The placebo effect: From concepts to genes

Neuroscience

Volumn 307, Issue , 2015, Pages 171-190

  Colagiuri, B ^a   Schenk, L A ^b   Kessler, M D ^c   Dorsey, S G ^c,d,e   Colloca, L ^c,d,e  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER HAMBURG EPPENDORF   (Germany)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND SCHOOL OF NURSING   (United States)

^e UM Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research   (United States)

Author keywords

Conditioning; Expectancy; Learning; Modeling; Pain

Indexed keywords

DOPAMINE; ENDOCANNABINOID; OPIATE; SEROTONIN; VASOPRESSIN; AGENTS INTERACTING WITH TRANSMITTER, HORMONE OR DRUG RECEPTORS;

ANALGESIC ACTIVITY; BEHAVIOR CHANGE; BRAIN REGION; CONDITIONING; DECEPTION; DOPAMINERGIC SYSTEM; DRUG EFFECT; ENDOCANNABINOIDERGIC PATHWAY; EXPECTANCY; GENETIC ANALYSIS; GENETIC VARIABILITY; HUMAN; NERVE CELL NETWORK; NERVOUS SYSTEM; NEUROBIOLOGY; NEUROIMAGING; NEUROMODULATION; NOCEBO EFFECT; NONHUMAN; OPIOIDERGIC PATHWAY; PERSONALIZED MEDICINE; PLACEBO EFFECT; PLACEBO SURGERY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REINFORCEMENT; REVIEW; SEROTONINERGIC SYSTEM; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SOCIAL LEARNING; SURGERY; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TREATMENT RESPONSE; VERBAL BEHAVIOR; ANIMAL; BRAIN; DRUG EFFECTS; GENETICS; PHYSIOLOGY;

ANIMALS; BRAIN; HUMANS; NEUROIMAGING; NEUROTRANSMITTER AGENTS; PLACEBO EFFECT; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 84941264167     PISSN: 03064522     EISSN: 18737544     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.08.017     Document Type: Review

References (155)

1. Ader R., Cohen N. Behaviorally conditioned immunosuppression and murine systemic lupus erythematosus. Science 1982, 215:1534-1536.
2. Amanzio M., Benedetti F. Neuropharmacological dissection of placebo analgesia: expectation-activated opioid systems versus conditioning-activated specific subsystems. J Neurosci 1999, 19:484-494.
3. Amanzio M., Benedetti F., Porro C.A., Palermo S., Cauda F. Activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis of brain correlates of placebo analgesia in human experimental pain. Hum Brain Mapp 2013, 34:738-752.
4. Apkarian A.V., Bushnell M.C., Treede R.-D., Zubieta J.-K. Human brain mechanisms of pain perception and regulation in health and disease. Eur J Pain 2005, 9:463.
5. Arias A.J., Gelernter J., Gueorguieva R., Ralevski E., Petrakis I.L. Pharmacogenetics of naltrexone and disulfiram in alcohol dependent, dually diagnosed veterans. Am J Addict 2014, 23:288-293.
6. Atlas LY, Wager TD (2014) A meta-analysis of brain mechanisms of placebo analgesia: consistent findings and unanswered questions. In: Placebo (Benedetti F et al., eds), pp 37-69 Springer: Berlin, Heidelberg.
7. Atlas L.Y., Whittington R.A., Lindquist M.A., Wielgosz J., Sonty N., Wager T.D. Dissociable influences of opiates and expectations on pain. J Neurosci 2012, 32:8053-8064.
8. Au Yeung S.T., Colagiuri B., Lovibond P.F., Colloca L. Partial reinforcement, extinction, and placebo analgesia. Pain 2014, 155:1110-1117.
9. Balsam P.D., Gallistel C.R. Temporal maps and informativeness in associative learning. Trends Neurosci 2009, 32:73-78.
