Cardiovascular risks and benefits of moderate and heavy alcohol consumption

Nature Reviews Cardiology

Volumn 12, Issue 10, 2015, Pages 576-587

  Fernández Solà, Joaquim ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BARCELONA   (Spain)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALCOHOL;

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; ALCOHOLIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; ALCOHOLISM; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; BRAIN HEMORRHAGE; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECT; CARDIOVASCULAR MORTALITY; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIASTOLIC DYSFUNCTION; DOSE RESPONSE; DYSLIPIDEMIA; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HEART FAILURE; HEART MUSCLE CONTRACTILITY; HEART VENTRICLE FAILURE; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; INFLAMMATION; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); MULTICENTER STUDY (TOPIC); PERIPHERAL OCCLUSIVE ARTERY DISEASE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; RISK BENEFIT ANALYSIS; SUBDURAL HEMATOMA; SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW (TOPIC); SYSTOLIC DYSFUNCTION; ADVERSE EFFECTS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CHEMICALLY INDUCED; DRINKING BEHAVIOR; LIFESTYLE; PUBLIC HEALTH; RISK FACTOR;

ALCOHOL DRINKING; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; HUMANS; LIFE STYLE; PUBLIC HEALTH; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 84941877182     PISSN: 17595002     EISSN: 17595010     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/nrcardio.2015.91     Document Type: Review

References (173)

1. Parry C. D., Patra J., & Rehm J. Alcohol consumption and non-communicable diseases: epidemiology and policy implications. Addiction 106, 1718-1724 (2011
2. WHO. Global status report on alcohol and health 2014 ed. (World Health Organization, 2014
3. Lim S. S., et al. A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 380, 2224-2260 (2012
4. Rehm J., et al. Global burden of disease and injury and economic cost attributable to alcohol use and alcohol-use disorders. Lancet 373, 2223-2233 (2009
5. Shield K. D., Parry C., & Rehm J. Chronic diseases and conditions related to alcohol use. Alcohol Res. 35, 155-173 (2013
6. Orman E. S., Odena G., & Bataller R. Alcoholic liver disease: pathogenesis, management, and novel targets for therapy. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 28 (Suppl. 1), 77-84 (2013
7. Williams J. A., Manley S., & Ding W. X. New advances in molecular mechanisms and emerging therapeutic targets in alcoholic liver diseases. World J. Gastroenterol. 20, 12908-12933 (2014
8. Klatsky A. L. Alcohol and cardiovascular diseases: a historical overview. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 957, 7-15 (2002
9. Guzzo-Merello G., Cobo-Marcos M., Gallego Delgado M., & Garcia-Pavia P. Alcoholic cardiomyopathy. World J. Cardiol. 6, 771-781 (2014
10. Ronksley P. E., Brien S. E., Turner B. J., Mukamal K. J., & Ghali W. A. Association of alcohol consumption with selected cardiovascular disease outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 342, d671 (2011
11. Molina P. E., Gardner J. D., Souza-Smith F. M., & Whitaker A. M. Alcohol abuse: critical pathophysiological processes and contribution to disease burden. Physiology (Bethesda) 29, 203-215 (2014
12. Rehm J., et al. The relationship of average volume of alcohol consumption and patterns of drinking to burden of disease: an overview. Addiction 98, 1209-1228 (2003
13. OKeefe J. H., Bhatti S. K., Bajwa A., DiNicolantonio J. J., & Lavie C. J. Alcohol and cardiovascular health: the dose makes the poison.or the remedy. Mayo Clin. Proc. 89, 382-393 (2014
14. Iacovoni A., De Maria R., & Gavazzi A. Alcoholic cardiomyopathy. J. Cardiovasc. Med. (Hagerstown) 11, 884-892 (2010
