Cyanolichens

Biodiversity and Conservation

Volumn 24, Issue 4, 2015, Pages 973-993

  Rikkinen, Jouko ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI   (Finland)

Author keywords

Ascomycota; Cyanobacteria; Diversity; Ecology; Lichens; Nostoc; Symbiosis

Indexed keywords

EID: 84940002320     PISSN: 09603115     EISSN: 15729710     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10531-015-0906-8     Document Type: Review

References (199)

1. Anstett DN, O’Brien H, Larsen EW, McMullin RT, Fortin MJ (2013) Dispersal analysis of three Peltigera species based on landscape genetics data. Mycology 4:187–195
2. Aptroot A, Schumm F (2009) Chimeras occur on the pantropical Lichinomycete Phyllopeltula corticola. Lichenologist 42:307–310
3. Aragón G, Martínez I, Izquierdo P, Belinchón R, Escudero A (2010) Effects of forest management on epiphytic lichen diversity in Mediterranean forests. Appl Veg Sci 13:183–194
4. Arnold AE, Miadlikowska J, Higgins KL, Sarvate SD, Gugger P, Way A, Hofstetter V, Kauff F, Lutzoni F (2009) A phylogenetic estimation of trophic transition networks for ascomycetous fungi: are lichens cradles of symbiotrophic fungal diversification? Syst Biol 58:283–297
5. Asplund J (2011a) Chemical races of Lobaria pulmonaria differ in palatability to gastropods. Lichenologist 43:491–494
6. Asplund J (2011b) Snails avoid the medulla of Lobaria pulmonaria and L. scrobiculata due to presence of secondary compounds. Fungal Ecol 4:356–358
7. Asplund J, Gauslaa Y (2008) Mollusc grazing limits growth and early development of the old forest lichen Lobaria pulmonaria in broadleaved deciduous forests. Oecologia 155:93–99
8. Asplund J, Larsson P, Vatne S, Gauslaa Y (2010a) Gastropod grazing shapes the vertical distribution of epiphytic lichens in forest canopies. J Ecol 98:218–225
9. Asplund J, Solhaug KA, Gauslaa Y (2010b) Optimal defense: snails avoid reproductive parts of the lichen Lobaria scrobiculata due to internal defense allocation. Ecology 91:3100–3105
10. Barger NN, Herrick JE, Van Zee JW, Belnap J (2006) Impacts of biological soil crust disturbance and composition on C and N loss from water erosion. Biogeochem 77:247–263
11. Barkman JJ (1958) Phytosociology and ecology of cryptogamic epiphytes. Van Gorcum, Assen
12. Beimforde C, Feldberg K, Nylinder S, Rikkinen J, Tuovila H, Dörfelt H, Gube M, Jackson DJ, Reitner J, Seyfullah LJ, Schmidt AR (2014) Estimating the Phanerozoic history of the Ascomycota lineages: combining fossil and molecular data. Mol Phylogenet Evol 78:386–398
13. Belinchón R, Martínez I, Otálora MAG, Aragón G, Dimas J, Escudero A (2009) Fragment quality and matrix affect epiphytic performance in Mediterranean forest landscape. Am J Bot 96:1974–1982
14. Belinchón R, Yahr R, Ellis CJ (2014) Interactions among species with contrasting dispersal modes explain distributions for epiphytic lichens. Ecography 37:001–007
15. Benesperi R, Tretiach M (2004) Differential land snail damage to selected species of the lichen genus Peltigera. Biochem Syst Ecol 32:127–138
16. Benner JW, Vitousek PM (2007) Development of a diverse epiphyte community in response to phosphorus fertilization. Ecol Lett 10:628–636
17. Bjerke JW, Gwynn- Jones D, Callaghan TV (2005) Effects of enhanced UV-B radiation in the field on the concentration of phenolics and chlorophyll fluorescence in two boreal and arctic-alpine lichens. Environ Exp Bot 53:139–149
18. Boch S, Prati D, Werth S, Rüetschi J, Fischer M (2011) Lichen endozoochory by snails. PLoS One 6:1–5
19. Büdel B, Colesie C, Green TGA, Grube M, Suau RL, Loewen-Schneider K, Maier S, Peer T, Pintado A, Raggio J, Ruprecht U, Sancho LG, Schroeter B, Türk R, Weber B, Wedin M, Westberg M, Williams L, Zheng L (2014) Improved appreciation of the functioning and importance of biological soil crusts in Europe: the Soil Crust International Project (SCIN). Biodivers Conserv 23:1639–1658
20. Cameron RP (2002) Habitat associations of epiphytic lichens in managed and unmanaged forest stands in Nova Scotia. Northeast Nat 9:27–46
21. Cameron RP, Neily T (2008) Heuristic model for identifying the habitats of Erioderma pedicellatum and other rare cyanolichens in Nova Scotia, Canada. Bryologist 111:650–658
22. Cameron RP, Richardson DHS (2006) Occurrence and abundance of epiphytic cyanolichens in protected areas of Nova Scotia, Canada. Opusc Philolichenum 3:5–14
23. Campbell J, Fredeen AL, Prescott CE (2010) Decomposition and nutrient release from four epiphytic lichen litters in sub-boreal spruce forests. Can J For Res 40:1473–1484
24. Campbell J, Bengtson P, Fredeen AL, Coxson DS, Prescott CE (2013) Does exogenous carbon extend the realized niche of canopy lichens? Evidence from sub-boreal forests in British Columbia. Ecology 94:1186–1195
