Stability of graphene-based heterojunction solar cells

RSC Advances

Volumn 5, Issue 90, 2015, Pages 73575-73600

  Singh, Eric ^a,b   Nalwa, Hari Singh ^b  

^a William S Hart High School   (United States)

^b Advanced Technology Research   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CONDUCTING POLYMERS; CONJUGATED POLYMERS; CONVERSION EFFICIENCY; EFFICIENCY; FULLERENES; GRAPHENE; HETEROJUNCTIONS; ORGANIC POLYMERS; STABILITY; STYRENE;

BULK HETEROJUNCTION (BHJ); COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS; HETEROJUNCTION SOLAR CELLS; INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTORS; ORGANIC PHOTOVOLTAIC DEVICES; POLY-3 ,4-ETHYLENEDIOXYTHIOPHENE; POWER CONVERSION EFFICIENCIES; TRANSPARENT CONDUCTING ELECTRODES;

SOLAR CELLS;

EID: 84940973699     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20462069     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1039/c5ra11771b     Document Type: Article

References (184)

1. T. Saga Advances in crystalline silicon solar cell technology for industrial mass production NPG Asia Mater. 2010 2 96 102
2. E. D. Dunlop D. Halton The performance of crystalline silicon photovoltaic solar modules after 22 years of continuous outdoor exposure Prog. Photovoltaics 2006 14 53 64
3. D. C. Jordan S. R. Kurtz Photovoltaic degradation rates - an analytical review Prog. Photovoltaics 2013 21 12 29
4. Z. He C. Zhong S. Su M. Xu H. Wu Y. Cao Enhanced power-conversion efficiency in polymer solar cells using an inverted device structure Nat. Photonics 2012 6 591 592
5. S. H. Liao H.-J. Jhuo P.-N. Yeh Y.-S. Cheng Y.-L. Li Y.-H. Lee S. Sharma S.-A. Chen Single Junction Inverted Polymer Solar Cell Reaching Power Conversion Efficiency 10.31% by Employing Dual-Doped Zinc Oxide Nano-Film as Cathode Interlayer Sci. Rep. 2014 4 6813 10.1038/srep06813
6. J. You L. Dou K. Yoshimura T. Kato K. Ohya T. Moriarty K. Emery C. C. Chen J. Gao G. Li Y. Yang A polymer tandem solar cell with 10.6% power conversion efficiency Nat. Commun. 2013 4 1446 1455
7. L. Huo T. Liu X. Sun Y. Cai A. J. Heeger Y. Sun Single-Junction Organic Solar Cells Based on a Novel Wide-Bandgap Polymer with Efficiency of 9.7% Adv. Mater. 2015 27 2938 2944
8. S.-H. Liao H.-J. Jhuo Y.-S. Cheng S.-A. Chen Fullerene Derivative-Doped Zinc Oxide Nanofilm as the Cathode of Inverted Polymer Solar Cells with Low-Bandgap Polymer (PTB7-Th) for High Performance Adv. Mater. 2013 25 4766 4771
9. H. Zhou Y. Zhang C.-K. Mai S. D. Collins G. C. Bazan T.-Q. Nguyen A. J. Heeger Polymer Homo-Tandem Solar Cells with Best Efficiency of 11.3% Adv. Mater. 2015 27 1767 1773
10. M. Jørgensen K. Norrman F. C. Krebs Stability/degradation of polymer solar cells Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2008 92 686 714
11. M. Jørgensen K. Norrman S. A. Gevorgyan T. Tromholt B. Andreasen F. C. Krebs Stability of polymer solar cells Adv. Mater. 2012 24 580 612
12. N. Grossiord J. M. Kroon R. Andriessen P. W. M. Blom Degradation mechanisms in organic photovoltaic devices Org. Electron. 2012 13 432 456
13. M. Manceau A. Rivaton J.-L. Gardette S. Guillerez N. Lemaître Light-induced degradation of the P3HT-based solar cells active layer Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2011 95 1315 1325
14. T. Tromholt M. Manceau M. Helgesen J. E. Carlé F. C. Krebs Degradation of semiconducting polymers by concentrated sunlight Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2011 95 1308 1314
15. H. Cao W. He Y. Mao X. Lin K. Ishikawa J. H. Dickerson W. P. Hess Recent progress in degradation and stabilization of organic solar cells J. Power Sources 2014 264 168 183
16. A. Guerrero P. P. Boix L. F. Marchesi T. Ripolles-Sanchis E. C. Pereira G. Garcia-Belmonte Oxygen doping-induced photogeneration loss in P3HT:PCBM solar cells Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2012 100 185 191
17. M. Wang F. Xie J. Du Q. Tang S. Zheng Q. Miao J. Chen N. Zhao J. B. Xu Degradation mechanism of organic solar cells with aluminum cathode Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2011 95 3303 3310
18. K. Norrman M. V. Madsen S. A. Gevorgyan F. C. Krebs Degradation patterns in water and oxygen of an inverted polymer solar cell J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010 132 16883 16892
19. R. Roesch K.-R. Eberhardt S. Engmann G. Gobsch H. Hoppe Polymer solar cells with enhanced lifetime by improved electrode stability and sealing Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2013 117 59 66