10. Beecher H.K. The powerful placebo. J Am Med Assoc 1955, 159:1602-1606.
11. Benedetti F. Placebo and the new physiology of the doctor-patient relationship. Physiol Rev 2013, 93:1207-1246.
12. Benedetti F. Placebo effects: understanding the mechanisms in health and disease 2014, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
13. Benedetti F., Maggi G., Lopiano L., Lanotte M., Rainero I., Vighetti S., Pollo A. Open versus hidden medical treatments: the patient's knowledge about a therapy affects the therapy outcome. Prevent Treat 2003, 6:1-19.
14. Benedetti F., Pollo A., Lopiano L., Lanotte M., Vighetti S., Rainero I. Conscious expectation and unconscious conditioning in analgesic, motor, and hormonal placebo/nocebo responses. J Neurosci 2003, 23:4315-4323.
15. Benedetti F., Arduino C., Costa S., Vighetti S., Tarenzi L., Rainero I., Asteggiano G. Loss of expectation-related mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease makes analgesic therapies less effective. Pain 2006, 121:133-144.
16. Benedetti F., Lanotte M., Lopiano L., Colloca L. When words are painful: unraveling the mechanisms of the nocebo effect. Neuroscience 2007, 147:260-271.
17. Benedetti F., Amanzio M., Rosato R., Blanchard C. Nonopioid placebo analgesia is mediated by CB1 cannabinoid receptors. Nat Med 2011, 17:1228-1230.
18. Bhathena A., Wang Y., Kraft J., Idler K., Abel S., Holley-Shanks R., Robieson W., Spear B., Redden L., Katz D. Association of dopamine-related genetic loci to dopamine D3 receptor antagonist ABT-925 clinical response. Transl Psychiatry 2013, 3:e245.
19. Bingel U., Lorenz J., Schoell E., Weiller C., Buchel C. Mechanisms of placebo analgesia: rACC recruitment of a subcortical antinociceptive network. Pain 2006, 120:8-15.
20. Bingel U., Wanigasekera V., Wiech K., Ni Mhuircheartaigh R., Lee M.C., Ploner M., Tracey I. The effect of treatment expectation on drug efficacy: imaging the analgesic benefit of the opioid remifentanil. Sci Transl Med 2011, 3:70ra14.
21. Bouton M.E. Learning and behavior: a contemporary synthesis 2007, Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA.
22. Buchel C., Geuter S., Sprenger C., Eippert F. Placebo analgesia: a predictive coding perspective. Neuron 2014, 81:1223-1239.
23. Cobb L.A., Thomas G.I., Dillard D.H., Merendino K.A., Bruce R.A. An evaluation of internal-mammary-artery ligation by a double-blind technic. N Engl J Med 1959, 260:1115-1118.
24. Colagiuri B. Participant expectancies in double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trials: Potential limitations to trial validity. Clin Trials 2010, 7:246-255.
25. Colagiuri B., Zachariae R. Patient expectancy and post-chemotherapy nausea: a meta-anlaysis. Ann Behav Med 2010, 40:3-14.
26. Colagiuri B., Roscoe J.A., Morrow G.R., Atkins J.N., Giguere J.K., Colman L.K. How do patient expectancies, quality of life, and postchemotherapy nausea interrelate?. Cancer 2008, 113:654-661.
27. Colagiuri B., McGuinness K., Boakes R.A., Butow P.N. Warning about side effects can increase their occurrence: an experimental model using placebo treatment for sleep difficulty. J Psychopharmacol 2012, 26:1540-1547.
28. Colagiuri B., Quinn V.F., Colloca L. Nocebo hyperalgesia, partial reinforcement, and extinction. J Pain 2015, 10.1016/j.jpain.2015.06.012.
29. Colloca L. Placebo, nocebo, and learning mechanisms. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2014, 225:17-35.
30. Colloca L., Benedetti F. How prior experience shapes placebo analgesia. Pain 2006, 124:126-133.
31. Colloca L., Benedetti F. Placebo analgesia induced by social observational learning. Pain 2009, 144:28-34.
32. Colloca L., Finniss D. Nocebo effects, patient-clinician communication, and therapeutic outcomes. JAMA 2012, 307:567-568.
33. Colloca L., Miller F.G. How placebo responses are formed: a learning perspective. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2011, 366:1859-1869.