25. Carlsen T, Bendiksby M, Hofton TH, Reiso S, Bakkestuen V, Haugan R, Kauserud H, Timdal E (2012) Species delimitation, bioclimatic range, and conservation status of the threatened lichen Fuscopannaria confusa. Lichenologist 44:565–575
26. Casano LM, del Campo EM, García-Breijo FJ, Reig-Armiñana J, Gasulla F, Del Hoyo A, Guéra A, Barreno E (2011) Two Trebouxia algae with different physiological performances are ever-present in lichen thalli of Ramalina farinacea. Coexistence versus competition? Environ Microbiol 13:806–818
27. Chua JPS, Wallace EJS, Yardley JA, Duncan EJ, Dearden PK, Summerfield TC (2012) Gene expression indicates a zone of heterocyst differentiation within the thallus of the cyanolichen Pseudocyphellaria crocata. New Phytol 196:862–872
28. Colesie C, Scheu S, Green TG, Weber B, Wirth R, Büdel B (2012) The advantage of growing on moss: facilitative effects on photosynthetic performance and growth in the cyanobacterial lichen Peltigera rufescens. Oecologia 169:599–607
29. Cornejo C, Scheidegger C (2013a) New morphological aspects of cephalodium formation in the lichen Lobaria pulmonaria (Lecanorales, Ascomycota). Lichenologist 45:77–87
30. Cornejo C, Scheidegger C (2013b) Morphological aspects associated with repair and regeneration in Lobaria pulmonaria and L. amplissima (Peltigerales, Ascomycota). Lichenologist 45:285–289
31. Costa JL, Paulsrud P, Rikkinen J, Lindblad P (2001) Genetic diversity of Nostoc symbionts endophytically associated with two bryophyte species. Appl Environ Microbiol 67:4393–4396
32. Dahlman L, Palmqvist K (2003) Growth in two foliose tripartite lichens, Nephroma arcticum and Peltigera aphthosa: empirical modelling of external vs. internal factors. Funct Ecol 17:821–831
33. Dal Grande F, Alors D, Divakar PK, Bálint M, Crespo A, Schmitt I (2014a) Insights into intrathalline genetic diversity of the cosmopolitan lichen symbiotic green alga Trebouxia decolorans Ahmadjian using microsatellite markers. Mol Phylogenet Evol 72:54–60
34. Dal Grande F, Beck A, Cornejo C, Sing G, Cheenacharoen S, Nelsen MP, Scheidegger C (2014b) Molecular phylogeny and symbiotic selectivity of the green algal genus Dictyochloropsis s.l. (Trebouxiophyceae): a polyphyletic and widespread group forming photobiont-mediated guilds in the lichen family Lobariaceae. New Phytol 202:455–470
35. Dal-Forno M, Lawrey JD, Sikaroodi M, Bhattarai S, Gillevet PM, Sulzbacher M, Lücking R (2013) Starting from scratch: evolution of the lichen thallus in the basidiolichen Dictyonema (Agaricales: Hygrophoraceae). Fungal Biol 117:584–598
36. Darnajoux R, Constantin J, Miadlikowksa J, Lutzoni F, Bellenger JP (2014) Is vanadium a biometal for boreal cyanolichens? New Phytol 202:765–771
37. de los Ríos A, Raggio J, Pérez-Ortega S, Vivas M, Pintado A, Green TGA, Ascaso C, Sancho LG (2011) Anatomical, morphological and ecophysiological strategies in Placopsis pycnotheca (lichenized fungi, Ascomycota) allowing rapid colonization of recently deglaciated soils. Flora 206:857–864
38. Demmig-Adams B, Adams WW, Green TGA, Czygan FC, Lange OL (1990) Differences in the susceptibility to light stress in two lichens forming a phycosymbiodeme, one partner possessing and one lacking the xanthophyll cycle. Oecologia 84:451–456
39. Dietz S, Büdel B, Lange OL, Bilger W (2000) Transmittance of light through the cortex of lichens from contrasting habitats. Bibl Lichenol 75:171–182
40. Doering M, Coxson D (2010) Riparian alder ecosystems as epiphytic lichen refugia in sub-boreal spruce forests of British Columbia. Botany 88:144–157
41. Ekman S, Wedin M, Lindblom L, Jørgensen PM (2014) Extended phylogeny and a revised generic classification of the Pannariaceae (Peltigerales, Ascomycota). Lichenologist 46:627–656
42. Elbert W, Weber B, Burrows S, Steinkamp J, Büdel B, Andreae MO, Pöschl U (2012) Contribution of cryptogamic covers to the global cycles of carbon and nitrogen. Nat Geosci 5:459–462
43. Ellis CJ (2012) Lichen epiphyte diversity: a species, community and trait-based review. Perspect Plant Ecol Evol Syst 14:131–152
44. Ellis CJ, Coppins BJ (2007a) Changing climate and historic woodland structure interact to control species diversity of the ‘Lobarion’ epiphyte community in Scotland. J Veg Sci 18:725–734
45. Ellis CJ, Coppins BJ (2007b) 19th century woodland structure controls stand-scale epiphyte diversity in present-day Scotland. Divers Distrib 13:84–91
46. Ellis CJ, Coppins BJ (2010) Integrating multiple landscape-scale drivers in the lichen epiphyte response: climatic setting, pollution regime and woodland spatial-temporal structure. Divers Distrib 16:43–52
47. Ellis CJ, Ellis SC (2013) Signatures of autogenic epiphyte succession for an aspen chronosequence. J Veg Sci 24:688–701
48. Ellis CJ, Coppins BJ, Dawson TP, Seaward MRD (2007) Response of British lichens to climate change scenarios: trends and uncertainties in the projected impact for contrasting biogeographic groups. Biol Conserv 140:217–235