20. S. A. Gevorgyan A. J. Medford E. Bundgaard S. B. Sapkota H.-F. Schleiermacher B. Zimmermann U. Würfel A. Chafiq M. Lira-Cantu T. Swonke M. Wagner C. J. Brabec O. Haillant E. Voroshazi T. Aernouts R. Steim J. A. Hauch A. Elschner M. Pannone M. Xiao A. Langzettel D. Laird M. T. Lloyd T. Rath E. Maier G. Trimmel M. Hermenau T. Menke K. Leo R. Rosch M. Seeland H. Hoppe T. J. Nagle K. B. Burke C. J. Fell D. Vak T. B. Singh S. E. Watkins Y. Galagan A. Manor E. A. Katz T. Kim K. Kim P. M. Sommeling W. J. H. Verhees S. C. Veenstra M. Riede M. Greyson Christoforo T. Currier V. Shrotriya G. Schwartz F. C. Krebs An inter-laboratory stability study of roll-to-roll coated flexible polymer solar modules Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2011 95 1398 1416
21. J. U. Lee J. W. Jung J. W. Jo W. H. Jo Degradation and stability of polymer-based solar cells J. Mater. Chem. 2012 22 24265 24283
22. 3 deposited by atomic layer deposition Appl. Phys. Lett. 2007 90 253511
23. Y. Kanai T. Matsushima H. Murata Improvement of stability for organic solar cells by using molybdenum trioxide buffer layer Thin Solid Films 2009 518 537 540
24. S. O. Jeon J. Y. Lee Improved high temperature stability of organic solar cells using a phosphine oxide type cathode modification layer Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2011 95 1102 1106
25. Y. Wang L. Yang C. Yao W. Qin S. Yin F. Zhang Enhanced performance and stability in polymer photovoltaic cells using lithium benzoate as cathode interfacial layer Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2011 95 1243 1247
26. R. R. Søndergaard T. Makris P. Lianos A. Manor E. A. Katz W. Gong S. M. Tuladhar J. Nelson R. Tuomi P. Sommeling S. C. Veenstra A. Rivaton A. Dupuis G. Teran-Escobar M. Lira-Cantu S. B. Sapkota B. Zimmermann U. Würfel A. Matzarakism F. C. Krebs The use of polyurethane as encapsulating method for polymer solar cells-an inter laboratory study on outdoor stability in 8 countries Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2012 99 292 300
27. W. Gaynor J.-Y. Lee P. Peumans Fully solution-processed inverted polymer solar cells with laminated nanowire electrodes ACS Nano 2009 4 30 34
28. Z. Liang and Q. Wang, in Handbook of Organic Electronics and Photonics, ed., H. S. Nalwa, American Scientific Publishers, Los Angeles, CA, 2008, vol. 1, pp. 177-223
29. S. S. Sun, in Handbook of Organic Electronics and Photonics, ed., H. S. Nalwa, American Scientific Publishers, Los Angeles, CA, 2008, vol. 3, pp. 314-350
30. R. Gomez and J. L. Segura, in Handbook of Organic Electronics and Photonics, ed., H. S. Nalwa, American Scientific Publishers, Los Angeles, CA, 2008, vol. 3, pp. 35-399
31. M. Girtan M. Rusu Role of ITO and PEDOT:PSS in stability/degradation of polymer:fullerene bulk heterojunctions solar cells Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2010 94 446 450
32. P. W. Sutter J. I. Flege E. A. Sutter Large-scale pattern growth of graphene films for stretchable transparent electrodes Nat. Mater. 2008 7 406 411
33. G. Eda G. Fanchini M. Chhowalla Large-area ultrathin films of reduced graphene oxide as a transparent and flexible electronic material Nat. Nanotechnol. 2008 3 270 274
34. K. S. Kim Y. Zhao H. Jang S. Y. Lee J. M. Kim K. S. Kim J.-H. Ahn P. Kim J.-Y. Choi B. H. Hong Large-scale pattern growth of graphene films for stretchable transparent electrodes Nature 2009 457 706 710
35. J. C. Meyer A. K. Geim M. I. Katsnelson K. S. Novoselov T. J. Booth S. Roth The structure of suspended graphene sheets Nature 2007 446 60 63
36. D. Li M. B. Müller S. Gilje R. B. Kaner G. G. Wallace Processable aqueous dispersions of graphene nanosheets Nat. Nanotechnol. 2008 3 101 105
37. Y. Xu H. Bai G. Lu C. Li G. Shi Flexible Graphene Films via the Filtration of Water-Soluble Noncovalent Functionalized Graphene Sheets J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008 130 5856 5857
38. I. W. Frank D. M. Tanenbaum A. M. van der Zande P. L. McEuen Mechanical properties of suspended graphene sheets J. Vac. Sci. Technol., B: Microelectron. Nanometer Struct.-Process., Meas., Phenom. 2007 25 2558 25561
39. X. Zhou Z. Liu A scalable, solution-phase processing route to graphene oxide and graphene ultralarge sheets Chem. Commun. 2010 46 2611 2613
40. Y.-W. Son M. L. Cohen S. G. Louie Half-metallic graphene nanoribbons Nature 2006 444 347 349
41. M. Y. Han B. Ozyilmaz Y. B. Zhang P. Kim Energy band-gap engineering of graphene nanoribbons Phys. Rev. Lett. 2007 98 206805
42. X. Li X. Wang L. Zhang S. Lee H. Dai Chemically Derived, Ultrasmooth Graphene Nanoribbon Semiconductors Science 2008 319 1229 1232
43. H. Chen M. B. Muller K. J. Gilmore G. G. Wallace D. Li Mechanically Strong, Electrically Conductive, and Biocompatible Graphene Paper Adv. Mater. 2008 20 3557 3561