15. Urbano-Márquez A., et al. The effects of alcoholism on skeletal and cardiac muscle. N. Engl. J. Med. 320, 409-415 (1989
16. Van De Wiel A., & de Lange D. W. Cardiovascular risk is more related to drinking pattern than to the type of alcohol drinks. Neth. J. Med. 66, 467-473 (2008
17. Oliveira G., Beezer A. E., Hadgraft J., & Lane M. E. Alcohol enhanced permeation in model membranes. Part I. Thermodynamic and kinetic analyses of membrane permeation. Int. J. Pharm. 393, 61-67 (2010
18. Rifici S., et al. Lipid diffusion in alcoholic environment. J. Phys. Chem. B 118, 9349-9355 (2014
19. Brock W. J., Rusch G. M., & Trochimowicz H. J. Cardiac sensitization: methodology and interpretation in risk assessment. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 38, 78-90 (2003
20. Seth D., et al. Alcohol, signaling, and ECM turnover. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 34, 4-18 (2010
21. Koloverou E., et al. Effects of alcohol consumption and the metabolic syndrome on 10-year incidence of diabetes: The ATTICA study. Diabetes Metab. 41, 152-159 (2015
22. Gika H. G., & Wilson I. D. Global metabolic profiling for the study of alcohol-related disorders. Bioanalysis 6, 59-77 (2014
23. González-Reimers E., et al. Alcoholism: a systemic proinflammatory condition. World J. Gastroenterol. 20, 14660-14671 (2014
24. Sacanella E., et al. Differential effects of moderate or heavy alcohol consumption on circulating adhesion molecule levels. Thromb. Haemost. 88, 52-55 (2002
25. Fernández-Solà J., et al. Molecular and cellular events in alcohol-induced muscle disease. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 31, 1953-1962 (2007
26. Chan L. N., & Anderson G. D. pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic drug interactions with ethanol (alcohol). Clin. Pharmacokinet. 53, 1115-1136 (2014
27. Hennekens C. H., Willett W., Rosner B., Cole D. S., & Mayrent S. L. Effects of beer, wine, and liquor in coronary deaths. JAMA 242, 1973-1974 (1979
28. Reynolds K., et al. Alcohol consumption and risk of stroke: a meta-analysis. JAMA 289, 579-588 (2003
29. Kloner R. A., & Rezkalla S. H. To drink or not to drink?. That is the question. Circulation 116, 1306-1317 (2007
30. Wells S., Broad J., & Jackson R. Alcohol consumption and its contribution to the burden of coronary heart disease in middle-aged and older New Zealanders: a population-based case-control study. N. Z. Med. J. 117, U793 (2004
31. Camargo C. A. Jr, et al. Moderate alcohol consumption and risk for angina pectoris or myocardial infarction in U.S. male physicians. Ann. Intern. Med. 126, 372-375 (1997
32. Mukamal K. J., Chiuve S. E., & Rimm E. B. Alcohol consumption and risk for coronary heart disease in men with healthy lifestyles. Arch. Intern. Med. 166, 2145-2150 (2006
33. Huynh K. Risk factors. Reducing alcohol intake improves heart health. Nat. Rev. Cardiol. 11, 495 (2014
34. Glymour M. M. Alcohol and cardiovascular disease. BMJ 349, g4334 (2014
35. Krenz M., & Korthuis R. J. Moderate ethanol ingestion and cardiovascular protection: from epidemiologic associations to cellular mechanisms. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 52, 93-104 (2012
36. Urbano-Márquez A., & Fernández-Solà J. Effects of alcohol on skeletal and cardiac muscle. Muscle Nerve 30, 689-707 (2004
37. Kajander O. A., et al. Dose dependent but non linear effects of alcohol on the left and right ventricle. Heart 86, 417-423 (2001
38. Nicolás J. M., et al. The effect of controlled drinking in alcoholic cardiomyopathy. Ann. Intern. Med. 136, 192-200 (2002
39. Drogan D., et al. Alcohol consumption, genetic variants in alcohol dehydrogenases, and risk of cardiovascular diseases: a prospective study and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 7, e32176 (2012