49. Ellis CJ, Yahr E, Coppins BJ (2009) Local extent of old-growth woodland modifies epiphyte response to climate change. J Biogeogr 36:302–313
50. Environment Canada (2007) Recovery strategy for the boreal felt lichen (Erioderma pedicellatum), Atlantic population, in Canada. In: Species at risk act recovery strategy series, Environment Canada, Ottawa, p 31
51. Fedrowitz K, Kaasalainen U, Rikkinen J (2011) Genotype variability of Nostoc symbionts in three epiphytic Nephroma species in a boreal forest landscape. Bryologist 114:220–230
52. Fedrowitz K, Kaasalainen U, Rikkinen J (2012a) Geographic mosaic of symbiont selectivity in a genus of epiphytic cyanolichens. Ecol Evol 2:2291–2303
53. Fedrowitz K, Kuusinen M, Snäll T (2012b) Metapopulation dynamics and future persistence of epiphytic cyanolichens in a European boreal forest ecosystem. J Appl Ecol 49:493–502
54. Fernández-Martínez MA, de Los RA, Sancho LG, Pérez-Ortega S (2013) Diversity of endosymbiotic Nostoc in Gunnera magellanica from Tierra del Fuego, Chile. Microb Ecol 66:335–350
55. Feuerer T, Hawksworth DL (2007) Biodiversity of lichens, including a worldwide analysis of checklist data based on Takhtajan’s floristic regions. Biodivers Conserv 16:85–98
56. Fritz O, Niklasson M, Churski M (2009) Tree age is a key factor for the conservation of epiphytic lichens and bryophytes in beech forests. Appl Veg Sci 12:93–106
57. Fröberg L, Björn LO, Baur A, Baur B (2001) Viability of lichen photobionts after passing through the digestive tract of a land snail. Lichenologist 33:543–550
58. Gauslaa Y (1995) The Lobarion, an epiphytic community of ancient forests threatened by acid rain. Lichenologist 27:59–76
59. Gauslaa Y (2005) Lichen palatability depends on investment in herbivore defence. Oecologia 143:94–105
60. Gauslaa Y (2008) Mollusc grazing may constrain the ecological niche of the old forest lichen Pseudocyphellaria crocata. Plant Biol 10:711–717
61. Gauslaa Y (2014) Rain, dew, and humid air as drivers of morphology, function and spatial distribution in epiphytic lichens. Lichenologist 46:1–16
62. Gauslaa Y, Goward T (2012) Relative growth rates of two epiphytic lichens, Lobaria pulmonaria and Hypogymnia occidentalis, transplanted within and outside of Populus dripzones. Botany 90:954–965
63. Gauslaa Y, Holien H, Ohlson M, Solhøy T (2006a) Does snail grazing affect growth of the old forest lichen Lobaria pulmonaria? Lichenologist 38:587–593
64. Gauslaa Y, Lie M, Solhaug KA, Ohlson M (2006b) Growth and ecophysiological acclimation of the foliose lichen Lobaria pulmonaria in forests with contrasting light climates. Oecologia 147:406–416
65. Gauslaa Y, Coxson DS, Solhaug KA (2012) The paradox of higher light tolerance during desiccation in rare old forest cyanolichens than in more widespread co-occurring chloro- and cephalolichens. New Phytol 195:812–822
66. Gauslaa Y, Bidussi M, Solhaug KA, Asplund J, Larsson P (2014) Seasonal and spatial variation in carbon based secondary compounds in green algal and cyanobacterial members of the epiphytic lichen genus Lobaria. Phytochemistry 94:91–98
67. Gavazov KS, Soudzilovskaia NA, van Logtestijn RSP, Braster M, Cornelissen JHC (2010) Isotopic analysis of cyanobacterial nitrogen fixation associated with subarctic lichen and bryophyte species. Plant Soil 333:507–517
68. Geiser LH, Neitlich PN (2007) Air pollution and climate gradients in western Oregon and Washington indicated by epiphytic macrolichens. Environ Pollut 145:203–218
69. Gerphagnon M, Latour D, Colombet J, Sime-Ngando T (2013) Fungal parasitism: life cycle, dynamics and impact on cyanobacterial blooms. PLoS One 8(4):e60894. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0060894
70. Gjerde I, Blom HH, Lindblom L, Sætersdal M, Schei FH (2012) Community assembly in epiphytic lichens in early stages of colonization. Ecology 93:749–759
71. Goudie RI, Scheidegger C, Hanel C, Munier A, Conway E (2011) New population models help explain declines in the globally rare boreal felt lichen Erioderma pedicellatum in Newfoundland. Endanger Species Res 13:181–189
72. Goward T, Arsenault A (2000) Cyanolichens and conifers: implications for global conservation. For Snow Landsc Res 75:303–318
73. Green TGA, Büdel B, Heber U, Meyer A, Zellner H, Lange OL (1993) Differences in photosynthetic performance between cyanobacterial and green algal components of lichen photosymbiodemes measured in the field. New Phytol 125:723–731
74. Green TGA, Nash TH III, Lange OL (2008) Physiological ecology of carbon dioxide exchange. In: Nash TH III (ed) Lichen biology, 2nd edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 152–181
75. Grube M, Cardinale M, de Castro JV, Jr MH, Berg G (2009) Species-specific structural and functional diversity of bacterial communities in lichen symbioses. ISME J 3:1105–1115