44. F. Yavari Z. Chen A. V. Thomas W. Ren H.-M. Cheng N. Koratkar High Sensitivity Gas Detection Using a Macroscopic Three-Dimensional Graphene Foam Network Sci. Rep. 2011 1 166 10.1038/srep00166
45. Z. Chen C. Xu C. Ma W. Ren H.-M. Cheng Lightweight and Flexible Graphene Foam Composites for High-Performance Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Adv. Mater. 2013 25 1296 1300
46. M. D. Stoller S. Park Y. Zhu J. An R. S. Ruoff Graphene-based ultracapacitors Nano Lett. 2008 8 3498 3502
47. E. Kymakis K. Savva M. M. Stylianakis C. Fotakis E. Stratakis Flexible Organic Photovoltaic Cells with In Situ Nonthermal Photoreduction of Spin-Coated Graphene Oxide Electrodes Adv. Funct. Mater. 2013 23 2742 2749
48. D. Konios C. Petridis G. Kakavelakis M. Sygletou K. Savva E. Stratakis E. Kymakis Reduced Graphene Oxide Micromesh Electrodes for Large Area, Flexible, Organic Photovoltaic Devices Adv. Funct. Mater. 2015 25 2213 2221
49. 3 hybrid nanosheets as the cascade material ChemNanoMat 2015 10.1002/cnma.201500044
50. F. Bonaccorso L. Colombo G. Yu M. Stoller V. Tozzini A. C. Ferrari R. S. Ruoff V. Pellegrini Graphene, related two-dimensional crystals, and hybrid systems for energy conversion and storage Science 2015 347 1246501
51. C.-H. Lu H.-H. Yang C.-L. Zhu X. Chen G.-N. Chen A graphene platform for sensing biomolecules Angew. Chem. 2009 121 4879 4881
52. G. M. Viskadouros M. M. Stylianakis E. Kymakis E. Stratakis Enhanced field emission from reduced graphene oxide polymer composites ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2013 6 388 393
53. G. Viskadouros D. Konios E. Kymakis E. Stratakis Direct laser writing of flexible graphene field emitters Appl. Phys. Lett. 2014 105 203104
54. S. Bae H. Kim Y. Lee X. Xu J.-S. Park Y. Zheng J. Balakrishnan T. Lei H. R. Kim Y. I. Song Y. J. Kim K. S. Kim B. Ozyilmaz J.-H. Ahn B. H. Hong S. Iijima Roll-to-roll production of 30-inch graphene films for transparent electrodes Nat. Nanotechnol. 2010 5 574 578
55. A. Lerf H. Y. He M. Forster J. Klinowski Structure of graphite oxide revisited J. Phys. Chem. B 1998 102 4477 4482
56. H. He J. Klinowski M. Forster A. Lerf A new structural model for graphite oxide Chem. Phys. Lett. 1998 287 53 56
57. W. Gao L. B. Alemany L. Ci P. M. Ajayan New insights into the structure and reduction of graphite oxide Nat. Chem. 2009 1 403 408
58. K. S. Novoselov A. K. Geim S. V. Morozov D. Jiang Y. Zhang S. V. Dubonos I. V. Grigorieva A. A. Firsov Electric Field Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon Films Science 2004 306 666 669
59. A. K. Geim K. S. Novoselov The rise of graphene Nat. Mater. 2007 6 183 191
60. R. R. Nair P. Blake A. N. Grigorenko K. S. Novoselov T. J. Booth T. Stauber N. M. R. Peres A. K. Geim Fine structure constant defines visual transparency of graphene Science 2008 320 1308 1308
61. Z. Wang D. Xu Y. Huang Z. Wu L. Wang X. Zhang Facile, mild and fast thermal-decomposition reduction of graphene oxide in air and its application in high-performance lithium batteries Chem. Commun. 2012 48 976 978
62. A. Mathkar D. Tozier P. Cox P. Ong C. Galande K. Balakrishnan A. L. M. Reddy P. M. Ajayan Controlled, Stepwise Reduction and Band Gap Manipulation of Graphene Oxide J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2012 3 986 991
63. S. Park J. An J. R. Potts A. Velamakanni S. Murali R. S. Ruoff Hydrazine-reduction of graphite-and graphene oxide Carbon 2011 49 3019 3023
64. M. Acik G. Lee C. Mattevi A. Pirkle R. M. Wallace M. Chhowalla K. Cho Y. Chabal The Role of Oxygen during Thermal Reduction of Graphene Oxide Studied by Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy J. Phys. Chem. C 2011 115 19761 19781
65. L. Zhang J. Liang Y. Huang Y. Ma Y. Wang Y. Chen Size-controlled synthesis of graphene oxide sheets on a large scale using chemical exfoliation Carbon 2009 47 3365 3380
66. J. Shen Y. Hu C. Li C. Qin M. Shi M. Ye Layer-by-Layer Self-Assembly of Graphene Nanoplatelets Langmuir 2009 25 6122 6128
67. L. Sun B. Fugetsu Mass production of graphene oxide from expanded graphite Mater. Lett. 2013 109 207 210
68. D. Konios M. M. Stylianakis E. Stratakis E. Kymakis Dispersion behaviour of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2014 430 108 112
69. A. Bianco H.-M. Cheng T. Enoki Y. Gogotsi R. H. Hurt K. Koratkar T. Kyotanic M. Monthioux C. R. Park J. M. D. Tacson J. Zhang All in the graphene family-a recommended nomenclature for two-dimensional carbon materials Carbon 2013 65 1 6
70. P. Wick A. E. Louw-Gaume M. Kucki H. F. Krug K. Kostarelos B. Fadeel K. A. Dawson A. Salvati E. Vazquez L. Ballerini M. Tretiach F. Benfenati E. Flahaut L. Gauthier M. Prato A. Bianco Classification Framework for Graphene-Based Materials Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2014 53 7714 7718