40. Kajander O. A., et al. Testing genetic susceptibility loci for alcoholic heart muscle disease. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 25, 1409-1413 (2001
41. Chartier K. G., Vaeth P. A., & Caetano R. Focus on: ethnicity and the social and health harms from drinking. Alcohol Res. 35, 229-237 (2013
42. Pun V. C., et al. Impact of alcohol duty reductions on cardiovascular mortality among elderly Chinese: a 10-year time series analysis. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 67, 514-518 (2013
43. Fernández-Solà J., et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism is associated with vulnerability to alcoholic cardiomyopathy. Ann. Intern. Med. 137, 321-326 (2002
44. Vaideeswar P., Chaudhari C., Rane S., Gondhalekar J., & Dandekar S. Cardiac pathology in chronic alcoholics: a preliminary study. J. Postgrad. Med. 60, 372-376 (2014
45. Fernández-Solà J., et al. Evidence of apoptosis in alcoholic cardiomyopathy. Hum. Pathol. 37, 1100-1110 (2006
46. Thomas A. P., Rozanski D. J., Renard D. C., & Rubin E. Effects of ethanol on the contractile function of the heart: a review. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 18, 121-131 (1994
47. Guarnieri T., & Lakatta E. G. Mechanisms of myocardial contractile depression by clinical concentration of ethanol. A study in ferret papillary muscles. J. Clin. Invest. 85, 1462-1467 (1990
48. Walsh C. R., et al. Alcohol consumption and risk for congestive heart failure in the Framingham Heart Study. Ann. Intern. Med. 136, 181-191 (2002
49. Tonelo D., Providência R., & Gonçalves L. Holiday heart syndrome revisited after 34 years. Arq. Bras. Cardiol. 101, 183-189 (2013
50. George A., & Figueredo V. M. Alcohol and arrhythmias: a comprehensive review. J. Cardiovasc. Med. (Hagerstown) 11, 221-228 (2010
51. Larsson S. C., Drca N., & Wolk A. Alcohol consumption and risk of atrial fibrillation: a prospective study and dose-response meta-analysis. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 64, 281-289 (2014
52. Ettinger P. O., et al. Arrhythmias and the Holiday Heart: alcohol-associated cardiac rhythm disorders. Am. Heart J. 95, 555-562 (1978
53. Wannamethee G., & Shaper A. G. Alcohol and sudden cardiac death. Br. Heart J. 68, 443-448 (1992
54. Fernández-Solá J., Estruch R., & Urbano Márquez A. Alcohol and heart muscle disease. Addiction Biol. 2, 9-17 (1997
55. Child J. S., Kovick R. B., Levisman J. A., & Pearce M. L. Cardiac effects of acute ethanol ingestion unmasked by autonomic blockade. Circulation 59, 120-125 (1979
56. Kupari M., Lindros K., Hillbom M., Heikkilä J., & Ylikahri R. Cardiovascular effects of acetaldehyde accumulation after ethanol ingestion: their modification by beta-adrenergic blockade and alcohol dehydrogenase inhibition. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 7, 283-288 (1983
57. Piano M. R., & Phillips S. A. Alcoholic cardiomyopathy: pathophysiologic insights. Cardiovasc. Toxicol. 14, 291-308 (2014
58. Fernández-Solà J., et al. The relation of alcoholic myopathy to cardiomyopathy. Ann. Intern. Med. 120, 529-536 (1994
59. Moushmoush B., & Abi-Mansour P. Alcohol and the heart. The long-term effects of alcohol on the cardiovascular system. Arch. Intern. Med. 151, 36-42 (1991
60. Kim S. D., Beck J., Bieniarz T., Schumacher A., & Piano M. R. A rodent model of alcoholic heart muscle disease and its evaluation by echocardiography. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 25, 457-463 (2001
61. Steinberg J. D., & Hayden M. T. Prevalence of clinically occult cardiomyopathy in chronic alcoholism. Am. Heart J. 101, 461-464 (1981
62. Pennell D. J., et al. Clinical indications for cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR): Consensus Panel report. Eur. Heart J. 25, 1940-1965 (2004