76. Hauck M, de Bruyn U, Leuschner (2013) Dramatic diversity losses in epiphytic lichens in temperate broad-leaved forests during the last 150 years. Biol Conserv 157:136–145
77. Hawksworth DL, Rose F (1970) Qualitative scale for estimating sulphur dioxide air pollution in England and Wales using epiphytic lichens. Nature 227:145–148
78. Hedenås H, Blomberg P, Ericson L (2007) Significance of old aspen (Populus tremula) trees for the occurrence of lichen photobionts. Biol Conserv 135:380–387
79. Henskens FL, Green TGA, Wilkins A (2012) Cyanolichens can have both cyanobacteria and green algae in a common layer as major contributors to photosynthesis. Ann Bot 110:555–563
80. Hodkinson BP, Lutzoni F (2009) A microbiotic survey of lichen-associated bacteria reveals a new lineage from the Rhizobiales. Symbiosis 49:163–180
81. Hodkinson BP, Gottel NR, Schadt CW, Lutzoni F (2012) Photoautotrophic symbiont and geography are major factors affecting highly structured and diverse bacterial communities in the lichen microbiome. Environ Microbiol 14:147–161
82. Hodkinson BP, Allen JL, Forrest L, Goffinet B, Sérusiaux E, Andrésson ÓS, Miao V, Bellenger JP, Lutzoni F (2014) Lichen-symbiotic cyanobacteria associated with Peltigera have an alternative vanadium-dependent nitrogen fixation system. Eur J Phycol 49:11–19
83. Holien H, Gaarder G, Hapnes A (1995) Erioderma pedicellatum still present, but highly endangered in Europe. Graph Scr 7:79–84
84. Honegger R (1991) Functional aspects of the lichen symbiosis. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 42:553–578
85. Honegger R, Edwards D, Axe L (2013) The earliest records of internally stratified cyanobacterial and algal lichens from the Lower Devonian of the Welsh Borderland. New Phytol 196:264–275
86. Johansson P (2008) Consequences of disturbance on epiphytic lichens in boreal and near boreal forests. Biol Conserv 141:1933–1944
87. Johansson O, Olofsson J, Giesler R, Palmqvist K (2011) Lichen responses to nitrogen and phosphorus additions can be explained by the different symbiont responses. New Phytol 191:795–805
88. Jovan S (2008) Lichen bioindication of biodiversity, air quality, and climate: baseline results from monitoring in Washington, Oregon, and California. In: Gen Tech Rep PNW-GTR-737. Portland, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, p 115
89. Jovan S, Riddell J, Padgett PE, Nash TN (2012) Eutrophic lichens respond to multiple forms of N: implications for critical levels and critical loads research. Ecol Appl 22:1910–1922
90. Junttila S, Laiho A, Gyenesei A, Rudd S (2013) Whole transcriptome characterization of the effects of dehydration and rehydration on Cladonia rangiferina, the grey reindeer lichen. BMC Genom 14:870
91. Jüriado I, Liira J, Paal J (2009) Diversity of epiphytic lichens in boreo-nemoral forests on the North-Estonian limestone escarpment: the effect of tree level factors and local environmental conditions. Lichenologist 41:81–96
92. Jüriado I, Liira J, Csencsics D et al (2011) Dispersal ecology of the endangered woodland lichen Lobaria pulmonaria in managed hemiboreal forest landscape. Biodivers Conserv 20:1803–1819
93. Kaasalainen U, Jokela J, Fewer DP, Sivonen K, Rikkinen J (2009) Microcystin production in the tripartite cyanolichen Peltigera leucophlebia. Mol Plant Microb Interact 22:695–702
94. Kaasalainen U, Fewer DP, Jokela J, Wahlsten M, Sivonen K, Rikkinen J (2012) Cyanobacteria produce a high variety of hepatotoxic peptides in lichen symbiosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109:5886–5891
95. Kaasalainen U, Fewer DP, Jokela J, Wahlsten M, Sivonen K, Rikkinen J (2013) Lichen species identity and diversity of cyanobacterial toxins in symbiosis. New Phytol 198:647–651
96. Kalwij JM, Wagner HH, Scheidegger C (2005) Effects of stand-level disturbances on the spatial distribution of a lichen indicator. Ecol Appl 15:2015–2024
97. Kampa A, Gagunashvili AN, Gulder TA, Morinaka BI, Daolio C, Godejohann M, Miao VP, Piel J, Andrésson Ó (2013) Metagenomic natural product discovery in lichen provides evidence for a family of biosynthetic pathways in diverse symbioses. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 110:3129–3137
98. Király I, Nascimbene J, Tinya F, Ódor P (2013) Factors influencing epiphytic bryophyte and lichen species richness at different spatial scales in managed temperate forests. Biodivers Conserv 22:209–223
99. Kluge M, Mollenhauer D, Wolf E, Schüßler A (2002) The Nostoc-Geosiphon endocytobiosis. In: Rai AN, Bergman B, Rasmussen U (eds) Cyanobacteria in symbiosis. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands, pp 19–30
100. Kobylinski A, Fredeen AL (2014) Vertical distribution and nitrogen content of epiphytic macrolichen functional groups in sub-boreal forests of central British Columbia. For Ecol Manag 329:118–128
