메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 43, Issue 4, 2015, Pages 1997-2007

Identifying core gene modules in glioblastoma based on multilayer factor-mediated dysfunctional regulatory networks through integrating multi-dimensional genomic data

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GENE REGULATORY NETWORK; GENETICS; GENOMICS; GLIOBLASTOMA; HUMAN; MORTALITY; PROCEDURES; PROTEIN ANALYSIS; SURVIVAL; TUMOR GENE;

EID: 84941044659     PISSN: 03051048     EISSN: 13624962     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv074     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (31)

References (67)
  • 1
    • 84876343455 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aneuploidy in health, disease, and aging
    • Ricke, R.M., van Deursen, J.M. (2013) Aneuploidy in health, disease, and aging. J. Cell Biol., 201, 11-21.
    • (2013) J. Cell Biol. , vol.201 , pp. 11-21
    • Ricke, R.M.1    Van Deursen, J.M.2
  • 3
    • 33748706765 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global topological features of cancer proteins in the human interactome
    • Jonsson, P.F., Bates, P.A. (2006) Global topological features of cancer proteins in the human interactome. Bioinformatics, 22, 2291-2297.
    • (2006) Bioinformatics , vol.22 , pp. 2291-2297
    • Jonsson, P.F.1    Bates, P.A.2
  • 4
    • 77349088313 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detecting disease associated modules and prioritizing active genes based on high throughput data
    • Qiu, Y.Q., Zhang, S., Zhang, X.S., Chen, L. (2010) Detecting disease associated modules and prioritizing active genes based on high throughput data. BMC Bioinformatics, 11, 26.
    • (2010) BMC Bioinformatics , vol.11 , pp. 26
    • Qiu, Y.Q.1    Zhang, S.2    Zhang, X.S.3    Chen, L.4
  • 5
    • 78651439545 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identifying cancer driver genes in tumor genome sequencing studies
    • Youn, A., Simon, R. (2011) Identifying cancer driver genes in tumor genome sequencing studies. Bioinformatics, 27, 175-181.
    • (2011) Bioinformatics , vol.27 , pp. 175-181
    • Youn, A.1    Simon, R.2
  • 7
    • 79955166265 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GISTIC2.0 facilitates sensitive and confident localization of the targets of focal somatic copy-number alteration in human cancers
    • Mermel, C.H., Schumacher, S.E., Hill, B., Meyerson, M.L., Beroukhim, R., Getz, G. (2011) GISTIC2.0 facilitates sensitive and confident localization of the targets of focal somatic copy-number alteration in human cancers. Genome Biol., 12, R41.
    • (2011) Genome Biol. , vol.12 , pp. R41
    • Mermel, C.H.1    Schumacher, S.E.2    Hill, B.3    Meyerson, M.L.4    Beroukhim, R.5    Getz, G.6
  • 8
    • 79959838081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Integrated genomic analyses of ovarian carcinoma
    • Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network
    • Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network. (2011) Integrated genomic analyses of ovarian carcinoma. Nature, 474, 609-615.
    • (2011) Nature , vol.474 , pp. 609-615
  • 9
    • 54549108740 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comprehensive genomic characterization defines human glioblastoma genes and core pathways
    • Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network
    • Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network. (2008) Comprehensive genomic characterization defines human glioblastoma genes and core pathways. Nature, 455, 1061-1068.
    • (2008) Nature , vol.455 , pp. 1061-1068
  • 10
    • 84856532705 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • De novo discovery of mutated driver pathways in cancer
    • Vandin, F., Upfal, E., Raphael, B.J. (2012) De novo discovery of mutated driver pathways in cancer. Genome Res., 22, 375-385.
    • (2012) Genome Res. , vol.22 , pp. 375-385
    • Vandin, F.1    Upfal, E.2    Raphael, B.J.3
  • 11
    • 84878498657 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simultaneous identification of multiple driver pathways in cancer
    • Leiserson, M.D., Blokh, D., Sharan, R., Raphael, B.J. (2013) Simultaneous identification of multiple driver pathways in cancer. PLoS Comput. Biol., 9, e1003054.