71. F. Bonaccorso A. Lombardo T. Hasan Z. Sun L. Colombo A. C. Ferrari Production and processing of graphene and 2d crystals Mater. Today 2012 15 564 589
72. X. Huang Z. Yin S. Wu X. Qi Q. He Q. Zhang Q. Yan F. Boey H. Zhang Graphene-based materials: synthesis, characterization, properties, and applications Small 2011 7 1876 1902
73. S. Park R. S. Ruoff Chemical methods for the production of graphenes Nat. Nanotechnol. 2009 4 217 224
74. D. R. Dreyer S. Park C. W. Bielawski R. S. Ruoff The chemistry of graphene oxide Chem. Soc. Rev. 2010 39 228 240
75. D. R. Dreyer A. D. Todd C. W. Bielawski Harnessing the chemistry of graphene oxide Chem. Soc. Rev. 2014 43 5288 5301
76. C. K. Chua M. Pumera Chemical reduction of graphene oxide: a synthetic chemistry viewpoint Chem. Soc. Rev. 2014 43 291 312
77. O. C. Compton S. T. Nguyen Graphene Oxide, Highly Reduced Graphene Oxide, and Graphene: Versatile Building Blocks for Carbon-Based Materials Small 2010 6 711 723
78. V. Georgakilas M. Otyepka A. B. Bourlinos V. Chandra N. Kim K. C. Kemp P. Hobza R. Zboril K. S. Kim Functionalization of graphene: covalent and non-covalent approaches, derivatives and applications Chem. Rev. 2012 112 6156 6214
79. Y. Zhu S. Murali W. Cai X. Li J. W. Suk J. R. Potts R. S. Ruoff Graphene and graphene oxide: synthesis, properties, and applications Adv. Mater. 2010 22 3906 3924
80. K. R. Paton E. Varrla C. Backes R. J. Smith U. Khan A. O'Neill C. Boland M. Lotya O. M. Istrate P. King T. Higgins S. Barwich P. May P. Puczkarski I. Ahmed M. Moebius H. Pettersson E. Long J. Coelho S. E. O'Brien E. K. McGuire B. M. Sanchez G. S. Duesberg N. McEvoy T. J. Pennycook C. Downing A. Crossley V. Nicolosi J. N. Coleman Scalable production of large quantities of defect-free few-layer graphene by shear exfoliation in liquids Nat. Mater. 2014 13 624 630
81. H. P. Cong J.-F. Chen S.-H. Yu Graphene-based macroscopic assemblies and architectures: an emerging material system Chem. Soc. Rev. 2014 43 7295 7325
82. A. Ambrosi C. K. Chua A. Bonanni M. Pumera Electrochemistry of graphene and related materials Chem. Rev. 2014 114 7150 7188
83. R. Raccichini A. Varzi S. Passerini B. Scrosati The role of graphene for electrochemical energy storage Nat. Mater. 2015 14 271 279
84. J. Zhu D. Yang Z. Yin Q. Yan H. Zhang Graphene and Graphene-Based Materials for Energy Storage Applications Small 2014 10 3480 3498
85. C. Xie X. Z. Zhang Y. M. Wu X. J. Zhang X. W. Zhang Y. Wang W. J. Zhang P. Gao Y. Y. Han J. S. Jie Surface passivation and band engineering: a way toward high efficiency graphene-planar Si solar cells J. Mater. Chem. A 2013 1 8567 8574
86. 2 Thin Film, arXiv preprint arXiv:1503.05380 (2015)
87. Q. Xu T. Song W. Cui Y. Liu W. Xu S.-T. Lee B. Sun Solution-Processed Highly-Conductive PEDOT:PSS/AgNWs/GO Transparent Film for Efficient Organic-Si Hybrid Solar Cells ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2015 7 3272 3279
88. X. Li, S. Zhang, P. Wang, H. Zhong, Z. Wu, H. Chen, C. Liu, and S. Lin, High performance solar cells based on graphene/GaAs heterostructures, arXiv:1409.3500v2 (2014)
89. Y. Song X. Li C. Mackin X. Zhang W. Fang T. Palacios H. Zhu J. Kong Role of Interfacial Oxide in High-Efficiency Graphene-Silicon Schottky Barrier Solar Cells Nano Lett. 2015 15 2104 2110
90. A. R. bin Mohd Yusoff D. Kim F. K. Schneider W. Jose da Silva J. Jang Au-doped single layer graphene nanoribbons for a record-high efficiency ITO-free tandem polymer solar cell Energy Environ. Sci. 2015 8 1523 1537
91. 2 Nanocomposites in Thin Film Perovskite Solar Cells Nano Lett. 2014 14 724 730
92. L. B. Groenendaal F. Jonas D. Freitag H. Pielartzik J. R. Reynolds Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) and Its Derivatives: Past, Present, and Future Adv. Mater. 2000 12 481 494
93. S. Kirchmeyer K. Reuter Scientific importance, properties and growing applications of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) J. Mater. Chem. 2005 15 2077 2088
94. J. Huang P. F. Miller J. C. de Mello A. J. de Mello D. D. C. Bradley Influence of thermal treatment on the conductivity and morphology of PEDOT/PSS films Synth. Met. 2003 139 569 572
95. J. Huang P. F. Miller J. S. Wilson A. J. de Mello J. C. de Mello D. D. C. Bradley Investigation of the Effects of Doping and Post-Deposition Treatments on the Conductivity, Morphology, and Work Function of Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/Poly(styrene sulfonate) Films Adv. Funct. Mater. 2005 15 290 296
96. A. M. Nardes M. Kemerink M. M. de Kok E. Vinken K. Maturova R. A. J. Janssen Conductivity, work function, and environmental stability of PEDOT:PSS thin films treated with sorbitol Org. Electron. 2008 9 727 734
