Classifying physical activity research following stroke using the behavioral epidemiologic framework

Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation

Volumn 22, Issue 4, 2015, Pages 289-298

  Cleveland, Samantha ^a   Driver, Simon ^a   Swank, Chad ^b   Macklin, Staci ^c  

^a BAYLOR HEALTH CARE SYSTEM   (United States)

^b TEXAS WOMAN'S UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS SOUTHWESTERN MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Cerebrovascular accident; Exercise; Fitness; Review

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BLOOD PRESSURE; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK; DEPRESSION; EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE; EXERCISE; HUMAN; INSULIN SENSITIVITY; MOOD; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; SELF CONCEPT; SELF ESTEEM; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; CLASSIFICATION; KINESIOTHERAPY; MEDICAL RESEARCH; MOTOR ACTIVITY; PHYSIOLOGY; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA; STROKE;

BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH; EXERCISE THERAPY; HUMANS; MOTOR ACTIVITY; STROKE;

EID: 84939142833     PISSN: 10749357     EISSN: 19455119     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1179/1074935714Z.0000000043     Document Type: Article

References (207)

1. Sacco RL, Kasner SE, Broderick JP, et al. An updated definition of stroke for the 21st century: A statement for healthcare professionals from the American heart association/American stroke association. Stroke. 2013;44:2064-2089.
2. Kochanek KD, Xu JQ, Murphy SL, Minino AM, Kung HC. National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 60, No. 3 Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics; 2012.
3. Go AS, Mozaffarian D, Roger VL, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics - update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2014;129:e28-e292.
4. Goldstein LB, Adams R, Alberts MJ, et al. Primary prevention of ischemic stroke: a guideline from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council. Stroke. 2006;37:1583-1633.
5. Kumar S, Selim MH, Caplan LR. Medical complications after stroke. Lancet Neurol. 2010;9:105-118.
6. Garber CE, Blissmer B, Deschenes MR, et al. Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: guidance for prescribing exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011;43:1334-1359.
7. Davenport RJ, Dennis MS, Wellwood I, Warlow CP. Complications after acute stroke. Stroke. 1996;27:415-420.
8. Meschia J, Bruno A. Post-stroke complications. CNS Drugs. 1998;9:357-370.
9. Gallanagh S, Quinn TJ, Alexander J, Walters MR. Physical activity in the prevention and treatment of stroke. ISRN Neurol. 2011;2011:953818.
10. Physical activity guidelines. Physical activity guidelines for Americans. http://www.health.gov/paguidelines/. 2008. Accessed June 17, 2014.
11. Field MJ, Gebruers N, Sundaram TS, Nicholson SL, Mead GE. Physical activity after stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. ISRN Stroke. 2013;2013:464176.
12. Haskell WL, Lee IM, Pate RR, et al. Physical activity and public health: Updated recommendation for adults from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007;39:1423-1434.
13. Warburton DE, Nicol CW, Bredin SS. Health benefits of physical activity: the evidence. CMAJ. 2006;174:801-809.
14. Carroll DD, Courtney-Long EA, Stevens AC, et al. Vital signs: disability and physical activity - United States, 2009-2012.MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2014;63(18):407-413.
15. Rimmer JH. Promoting inclusive physical activity communities for people with disabilities. Res Dig. 2008;2:1-8.
16. Damush TM, Plue L, Bakas T, Schmid A, Williams LS. Barriers and facilitators to exercise among stroke survivors. Rehabil Nurs. 2007;32:253-260, 262.
17. Zalewski KR, Dvorak L. Barriers to physical activity between adults with stroke and their care partners. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2011;18:666-675.
18. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Vital Signs. Atlanta, GA: CDC; 2014:5.
19. Dixon-Ibarra A, Horner-Johnson W. Disability status as an antecedent to chronic conditions: National health interview survey, 2006-2012. Prev Chron Dis. 2014;11:130251.
20. Sallis JF, Owen N, Fotheringham MJ. Behavioral epidemiology: a systematic framework to classify phases of research on health promotion and disease prevention. Ann Behav Med. 2000;22:294-298.
21. Baert I,DalyD,DejaegerE,VanroyC,Vanlandewijck Y, FeysH. Evolution of cardiorespiratory fitness after stroke: a 1-year follow-up study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2012;93:669-676.