    • (2013) PLoS Comput. Biol. , vol.9 , pp. e1003054
    • Leiserson, M.D.1    Blokh, D.2    Sharan, R.3    Raphael, B.J.4
  • 12
    • 84856535081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mutual exclusivity analysis identifies oncogenic network modules
    • Ciriello, G., Cerami, E., Sander, C., Schultz, N. (2012) Mutual exclusivity analysis identifies oncogenic network modules. Genome Res., 22, 398-406.
    • (2012) Genome Res. , vol.22 , pp. 398-406
    • Ciriello, G.1    Cerami, E.2    Sander, C.3    Schultz, N.4
  • 13
    • 84903756401 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • IndividualizedPath: Identifying genetic alterations contributing to the dysfunctional pathways in glioblastoma individuals
    • Ping, Y., Zhang, H., Deng, Y., Wang, L., Zhao, H., Pang, L., Fan, H., Xu, C., Li, F., Zhang, Y. et al. (2014) IndividualizedPath: identifying genetic alterations contributing to the dysfunctional pathways in glioblastoma individuals. Mol. Biosyst., 10, 2031-2042.
    • (2014) Mol. Biosyst. , vol.10 , pp. 2031-2042
    • Ping, Y.1    Zhang, H.2    Deng, Y.3    Wang, L.4    Zhao, H.5    Pang, L.6    Fan, H.7    Xu, C.8    Li, F.9    Zhang, Y.10
  • 15
    • 76749141850 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of networks of co-occurring, tumor-related DNA copy number changes using a genome-wide scoring approach
    • Klijn, C., Bot, J., Adams, D.J., Reinders, M., Wessels, L., Jonkers, J. (2010) Identification of networks of co-occurring, tumor-related DNA copy number changes using a genome-wide scoring approach. PLoS Comput. Biol., 6, e1000631.
    • (2010) PLoS Comput. Biol. , vol.6 , pp. e1000631
    • Klijn, C.1    Bot, J.2    Adams, D.J.3    Reinders, M.4    Wessels, L.5    Jonkers, J.6
  • 17
    • 79953645463 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identifying causal genes and dysregulated pathways in complex diseases
    • Kim, Y.A., Wuchty, S., Przytycka, T.M. (2011) Identifying causal genes and dysregulated pathways in complex diseases. PLoS Comput. Biol., 7, e1001095.
    • (2011) PLoS Comput. Biol. , vol.7 , pp. e1001095
    • Kim, Y.A.1    Wuchty, S.2    Przytycka, T.M.3
  • 18
    • 79959873016 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Correlation of somatic mutation and expression identifies genes important in human glioblastoma progression and survival
    • Masica, D.L., Karchin, R. (2011) Correlation of somatic mutation and expression identifies genes important in human glioblastoma progression and survival. Cancer Res., 71, 4550-4561.
    • (2011) Cancer Res. , vol.71 , pp. 4550-4561
    • Masica, D.L.1    Karchin, R.2
  • 20
    • 84870494429 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Driver mutations in melanoma: Lessons learned from bench-to-bedside studies
    • Mehnert, J.M., Kluger, H.M. (2012) Driver mutations in melanoma: lessons learned from bench-to-bedside studies. Curr. Oncol. Rep., 14, 449-457.
    • (2012) Curr. Oncol. Rep. , vol.14 , pp. 449-457
    • Mehnert, J.M.1    Kluger, H.M.2
  • 21
    • 77957350610 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of driver and passenger DNA methylation in cancer by epigenomic analysis
    • Kalari, S., Pfeifer, G.P. (2010) Identification of driver and passenger DNA methylation in cancer by epigenomic analysis. Adv. Genet., 70, 277-308.