34. Colloca L., Miller F.G. The nocebo effect and its relevance for clinical practice. Psychosom Med 2011, 73:598-603.
35. Colloca L., Miller F.G. Role of expectations in health. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2011, 24:149-155.
36. Colloca L., Lopiano L., Lanotte M., Benedetti F. Overt versus covert treatment for pain, anxiety, and Parkinson's disease. Lancet Neurol 2004, 3:679-684.
37. Colloca L., Benedetti F., Porro C.A. Experimental designs and brain mapping approaches for studying the placebo analgesic effect. Eur J Appl Physiol 2008, 102:371-380.
38. Colloca L., Petrovic P., Wager T.D., Ingvar M., Benedetti F. How the number of learning trials affects placebo and nocebo responses. Pain 2010, 151:430-439.
39. Colloca L., Flaten M.A., Meissner K. Placebo and pain: from bench to bedside 2013, Elsevier, Oxford, UK.
40. Colloca L., Pine D.S., Ernst M., Miller F.G., Grillon C. Vasopressin boosts placebo analgesic effects in women: a randomized trial. Biol Psychiatry 2015, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.07.019.
41. Crichton F., Dodd G., Schmid G., Gamble G., Petrie K.J. Can expectations produce symptoms from infrasound associated with wind turbines?. Health Psychol 2014, 33:360-364.
42. Dennett D.C. Consciousness explained 1991, Little, Brown, New York.
43. Di Blasi Z., Harkness E., Ernst E., Georgiou A., Kleijnen J. Influence of context effects on health outcomes: a systematic review. Lancet 2001, 357:757-762.
44. Donaldson Z.R., Young L.J. Oxytocin, vasopressin, and the neurogenetics of sociality. Science 2008, 322:900-904.
45. Egorova N., Yu R., Kaur N., Vangel M., Gollub R.L., Dougherty D.D., Kong J., Camprodon J.A. Neuromodulation of conditioned placebo/nocebo in heat pain: anodal vs cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation to the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Pain 2015, 156:1342-1347.
46. Eippert F., Bingel U., Schoell E.D., Yacubian J., Klinger R., Lorenz J., Buchel C. Activation of the opioidergic descending pain control system underlies placebo analgesia. Neuron 2009, 63:533-543.
47. Eippert F., Finsterbusch J., Bingel U., Buchel C. Direct evidence for spinal cord involvement in placebo analgesia. Science 2009, 326:404.
48. Enck P., Benedetti F., Schedlowski M. New insights into the placebo and nocebo responses. Neuron 2008, 59:195-206.
49. Evans D. Placebo: the belief effect 2003, HaperCollins Publishers Ltd.
50. Faria V., Appel L., Ahs F., Linnman C., Pissiota A., Frans O., Bani M., Bettica P., Pich E.M., Jacobsson E., Wahlstedt K., Fredrikson M., Furmark T. Amygdala subregions tied to SSRI and placebo response in patients with social anxiety disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 2012, 37:2222-2232.
51. Feng C., Hackett P.D., DeMarco A.C., Chen X., Stair S., Haroon E., Ditzen B., Pagnoni G., Rilling J.K. Oxytocin and vasopressin effects on the neural response to social cooperation are modulated by sex in humans. Brain Imaging Behav 2014.
52. Fields H.L. Pain modulation: expectation, opioid analgesia and virtual pain. Prog Brain Res 2000, 122:245-253.
53. Furmark T., Appel L., Henningsson S., Ahs F., Faria V., Linnman C., Pissiota A., Frans O., Bani M., Bettica P., Pich E.M., Jacobsson E., Wahlstedt K., Oreland L., Langstrom B., Eriksson E., Fredrikson M. A link between serotonin-related gene polymorphisms, amygdala activity, and placebo-induced relief from social anxiety. J Neurosci 2008, 28:13066-13074.
54. Geuter S., Buchel C. Facilitation of pain in the human spinal cord by nocebo treatment. J Neurosci 2013, 33:13784-13790.