97. S. Ashizawa R. Horikawa H. Okuzaki Effects of solvent on carrier transport in poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(4-styrenesulfonate) Synth. Met. 2005 153 5 8
98. E. Kymakis G. Klapsis E. Koudoumas E. Stratakis N. Kornilios N. Vidakis Y. Franghiadakis Carbon nanotube/PEDOT:PSS electrodes for organic photovoltaics Eur. Phys. J.: Appl. Phys. 2006 36 257 259
99. L. S. C. Pingree B. A. MacLeod D. S. Ginger The Changing Face of PEDOT:PSS Films: Substrate, Bias, and Processing Effects on Vertical Charge Transport J. Phys. Chem. C 2008 112 7922 7927
100. A. M. Nardes M. Kemerink R. A. J. Janssen J. A. M. Bastiaansen N. M. M. Kiggen B. M. W. Langeveld A. J. J. M van Breemen M. M. de Kok Microscopic understanding of the anisotropic conductivity of PEDOT:PSS thin films Adv. Mater. 2007 19 1196 1200
101. Q. Wei M. Mukaida Y. Naitoh T. Ishida Morphological Change and Mobility Enhancement in PEDOT:PSS by Adding Co-solvents Adv. Mater. 2013 25 2831 2836
102. Y. Gao H.-L. Yip K.-S. Chen K. M. O'Malley O. Acton Y. Sun G. Ting H. Chen A. K.-Y. Jen Surface doping of conjugated polymers by graphene oxide and its application for organic electronic devices Adv. Mater. 2011 23 1903 1908
103. K. Kawano R. Pacios D. Poplavskyy J. Nelson D. D. C. Bradley J. R. Durrant Degradation of organic solar cells due to air exposure Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2006 90 3520 3530
104. 18O labeling ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2008 1 102 112
105. E. Voroshazi B. Verreet A. Buri R. Müller D. Di Nuzzo P. Heremans Influence of cathode oxidation via the hole extraction layer in polymer:fullerene solar cells Org. Electron. 2011 12 736 744
106. H. Hoppe N. S. Sariciftci Organic solar cells: an overview J. Mater. Res. 2004 19 1924 1945
107. G. Dennler M. C. Scharber C. J. Brabec Polymer-Fullerene Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells Adv. Mater. 2009 21 1323 1338
108. N. S. Sariciftci and A. J. Heeger, in Handbook of Organic Conductive Molecules and Polymers, ed., H. S. Nalwa, John Wiley & Sons Ltd., Chichester, U.K., 1997, vol. 1, pp. 413-455
109. P. W. M. Blom V. D. Mihailetchi L. J. A. Koster D. E. Markov Device physics of polymer:fullerene bulk heterojunction solar cells Adv. Mater. 2007 19 1551 1566
110. E. Singh H. S. Nalwa Graphene-based bulk-heterojunction solar cells: a review J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 2015 15 6237 6278
111. E. Singh H. S. Nalwa Graphene-based dye-sensitized solar cells: a review Sci. Adv. Mater. 2015 7 1863 1912
112. X. Liu H. Kim L. J. Guo Optimization of thermally reduced graphene oxide for an efficient hole transport layer in polymer solar cells Org. Electron. 2013 14 591 598
113. I. P. Murray S. J. Lou L. J. Cote S. Loser C. J. Kadleck T. Xu J. M. Szarko B. S. Rolczynski J. E. Johns J. Huang L. Yu L. X. Chen T. J. Marks M. C. Hersam Graphene oxide interlayers for robust, high-efficiency organic photovoltaics J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2011 2 3006 3012
114. K. C. Kwon W. J. Dong G. H. Jung J. Ham J.-L. Lee S. Y. Kim Extension of stability in organic photovoltaic cells using UV/ozone-treated graphene sheets Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2013 109 148 154
115. H. P. Kim A. R. bin Mohd Yusoff M. S. Ryu J. Jang Stable photovoltaic cells based on graphene oxide/indium zinc oxide bilayer anode buffer Org. Electron. 2012 13 3195 3202
116. Q.-D. Yang T.-W. Ng M.-F. Lo N.-B. Wong C.-S. Lee Enhanced storage/operation stability of small molecule organic photovoltaics using graphene oxide interfacial layer Org. Electron. 2012 13 3220 3225
117. D. Lee H. Lee Y. Ahn Y. Jeong D.-Y. Lee Y. Lee Highly stable and flexible silver nanowire-graphene hybrid transparent conducting electrodes for emerging optoelectronic devices Nanoscale 2013 5 7750 7755
118. Y. Ahn Y. Jeong Y. Lee Improved thermal oxidation stability of solution-processable silver nanowire transparent electrode by reduced graphene oxide ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2012 4 6410 6414
119. L. Yang X. Yu W. Hu X. Wu Y. Zhao D. Yang An 8.68% Efficiency Chemically-Doped-Free Graphene-Silicon Solar Cell Using Silver Nanowires Network Buried Contacts ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2015 7 4135 4141
120. J.-S. Yeo R. Kang S. Lee Y.-J. Jeon N. S. Myoung C.-L. Lee D.-Y. Kim J.-M. Yun Y.-H. Seo S.-S. Kim S.-I. Na Highly efficient and stable planar perovskite solar cells with reduced graphene oxide nanosheets as electrode interlayer Nano Energy 2015 12 96 104