    • (2010) Adv. Genet. , vol.70 , pp. 277-308
    • Kalari, S.1    Pfeifer, G.P.2
  • 22
    • 84877028141 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comprehensive molecular portraits of human breast tumours
    • Cancer Genome Atlas Network
    • Cancer Genome Atlas Network. (2012) Comprehensive molecular portraits of human breast tumours. Nature, 490, 61-70.
    • (2012) Nature , vol.490 , pp. 61-70
  • 24
    • 54549108740 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comprehensive genomic characterization defines human glioblastoma genes and core pathways
    • Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network
    • Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network. (2008) Comprehensive genomic characterization defines human glioblastoma genes and core pathways. Nature, 455, 1061-1068.
    • (2008) Nature , vol.455 , pp. 1061-1068
  • 27
    • 77955644289 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mammalian microRNAs predominantly act to decrease target mRNA levels
    • Guo, H., Ingolia, N.T., Weissman, J.S., Bartel, D.P. (2010) Mammalian microRNAs predominantly act to decrease target mRNA levels. Nature, 466, 835-840.
    • (2010) Nature , vol.466 , pp. 835-840
    • Guo, H.1    Ingolia, N.T.2    Weissman, J.S.3    Bartel, D.P.4
  • 28
    • 84867283138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identifying multi-layer gene regulatory modules from multi-dimensional genomic data
    • Li, W., Zhang, S., Liu, C.C., Zhou, X.J. (2012) Identifying multi-layer gene regulatory modules from multi-dimensional genomic data. Bioinformatics, 28, 2458-2466.
    • (2012) Bioinformatics , vol.28 , pp. 2458-2466
    • Li, W.1    Zhang, S.2    Liu, C.C.3    Zhou, X.J.4
  • 29
    • 84879326696 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identifying dysfunctional miRNA-mRNA regulatory modules by inverse activation, cofunction, and high interconnection of target genes: A case study of glioblastoma
    • Xiao, Y., Ping, Y., Fan, H., Xu, C., Guan, J., Zhao, H., Li, Y., Lv, Y., Jin, Y., Wang, L. et al. (2013) Identifying dysfunctional miRNA-mRNA regulatory modules by inverse activation, cofunction, and high interconnection of target genes: a case study of glioblastoma. Neuro-oncology, 15, 818-828.
    • (2013) Neuro-oncology , vol.15 , pp. 818-828
    • Xiao, Y.1    Ping, Y.2    Fan, H.3    Xu, C.4    Guan, J.5    Zhao, H.6    Li, Y.7    Lv, Y.8    Jin, Y.9    Wang, L.10
  • 32
    • 77953913791 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • From 'differential expression' to 'differential networking'-identification of dysfunctional regulatory networks in diseases
    • de la Fuente, A. (2010) From 'differential expression' to 'differential networking'-identification of dysfunctional regulatory networks in diseases. Trends Genet., 26, 326-333.
    • (2010) Trends Genet. , vol.26 , pp. 326-333
    • De La Fuente, A.1
  • 33
    • 2942536423 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic alteration and gene expression modulation during cancer progression
    • Garnis, C., Buys, T.P., Lam, W.L. (2004) Genetic alteration and gene expression modulation during cancer progression. Mol. Cancer, 3, 9.
    • (2004) Mol. Cancer , vol.3 , pp. 9
    • Garnis, C.1    Buys, T.P.2    Lam, W.L.3
  • 34
    • 84863770814 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cancer genetics and epigenetics: Two sides of the same coin?
    • You, J.S., Jones, P.A. (2012) Cancer genetics and epigenetics: two sides of the same coin? Cancer Cell, 22, 9-20.