55. Ghirlanda S., Enquist M. A century of generalization. Anim Behav 2003, 66:15-36.
56. Gibson G. Rare and common variants: twenty arguments. Nat Rev Genet 2012, 13:135-145.
57. Gil M. Reward expectations in honeybees. Commun Integr Biol 2010, 3:95-100.
58. Guo J.Y., Yuan X.Y., Sui F., Zhang W.C., Wang J.Y., Luo F., Luo J. Placebo analgesia affects the behavioral despair tests and hormonal secretions in mice. Psychopharmacology 2011, 217:83-90.
59. Hall K.T., Lembo A.J., Kirsch I., Ziogas D.C., Douaiher J., Jensen K.B., Conboy L.A., Kelley J.M., Kokkotou E., Kaptchuk T.J. Catechol-O-methyltransferase val158met polymorphism predicts placebo effect in irritable bowel syndrome. PLoS One 2012, 7:e48135.
60. Hall K.T., Loscalzo J., Kaptchuk T.J. Genetics and the placebo effect: the placebome. Trends Mol Med 2015, 21:285-294.
61. Hashmi J.A., Baria A.T., Baliki M.N., Huang L., Schnitzer T.J., Apkarian A.V. Brain networks predicting placebo analgesia in a clinical trial for chronic back pain. Pain 2012, 153:2393-2402.
62. Hashmi J.A., Kong J., Spaeth R., Khan S., Kaptchuk T.J., Gollub R.L. Functional network architecture predicts psychologically mediated analgesia related to treatment in chronic knee pain patients. J Neurosci 2014, 34:3924-3936.
63. Herrnstein R.J. Placebo effect in the rat. Science 1962, 138:677-678.
64. Hotamisligil G.S., Breakefield X.O. Human monoamine oxidase A gene determines levels of enzyme activity. Am J Hum Genet 1991, 49:383.
65. Hunter T., Siess F., Colloca L. Socially induced placebo analgesia: a comparison of a pre-recorded versus live face-to-face observation. Eur J Pain 2014, 18:914-922.
66. Ikemi Y., Nakagawa S. A psychosomatic study of contagious dermatitis Kyushu. J Med Sci 1962, 13:335-350.
67. Jensen K.B., Kaptchuk T.J., Kirsch I., Raicek J., Lindstrom K.M., Berna C., Gollub R.L., Ingvar M., Kong J. Nonconscious activation of placebo and nocebo pain responses. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2012, 109:15959-15964.
68. Jensen K., Kirsch I., Odmalm S., Kaptchuk T.J., Ingvar M. Classical conditioning of analgesic and hyperalgesic pain responses without conscious awareness. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015.
69. Kamin LJ (1968) 'Attention-like' processes in classical conditioning. In: Miami symposium on the prediction of behavior, 1967: aversive stimulation (R., J. M., ed), pp 9-31 University of Miami Coral Gables, FL: Press.
70. Kaptchuk T.J. Placebo controls. Placebo controls, exorcisms, and the devil 2009, 1234-1235.
71. Kaptchuk T.J., Friedlander E., Kelley J.M., Sanchez M.N., Kokkotou E., Singer J.P., Kowalczykowski M., Miller F.G., Kirsch I., Lembo A.J. Placebos without deception: a randomized controlled trial in irritable bowel syndrome. PLoS One 2010, 5:e15591.
72. Kelley J.M., Kaptchuk T.J., Cusin C., Lipkin S., Fava M. Open-label placebo for major depressive disorder: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Psychother Psychosom 2012, 81:312-314.
73. Keltner J.R., Furst A., Fan C., Redfern R., Inglis B., Fields H.L. Isolating the modulatory effect of expectation on pain transmission: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. J Neurosci 2006, 26:4437-4443.
74. Kessner S., Sprenger C., Wrobel N., Wiech K., Bingel U. Effect of oxytocin on placebo analgesia: a randomized study. JAMA 2013, 310:1733-1735.
75. Kienle G.S., Kiene H. The powerful placebo effect: fact of fiction?. J Clin Epidemiol 1997, 50:1311-1318.
76. Kirsch I. Response expectancy as a determinant of experience and behavior. Am Psychol 1985, 40:1189-1202.
77. Kogan A., Saslow L.R., Impett E.A., Oveis C., Keltner D., Rodrigues Saturn S. Thin-slicing study of the oxytocin receptor (OXTR) gene and the evaluation and expression of the prosocial disposition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011, 108:19189-19192.