63. Kupari M., Koskinen P., Suokas A., & Ventilä M. Left ventricular filling impairment in asymptomatic chronic alcoholics. Am. J. Cardiol. 66, 1473-1477 (1990
64. Fernández-Solà J., et al. Diastolic function impairment in alcoholics. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 24, 1830-1835 (2000
65. Lazarevic A. M., et al. Early changes in left ventricular function in chronic asymptomatic alcoholics: relation to the duration of heavy drinking. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 35, 1599-1606 (2000
66. Urbano-Márquez A., et al. The greater risk of alcoholic cardiomyopathy and myopathy in women compared to men. JAMA 274, 149-154 (1995
67. Fernández-Solà J., et al. Comparison of alcoholic cardiomyopathy in women versus men Am. J. Cardiol. 80, 481-485 (1997
68. Yogi A., et al. Acute ethanol intake induces superoxide anion generation and mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation in rat aorta: a role for angiotensin type 1 receptor. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 264, 470-478 (2012
69. Kocabay G., et al. Left atrial function by Speckle Tracking Echocardiography in chronic asymptomatic alcoholic patients. Cardiovasc. Toxicol. 15, 189-196 (2015
70. Piano M. R. Alcoholic cardiomyopathy: incidence, clinical characteristics, and pathophysiology. Chest 121, 1638-1650 (2002
71. Gonçalves A., et al. Alcohol consumption and risk of heart failure: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Eur. Heart J. 36, 939-945 (2015
72. Urbano-Márquez A., & Fernández-Solà J. Alcohol consumption and heart failure. J. Card. Fail. 11, 329-332 (2005
73. Bryson C. L., et al. The association of alcohol consumption and incident heart failure: the Cardiovascular Health Study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 48, 305-311 (2006
74. Salisbury A. C., House J. A., Connard M. W., Krumholtz H. M., & Spertus J. A. Low to-moderate alcohol intake and health status in heart failure patients. J. Card. Fail. 11, 323-328 (2005
75. Abramson J. L., Williams S. A., Krumholz H. M., & Vaccarino V. Moderate alcohol consumption and risk of heart failure among older persons. JAMA 285, 1971-1977 (2001
76. Kupari M. Reversibility of alcoholic cardiomyopathy. Postgrad. Med. J. 60, 151-154 (1984
77. Ren J., & Wold L. E. Mechanisms of alcoholic heart disease. Ther. Adv. Cardiovasc. Dis. 2, 497-506 (2008
78. Teragaki M., Takeuchi. K., & Takeda T. Clinical and histologic features of alcohol drinkers with congestive heart failure. Am. Heart J. 125, 808-817 (1993
79. Tsiplenkova V. G., Vikhert A. M., & Cherpachenko N. M. Ultrastructural and histochemical observations in human and experimental alcoholic cardiomyopathy. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 8, 22A-32A (1986
80. Kawai S., & Okada R. A histopathological study of dilated cardiomyopathy-with special reference to clinical and pathological comparisons of the degeneration-predominant type and fibrosis-predominant type. Jpn. Circ. J. 51, 654-660 (1987
81. Wang Y., et al. High-dose alcohol induces reactive oxygen species-mediated apoptosis via PKC-β/p66Shc in mouse primary cardiomyocytes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 456, 656-661 (2015
82. Fernández-Solà J., et al. Increased myostatin activity and decreased myocyte proliferation in chronic alcoholic cardiomyopathy. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 35, 1220-1229 (2011
83. Borrisser-Pairó F., Antúnez E., Tobías E., & Fernández-Solà J. Insulin-like growth factor 1 myocardial expression decreases in chronic alcohol consumption. Regen. Med. Res. 1, 3 (2013
84. Kim M. K., et al. Harmful and beneficial relationships between alcohol consumption and subclinical atherosclerosis. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis. 24, 767-776 (2014