121. J. M. Yun J.-S. Yeo J. Kim H. G. Jeong D.-Y. Kim Y.-J. Noh S.-S. Kim B.-C. Ku S.-I. Na Solution-Processable Reduced Graphene Oxide as a Novel Alternative to PEDOT:PSS Hole-transport layers for Highly Efficient and Stable Polymer Solar Cells Adv. Mater. 2011 23 4923 4928
122. Z. Liu Q. Liu Y. Huang Y. Ma S. Yin X. Zhang W. Sun Y. Chen Organic Photovoltaic Devices Based on a Novel Acceptor Material: Graphene Adv. Mater. 2008 20 3924 3930
123. T. Cui R. Lv Z.-H. Huang S. Chen Z. Zhang X. Gan Y. Jia X. Li K. Wang D. Wu F. Kang Enhanced efficiency of graphene/silicon heterojunction solar cells by molecular doping J. Mater. Chem. A 2013 1 5736 5740
124. C. Xie X. Zhang K. Ruan Z. Shao S. S. Dhaliwal L. Wang Q. Zhang X. Zhang J. Jie High-Efficiency, Air Stable Graphene/Si Micro-Hole Array Schottky Junction Solar Cells J. Mater. Chem. A 2013 1 15348 15354
125. X. Z. Zhang C. Xie J. S. Jie X. W. Zhang Y. M. Wu W. J. Zhang High-efficiency graphene/Si nanoarray Schottky junction solar cells via surface modification and graphene doping J. Mater. Chem. A 2013 1 6593 6601
126. E. Shi H. Li L. Yang L. Zhang Z. Li P. Li Y. Shang S. Wu X. Li J. Wei K. Wang H. Zhu D. Wu Y. Fang A. Cao Colloidal antireflection coating improves graphene-silicon solar cells Nano Lett. 2013 13 1776 1781
127. V. V. Brus M. A. Gluba X. Zhang K. Hinrichs J. Rappich N. H. Nickel Stability of graphene-silicon heterostructure solar cells Phys. Status Solidi A 2014 211 843 847
128. L. Lancellotti, E. Bobeico, A. Capasso, M. Della Noce, T. Dikonimos, N. Lisi, and P. DelliVeneri, Effects of HNO3 molecular doping in graphene/Si Schottky barrier solar cells, in Proceedings of Conference on Photonics Technologies, 2014 Fotonica AEIT Italian, IEEE, Naples, Italy, 12-14 May 2014, pp. 1-3. 10.1109/Fotonica.2014.6843898
129. X. Li, H. Zhu, K. Wang, J. Wei, G. Fan, X. Li, and D. Wu, Chemical Doping and Enhanced Solar Energy Conversion of Graphene/Silicon Junctions, arxiv.org/pdf/1012.5730 (2010)
130. H. B. Yang Y. Q. Dong X. Wang S. Y. Khoo B. Liu Cesium Carbonate Functionalized Graphene Quantum Dots as Stable Electron-Selective Layer for Improvement of Inverted Polymer Solar Cells ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2014 6 1092 1099
131. J. Liu G.-H. Kim Y. Xue J. Y. Kim J. B. Baek M. Durstock L. Dai Graphene Oxide Nanoribbon as Hole Extraction Layer to Enhance Efficiency and Stability of Polymer Solar Cells Adv. Mater. 2014 26 786 790
132. D. H. Wang J. K. Kim J. H. Seo I. Park B. H. Hong J. H. Park A. J. Heeger Transferable Graphene Oxide by Stamping Nanotechnology: Electron-Transport Layer for Efficient Bulk-Heterojunction Solar Cells Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2013 52 2874 2880
133. Y.-J. Jeon J.-M. Yun D.-Y. Kim S.-I. Na S.-S. Kim High-performance polymer solar cells with moderately reduced graphene oxide as an efficient hole transporting layer Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2012 105 96 102
134. L. Chen D. Du K. Sun J. Hou J. Ouyang Improved Efficiency and Stability of Polymer Solar Cells Utilizing Two-Dimensional Reduced Graphene Oxide: Graphene Oxide Nanocomposites as Hole-Collection Material ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2014 6 22334 22342
135. H. P. Kim, A. R. M. Yusoff and J. Jang, High performance and stability of chemically modified graphene oxide organic solar cells, in Materials and processes for energy: communicating current research and technological developments, ed., A. Mendez-Vilas, Formatex Research Center, Badajoz, Spain, 2013, pp. 68-74
136. C. Li Z. Li H. Zhu K. Wang J. Wei X. Li P. Sun H. Zhang D. Wu Graphene Nano-"patches" on a Carbon Nanotube Network for Highly Transparent/Conductive Thin Film Applications J. Phys. Chem. C 2010 114 14008 14012
137. x cathode and graphene oxide anode buffer layers Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2013 109 63 69
138. H. P. Kim A. R. bin Mohd Yusoff J. Jang Organic solar cells using a reduced graphene oxide anode buffer layer Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2013 110 87 93
139. E. Stratakis M. M. Stylianakis E. Koudoumas E. Kymakis Plasmonic organic photovoltaic devices with graphene based buffer layers for stability and efficiency enhancement Nanoscale 2013 5 4144 4150
140. P. Li C. Chen J. Zhang S. Li B. Sun Q. Bao Graphene-based transparent electrodes for hybrid solar cells Frontiers in Materials 2014 1 26 10.3389/fmats.2014.00026
141. P. Gao K. Ding Y. Wang K. Ruan S. Diao Q. Zhang B. Sun J. Jie Crystalline Si/Graphene Quantum Dots Heterojunction Solar Cells J. Phys. Chem. C 2014 118 5164 5171
142. G. Williams Q. Wang H. Aziz The photo-stability of polymer solar cells: contact photo-degradation and the benefits of interfacial layers Adv. Funct. Mater. 2013 23 2239 2247