78. Kong J., Gollub R.L., Rosman I.S., Webb J.M., Vangel M.G., Kirsch I., Kaptchuk T.J. Brain activity associated with expectancy-enhanced placebo analgesia as measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging. J Neurosci 2006, 26:381-388.
79. Kong J., Gollub R.L., Polich G., Kirsch I., LaViolette P., Vangel M., Rosen B., Kaptchuk T.J. A functional magnetic resonance imaging study on the neural mechanisms of hyperalgesic nocebo effect. J Neurosci 2008, 28:13354-13362.
80. Kong J., Kaptchuk T.J., Polich G., Kirsch I., Vangel M., Zyloney C., Rosen B., Gollub R.L. An fMRI study on the interaction and dissociation between expectation of pain relief and acupuncture treatment. NeuroImage 2009, 47:1066-1076.
81. Kong J., Jensen K., Loiotile R., Cheetham A., Wey H.Y., Tan Y., Rosen B., Smoller J.W., Kaptchuk T.J., Gollub R.L. Functional connectivity of the frontoparietal network predicts cognitive modulation of pain. Pain 2013, 154:459-467.
82. Koyama T., McHaffie J.G., Laurienti P.J., Coghill R.C. The subjective experience of pain: where expectations become reality. PNAS 2005, 102:12950-12955.
83. Krummenacher P., Candia V., Folkers G., Schedlowski M., Schonbachler G. Prefrontal cortex modulates placebo analgesia. Pain 2010, 148:368-374.
84. Kruschke J.K. Locally Bayesian learning with applications to retrospective revaluation and highlighting. Psychol Rev 2006, 113:677-699.
85. Leuchter A.F., McCracken J.T., Hunter A.M., Cook I.A., Alpert J.E. Monoamine oxidase a and catechol-o-methyltransferase functional polymorphisms and the placebo response in major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2009, 29:372-377.
86. Levine J.D., Gordon N.C. Influence of the method of drug administration on analgesic response. Nature 1984, 312:755-756.
87. Levine J.D., Gordon N.C., Fields H.L. The mechanism of placebo analgesia. Lancet 1978, 2:654-657.
88. Levine J.D., Gordon N.C., Smith R., Fields H.L. Analgesic responses to morphine and placebo in individuals with postoperative pain. Pain 1981, 10:379-389.
89. Lorenz J., Hauck M., Paur R.C., Nakamura Y., Zimmermann R., Bromm B., Engel A.K. Cortical correlates of false expectations during pain intensity judgments-a possible manifestation of placebo/nocebo cognitions. Brain Behav Immun 2005, 19:283-295.
90. Lotta T., Vidgren J., Tilgmann C., Ulmanen I., Melen K., Julkunen I., Taskinen J. Kinetics of human soluble and membrane-bound catechol O-methyltransferase: a revised mechanism and description of the thermolabile variant of the enzyme. Biochemistry 1995, 34:4202-4210.
91. Lovibond P.F., Shanks D.R. The role of awareness in Pavlovian conditioning: empirical evidence and theoretical implications. J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process 2002, 28:3-26.
92. Lui F., Colloca L., Duzzi D., Anchisi D., Benedetti F., Porro C.A. Neural bases of conditioned placebo analgesia. Pain 2010, 151:816-824.
93. Luparello T., Lyons H., Bleecker E., McFadden E. Influences of suggestion on airway reactivity in asthmatic subjects. Psychosom Med 1968, 30(6):819-825.
94. McFadden E., Luparello T., Lyons H., Bleecker E. The mechanism of action of suggestion in the induction of acute asthma attacks. Psychosom Med 1969, 31:134-143.
95. Mickey B.J., Ducci F., Hodgkinson C.A., Langenecker S.A., Goldman D., Zubieta J.-K. Monoamine oxidase A genotype predicts human serotonin 1A receptor availability in vivo. J Neurosci 2008, 28:11354-11359.
96. Miller E.K., Cohen J.D. An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function. Annu Rev Neurosci 2001, 24:167-202.