    • (2012) Cancer Cell , vol.22 , pp. 9-20
    • You, J.S.1    Jones, P.A.2
  • 37
    • 58149186499 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MiRecords: An integrated resource for microRNA-target interactions
    • Xiao, F., Zuo, Z., Cai, G., Kang, S., Gao, X., Li, T. (2009) miRecords: an integrated resource for microRNA-target interactions. Nucleic Acids Res., 37, D105-D110.
    • (2009) Nucleic Acids Res. , vol.37 , pp. D105-D110
    • Xiao, F.1    Zuo, Z.2    Cai, G.3    Kang, S.4    Gao, X.5    Li, T.6
  • 40
    • 10444286011 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analysis of genetic marker-phenotype relationships by jack-knifed partial least squares regression (PLSR)
    • Bjornstad, A., Westad, F., Martens, H. (2004) Analysis of genetic marker-phenotype relationships by jack-knifed partial least squares regression (PLSR). Hereditas, 141, 149-165.
    • (2004) Hereditas , vol.141 , pp. 149-165
    • Bjornstad, A.1    Westad, F.2    Martens, H.3
  • 41
    • 73649123907 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Integrated genomic analysis identifies clinically relevant subtypes of glioblastoma characterized by abnormalities in PDGFRA, IDH1, EGFR, and NF1
    • Verhaak, R.G., Hoadley, K.A., Purdom, E., Wang, V., Qi, Y., Wilkerson, M.D., Miller, C.R., Ding, L., Golub, T., Mesirov, J.P. et al. (2010) Integrated genomic analysis identifies clinically relevant subtypes of glioblastoma characterized by abnormalities in PDGFRA, IDH1, EGFR, and NF1. Cancer Cell, 17, 98-110.
    • (2010) Cancer Cell , vol.17 , pp. 98-110
    • Verhaak, R.G.1    Hoadley, K.A.2    Purdom, E.3    Wang, V.4    Qi, Y.5    Wilkerson, M.D.6    Miller, C.R.7    Ding, L.8    Golub, T.9    Mesirov, J.P.10
  • 42
    • 84873029078 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glioblastoma: Molecular analysis and clinical implications
    • Huse, J.T., Holland, E., DeAngelis, L.M. (2013) Glioblastoma: molecular analysis and clinical implications. Annu. Rev. Med., 64, 59-70.
    • (2013) Annu. Rev. Med. , vol.64 , pp. 59-70
    • Huse, J.T.1    Holland, E.2    DeAngelis, L.M.3
  • 43
    • 0037374550 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oligodendrogliomas result from the expression of an activated mutant epidermal growth factor receptor in a RAS transgenic mouse astrocytoma model
    • Ding, H., Shannon, P., Lau, N., Wu, X., Roncari, L., Baldwin, R.L., Takebayashi, H., Nagy, A., Gutmann, D.H., Guha, A. (2003) Oligodendrogliomas result from the expression of an activated mutant epidermal growth factor receptor in a RAS transgenic mouse astrocytoma model. Cancer Res., 63, 1106-1113.
    • (2003) Cancer Res. , vol.63 , pp. 1106-1113
    • Ding, H.1    Shannon, P.2    Lau, N.3    Wu, X.4    Roncari, L.5    Baldwin, R.L.6    Takebayashi, H.7    Nagy, A.8    Gutmann, D.H.9    Guha, A.10
  • 44
    • 84876723158 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • RB1 in cancer: Different mechanisms of RB1 inactivation and alterations of pRb pathway in tumorigenesis
    • Di Fiore, R., D'Anneo, A., Tesoriere, G., Vento, R. (2013) RB1 in cancer: different mechanisms of RB1 inactivation and alterations of pRb pathway in tumorigenesis. J. Cell. Physiol., 228, 1676-1687.