85. Sanz J., Moreno P. R., & Fuster V. The year in atherothrombosis. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 60, 932-942 (2012
86. Klatsky A. L., Friedman G. D., & Siegelaub A. B. Alcohol consumption before myocardial infarction. Results from the Kaiser-Permanente epidemiologic study of myocardial infarction. Ann. Intern. Med. 81, 294-301 (1974
87. DiCastelnouvo A., Constanzo S., Donati M. B., Iacoviello L., & de Gaetano G. Prevention of cardiovascular risk by moderate alcohol consumption: epidemiologic evidence and plausible mechanisms. Intern. Emerg. Med. 5, 291-297 (2010
88. Klatsky A. L. Alcohol and cardiovascular mortality: common sense and scientific truth. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 55, 1336-1338 (2010
89. Rimm E. B., Williams P., Fosher K., Criqui M., & Stampfer M. J. Moderate alcohol intake and lower risk of coronary heart disease: meta-analysis of effects on lipids and haemostatic factors. BMJ 319, 1523-1528 (1999
90. Fillmore K. M., Kerr W. C., Stockwell T., Chikritzhs T., & Bostrom A. Moderate alcohol use and reduced mortality risk: systematic error in prospective studies. Addiction Res. Theory 14, 101-132 (2006
91. Maclure M. Demonstration of deductive meta-analysis: ethanol intake and risk of myocardial infarction. Epidemiol. Rev. 15, 328-351 (1993
92. Rimm E. B., Klatsky A., Grobbee D., & Stampfer M. J. Review of moderate alcohol consumption and reduced risk of coronary-heart disease: is the effect due to beer, wine, or spirits. BMJ 312, 731-736 (1996
93. Cleophas T. J. Wine, beer and spirits and the risk of myocardial infarction: a systematic review. Biomed. Pharmacother. 53, 417-423 (1999
94. Corrao G., Rubbiati L., Bagnardi V., Zambon A., & Poikolainen K. Alcohol and coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis. Addiction 95, 1505-1523 (2000
95. Corrao G., Bagnardi V., Zambon A., & La Vecchia C. A meta-analysis of alcohol consumption and the risk of 15 diseases. Prev. Med. 38, 613-619 (2004
96. Di Castelnuovo A., Rotondo S., Iacoviello L., Donati M. B., & De Gaetano G. Meta-analysis of wine and beer consumption in relation to vascular risk. Circulation 105, 2836-2844 (2002
97. Foerster M., et al. Alcohol drinking and cardiovascular risk in a population with high mean alcohol consumption. Am. J. Cardiol. 103, 361-368 (2009
98. Yusuf S., et al. Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. Lancet 364, 937-952 (2004
99. Hvidtfeldt U. A., et al. Alcohol intake and risk of coronary heart disease in younger, middle-aged, and older adults. Circulation 121, 1589-1597 (2010
100. Petrone A. B., Gaziano J. M., & Djoussé L. Alcohol consumption and risk of death in male physicians with heart failure. Am. J. Cardiol. 114, 1065-1068 (2014
101. Marmot M. G., Rose G., Shipley M. J., & Thomas B. J. Alcohol and mortality: a U-shaped curve. Lancet 317, 580-583 (1981
102. Costanzo S., Di Castelnuovo A., Donati M. B., Iacoviello L., & de Gaetano G. Wine, beer or spirit drinking in relation to fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events: a meta-analysis. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 26, 833-850 (2011
103. Knott C. S., Coombs N., Stamatakis E., & Biddulph J. P. All cause mortality and the case for age specific alcohol consumption guidelines: pooled analyses of up to 10 population based cohorts. BMJ 350, h384 (2015
104. Gaziano J. M., et al. Moderate alcohol intake, increased levels of high-density lipoprotein and its subfractions, and decreased risk of myocardial infarction. N. Engl. J. Med. 329, 1829-1834 (1993
105. Brien S. E., Ronskley P. E., Turner B. J., Mukamal K. J., & Ghali W. A. Effect of alcohol consumption on biological markers associated with risk of coronary heart disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of interventional studies. BMJ 342, d636 (2011