97. Miller F.G., Colloca L. The legitimacy of placebo treatments in clinical practice: evidence and ethics. Am J Bioeth 2009, 9:39-47.
98. Mitchell C.J., De Houwer J., Lovibond P.F. The propositional nature of human associative learning. Behav Brain Sci 2009, 32:183-198.
99. Moerman DE (1997) Physiology and symbols: the anthropological implications of the placebo effect. In: The anthropology of medicine: from culture to method (Romanucci-Ross L et al., eds), Westport, CT: Bergin & Garvey.
100. Moerman D.E., Jonas W.B. Deconstructing the placebo effect and finding the meaning response. Ann Intern Med 2002, 136:471-476.
101. Montgomery G.H., Bovbjerg D.H. Pre-infusion expectations predict post-treatment nausea during repeated adjuvant chemotherapy infusions for breast cancer. Br J Health Psychol 2000, 5:105-119.
102. Montgomery G.H., Kirsch I. Classical conditioning and the placebo effect. Pain 1997, 72:107-113.
103. Moseley J.B., O'Malley K., Petersen N.J., Menke T.J., Brody B.A., Kuykendall D.H., Hollingsworth J.C., Ashton C.M., Wray N.P. A controlled trial of arthroscopic surgery for osteoarthritis of the knee. N Engl J Med 2002, 347:81-88.
104. Neukirch N., Colagiuri B. The placebo effect, sleep difficulty, and side effects: a balanced placebo model. J Behav Med 2015, 38:273-283.
105. Ochsner K.N., Gross J.J. The cognitive control of emotion. Trends Cogn Sci 2005, 9:242-249.
106. Olver I.N., Taylor A.E., Whitford H.S. Relationships between patients' pre-treatment expectations of toxicities and post chemotherapy experiences. Psychooncology 2005, 14:25-33.
107. Park L.C., Covi L. Nonblind placebo trial: an exploration of neurotic patient's responses to placebo when its inert content is disclosed. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1965, 12:36-45.
108. Pavlov I.P. Conditioned reflexes 1927, Oxford University Press, London.
109. Pecina M., Martinez-Jauand M., Hodgkinson C., Stohler C.S., Goldman D., Zubieta J.K. FAAH selectively influences placebo effects. Mol Psychiatry 2014, 19:385-391.
110. Peciña M., Martínez-Jauand M., Love T., Heffernan J., Montoya P., Hodgkinson C., Stohler C.S., Goldman D., Zubieta J.-K. Valence-specific effects of BDNF Val66Met polymorphism on dopaminergic stress and reward processing in humans. J Neurosci 2014, 34:5874-5881.
111. Peciña M., Love T., Stohler C.S., Goldman D., Zubieta J.K. Effects of the Mu opioid receptor polymorphism (OPRM1 A118G) on pain regulation, placebo effects and associated personality trait measures. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015, 40:957-965.
112. Peirce C. Logic as semiotic: the theory of signs New York 1940, Dover, NY.
113. Petrides M (2000) The role of the mid-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in working memory. In: Executive control and the frontal lobe: current issues (Schneider WX et al., eds), pp 44-54 Springer: Berlin Heidelberg.
114. Petrovic P., Kalso E., Petersson K.M., Ingvar M. Placebo and opioid analgesia - imaging a shared neuronal network. Science 2002, 295:1737-1740.
115. Peyron R., Laurent B., Garcia-Larrea L. Functional imaging of brain responses to pain. A review and meta-analysis. Neurophysiol Clin 2000, 30:263-288.
116. Ploghaus A., Narain C., Beckmann C.F., Clare S., Bantick S., Wise R., Matthews P.M., Rawlins J.N., Tracey I. Exacerbation of pain by anxiety is associated with activity in a hippocampal network. J Neurosci 2001, 21:9896-9903.
117. Price D.D., Barrell J.J. Mechanisms of analgesia produced by hypnosis and placebo suggestions. Prog Brain Res 2000, 122:255-271.
118. Price D.D., Craggs J., Nicholas Verne G., Perlstein W.M., Robinson M.E. Placebo analgesia is accompanied by large reductions in pain-related brain activity in irritable bowel syndrome patients. Pain 2007, 127:63-72.