22. Billinger SA,MattlageAE,AshendenAL, LentzAA, Harter G, RippeeMA.Aerobic exercise in subacute stroke improves cardiovascular health and physical performance. J Neurol Phys Ther. 2012;36:159-165.
23. Billinger SA, Coughenour E, MacKay-Lyons M, Ivey FM. Reduced cardiorespiratory fitness after stroke: Biological consequences and exercise-induced adaptations. Stroke Res Treat. 2012;2012:959120.
24. Billinger SA, Taylor JM, Quaney BM. Cardiopulmonary response to exercise testing in people with chronic stroke: a retrospective study. Stroke Res Treat. 2012;2012:987637.
25. Courbon A, Calmels P, Roche F, Ramas J, Fayolle-Minon I. Relationship between walking capacity and maximal exercise capacity, strength and motor deficiency in adult hemiplegic stroke patients. Ann Readapt Med Phys. 2006; 49:614-620.
26. Globas C, Becker C, Cerny J, et al. Chronic stroke survivors benefit from high-intensity aerobic treadmill exercise: a randomized control trial. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2012;26:85-95.
27. Gordon CD, Wilks R, McCaw-Binns A. Effect of aerobic exercise (walking) training on functional status and healthrelated quality of life in chronic stroke survivors: a randomized controlled trial. Stroke. 2013;44:1179-1181.
28. Ivey FM, Hafer-Macko CE, Macko RF. Exercise training for cardiometabolic adaptation after stroke. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev. 2008;28:2-11.
29. JinH, Jiang Y,WeiQ,Wang B,MaG. Intensive aerobic cycling trainingwith lower limbweights inChinese patientswith chronic stroke: discordance between improved cardiovascular fitness and walking ability. Disabil Rehabil. 2012;34:1665-1671.
30. Jin H, Jiang Y, Wei Q, Chen L, Ma G. Effects of aerobic cycling training on cardiovascular fitness and heart rate recovery in patients with chronic stroke. NeuroRehabilitation. 2013;32:327-335.
31. Katz-Leurer M, Shochina M, Carmeli E, Friedlander Y. The influence of early aerobic training on the functional capacity in patients with cerebrovascular accident at the subacute stage. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2003;84:1609-1614.
32. Kelly JO, Kilbreath SL, Davis GM, Zeman B, Raymond J. Cardiorespiratory fitness and walking ability in subacute stroke patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2003;84:1780-1785.
33. Lam JM, Globas C, Cerny J, et al. Predictors of response to treadmill exercise in stroke survivors. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2010;24:567-574.
34. Letombe A, Cornille C, Delahaye H, et al. Early post-stroke physical conditioning in hemiplegic patients: a preliminary study. Ann Phys Rehabil Med. 2010;53:632-642.
35. MacKay-Lyons MJ, Howlett J. Exercise capacity and cardiovascular adaptations to aerobic training early after stroke. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2005;12:31-44.
36. Macko RF, Ivey FM, Forrester LW, et al. Treadmill exercise rehabilitation improves ambulatory function and cardiovascular fitness in patients with chronic stroke: a randomized, controlled trial. Stroke. 2005;36:2206-2211.
37. Pang MY, Eng JJ, Dawson AS, Gylfadottir S. The use of aerobic exercise training in improving aerobic capacity in individuals with stroke: a meta-analysis. Clin Rehabil. 2006; 20:97-111.
38. Pang MY, Eng JJ, Dawson AS, McKay HA, Harris JE. A community-based fitness and mobility exercise program for older adults with chronic stroke: a randomized, controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53:1667-1674.
39. Prajapati SK,Mansfield A, GageWH, BrooksD,McIlroyWE. Cardiovascular responses associated with daily walking in subacute stroke. Stroke Res Treat. 2013;2013:612458.
40. Salbach NM, Brooks D, Romano J, Woon L, Dolmage TE. Cardiorespiratory responses during the 6-minute walk and ramp cycle ergometer tests and their relationship to physical activity in stroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2014;28: 111-119.
41. Saunders DH, Greig CA, Mead GE, Young A. Physical fitness training for stroke patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009; (4):CD003316.
