Optimal defense: Snails avoid reproductive parts of the lichen Lobaria scrobiculata due to internal defense allocation

Ecology

Volumn 91, Issue 10, 2010, Pages 3100-3105

  Asplund, Johan ^a   Solhaug, Knut Asbjørn ^a   Gauslaa, Yngvar ^a  

^a NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES   (Norway)

Author keywords

Chemical defense; Cochlodina laminata; Epiphytic lichens; Gastropods; Herbivory; Lichenanimal interactions; Meta scrobiculin; Mollusks; Optimal defense theory; Secondary metabolites; Stictic acid; Usnic acid

Indexed keywords

DEPSIDE; SCROBICULIN, LOBARIA SCROBICULATA;

ACETONE; CARBON; CHEMICAL DEFENSE; CONCENTRATION (COMPOSITION); EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS; EPIPHYTE; FEEDING BEHAVIOR; FITNESS; GRAZING; HERBIVORY; LICHEN; ORGANIC ACID; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; REPRODUCTION; RISK FACTOR; SECONDARY METABOLITE; SNAIL;

ANIMAL; ARTICLE; CHEMISTRY; FEEDING BEHAVIOR; LICHENS; METABOLISM; PHYSIOLOGY; SNAIL;

ANIMALS; DEPSIDES; FEEDING BEHAVIOR; LICHENS; SNAILS;

COCHLODINA LAMINATA; GASTROPODA; LOBARIA SCROBICULATA; MOLLUSCA;