    • (2013) J. Cell. Physiol. , vol.228 , pp. 1676-1687
    • Di Fiore, R.1    D'Anneo, A.2    Tesoriere, G.3    Vento, R.4
  • 45
    • 84655161980 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical stratification of glioblastoma based on alterations in retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein (RB1) and association with the proneural subtype
    • Goldhoff, P., Clarke, J., Smirnov, I., Berger, M.S., Prados, M.D., James, C.D., Perry, A., Phillips, J.J. (2012) Clinical stratification of glioblastoma based on alterations in retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein (RB1) and association with the proneural subtype. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol., 71, 83-89.
    • (2012) J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. , vol.71 , pp. 83-89
    • Goldhoff, P.1    Clarke, J.2    Smirnov, I.3    Berger, M.S.4    Prados, M.D.5    James, C.D.6    Perry, A.7    Phillips, J.J.8
  • 51
    • 84877582872 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estrogen receptor alpha is the major driving factor for growth in tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer and supported by HER/ERK signaling
    • Thrane, S., Lykkesfeldt, A.E., Larsen, M.S., Sorensen, B.S., Yde, C.W. (2013) Estrogen receptor alpha is the major driving factor for growth in tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer and supported by HER/ERK signaling. Breast Cancer Res. Treat., 139, 71-80.
    • (2013) Breast Cancer Res. Treat. , vol.139 , pp. 71-80
    • Thrane, S.1    Lykkesfeldt, A.E.2    Larsen, M.S.3    Sorensen, B.S.4    Yde, C.W.5
  • 54
    • 84888063606 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • STAT1 gene expression is enhanced by nuclear EGFR and HER2 via cooperation with STAT3
    • Han, W., Carpenter, R.L., Cao, X., Lo, H.W. (2013) STAT1 gene expression is enhanced by nuclear EGFR and HER2 via cooperation With STAT3. Mol. Carcinog., 52, 959-969.
    • (2013) Mol. Carcinog. , vol.52 , pp. 959-969
    • Han, W.1    Carpenter, R.L.2    Cao, X.3    Lo, H.W.4
  • 55
    • 84878644504 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • BAL1/ARTD9 represses the anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic IFNgamma-STAT1-IRF1-p53 axis in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
    • Camicia, R., Bachmann, S.B., Winkler, H.C., Beer, M., Tinguely, M., Haralambieva, E., Hassa, P.O. (2013) BAL1/ARTD9 represses the anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic IFNgamma-STAT1-IRF1-p53 axis in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. J. Cell Sci., 126, 1969-1980.
    • (2013) J. Cell Sci. , vol.126 , pp. 1969-1980
    • Camicia, R.1    Bachmann, S.B.2    Winkler, H.C.3    Beer, M.4    Tinguely, M.5    Haralambieva, E.6    Hassa, P.O.7
  • 57
    • 84862895814 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Numb regulates glioma stem cell fate and growth by altering epidermal growth factor receptor and Skp1-Cullin-F-box ubiquitin ligase activity
    • Jiang, X., Xing, H., Kim, T.M., Jung, Y., Huang, W., Yang, H.W., Song, S., Park, P.J., Carroll, R.S., Johnson, M.D. (2012) Numb regulates glioma stem cell fate and growth by altering epidermal growth factor receptor and Skp1-Cullin-F-box ubiquitin ligase activity. Stem Cells, 30, 1313-1326.
    • (2012) Stem Cells , vol.30 , pp. 1313-1326
    • Jiang, X.1    Xing, H.2    Kim, T.M.3    Jung, Y.4    Huang, W.5    Yang, H.W.6    Song, S.7    Park, P.J.8    Carroll, R.S.9    Johnson, M.D.10
  • 58
    • 84900390547 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • EGFRvIII stimulates glioma growth and invasion through PKA-dependent serine phosphorylation of Dock180
    • Feng, H., Hu, B., Vuori, K., Sarkaria, J.N., Furnari, F.B., Cavenee, W.K., Cheng, S.Y. (2013) EGFRvIII stimulates glioma growth and invasion through PKA-dependent serine phosphorylation of Dock180. Oncogene, 33, 2504-2512.