143. M. Giannouli V. M. Drakonakis A. Savva P. Eleftheriou G. Florides S. A. Choulis Methods for Improving the Lifetime Performance of Organic Photovoltaics with Low-Costing Encapsulation ChemPhysChem 2015 16 1134 1154
144. L. La Notte G. Polino P. Verzola L. Salamandra F. Brunetti T. M. Brown A. Di Carlo A. Reale Influence of encapsulation materials on the optical properties and conversion efficiency of heat-sealed flexible polymer solar cells Surf. Coat. Technol. 2014 255 69 73
145. J. W. Leem J. S. Yu J. Heo W.-K. Park J.-H. Park W. J. Cho D. E. Kim Nanostructured encapsulation coverglasses with wide-angle broadband antireflection and self-cleaning properties for III-V multi-junction solar cell applications Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2014 120 555 560
146. M. S. Ryu H. J. Cha J. Jang Improvement of operation lifetime for conjugated polymer:fullerene organic solar cells by introducing a UV absorbing film Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2010 94 152 156
147. J. W. Rumer R. S. Ashraf N. D. Eisenmenger Z. Huang I. Meager C. B. Nielsen B. C. Schroeder M. L. Chabinyc I. McCulloch Dual Function Additives: A Small Molecule Crosslinker for Enhanced Efficiency and Stability in Organic Solar Cells Adv. Energy Mater. 2015 1401426
148. T. Tromholt M. V. Madsen J. E. Carlé M. Helgesen F. C. Krebs Photochemical stability of conjugated polymers, electron acceptors and blends for polymer solar cells resolved in terms of film thickness and absorbance J. Mater. Chem. 2012 22 7592 7601
149. M. Hermenau S. Schubert H. Klumbies J. Fahlteich L. Müller-Meskamp K. Leo M. Riede The effect of barrier performance on the lifetime of small-molecule organic solar cells Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2012 97 102 108
150. S. A. Gevorgyan M. V. Madsen H. F. Dam M. Jørgensen C. J. Fell K. F. Anderson B. C. Duck A. Mescheloff E. A. Katz A. Elschner R. Roesch H. Hoppe M. Hermenau M. Riede F. C. Krebs Interlaboratory outdoor stability studies of flexible roll-to-roll coated organic photovoltaic modules: stability over 10,000 h Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2013 116 187 196
151. R. Po C. Carbonera A. Bernardi N. Camaioni The role of buffer layers in polymer solar cells Energy Environ. Sci. 2010 4 285 310
152. K. Kawano C. Adachi Reduced initial degradation of bulk heterojunction organic solar cells by incorporation of stacked fullerene and lithium fluoride interlayers Appl. Phys. Lett. 2010 96 053307
153. V. Shrotriya G. Li Y. Yao C. W. Chu Y. Yang Transition metal oxides as the buffer layer for polymer photovoltaic cells Appl. Phys. Lett. 2006 88 073508
154. A. Roy S. H. Park S. Cowan M. H. Tong S. Cho K. Lee A. J. Heeger Titanium suboxide as an optical spacer in polymer solar cells Appl. Phys. Lett. 2009 95 013302
155. J. Li S. Kim S. Edington J. Nedy S. Cho K. Lee A. J. Heeger M. C. Gupta J. T. Yates A study of stabilization of P3HT/PCBM organic solar cells by photochemical active TiOx layer Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2011 95 1123 1130
156. G. Teran-Escobar D. M. Tanenbaum E. Voroshazi M. Hermenau K. Norrman M. T. Lloyd Y. Galagan B. Zimmermann M. Hoesel H. F. Dam M. Jorgensen S. Gevorgyan S. Kudret W. Maes L. Lutsen D. Vanderzande U. Würfel R. Andriessen R. Roesch H. Hoppe A. Rivaton G. Y. Uzunoglu D. Germack B. Andreasen M. V. Madsen E. Bundgaard F. C. Krebs M. Lira-Cantu On the stability of a variety of organic photovoltaic devices by IPCE and in situ IPCE analyses situ IPCE analyses and absorbance Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2012 14 11824 11845
157. M. O. Reese S. A. Gevorgyan M. Jorgensen E. Bundgaard S. R. Kurtz D. S. Ginley D. C. Olson M. T. Lloyd P. Morvillo E. A. Katz A. Elschner O. Haillant T. R. Currier V. Shrotriya M. Hermenau M. Riede K. R. Kirov G. Trimmel T. Rath O. Inganas F. Zhang M. Andersson K. Tvingstedt M. Lira-Cantu D. Laird C. McGuiness S. Gowrisanker M. Pannone M. Xiao J. Hauch R. Steim D. M. DeLongchamp R. Roesch H. Hoppe N. Espinosa A. Urbina G. Yaman-Uzunoglu J.-B. Bonekamp A. J. J. M. van Breemen C. Girotto E. Voroshazi F. C. Krebs Consensus stability testing protocols for organic photovoltaic materials and devices Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2011 95 1253 1267
158. J. Kesters P. Verstappen J. Raymakers W. Vanormelingen J. Drijkoningen J. D'Haen J. Manca L. Lutsen D. Vanderzande W. Maes Enhanced Organic Solar Cell Stability by Polymer (PCPDTBT) Side Chain Functionalization Chem. Mater. 2015 27 1332 1341
159. C. H. Peters I. T. Sachs-Quintana J. P. Kastrop S. Beaupré M. Leclerc M. D. McGehee High efficiency polymer solar cells with long operating lifetimes Adv. Energy Mater. 2011 1 491 494