106. de Gaetano G., & Cerletti C. Wine and cardiovacular disease. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis. 11 (Suppl. 4), 47-50 (2001
107. Facchini F., Chen Y. D., & Reaven G. M. Light to moderate alcohol intake is associated with enhanced insulin sensitivity. Diabetes Care 17, 115-119 (1994
108. Brinton E. A. Effects of ethanol intake on lipoproteins and atherosclerosis. Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 21, 346-351 (2010
109. Demrow H. S., Slane P. R., & Folts J. D. Administration of wine and grape juice inhibits in vivo platelet activity and thrombosis in stenosed canine coronary arteries. Circulation 91, 1182-1188 (1995
110. Miceli M., et al. Effect of low doses of ethanol on platelet function in long-life abstainers and moderate-wine drinkers. Life Sci. 73, 1557-1566 (2003
111. Booyse F. M., et al. Mechanism by which alcohol and wine polyphenols affect coronary heart disease risk. Ann. Epidemiol. 17 (Suppl. 5), S24-S31 (2007
112. Vázquez-Agell M., et al. Inflammatory markers of atherosclerosis are decreased after moderate consumption of cava (sparkling wine) in men with low cardiovascular risk. J. Nutr. 137, 2279-2284 (2007
113. Hale S. L., & Kloner R. A. Ethanol does not exert myocardial preconditioning in an intact rabbit model of ischemia/reperfusion. Heart Dis. 3, 293-296 (2001
114. Holmes M. V., et al. Association between alcohol and cardiovascular disease: Mendelian randomisation analysis based on individual participant data. BMJ 349, g4164 (2014
115. Daube M. Alcohols evaporating health benefits. BMJ 350, h407 (2015
116. Conen D. Alcohol consumption and incident cardiovascular disease: not just one unifying hypothesis. Eur. Heart J. 36, 897-898 (2015
117. OKeefe J. H., Bybee K. A., & Lavie C. J. Alcohol and cardiovascular health: the razor-sharp double-edged sword. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 50, 1009-1014 (2007
118. Mukamal K. J., et al. Roles of drinking pattern and type of alcohol consumed in coronary heart disease in men. N. Engl. J. Med. 348, 109-118 (2003
119. Estruch R., et al. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet. N. Engl. J. Med. 368, 1279-1290 (2013
120. Freiberg M. S., & Samet J. H. Alcohol and coronary heart disease: the answer awaits a randomized controlled trial. Circulation 112, 1379-1381 (2005
121. Renaud S., & Gueguen R. The French paradox and wine drinking. Novartis Found. Symp. 216, 208-217 (1998
122. Grønbaek M., et al. Type of alcohol consumed and mortality from all causes, coronary heart disease, and cancer. Ann. Intern. Med. 133, 411-419 (2000
123. Rotondo S., Di Castelnuovo A., & de Gaetano G. The relationship between wine consumption and cardiovascular risk; from epidemiological evidence to biological plausability. Ital. Heart J. 2, 1-8 (2001
124. Wu J. M., & Hsieh T. C. Resveratrol: a cardioprotective substance. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1215, 16-21 (2011
125. Chiva-Blanch G., Arranz S., Lamuela-Raventos R. M., & Estruch R. Effects of wine, alcohol and polyphenols on cardiovascular disease risk factors: evidences from human studies. Alcohol Alcohol. 48, 270-277 (2013
126. Aranz S., et al. Wine, beer, alcohol and polyphenols on cardiovascular disease and cancer. Nutrients 4, 759-781 (2012
127. Chiva-Blanch G., et al. Effects of alcohol and polyphenols from beer on atherosclerotic biomarkers in high cardiovascular risk men: a randomized feeding trial. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis. 25, 36-45 (2015
128. Patra J., et al. Alcohol consumption and the risk of morbidity and mortality for different stroke types-a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health 10, 258 (2010
129. Sangha J., et al. Co-morbidities and mortality associated with intracranial bleeds and ischaemic stroke. Int. J. Neurosci. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00207454.2014.930463