42. Stibrant Sunnerhagen K. Circuit training in communityliving "younger" men after stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2007;16:122-129.
43. Stoller O, de Bruin ED, Knols RH, Hunt H. Effects of cardiovascular exercise early after stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Neurol. 2012;12:45-60.
44. Tang A, Marzolini S, Oh P, McIlroy WE, Brooks D. Factors associated with change in aerobic capacity following an exercise program for individuals with stroke. J Rehabil Med. 2013;45:32-37.
45. Zalewski K, Kerk J, Laundre K, Wacek A, Wiedmeyer M. A case report exploring activity intensity in inpatient rehabilitation after stroke. Case Rep Med. 2010;2010:507476.
46. Bowden MG, Embry AE, Gregory CM. Physical therapy adjuvants to promote optimization of walking recovery after stroke. Stroke Res Treat. 2011;2011:601416.
47. Dean CM, Rissel C, Sharkey M, et al. Exercise intervention to prevent falls and enhance mobility in community dwellers after stroke: a protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMC Neurol. 2009;9:38-44.
48. Dean CM, Rissel C, Sherrington C, et al. Exercise to enhance mobility and prevent falls after stroke: the community stroke club randomized trial. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2012;26: 1046-1057.
49. Deplanque D, Masse I, Libersa C, Leys D, Bordet R. Previous leisure-time physical activity dose dependently decreases ischemic stroke severity. Stroke Res Treat. 2012; 2012:14925.
50. English C, Hillier S. Circuit class therapy for improving mobility after stroke: a systematic review. J Rehabil Med. 2011;43:565-571.
51. Globas C, Macko RF, Luft AR. Role of walking-exercise therapy after stroke. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2009;7: 905-910.
52. Ivey FM, Ryan AS, Hafer-Macko CE, Goldberg AP, Macko RF. Treadmill aerobic training improves glucose tolerance and indices of insulin sensitivity in disabled stroke survivors: a preliminary report. Stroke. 2007;38:2752-2758.
53. Langhammer B, Lindmark B. Functional exercise and physical fitness post stroke: the importance of exercise maintenance for motor control and physical fitness after stroke. Stroke Res Treat. 2012;864835.
54. LiuM, Tsuji T, Hase K, Hara Y, Fujiwara T. Physical fitness in persons with hemiparetic stroke. Keio JMed. 2003;52:211-219.
55. Macko RF, Benvenuti F, Stanhope S, et al. Adaptive physical activity improves mobility function and quality of life in chronic hemiparesis. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2008;45:323-328.
56. Mehta S, Pereira S, Janzen S, et al. Cardiovascular conditioning for comfortable gait speed and total distance walked during the chronic stage of stroke: a meta-analysis. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2012;19:463-470.
57. Mehta S, Pereira S, Viana R, et al. Resistance training for gait speed and total distance walked during the chronic stage of stroke: a meta-analysis. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2012; 19:471-478.
58. Moore JL, Roth EJ, Killian C, Hornby TG. Locomotor training improves daily stepping activity and gait efficiency in individuals poststroke who have reached a "plateau" in recovery. Stroke. 2010;41:129-135.
59. Mudge S, Barber PA, Stott NS. Circuit-based rehabilitation improves gait endurance but not usual walking activity in chronic stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2009;90:1989-1996.
60. Pang MY, Eng JJ. Determinants of improvement in walking capacity among individuals with chronic stroke following a multi-dimensional exercise program. J Rehabil Med. 2008; 40:284-290.
61. Park HJ, Oh DW, Kim SY, Choi JD. Effectiveness of community-based ambulation training for walking function of post-stroke hemiparesis: a randomized controlled pilot trial. Clin Rehabil. 2011;25:451-459.
62. Roos MA, Rudolph KS, Reisman DS. The structure of walking activity in people after stroke compared with older adults without disability: a cross-sectional study. Phys Ther. 2012; 92:1141-1147.
63. Scrivener K, Sherrington C, Schurr K. Exercise dose and mobility outcome in a comprehensive stroke unit: description and prediction from a prospective cohort study. J Rehabil Med. 2012;44:824-829.
64. Scrivener K, Sherrington C, Schurr K. Amount of exercise in the first week after stroke predicts walking speed and unassisted walking. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2012;26: 932-938.