101. Komárek J (2010) Recent changes (2008) in cyanobacteria taxonomy based on a combination of molecular background with phenotype and ecological consequences (genus and species concept). Hydrobiologia 639:245–259
102. Kuusinen M (1996a) Cyanobacterial macrolichens on Populus tremula as indicators of forest continuity in Finland. Biol Conserv 75:43–49
103. Kuusinen M (1996b) Epiphyte flora and diversity on basal trunks of six old-growth forest tree species in southern and middle boreal Finland. Lichenologist 28:443–463
104. Lange OL, Büdel B, Meyer A, Kilian E (1993) Further evidence that activation of net photosynthesis by dry cyanobacterial lichens requires liquid water. Lichenologist 25:175–189
105. 2 exchange of three Leptogium species of a lower montane rainforest in Panama. Flora 195:172–190
106. 2 exchange of Lobariaceae species of a lower montane rainforest in Panama. Lichenologist 36:329–342
107. Larsson P, Solhaug KA, Gauslaa Y (2012) Seasonal partitioning of growth into biomass and area expansion in a cephalolichen and a cyanolichen of the old forest genus Lobaria. New Phytol 194:991–1000
108. Lawrey JD, Diederich P (2011) Lichenicolous fungi–worldwide checklist, including isolated cultures and sequences available. http://www.lichenicolous.net[1/27/2012]. Accessed 29 July 2014
109. Leppik E, Jüriado I, Suija A, Liira J (2013) The conservation of ground layer lichen communities in alvar grasslands and the relevance of substitution habitats. Biodivers Conserv 22:591–614
110. Lücking R, Lawrey JD, Sikaroodi M, Gillevet PM, Chaves JL, Sipman HJM, Bungartz F (2009) Do lichens domesticate photobionts like farmers domesticate crops? Evidence from a previously unrecognized lineage of filamentous cyanobacteria. Am J Bot 96:1409–1418
111. Lücking R, Barrie FR, Genney D (2013) Dictyonema coppinsii, a new name for the European species known as Dictyonema interruptum (Basidiomycota: Agaricales: Hygrophoraceae), with a validation of its photobiont Rhizonema (Cyanoprokaryota: Nostocales: Rhizonemataceae). Lichenologist 46:261–267
112. Lücking R, Dal-Forno M, Sikaroodi M, Gillevet PM, Bungartz F, Moncada D, Yánez-Ayabaca A, Chaves JL, Coca LF, Lawrey JD (2014) A single macrolichen constitutes hundreds of unrecognized species. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 111:11091–11096
113. Lumbsch HT, Ahti T, Altermann S, Paz ADG, Aptroot A, Arup U et al (2011) One hundred new species of lichenized fungi: a signature of undiscovered global diversity. Phytotaxa 18:1–127
114. Lutzoni F, Pagel M, Reeb V (2001) Major fungal lineages are derived from lichen symbiotic ancestors. Nature 411:937–940
115. Magain N, Sérusiaux E (2014) Do photobiont switch and cephalodia emancipation act as evolutionary drivers in the lichen symbiosis? A case study in the Pannariaceae (Peltigerales). PLoS One 24:9
116. Magain N, Forrest LL, Sérusiaux E, Goffinet B (2010) Microsatellite primers in the Peltigera dolichorhiza complex (lichenized ascomycete, Peltigerales). Am J Bot 97:102–104
117. Magain N, Goffinet B, Sérusiaux E (2012) Further photomorphs in the lichen family Lobariaceae from Reunion (Mascarene archipelago) with notes on the phylogeny of Dendriscocaulon cyanomorphs. Bryologist 115:243–254
118. Maier S, Schmidt TSB, Zheng L, Peer T, Wagner V, Grube M (2014) Analyses of dryland biological soil crusts highlight lichens as an important regulator of microbial communities. Biodivers Conserv 23:1735–1755
119. Marini L, Nascimbene J, Nimis PL (2011) Large-scale patterns of epiphytic lichen species richness: photobiont-dependent response to climate and forest structure. Sci Total Environ 409:4381–4386
120. McCune B (1993) Gradients in epiphyte biomass in three Pseudotsuga-Tsuga forests of different ages in western Oregon and Washington. Bryologist 96:405–411
121. McCune B, Amsberry KA, Camacho FJ, Clery S, Cole C, Emerson C, Felder G, French P, Greene D, Harris R, Hutten M, Larson B, Lesko M, Majors S, Markwell T, Parker GG, Pendergrass K, Peterson EB, Peterson ET, Platt J, Proctor J, Rambo T, Rosso A, Shaw D, Turner R, Widmer M (1997) Vertical profile of epiphytes in a Pacific Northwest old-growth forest. Northwest Sci 71:145–152
122. Meier FA, Scherrer S, Honegger R (2002) Faecal pellets of lichenivorous mites contain viable cells of the lichen-forming ascomycete Xanthoria parietina and its green algal photobiont, Trebouxia arboricola. Biol J Linn Soc 76:259–268
123. Merinero S, Hilmo O, Gauslaa Y (2014a) Size is a main driver for hydration traits in cyano- and cephalolichens of boreal rainforest canopies. Fungal Ecol 7:59–66
124. Merinero S, Rubio-Salcedo M, Aragón G, Martínez I (2014b) Environmental factors that drive the distribution and abundance of a threatened cyanolichen in Southern Europe: a multi-scale approach. Am J Bot 101:1876–1885