130. Mukamal K. J., et al. Alcohol and the risk for ischemic stroke in men: the role of drinking patters and usual beverage. Ann. Intern. Med. 142, 11-19 (2005
131. Matsumoto C., Miedema M. D., Ofman P., Gaziano J. M., & Sesso H. D. An expanding knowledge of the mechanisms and effects of alcohol consumption on cardiovascular disease. J. Cardiopulm. Rehabil. Prev. 34, 159-171 (2014
132. Iso H., et al. Alcohol consumption and risk of stroke among middle-aged men: the JPHC Study Cohort I. Stroke 35, 1124-1129 (2004
133. Wakabayashi I., & Sotoda Y. Alcohol drinking and peripheral arterial disease of lower extremity [Japanese]. Nihon Arukoru Yakubutsu Igakkai Zasshi 49, 13-27 (2014
134. Shin K. J., & Park J. K. Neurological and electrophysiological parameters as outcome measurements for peripheral arterial occlusive disease. Ann. Vasc. Surg. 28, 1703-1711 (2014
135. Sasaki S., et al. Relation between alcohol consumption and arterial stiffness: a cross-sectional study of middle-aged Japanese women and men. Alcohol 47, 643-649 (2013
136. Athyros V. G., et al. Association of drinking pattern and alcohol beverage type with the prevalence of metabolic syndrome, diabetes, coronary heart disease, stroke, and peripheral arterial disease in a Mediterranean cohort. Angiology 58, 689-697 (2008
137. Rekik M., El-Mas M. M., Mustafa J. S., & Abdel Rahman A. A. Role of endothelial adenosine receptor-mediated vasorelaxation in ethanol-induced hypotension in hypertensive rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 452, 205-214 (2002
138. Crestani C. C., et al. Cardiovascular alterations at different stages of hypertension development during ethanol consumption: time-course of vascular and autonomic changes. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 280, 245-255 (2014
139. Potter J. F., & Beevers D. G. Pressor effect of alcohol in hypertension. Lancet 1, 119-122 (1984
140. Ascherio A., et al. Prospective study of nutritional factors, blood pressure, and hypertension among US women. Hypertension 27, 1065-1072 (1996
141. Husain K., Ansari R. A., & Ferder L. Alcohol-induced hypertension: Mechanism and prevention. World J. Cardiol. 6, 245-252 (2014
142. Waskiewicz A., & Sygnowska E. Alcohol intake and cardiovascular risk factor profile in men participating in the WOBASZ study. Kardiol. Pol. 71, 359-365 (2013
143. Djoussé L., & Gaziano J. M. Alcohol consumption and heart failure in hypertensive US male physicians. Am. J. Cardiol. 102, 593-597 (2008
144. Briasoulis A., Agarwal V., & Messerli F. H. Alcohol consumption and the risk of hypertension in men and women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Clin. Hypertens. (Greenwich) 14, 792-798 (2012
145. Katsiki N., Tziomalos K., & Mikhailidis D. P. Alcohol and the cardiovascular system: a double-edged sword. Curr. Pharm. Des. 20, 6276-6288 (2014
146. Hu N., Zhang Y., Nair S., Culver B. W., & Ren J. Contribution of ALDH2 polymorphism to alcoholism-associated hypertension. Recent Pat. Endocr. Metab. Immune Drug Discov. 8, 180-185 (2014
147. Aguilera M. T., et al. Effect of alcohol abstinence on blood pressure: assessment by 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Hypertension 33, 653-657 (1999
148. Yang L., et al. Analysis on associated factors of uncontrolled hypertension among elderly hypertensive patients in Southern China: a community-based, cross-sectional survey. BMC Public Health 14, 903 (2014
149. Rittmueller S. E., et al. Association between alcohol use and cardiovascular self-care behaviors among male hypertensive veterans affairs outpatients: a cross-sectional study. Subst. Abus. 36, 6-12 (2014
150. Room R., Babor T., & Rehm J. Alcohol and public health. Lancet 365, 519-530 (2005