65. Severinsen K, Jakobsen JK, Pedersen AR, Overgaard K, Andersen H. Effects of resistance training and aerobic training on ambulation in chronic stroke. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2014;93:29-42.
66. Stock R, Mork PJ. The effect of an intensive exercise programme on leg function in chronic stroke patients: a pilot study with one-year follow-up. Clin Rehabil. 2009;23: 790-799.
67. Sullivan KJ, Klassen T, Mulroy S. Combined task-specific training and strengthening effects on locomotor recovery post-stroke: a case study. J Neurol Phys Ther. 2006;30: 130-141.
68. Sullivan KJ, Brown DA, Klassen T, et al. Effects of taskspecific locomotor and strength training in adults who were ambulatory after stroke: results of the STEPS randomized clinical trial. Phys Ther. 2007;87:1580-1602.
69. vandePort IG, Wevers LE, Lindeman E, Kwakkel G. Effects of circuit training as alternative to usual physiotherapy after stroke: Randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2012; 344:e2672.
70. van Nunen MP, Gerrits KH, de Haan A, Janssen TW. Exercise intensity of robot-assisted walking versus overground walking in nonambulatory stroke patients. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2012;49:1537-1546.
71. van der Port IGL, Wevers LEG, Lindeman E, Kwakkel G. Republished research: effects of circuit training as alternative to usual physiotherapy after stroke: randomised controlled trial. Br J Sports Med. 2013;47:178.
72. Wevers L, van de Port I, Vermue M, Mead G, Kwakkel G. Effects of task-oriented circuit class training on walking competency after stroke: a systematic review. Stroke. 2009;40: 2450-2459.
73. Badics E, Wittmann A, Rupp M, Stabauer B, Zifko U. Systematic muscle building exercises in the rehabilitation of stroke patients. NeuroRehabilitation. 2002;17:211-214.
74. Cooke EV, Mares K, Clark A, Tallis RC, Pomeroy VM. The effects of increased dose of exercise-based therapies to enhance motor recovery after stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Med. 2010;8:60-73.
75. Eng JJ, Lomaglio MJ, MacIntyre DL. Muscle torque preservation and physical activity in individuals with stroke. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009;41:1353-1360.
76. Flansbjer UB, Lexell J, Brogardh C. Long-term benefits of progressive resistance training in chronic stroke: a 4-year follow-up. J Rehabil Med. 2012;44:218-221.
77. Lee MJ, Kilbreath SL, Singh MF, Zeman B, Davis GM. Effect of progressive resistance training on muscle performance after chronic stroke. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010;42: 23-34.
78. Ryan AS, Ivey FM, Prior S, Li G, Hafer-Macko C. Skeletal muscle hypertrophy and muscle myostatin reduction after resistive training in stroke survivors. Stroke. 2011;42: 416-420.
79. Yu S, Park S. The effects of core stability strength exercise on muscle activity and trunk impairment scale in stroke patients. J Exerc Rehabil. 2013;9:362-367.
80. Ada L, Dorsch S, Canning CG. Strengthening interventions increase strength and improve activity after stroke: a systematic review. Aust J Physiother. 2006;52:241-248.
81. Bohannon RW. Muscle strength and muscle training after stroke. J Rehabil Med. 2007;39:14-20.
82. Eng JJ. Strength training in individuals with stroke. Physiother Can. 2004;56:189-201.
83. Hafer-Macko CE, Ryan AS, Ivey FM, Macko RF. Skeletal muscle changes after hemiparetic stroke and potential beneficial effects of exercise intervention strategies. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2008;45:261-272.
84. Harris JE, Eng JJ. Strength training improves upper-limb function in individuals with stroke: a meta-analysis. Stroke. 2010;41:136-140.
85. Hill TR, Gjellesvik TI, Moen PMR, et al. Maximal strength training enhances strength and functional performance in chronic stroke survivors. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2012;91: 393-400.
86. Mercer VS, Chang SH, Williams CD, Noble K, Vance AW. Effects of an exercise program to increase hip abductor muscle strength and improve lateral stability following stroke: a single subject design. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2009; 32:50-59.
87. Perell KL, Gregor RJ, Scremin AME. Muscle-strength and gait-speed changes after bicycle exercise in participants with unilateral CVA. Aging Phys Act. 2001;9:386-397.