125. Miadlikowska J, Kauff F, Högnabba F, Oliver JC, Molnár K, Fraker E, Gaya E, Hafellner J, Hofstetter V, Gueidan C, Otálora MAG, Hodkinson B, Kukwa M, Lücking R, Björk C, Sipman HJM, Burgaz AR, Thell A, Passo A, Myllys L, Goward T, Fernández-Brime S, Hestmark G, Lendemer J, Lumbsch HT, Schmull M, Schoch CL, Sérusiaux E, Maddison DR, Arnold AE, Stenroos S, Lutzoni F (2014a) A multigene phylogenetic synthesis for the class Lecanoromycetes (Ascomycota): 1307 fungi representing 1139 infrageneric taxa, 312 genera and 66 families. Mol Phylogenet Evol 79:132–168
126. Miadlikowska J, Richardson D, Magain N, Ball B, Anderson F, Cameron R, Lendemer JC, Truong C, Lutzoni F (2014b) Phylogenetic placement, species delimitation, and cyanobiont identity of endangered aquatic Peltigera species (lichen-forming Ascomycota, Lecanoromycetes). Am J Bot 101:1141–1156
127. Mishra S, Bhargava P, Adhikary SP, Pradeep A, Rai LC (2014) Weighted morphology: a new approach towards phylogenetic assessment of Nostocales (Cyanobacteria). Protoplasma. doi:10.1007/s00709-014-0629-9
128. Moncada B, Coca LF, Lücking R (2013) Neotropical members of Sticta (lichenized Ascomycota: Lobariaceae) forming photosymbiodemes, with the description of seven new species. Bryologist 116:69–200
129. Moncada B, Lücking R, Suárez A (2014a) Molecular phylogeny of the genus Sticta (lichenized Ascomycota: Lobariaceae) in Colombia. Fungal Divers 64:205–231
130. Moncada B, Ready B, Lücking R (2014b) A phylogenetic revision of Hawaiian Pseudocyphellaria sensu lato (lichenized Ascomycota: Lobariaceae) reveals eight new species and a high degree of inferred endemism. Bryologist 117:119–160
131. Muggia L, Nelson P, Wheeler T, Yakovchenko LS, Tønsberg T, Spribille T (2011) Convergent evolution of a symbiotic duet: the case of the lichen genus Polychidium (Peltigerales, Ascomycota). Am J Bot 98:1647–1656
132. Nadyeina O, Dymytrova L, Naumovych A, Postoyalkin S, Scheidegger C (2013) Distribution and dispersal ecology of Lobaria pulmonaria in the largest primeval beech forest of Europe. Biodivers Conserv 23:3241–3262
133. Nascimbene J, Brunialti G, Ravera S, Frati L, Caniglia G (2010) Testing Lobaria pulmonaria (L.) Hoffm. as an indicator of lichen conservation importance of Italian forests. Ecol Indic 10:353–360
134. Nascimbene J, Benesperi R, Brunialti G et al (2013a) Patterns and drivers of biodiversity and similarity of Lobaria pulmonaria communities in Italian forests. J Ecol 101:493–505
135. Nascimbene J, Thor G, Nimis PL (2013b) Effects of forest management on epiphytic lichens in temperate deciduous forests of Europe—a review. For Ecol Manag 298:27–38
136. Nash TH III (2008) Nitrogen, its metabolism and potential contribution to ecosystems. In: Nash TH III (ed) Lichen biology, 2nd edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 216–233
137. Nelson P, Walton J, Roland C (2009) Erioderma pedicellatum (Hue) P. M. Jørg. new to the United States and western North America, discovered in Denali National Park and Preserve and Denali State Park. Evansia 26:19–23
138. Normann F, Weigelt P, Gehrig-Downie C, Gradstein SR, Sipman HJ, Obregon A, Bendix J (2010) Diversity and vertical distribution of epiphytic macrolichens in lowland rain forest and lowland cloud forest of French Guiana. Ecol Indic 10:1111–1118
139. O’Brien HE, Miadlikowska J, Lutzoni F (2013) Assessing population structure and host specialization in lichenized cyanobacteria. New Phytol 198:557–566
140. Oberwinkler F (1984) Fungus-alga interactions in basidiolichens. Beih Nova Hedwig 79:739–774
141. Oksanen I, Lohtander K, Paulsrud P, Rikkinen J (2002) A molecular approach to cyanobacterial diversity in a rock-pool community involving gelatinous lichens and free-living Nostoc colonies. Ann Bot Fennici 39:93–99
142. Oksanen I, Jokela J, Fewer DP, Wahlsten M, Rikkinen J, Sivonen K (2004) Discovery of rare and highly toxic microcystins from lichen associated cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. strain IO-102-I. Appl Environ Microbiol 70:5756–5763
143. Oren A (2011) Naming Cyanophyta/Cyanobacteria—a bacteriologist’s view. Fottea 11:9–16
144. Otálora MG, Martinez I, Belinchon R et al (2011) Remnants fragments preserve genetic diversity of the old forest lichen Lobaria pulmonaria in a fragmented Mediterranean mountain forest. Biodivers Conserv 20:1239–1254
145. Otálora MA, Aragón G, Martinez I, Wedin M (2013a) Cardinal characters on a slippery slope—a re-evaluation of phylogeny, character evolution, and evolutionary rates in the jelly lichens (Collemataceae s. str). Mol Phylogenet Evol 68:185–198
146. Otálora MA, Salvador C, Martínez I, Aragón G (2013b) Does the reproductive strategy affect the transmission and genetic diversity of bionts in cyanolichens? A case study using two closely related species. Microb Ecol 65:517–530