EID: 77957742217     PISSN: 00129658     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1890/09-1829.1     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. Asplund, J., and Y. Gauslaa. 2010. The gastropod Arion fuscus prefers cyanobacterial to green algal parts of the tripartite lichen Nephroma arcticum due to low chemical defence. Lichenologist 42:113-117.
2. Asplund, J., P. Larsson, S. Vatne, and Y. Gauslaa. 2010. Gastropod grazing shapes the vertical distribution of epiphytic lichens in forest canopies. Journal of Ecology 98: 218-225.
3. Boege, K., and R. J. Marquis. 2006. Plant quality and predation risk mediated by plant ontogeny: consequences for herbivores and plants. Oikos 115:559-572.
4. Botnen, A., and T. Tonsberg. 1988. Additions to the lichen flora of central Norway. Gunneria 58:1-43.
5. Brodo, I. M. 1984. The North American species of the Lecanora subfusca group. Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia 79:63-185.
6. Brodo, I. M., and D. L. Hawksworth. 1977. Alectoria and allied genera in North America. Opera Botanica 42:1-164.
7. Cetin, H., O. Tufan-Cetin, A. O Turk, T. Tay, M. Candan, A. Yanikoglu, and H. Sumbul. 2008. Insecticidal activity of major lichen compounds, (-)- and (+)-usnic acid, against the larvae of house mosquito, Culex pipiens L. Parasitology Research 102:1277-1279.
8. Culberson, C. F. 1969. Chemical and botanical guide to lichen products. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
9. Emmerich, R., I. Giez, O. L. Lange, and P. Proksch. 1993. Toxicity and antifeedant activity of lichen compounds against the polyphagous herbivorous insect Spodoptera littoralis. Phytochemistry 33:1389-1394.
10. Galloway, D. J. 1988. Studies in Pseudocyphellaria (lichens). I. The New Zealand species. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Botany Series 17:1-267.
11. Gauslaa, Y. 2005. Lichen palatability depends on investments in herbivore defence. Oecologia 143:94-105.
12. Gauslaa, Y. 2008. Mollusc grazing may constrain the ecological niche of the old forest lichen Pseudocyphellaria crocata. Plant Biology 10:711-717.
13. Hamilton, J. G., A. R. Zangerl, E. H. DeLucia, and M. R. Berenbaum. 2001. The carbon-nutrient balance hypothesis: its rise and fall. Ecology Letters 4:86-95.
14. Holland, J. N., S. A. Chamberlain, and K. C. Horn. 2009. Optimal defence theory predicts investment in extrafloral nectar resources in an ant-plant mutualism. Journal of Ecology 97:89-96.
15. Hyvärinen, M., R. Koopmann, O. Hormi, and J. Tuomi. 2000. Phenols in reproductive and somatic structures of lichens: a case of optimal defence? Oikos 91:371-375.
16. Imshaug, H. A., and I. M. Brodo. 1966. Biosystematic studies in Lecanora pallida and some related lichens in the Americas. Nova Hedwigia 12:1-59.
17. Lawrey, J. D. 1980. Correlations between lichen secondary chemistry and grazing activity by Pallifera varia. Bryologist 83:328-334.
18. McEvoy, M., L. Nybakken, K. A. Solhaug, and Y. Gauslaa. 2006. UV triggers the synthesis of the widely distributed secondary lichen compound usnic acid. Mycological Progress 5:221-229.
19. McEvoy, M., K. A. Solhaug, and Y. Gauslaa. 2007. Solar radiation screening in usnic acid-containing cortices of the lichen Nephroma arcticum. Symbiosis 43:143-150.
20. McKey, D. 1974. Adaptive patterns in alkaloid physiology. American Naturalist 108:305-320.
21. Nimis, P. L., and N. Skert. 2006. Lichen chemistry and selective grazing by the coleopteran Lasioderma serricorne. Environmental and Experimental Botany 55:175-182.
22. Nybakken, L., J. Asplund, K. A. Solhaug, and Y. Gauslaa. 2007. Forest successional stage affects the cortical secondary chemistry of three old forest lichens. Journal of Chemical Ecology 33:1607-1618.
23. Nybakken, L., O. Johansson, and K. Palmqvist. 2009. Defensive compound concentration in boreal lichens in response to simulated nitrogen deposition. Global Change Biology 15:2247-2260.
24. Nybakken, L., and R. Julkunen-Tiitto. 2006. UV-B induces usnic acid in reindeer lichens. Lichenologist 38:477-485.
25. Ohnmeiss, T. E., and I. T. Baldwin. 2000. Optimal defense theory predicts the ontogeny of an induced nicotine defense. Ecology 81:1765-1783.
26. Pavia, H., G. B. Toth, and P. Aberg. 2002. Optimal defense theory: elasticity analysis as a tool to predict intraplant variation in defenses. Ecology 83:891-897.
27. Pöykkö, H., M. Hyvarinen, and M. Backor. 2005. Removal of lichen secondary metabolites affects food choice and survival of lichenivorous moth larvae. Ecology 86:2623-2632.
28. Radhika, V., C. Kost, S. Bartram, M. Heil, and W. Boland. 2008. Testing the optimal defence hypothesis for two indirect defences: extrafloral nectar and volatile organic compounds. Planta 228:449-457.
29. Rhoades, D. F. 1979. Evolution of plant chemical defense against herbivores. Pages 3-54 in G. A. Rosenthal and D. H. Janzen, editors. Herbivores: their interaction with secondary plant metabolites. Academic Press, New York, New York, USA.
30. Sillett, S. C., B. McCune, J. E. Peck, T. R. Rambo, and A. Ruchty. 2000. Dispersal limitations of epiphytic lichens result in species dependent on old-growth forests. Ecological Applications 10:789-799.
31. Solhaug, K. A., and Y. Gauslaa. 1996. Parietin, a photoprotective secondary product of the lichen Xanthoria parietina. Oecologia 108:412-418.
32. Solhaug, K. A., and Y. Gauslaa. 2001. Acetone rinsing: a method for testing ecological and physiological roles of secondary compounds in living lichens. Symbiosis 30:301-315.
33. Stamp, N. 2003. Out of the quagmire of plant defense hypotheses. Quarterly Review of Biology 78:23-55.
34. Steinberg, P. D. 1984. Algal chemical defense against herbivores: allocation of phenolic compounds in the kelp Alaria marginata. Science 223:405-407.
35. Strauss, S. Y., R. E. Irwin, and V. M. Lambrix. 2004. Optimal defence theory and flower petal colour predict variation in the secondary chemistry of wild radish. Journal of Ecology 92:132-141.
36. Tønsberg, T. 1992. The sorediate and isidiate, corticolous, crustose lichens in Norway. Sommerfeltia 14:1-331.
37. van Dam, N. M., L. W. M. Vuister, C. Bergshoeff, H. de Vos, and E. D. van der Meijden. 1995. The "raison d'etre" of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in Cynoglossum officinale: deterrent effects against generalist herbivores. Journal of Chemical Ecology 21:507-523.
38. Walser, J. C. 2004. Molecular evidence for limited dispersal of vegetative propagules in the epiphytic lichen Lobaria pulmonaria. American Journal of Botany 91:1273-1276.
39. Walser, J. C., S. Zoller, U. Büchler, and C. Scheidegger. 2001. Species-specific detection of Lobaria pulmonaria (lichenized ascomycete) diaspores in litter samples trapped in snow cover. Molecular Ecology 10:2129-2138.
40. Werth, S., H. H. Wagner, F. Gugerli, R. Holderegger, D. Csencsics, J. M. Kalwij, and C. Scheidegger. 2006. Quantifying dispersal and establishment limitation in a population of an epiphytic lichen. Ecology 87:2037-2046.
41. Zangerl, A. R., and F. A. Bazzaz. 1992. Theory and pattern in plant defense allocation. Pages 363-391 in R. S. Fritz and E. L. Simms, editors. Plant resistance to herbivores and pathogens. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
42. Zangerl, A. R., and C. E. Rutledge. 1996. The probability of attack and patterns of constitutive and induced defense: a test of optimal defense theory. American Naturalist 147:599-608.