88. Polese JC, Pinheiro MB, Faria CD, Britto RR, Parreira VF, Teixeira-Salmela L. Strength of the respiratory and lower limb muscles and functional capacity in chronic stroke survivors with different physical activity levels. Braz J Phys Ther. 2013;17:487-493.
89. Severinsen K, Jakobsen JK, Overgaard K, Andersen H. Normalized muscle strength, aerobic capacity, and walking performance in chronic stroke: A population-based study on the potential for endurance and resistance training. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2011;92:1663-1668.
90. van de Port IG, Wevers LE, Lindeman E, Kwakkel G. Effects of circuit training as alternative to usual physiotherapy after stroke: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2012; 344:e2672.
91. Carr JH, Shepherd RB. Enhancing physical activity and brain reorganization after stroke. Neurol Res Int. 2011; 2011:515938.
92. Kafri M, Myslinski MJ, Gade VK, Deutsch JE. Energy expenditure and exercise intensity of interactive video gaming in individuals poststroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2014;28:56-65.
93. Macko RF, Smith GV, Dobrovolny CL, Sorkin JD, Goldberg AP, Silver KH. Treadmill training improves fitness reserve in chronic stroke patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2001;82:879-884.
94. Bastille JV, Gill-Body KM. A yoga-based exercise program for people with chronic poststroke hemiparesis. Phys Ther. 2004;84:33-48.
95. Eng JJ, Pang MYC, Ashe MC. Balance, falls, and bone health: role of exercise in reducing fracture risk after stroke. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2008;45:297-313.
96. Michael K, Goldberg AP, Treuth MS, Beans J, Normandt P, Macko RF. Progressive adaptive physical activity in stroke improves balance, gait, and fitness: preliminary results. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2009;16:133-139.
97. Michael KM, Allen JK, Macko RF. Reduced ambulatory activity after stroke: the role of balance, gait, and cardiovascular fitness. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2005;86:1552-1556.
98. Schmid AA, van Puymbroeck M, Altenburger PA, et al. Balance and balance self-efficacy are associated with activity and participation after stroke: a cross-sectional study in people with chronic stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2012;93: 1101-1107.
99. Brogardh C, Lexell J. Effects of cardiorespiratory fitness and muscle-resistance training after stroke. PMR. 2012;4: 901-907.
100. Langhammer B, Lindmark B, Stanghelle JK. Stroke patients and long-term training: is it worthwhile? A randomized comparison of two different training strategies after rehabilitation. Clin Rehabil. 2007;21:495-510.
101. Macko RF, Ivey FM, Forrester LW. Task-oriented aerobic exercise in chronic hemiparetic stroke: training protocols and treatment effects. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2005;12:45-57.
102. Mehrholz J, Kugler J, Pohl M. Water-based exercises for improving activities of daily living after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011; (1):CD008186.
103. Saunders DH, Sanderson M, Brazzelli M, Greig CA, Mead GE. Physical fitness training for stroke patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013; (10):CD003316.
104. Yoo IG, Yoo WG. Effects of a multidisciplinary supervised exercise program on motor performance and quality of life in community-dwelling chronic stroke survivors in Korean. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2011; 42:436-443.
105. Duncan F, Kutlubaev MA, Dennis MS, Greig C, Mead GE. Fatigue after stroke: a systematic review of associations with impaired physical fitness. Int J Stroke. 2012;7:157-162.
106. Michael K, Macko RF. Ambulatory activity intensity profiles, fitness, and fatigue in chronic stroke. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2007;14:5-12.
107. Aidar F, Garrido N, JacóR, Marinho D, Reis V, Silva A. Effects of aquatic exercise on depression and anxiety in ischemic stroke. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011;43:280.
108. Aidar FJ, de Oliveira RJ, Silva AJ, et al. The influence of resistance exercise training on the levels of anxiety in ischemic stroke. Stroke Res Treat. 2012;2012:298375
109. Chan W, Immink MA, Hillier S. Yoga and exercise for symptoms of depression and anxiety in people with poststroke disability: a randomized, controlled pilot trial. Altern Ther Health Med. 2012;18:34-43.