119. Rescorla R.A. Pavlovian conditioning: It's not what you think it is. Am Psychol 1988, 43:151-160.
120. Rescorla RA, Wagner AR (1972) A theory of Pavlovian conditioning: Variations in the effectiveness of reinforcement and nonreinforcement. In: Classical conditioning II: current research and theory (Black, A. H. and Prokasy, eds), pp 64-99 New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
121. Rilling J.K., Demarco A.C., Hackett P.D., Chen X., Gautam P., Stair S., Haroon E., Thompson R., Ditzen B., Patel R., Pagnoni G. Sex differences in the neural and behavioral response to intranasal oxytocin and vasopressin during human social interaction. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2014, 39:237-248.
122. Rodriguez-Raecke R., Doganci B., Breimhorst M., Stankewitz A., Büchel C., Birklein F., May A. Insular cortex activity is associated with effects of negative expectation on nociceptive long-term habituation. J Neurosci 2010, 30:11363-11368.
123. Roscoe J.A., Morrow G.R., Colagiuri B., Heckler C.E., Publow B.D., Colman L.K., Hoelzer K.L., Jacobs A. Insight in the prediction of chemotherapy-induced nausea. Support Care Cancer 2010, 18:869-876.
124. Sandler A.D., Bodfish J.W. Open-label use of placebos in the treatment of ADHD: a pilot study. Child Care Health Dev 2008, 34:104-110.
125. Sawamoto N., Honda M., Okada T., Hanakawa T., Kanda M., Fukuyama H., Konishi J., Shibasaki H. Expectation of pain enhances responses to nonpainful somatosensory stimulation in the anterior cingulate cortex and parietal operculum/posterior insula: an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging study. J Neurosci 2000, 20:7438-7445.
126. Schafer S.M., Colloca L., Wager T.D. Conditioned placebo analgesia persists when subjects know they are receiving a placebo. J Pain 2015, 16:412-420.
127. Schenk L.A., Sprenger C., Geuter S., Büchel C. Expectation requires treatment to boost pain relief: an fMRI study. Pain 2014, 155:150-157.
128. Schmid J., Theysohn N., Gaß F., Benson S., Gramsch C., Forsting M., Gizewski E.R., Elsenbruch S. Neural mechanisms mediating positive and negative treatment expectations in visceral pain: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study on placebo and nocebo effects in healthy volunteers. Pain 2013, 154:2372-2380.
129. Schweinhardt P., Seminowicz D.A., Jaeger E., Duncan G.H., Bushnell M.C. The anatomy of the mesolimbic reward system: a link between personality and the placebo analgesic response. J Neurosci 2009, 29:4882-4887.
130. Scott D.J., Stohler C.S., Egnatuk C.M., Wang H., Koeppe R.A., Zubieta J.K. Placebo and nocebo effects are defined by opposite opioid and dopaminergic responses. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2008, 65:220-231.
131. Shapiro A.K., Shapiro E. The poweful placebo: from ancient priest to modern physician 1997, The John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
132. Stein N., Sprenger C., Scholz J., Wiech K., Bingel U. White matter integrity of the descending pain modulatory system is associated with interindividual differences in placebo analgesia. Pain 2012, 153:2210-2217.
133. Stewart-Williams S., Podd J. The placebo effect: dissolving the expectancy versus conditioning debate. Psychol Bull 2004, 130:324-340.
134. Tammimaki A., Mannisto P.T. Catechol-O-methyltransferase gene polymorphism and chronic human pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2012, 22:673-691.
135. Thompson R., Gupta S., Miller K., Mills S., Orr S. The effects of vasopressin on human facial responses related to social communication. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2004, 29:35-48.
136. Thompson R.R., George K., Walton J.C., Orr S.P., Benson J. Sex-specific influences of vasopressin on human social communication. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006, 103:7889-7894.
137. Tiwari A.K., Zai C.C., Sajeev G., Arenovich T., Müller D.J., Kennedy J.L. Analysis of 34 candidate genes in bupropion and placebo remission. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2013, 16:771-781.
