.S. National Research Council, Washington, DC.
107. U.S.NRC Science and Decisions: Advancing Risk Assessment 2009, The National Academies Press, Washington, D.C.
108. U.S.NRC Environmental Decisions in the Face of Uncertainty 2013, The National Academies Press.
109. Van der Molen G.W., Kooijman B., Wittsiepe J., Schrey P., Flesch-Janys D., Slob W. Estimation of dioxin and furan elimination rates with a pharmacokinetic model. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 1999, 10:579-585.
110. Viberg H., Fredriksson A., Eriksson P. Investigations of strain and/or gender differences in developmental neurotoxic effects of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in mice. Toxicol Sci 2004, 81:344-353.
111. Wambaugh J.F., Setzer R.W., Reif D.M., Gangwal S., Mitchell-Blackwood J., Arnot J.A., Joliet O., Frame A., Rabinowitz J., Knudsen T.B., Judson R.S., Egeghy P., Vallero D., Hubal E.A.C. High-throughput models for exposure-based chemical prioritization in the expo cast project. Environ Sci Technol 2013, 47:8479-8488.
112. Wan Y., Zhang K., Dong Z., Hu J. Distribution is a major factor affecting bioaccumulation of decabrominated diphenyl ether: Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis) as an example. Environ Sci Technol 2013, 47:2279-2286.
113. Welsh M., Mangravite L., Medina M.W., Tantisira K., Zhang W., Huang R.S., McLeod H., Dolan M.E. Pharmacogenomic discovery using cell-based models. Pharmacol Rev 2009, 61:413-429.
114. Whitehead A. Meta-analysis of Controlled Clinical Trials 2003, Wiley.
115. Williams, P., B. Hubbell, E. J. Weber, C. Fehrenbacher, D. Hrdy, V. G. Zartarian. An overview of exposure assessment models used by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Hertfordshire, UK; 2010.
116. Williams P.R., Paustenbach D.J. Risk characterization: principles and practice. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev 2002, 5:337-406.
117. Xu, T.; White, L.; Hui, D.; Luo, Y. Probabilistic inversion of a terrestrial ecosystem model: analysis of uncertainty in parameter estimation and model prediction. Global Biogeochemical Cycles. 20; 2006.
118. Yang Y., Xu X., Georgopoulos P.G. A Bayesian population PBPK model for multiroute chloroform exposure. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2010, 20:326-341.
119. Zeise L., Bois F.Y., Chiu W.A., Hattis D., Rusyn I., Guyton K.Z. Addressing human variability in next-generation human health risk assessments of environmental chemicals. Environ Health Perspect 2013, 121:23-31.
120. Zhu H., Rusyn I., Richard A., Tropsha A. Use of cell viability assay data improves the prediction accuracy of conventional quantitative structure-activity relationship models of animal carcinogenicity. Environ Health Perspect 2008, 116:506-513.