147. Otálora MA, Jørgensen PM, Wedin M (2014) A revised generic classification of the jelly lichens, Collemataceae. Fungal Div 64:275–293
148. Paulsrud P, Rikkinen J, Lindblad P (1998) Cyanobiont specificity in some Nostoc-containing lichens and in a Peltigera aphthosa photosymbiodeme. New Phytol 139:517–524
149. Paulsrud P, Rikkinen J, Lindblad P (2000) Spatial patterns of photobiont diversity in some Nostoc-containing lichens. New Phytol 146:291–299
150. Paulsrud P, Rikkinen J, Lindblad P (2001) Field investigations on cyanobacterial specificity in Peltigera aphthosa. New Phytol 152:117–123
151. Piercey-Normore MD, Coxson D, Goward T, Goffinet B (2006) Phylogenetic position of a Pacific Northwest North American endemic cyanolichen, Nephroma occultum (Ascomycota, Peltigerales). Lichenologist 38:441–456
152. Pietrasiak N, Regus JU, Johansen JR, Lam D, Sachs JL, Santiago LS (2013) Biological soil crust community types differ in key ecological functions. Soil Biol Biochem 65:168–171
153. Pointing SB, Belnap J (2012) Microbial colonization and controls in dryland systems. Nat Rev Microbiol 10:551–562
154. Pöykko H, Hyvärinen M, Bačkor M (2005) Removal of lichen secondary metabolites affects food choice and survival of lichenivorous moth larvae. Ecology 86:2623–2632
155. Radies DN, Coxson DS, Johnson CJ, Konwicki K (2009) Predicting canopy macrolichen diversity and abundance within old-growth inland temperate rainforests. For Ecol Manag 259:86–97
156. Rai H, Upreti DK, Gupta RK (2012) Diversity and distribution of terricolous lichens as indicator of habitat heterogeneity and grazing induced trampling in a temperate-alpine shrub and meadow. Biodivers Conserv 21:97–113
157. Ramírez-Fernández L, Zúñiga C, Méndez M, Carú M, Orlando J (2013) Genetic diversity of terricolous Peltigera cyanolichens communities in different conservation states of native forest from Southern Chile. Int Microbiol 16:243–252
158. Richardson DHS (1991) Lichens as biological indicators—recent developments. In: Jeffrey DW, Madden B (eds) Bioindicators and environmental management. Academic Press, Toronto, pp 263–272
159. Rikkinen J (1995) What’s behind the pretty colours? A study on the photobiology of lichens. Bryobrothera 4:1–239
160. Rikkinen J (2002) Cyanolichens: an evolutionary overview. In: Rai AN, Bergman B, Rasmussen U (eds) Cyanobacteria in symbiosis. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands, pp 31–72
161. Rikkinen J (2003a) Calicioid lichens from European tertiary amber. Mycologia 95:1032–1036
162. Rikkinen J (2003b) Ecological and evolutionary role of photobiont-mediated guilds in lichens. Symbiosis 34:99–110
163. Rikkinen J (2004) Ordination analysis of tRNALeu (UAA) intron sequences in lichen-forming Nostoc strains and other cyanobacteria. Symb Bot Ups 34(2004):377–391
164. Rikkinen J (2013) Molecular studies on cyanobacterial diversity in lichen symbioses. MycoKeys 6:3–32
165. Rikkinen J, Poinar G (2002) Fossilised Anzia (Lecanorales, lichen-forming Ascomycota) from European tertiary amber. Mycol Res 106:984–990
166. Rikkinen J, Poinar G (2008) A new species of Phyllopsora (Lecanorales, lichen-forming Ascomycota) from Dominican amber, with remarks on the fossil history of lichens. J Exp Bot 59:1007–1011
167. Rikkinen J, Virtanen V (2008) Genetic diversity in cyanobacterial symbionts of thalloid bryophytes. J Exp Bot 59:1013–1021
168. Rikkinen J, Oksanen I, Lohtander K (2002) Lichen guilds share related cyanobacterial symbionts. Science 297:357
169. Root HT, Miller JED, McCune B (2011) Biotic soil crust lichen diversity and conservation in shrub-steppe habitats of Oregon and Washington. Bryologist 114:796–812
170. Root HT, McCune B, Jovan S (2014) Lichen communities and species indicate climate thresholds in southeast and south-central Alaska, USA. Bryologist 117:241–252
171. Rose F (1976) Lichenological indicators of age and environmental continuity in woodlands. In: Brown DH, Hawksworth DL, Bailey RH (eds) Lichenology: progress and problems. Academic Press, London, pp 279–307
172. Rose F (1988) Phytogeographical and ecological aspects of Lobarion communities in Europe. Bot J Linn Soc 96:69–79
173. Sadowska-Des AD, Dal Grande F, Lumbsch HT, Beck A, Otte J, Hur JS, Kim JA, Schmitt I (2014) Integrating coalescent and phylogenetic approaches to delimit species in the lichen photobiont Trebouxia. Mol Phylogenet Evol 76:202–210
174. Scheidegger C (2003) Erioderma pedicellatum. In: IUCN (ed) 2008 IUCN red list of threatened species, IUCN, Gland. www.iucnredlist.org
175. Scheidegger C, Werth S (2009) Conservation strategies for lichens: insights from population biology. Fungal Biol Rev 23:55–66
176. Scheidegger C, Groner U, Keller C, Stofer S (2002) Biodiversity assessment tools—lichens. In: Nimis PL, Scheidegger C, Wolseley PA (eds) Monitoring with lichens—monitoring lichens. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp 359–365