160. J. Kong S. Song M. Yoo G. Y. Lee O. Kwon J. K. Park H. Back G. Kim S. H. Lee H. Suh K. Lee Long-term stable polymer solar cells with significantly reduced burn-in loss Nat. Commun. 2014 5 5688
161. A. Seemann H.-J. Egelhaaf C. J. Brabec J. A. Hauch Influence of oxygen on semi-transparent organic solar cells with gas permeable electrodes Org. Electron. 2009 10 1424 1428
162. M. Hermenau M. Riede K. Leo S. A. Gevorgyan F. C. Krebs K. Norrman Water and oxygen induced degradation of small molecule organic solar cells Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2011 95 1268 1277
163. E. Voroshazi B. Verreet A. Buri R. Müller D. Di Nuzzo P. Heremans Influence of cathode oxidation via the hole extraction layer in polymer:fullerene solar cells Org. Electron. 2011 12 736 744
164. X. Wang C. X. Zhao G. Xu Z.-K. Chen F. Zhu Degradation mechanisms in organic solar cells: localized moisture encroachment and cathode reaction Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2012 104 1 6
165. B. Zimmermann U. Würfel M. Niggemann Longterm stability of efficient inverted P3HT:PCBM solar cells Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2009 93 491 496
166. A. Seemann T. Sauermann C. Lungenschmied O. Armbruster S. Bauer H.-J. Egelhaaf J. Hauch Reversible and irreversible degradation of organic solar cell performance by oxygen Sol. Energy 2011 85 1238 1249
167. http://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/101561-en.html
168. M. L. Tongay T. Schumann K. Berke B. Gila B. R. Appleton A. F. Hebard Graphene/GaN Schottky Diodes: Stability at Elevated Temperatures Appl. Phys. Lett. 2011 99 102102
169. E. Stratakis K. Savva D. Konios C. Petridis E. Kymakis Improving the efficiency of organic photovoltaics by tuning the work function of graphene oxide hole transporting layers Nanoscale 2014 6 6925 6931
170. G. Kakavelakis D. Konios E. Stratakis E. Kymakis Enhancement of the efficiency and stability of organic photovoltaic devices via the addition of a lithium-neutralized graphene oxide electron-transporting layer Chem. Mater. 2014 26 5988 5993
171. J. S. Bunch S. S. Verbridge J. S. Alden A. M. van der Zande J. M. Parpia H. G. Craighead P. L. McEuen Impermeable Atomic Membranes from Graphene Sheets Nano Lett. 2008 8 2458
172. T. Kim J. H. Kang S. J. Yang S. J. Sung Y. S. Kim C. R. Park Facile preparation of reduced graphene oxide based gas barrier films for organic photovoltaic devices Energy Environ. Sci. 2014 7 3403 3411
173. Y. Ahn Y. Jeong D. Lee Y. Lee Copper Nanowire-Graphene Core-Shell Nanostructure for Highly Stable Transparent Conducting Electrodes ACS Nano 2015 9 3125 3133
174. J. K. Yeo J. M. Yun Y. S. Jung D. Y. Kim Y. J. Noh S. S. Kim S. I. Na Sulfonic acid-functionalized, reduced graphene oxide as an advanced interfacial material leading to donor polymer-independent high-performance polymer solar cells J. Mater. Chem. A 2014 2 292 298
175. N. Kim G. Xin S. M. Cho C. Pang H. Chae Microwave-reduced graphene oxide for efficient and stable hole extraction layers of polymer solar cells Curr. Appl. Phys. 2015 15 953 957
176. S. B. Sapkota A. Spies B. Zimmermann I. Dürr U. Würfel Promising long-term stability of encapsulated ITO-free bulk-heterojunction organic solar cells under different aging conditions Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2014 130 144 150
177. S. Singh H. S. Nalwa Nanotechnology and health safety-toxicity and risk assessments of nanostructured materials on human health J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 2007 7 3048 3070
178. Nanotoxicology-Interactions of Nanomaterials with Biological Systems, Y. L. Zhao, and, H. S. Nalwa, American Scientific Publishers, Los Angeles, 2007
179. N. V. Vallabani S. Mittal R. K. Shukla A. K. Pandey S. R. Dhakate R. Pasricha A. Dhawan Toxicity of graphene in normal human lung cells (BEAS-2B) J. Biomed. Nanotechnol. 2011 7 106 107
180. K. H. Liao Y.-S. Lin C. W. Macosko C. L. Haynes Cytotoxicity of graphene oxide and graphene in human erythrocytes and skin fibroblasts ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2011 3 2607 2615
181. K. Yang Y. Li X. Tan R. Peng Z. Liu Behavior and toxicity of graphene and its functionalized derivatives in biological systems Small 2013 9 1492 1503
182. X. Hu Q. Zhou Health and Ecosystem Risks of Graphene Chem. Rev. 2013 113 3815 3835
183. E. L. K. Chng M. Pumera The toxicity of graphene oxides: dependence on the oxidative methods used Chem.-Eur. J. 2013 19 8227 8235
184. L. Horváth A. Magrez M. Burghard K. Kern L. Forró B. Schwaller Evaluation of the toxicity of graphene derivatives on cells of the lung luminal surface Carbon 2013 64 45 60