110. Ellis C, Grubaugh AL, Egede LE. The association between major depression, health behaviors, and quality of life in adults with stroke. Int J Stroke. 2012;7:536-543.
111. Eng JJ, Reime B. Exercise for depressive symptoms in stroke patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Rehabil. 2014;28:731-739.
112. Sims J, Galea M, Taylor N, et al. Regenerate: assessing the feasibility of a strength-training program to enhance the physical and mental health of chronic post stroke patients with depression. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2009;24:76-83.
113. Kluding PM, Tseng BY, Billinger SA. Exercise and executive function in individuals with chronic stroke: a pilot study. J Neurol Phys Ther. 2011;35:11-17.
114. Marzolini S, Oh P, McIlroy W, Brooks D. The effects of an aerobic and resistance exercise training program on cognition following stroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2013;27: 392-402.
115. Quaney BM, Boyd LA, McDowd JM, et al. Aerobic exercise improves cognition and motor function poststroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2009;23:879-885.
116. Rand D, Eng JJ, Liu-Ambrose T, Tawashy AE. Feasibility of a 6-month exercise and recreation program to improve executive functioning and memory in individuals with chronic stroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2010;24:722-729.
117. Tang A, Eng JJ, Tsang TSM, Krassioukov AV. Cognition and motor impairment correlates with exercise test performance after stroke. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2013;45: 622-627.
118. Aidar FJ, de Oliveira RJ, Silva AJ, et al. The influence of the level of physical activity and human development in the quality of life in survivors of stroke. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2011;9:89-95.
119. Aidar FJ, Silva AJ, Reis VM, Carneiro A, Carneiro-Cotta S. A study on the quality of life in ischaemic vascular accidents and its relation to physical activity. Rev Neurol. 2007;45: 518-522.
120. Carin-Levy G, Kendall M, Young A, Mead G. The psychosocial effects of exercise and relaxation classes for persons surviving a stroke. Can J Occup Ther. 2009;76:73-80.
121. Chen MD, Rimmer JH. Effects of exercise on quality of life in stroke survivors: a meta-analysis. Stroke. 2011;42:832-837.
122. Eng JJ, Chu KS, Kim CM, Dawson AS, Carswell A, Hepburn KE. A community-based group exercise program for persons with chronic stroke. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003;35:1271-1278.
123. Gjellesvik TI, Brurok B, Hoff J, Torhaug T, Helgerud J. Effect of high aerobic intensity interval treadmill walking in people with chronic stroke: a pilot study with one year follow-up. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2012;19:353-360.
124. Hurkmans HL, Ribbers GM, Streur-Kranenburg MF, Stam HJ, van den Berg-Emons RJ. Energy expenditure in chronic stroke patients playing WII sports: a pilot study. J Neuroeng Rehabil. 2011;8:38.
125. Langhammer B, Stanghelle JK, Lindmark B. Exercise and health-related quality of life during the first year following acute stroke. A randomized controlled trial. Brain Inj. 2008;22:135-145.
126. Rand D, Eng JJ, Tang PF, Hung C, Jeng JS. Daily physical activity and its contribution to the health-related quality of life of ambulatory individuals with chronic stroke. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2010;8:80.
127. Shaughnessy M, Michael K, Resnick B. Impact of treadmill exercise on efficacy expectations, physical activity, and stroke recovery. J Neurosci Nurs. 2012;44:27-35.
128. Studenski S, Duncan PW, Perera S, Reker D, Lai SM, Richards L. Daily functioning and quality of life in a randomized controlled trial of therapeutic exercise for subacute stroke survivors. Stroke. 2005;36:1764-1770.
129. West T, Churilov L, Bernhardt J. Early physical activity and discharge destination after stroke: a comparison of acute and comprehensive stroke unit care. Rehabil Res Pract. 2013; 2013:498014.
130. Cramp MC, Greenwood RJ, Gill M, Lehmann A, Rothwell JC, Scott OM. Effectiveness of a communitybased low intensity exercise programme for ambulatory stroke survivors. Disabil Rehabil. 2010;32:239-247.
131. Cramp MC, Greenwood RJ, Gill M, Rothwell JC, Scott OM. Low intensity strength training for ambulatory stroke patients. Disabil Rehabil. 2006;28:883-889.