177. Schelensog M, Schroeter B, Green TGA (2000) Water dependent photosynthetic activity of lichens from New Zealand: differences in the green algal and the cyanobacterial thallus parts of photosymbiodemes. Bibl Lichenol 75:149–160
178. Schoch CL, Sung GH, López-Giráldez F et al (2009) The ascomycota tree of life: a phylum wide phylogeny clarifies the origin and evolution of fundamental reproductive and ecological traits. Syst Biol 58:224–239
179. Schultz M, Arendholz WR, Büdel B (2001) Origin and evolution of the lichenized ascomycete order Lichinales: monophyly and systematic relationships inferred from ascus, fruiting body and SSU rDNA evolution. Plant Biol 3:116–123
180. Sigurbjörnsdóttir MA, Heiðmarsson S, Jónsdóttir AR, Vilhelmsson O (2014) Novel bacteria associated with Arctic seashore lichens have potential roles in nutrient scavenging. Can J Microbiol 60:307–317
181. Sillett S, Goward T (1998) Ecology and conservation of Pseudocyphellaria rainierensis, a Pacific Northwest endemic lichen. In: Glenn MG, Harris RC, Dirig R, Cole MS (eds) Lichenographia Thomsoniana: North American lichenology in honor of John W. Thomson. Mycotaxon Ltd, Ithaca, pp 377–388
182. Silverstein RN, Correra AMS, Baker AC (2012) Specificity is rarely absolute in coral-algal symbiosis: implications for coral response to climate change. Proc R Soc B 279:2609–2618
183. Singh G, Dal Grande F, Cornejo C, Schmitt I, Scheidegger C (2012) Genetic basis of self-incompatibility in the lichen-forming fungus Lobaria pulmonaria and skewed frequency distribution of mating-type idiomorphs: implications for conservation. PLoS One 7:e51402
184. Sønstebø JH, Rohrlack T (2011) Possible implications of chytrid parasitism for population subdivision in freshwater cyanobacteria of the genus Planktothrix. Appl Environ Microbiol 77:1344–1351
185. Spier L, van Dobben H, van Dort K (2010) Is bark pH more important than tree species in determining the composition of nitrophytic or acidophytic lichen floras? Environ Pollut 158:3607–3611
186. Spirbille T, Tønsberg T, Stebentheiner E, Muggia L (2014) Reassessing evolutionary relationships in the filamentous cyanolichen genus Spilonema (Peltigerales, Lecanoromycetes). Lichenologist 46:373–388
187. Stehn SE, Nelson PR, Roland CA, Jones JR (2013) Patterns in the occupancy and abundance of the globally rare lichen Erioderma pedicellatum in Denali National Park and Preserve, Alaska. Bryologist 116:002–014
188. Stevenson SK, Coxson SD (2008) Growth responses of Lobaria retigera to forest edge and canopy structure in the inland temperate rainforest, British Columbia. For Ecol Manag 256:618–623
189. Strauss SL, Day TA, Garcia-Pichel F (2011) Nitrogen cycling in biological soil crusts across biogeography regions in the Southwestern United States. Biogeochemistry 108:171–182
190. Thüs H, Muggia L, Pérez-Ortega S, Favero-Longo SE, Joneson S, O’Brien H, Nelsen MP, Duque-Thüs R, Grube M, Friedl T, Brodie J, Andrew CJ, Lücking R, Lutzoni F, Gueidan C (2011) Revisiting photobiont diversity in the lichen family Verrucariaceae (Ascomycota). Eur J Phycol 46:399–415
191. Tschermak-Woess E (1988) The algal partner. In: Galun M (ed) CRC handbook of lichenology, vol 1. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 39–92
192. U’Ren JM, Lutzoni F, Miadlikowska J, Laetsch AD, Arnold AE (2012) Host- and geographic structure of endophytic and endolichenic fungi at a continental scale. Am J Bot 99:898–914
193. Voytsekhovich A, Mikhailyuk TI, Darienko TM (2011) Lichen photobionts. 2: origin and correlation with mycobiont. Algologia 21:151–177
194. Wang YY, Liu B, Zhang XY, Zhou QM, Zhang T, Li H, Yu YF, Zhang XL, Hao XY, Wang M, Wang L, Wei JC (2014) Genome characteristics reveal the impact of lichenization on lichen-forming fungus Endocarpon pusillum Hedwig (Verrucariales, Ascomycota). BMC Genomics 15:34
195. Werth S, Cornejo C, Scheidegger C (2013) Characterization of microsatellite loci in the lichen fungus Lobaria pulmonaria (Lobariaceae). Appl Plant Sci 1:200290
196. Widmer I, Dal Grande F, Cornejo C, Scheidegger C (2010) Highly variable microsatellite markers for the fungal and algal symbionts of the lichen Lobaria pulmonaria and challenges in developing biont-specific molecular markers for fungal associations. Fungal Biol 114:538–544
197. Wolseley P (1995) A global perspective on the status of lichens and their conservation. Mitt Eidgenöss Forsch Anst WSL 70:11–27
198. Wu L, Zhang G, Lan S, Zhang D, Hu C (2014) Longitudinal photosynthetic gradient in crust lichens’ thalli. Microb Ecol 67:888–896
199. Zedda L, Gröngröft A, Schultz M, Petersen A, Mills A, Rambold G (2011) Distribution patterns of soil lichens across the principal biomes of southern Africa. J Arid Environ 75:215–220