151. Conigrave K. M., & Rimm E. B. Alcohol for the prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus?. Treat. Endocrinol. 2, 145-152 (2003
152. Ajani U. A., et al. Alcohol consumption and risk of coronary heart disease by diabetes status. Circulation 102, 500-505 (2000
153. Pietraszek A., Gregersen S., & Hermansen K. Alcohol and type 2 diabetes. A review. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis. 20, 366-375 (2010
154. Marfella R., et al. Effect of moderate red wine intake on cardiac prognosis after recent acute myocardial infarction of subjects with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabet. Med. 23, 974-981 (2006
155. Van De Wiel A. Diabetes mellitus and alcohol. Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev. 20, 263-267 (2004
156. Djoussé L., Biggs M. L., Mukamal K. J., & Siscovick D. S. Alcohol consumption and type 2 diabetes among older adults: the Cardiovascular Health Study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 15, 1758-1765 (2007
157. Chiva-Blanch G., et al. Effects of red wine polyphenols and alcohol on glucose metabolism and the lipid profile: a randomized clinical trial. Clin. Nutr. 32, 200-206 (2013
158. Schäfer C., et al. Beyond HDL-cholesterol increase: phospholipid enrichment and shift from HDL3 to HDL2 in alcohol consumers. J. Lipid Res. 48, 1550-1558 (2007
159. Poli A., et al. Moderate alcohol use and health: a consensus document. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis. 23, 487-504 (2013
160. Tognon G., et al. Comparison of apolipoprotein (apoB/apoA I) and lipoprotein (total cholesterol/HDL) ratio determinants. Focus on obesity, diet and alcohol intake. PLoS ONE 7, e40878 (2012
161. Husemoen L. L., et al. The association of alcohol and alcohol metabolizing gene variants with diabetes and coronary heart disease risk factors in a white population. PLoS ONE 5, e11735 (2010
162. Ridker P. M., Hennekens C. H., Buring J. E., & Rifai N. C reactive protein and other markers of inflammation in the prediction of cardiovascular disease in women. N. Engl. J. Med. 342, 836-843 (2000
163. Libby P., Ridker P. M., & Maseri A. Inflammation and atherosclerosis. Circulation 105, 1135-1143 (2002
164. Nurmi K., et al. Ethanol inhibits activation of NLRP3 and AIM2 inflammasomes in human macrophages-a novel anti-inflammatory action of alcohol. PLoS ONE 8, e78537 (2013
165. Lehnert M., Kovacs E. J., Molina P. E., & Relja B. Modulation of inflammation by alcohol exposure. Mediators Inflamm. 2014, 283756 (2014
166. McPherson K. Moderate alcohol consumption and cancer. Ann. Epidemiol. 17, S46-S48 (2007
167. Seitz H. K., Pelucchi C., Bagnardi V., & LaVecchia C. Epidemiology and pathophysiology of alcohol and breast cancer: update 2012. Alcohol Alcohol. 47, 204-212 (2012
168. Muckle W., Muckle J., Welch V., & Tugwell P. Managed alcohol as a harm reduction intervention for alcohol addiction in populations at high risk for substance abuse. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 12. Art. No.: CD006747. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD006747.pub2
169. Andréasson S., & Allebeck P. Alcohol as medication is no good. More risks than benefits according to a survey of current knowledge [Swedish]. Lakartidningen 102, 632-637 (2005
170. Schütze M., et al. Alcohol attributable burden of incidence of cancer in eight European countries based on results from prospective cohort study. BMJ 342, d1584 (2011
171. Goldberg I. J. To drink or not to drink?. N. Engl. J. Med. 348, 163-164 (2003
172. Nicoli G., et al. Ethanol abolishes ischemic preconditioning in humans. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 51, 271-275 (2008
173. Bagnardi V., et al. Alcohol, less is better project: outcomes of an Italian community-based prevention programme on reducing per-capita alcohol consumption. Addiction 106, 102-110 (2011