    • (2013) Oncogene , vol.33 , pp. 2504-2512
    • Feng, H.1    Hu, B.2    Vuori, K.3    Sarkaria, J.N.4    Furnari, F.B.5    Cavenee, W.K.6    Cheng, S.Y.7
  • 60
    • 1442274808 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • P38 MAP kinase: A convergence point in cancer therapy
    • Olson, J.M., Hallahan, A.R. (2004) p38 MAP kinase: a convergence point in cancer therapy. Trends Mol. Med., 10, 125-129.
    • (2004) Trends Mol. Med. , vol.10 , pp. 125-129
    • Olson, J.M.1    Hallahan, A.R.2
  • 61
    • 84890856047 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cell cycle arrest or survival signaling through alphav integrins, activation of PKC and ERK1/2 lead to anoikis resistance of ovarian cancer spheroids
    • Carduner, L., Picot, C.R., Leroy-Dudal, J., Blay, L., Kellouche, S., Carreiras, F. (2013) Cell cycle arrest or survival signaling through alphav integrins, activation of PKC and ERK1/2 lead to anoikis resistance of ovarian cancer spheroids. Exp. Cell Res, 320, 329-342.
    • (2013) Exp. Cell Res , vol.320 , pp. 329-342
    • Carduner, L.1    Picot, C.R.2    Leroy-Dudal, J.3    Blay, L.4    Kellouche, S.5    Carreiras, F.6
  • 63
    • 84893289587 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • P38 MAPK Contributes to Resistance and Invasiveness of HER2-Overexpressing Breast Cancer
    • Donnelly, S.M., Paplomata, E., Peake, B.M., Sanabria, E., Chen, Z., Nahta, R. (2013) P38 MAPK Contributes to Resistance and Invasiveness of HER2-Overexpressing Breast Cancer. Curr. Med. Chem, 21, 501-510.
    • (2013) Curr. Med. Chem , vol.21 , pp. 501-510
    • Donnelly, S.M.1    Paplomata, E.2    Peake, B.M.3    Sanabria, E.4    Chen, Z.5    Nahta, R.6
  • 65
    • 0242663968 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway links the DNA mismatch repair system to the G2 checkpoint and to resistance to chemotherapeutic DNA-methylating agents
    • Hirose, Y., Katayama, M., Stokoe, D., Haas-Kogan, D.A., Berger, M.S., Pieper, R.O. (2003) The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway links the DNA mismatch repair system to the G2 checkpoint and to resistance to chemotherapeutic DNA-methylating agents. Mol. Cell. Biol., 23, 8306-8315.
    • (2003) Mol. Cell. Biol. , vol.23 , pp. 8306-8315
    • Hirose, Y.1    Katayama, M.2    Stokoe, D.3    Haas-Kogan, D.A.4    Berger, M.S.5    Pieper, R.O.6
  • 66
    • 84893411575 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Connexin-43 regulates p38-mediated cell migration and invasion induced selectively in tumour cells by low doses of gamma-radiation in an ERK-1/2-independent manner
    • Ghosh, S., Kumar, A., Tripathi, R.P., Chandna, S. (2013) Connexin-43 regulates p38-mediated cell migration and invasion induced selectively in tumour cells by low doses of gamma-radiation in an ERK-1/2-independent manner. Carcinogenesis, 35, 383-395.
    • (2013) Carcinogenesis , vol.35 , pp. 383-395
    • Ghosh, S.1    Kumar, A.2    Tripathi, R.P.3    Chandna, S.4
  • 67
    • 34250877865 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic pathways to primary and secondary glioblastoma
    • Ohgaki, H., Kleihues, P. (2007) Genetic pathways to primary and secondary glioblastoma. Am. J. Pathol., 170, 1445-1453.
    • (2007) Am. J. Pathol. , vol.170 , pp. 1445-1453
    • Ohgaki, H.1    Kleihues, P.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.