138. Vogtle E., Barke A., Kroner-Herwig B. Nocebo hyperalgesia induced by social observational learning. Pain 2013, 154:1427-1433.
139. Volkow N.D., Wang G.J., Ma Y., Fowler J.S., Zhu W., Maynard L., Telang F., Vaska P., Ding Y.S., Wong C., Swanson J.M. Expectation enhances the regional brain metabolic and the reinforcing effects of stimulants in cocaine abusers. J Neurosci 2003, 23:11461-11468.
140. Volkow N.D., Wang G.-J., Ma Y., Fowler J.S., Wong C., Jayne M., Telang F., Swanson J.M. Effects of expectation on the brain metabolic responses to methylphenidate and to its placebo in non-drug abusing subjects. NeuroImage 2006, 32:1782-1792.
141. Voudouris N.J., Peck C.L., Coleman G. Conditioned placebo responses. J Pers Soc Psychol 1985, 48:47-53.
142. Voudouris N.J., Peck C.L., Coleman G. Conditioned response models of placebo phenomena: further support. Pain 1989, 38:109-116.
143. Voudouris N.J., Peck C.L., Coleman G. The role of conditioning and verbal expectancy in the placebo response. Pain 1990, 43:121-128.
144. Wager T.D., Rilling J.K., Smith E.E., Sokolik A., Casey K.L., Davidson R.J., Kosslyn S.M., Rose R.M., Cohen J.D. Placebo-induced changes in FMRI in the anticipation and experience of pain. Science 2004, 303:1162-1167.
145. Wager T.D., Scott D.J., Zubieta J.-K. Placebo effects on human μ-opioid activity during pain. PNAS 2007, 104:11056-11061.
146. Wager T.D., Atlas L.Y., Leotti L.A., Rilling J.K. Predicting individual differences in placebo analgesia: contributions of brain activity during anticipation and pain experience. J Neurosci 2011, 31:439-452.
147. Wartolowska K., Judge A., Hopewell S., Collins G.S., Dean B.J.F., Rombach I., Brindley D., Savulescu J., Beard D.J., Carr A.J. Use of placebo controls in the evaluation of surgery: systematic review. BMJ 2014, 10.1136/bmj.g3253.
148. Watson A., El-Deredy W., Iannetti G.D., Lloyd D., Tracey I., Vogt B.A., Nadeau V., Jones A.K.P. Placebo conditioning and placebo analgesia modulate a common brain network during pain anticipation and perception. Pain 2009, 145:24-30.
149. Wendt L., Albring A., Benson S., Engler H., Engler A., Hinney A., Rief W., Witzke O., Schedlowski M. Catechol-O-methyltransferase Val158Met polymorphism is associated with somatosensory amplification and nocebo responses. PLoS One 2014, 10.1371/journal.pone.0107665.
150. Wickramasekera I. A conditioned response model of the placebo effect predictions from the model. Biofeedback Self Regul 1980, 5:5-18.
151. Wolf S. Effects of suggestion and conditioning on the action of chemical agents in human subjects; the pharmacology of placebos. J Clin Invest 1950, 29:100-109.
152. Yu R., Gollub R.L., Vangel M., Kaptchuk T., Smoller J.W., Kong J. Placebo analgesia and reward processing: integrating genetics, personality, and intrinsic brain activity. Hum Brain Mapp 2014, 35:4583-4593.
153. Zachariae R., Paulsen K., Mehlsen M., Jensen A.B., Johansson A., von der Maase H. Chemotherapy-induced nausea, vomiting, and fatigue-the role of individual differences related to sensory perception and autonomic reactivity. Psychother Psychosom 2007, 76:376-384.
154. Zhang Y., Wang D., Johnson A.D., Papp A.C., Sadée W. Allelic expression imbalance of human mu opioid receptor (OPRM1) caused by variant A118G. J Biol Chem 2005, 280:32618-32624.
155. Zubieta J.-K., Bueller J.A., Jackson L.R., Scott D.J., Xu Y., Koeppe R.A., Nichols T.E., Stohler C.S. Placebo effects mediated by endogenous opioid activity on μ-opioid receptors. J Neurosci 2005, 25:7754-7762.