132. Marzolini S, McIlroy W, Oh P, Brooks D. Can individuals participating in cardiac rehabilitation achieve recommended exercise training levels following stroke? J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev. 2012;32:127-134.
133. Mead GE, Greig CA, Cunningham I, et al. Stroke: A randomized trial of exercise or relaxation. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2007;55:892-899.
134. Miller EW, Combs SA, Fish C, Bense B, Owens A, Burch A. Running training after stroke: a single-subject report. Phys Ther. 2008;88:511-522.
135. Poltawski L, Briggs J, Forster A, et al. Informing the design of a randomised controlled trial of an exercise-based programme for long term stroke survivors: lessons from a before-and-after case series study. BMC Res Notes. 2013;6: 1-9.
136. Ramas J, Courbon A, Roche F, Bethoux F, Calmels P. Effect of training programs and exercise in adult stroke patients: Literature review. Ann Readapt Med Phys. 2007;50:438-444.
137. Rimmer JH, Wang E. Aerobic exercise training in stroke survivors. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2005;12:17-30.
138. Stuart M, Benvenuti F, Macko R, et al. Community-based adaptive physical activity program for chronic stroke: feasibility, safety, and efficacy of the Empoli model. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2009;23:726-734.
139. Tang A, Marzolini S, Oh P, McIlroy WE, Brooks D. Feasibility and effects of adapted cardiac rehabilitation after stroke: a prospective trial. BMC Neurol. 2010;10:40.
140. Frazer SW, Hellebrand WE, Keijsers NL. Variation and achievement of ambulatory activity among patients with chronic stroke. J Rehabil Med. 2013;45:848-853.
141. Fulk GD, Reynolds C, Mondal S, Deutsch JE. Predicting home and community walking activity in people with stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2010;91:1582-1586.
142. van der Pas SC, Verbunt JA, Breukelaar DE, van Woerden R, SeelenHA.Assessmentof armactivity using triaxial accelerometry in patients with a stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2011;92: 1437-1442.
143. Knarr B, Roos MA, Reisman DS. Sampling frequency impacts measurement of walking activity after stroke. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2013;50:1107-1112.
144. Manns PJ, Baldwin E. Ambulatory activity of stroke survivors: Measurement options for dose, intensity, and variability of activity. Stroke. 2009;40:864-867.
145. Sullivan JE, Espe LE, Kelly AM, Veilbig LE, Kwasny MJ. Feasibility and outcomes of a community-based, pedometer-monitored walking program in chronic stroke: a pilot study. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2014;21:101-110.
146. Fulk GD, Combs SA, Danks KA, Nirider CD, Raja B, Reisman DS. Accuracy of 2 activity monitors in detecting steps in people with stroke and traumatic brain injury. Phys Ther. 2014;94:222-229.
147. Fulk GD, Lopez-Meyer P, Sazonov ES. Characterizing walking activity in people with stroke. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2011;2011:5211-5214.
148. Fulk GD, Sazonov E. Using sensors to measure activity in people with stroke. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2011;18:746-757.
149. Vanroy C, Vissers D, Cras P, et al. Physical activity monitoring in stroke: SenseWear Pro2 activity accelerometer versus Yamax digi-walker SW-200 pedometer. Disabil Rehabil. 2014;36(20):1695-1703.
150. Banks G, Bernhardt J, Churilov L, Cumming TB. Exercise preferences are different after stroke. Stroke Res Treat. 2012;2012:890946.
151. Danielsson A, Willén C, Sunnerhagen KS. Physical activity, ambulation, and motor impairment late after stroke. Stroke Res Treat. 2012:1-5.
152. Resnick B, Michael K, Shaughnessy M, et al. Inflated perceptions of physical activity after stroke: pairing self-report with physiologic measures. J Phys Act Health. 2008;5:308-318.
153. Baert I, Feys H, Daly D, Troosters T, Vanlandewijck Y. Are patients 1 year post-stroke active enough to improve their physical health? Disabil Rehabil. 2012;34:574-580.
154. Robinson CA, Shumway-Cook A, Ciol MA, Kartin D. Participation in community walking following stroke: Subjective versus objective measures and the impact of personal factors. Phys Ther. 2011;91:1865-1876.
155. Hill DC, Ethans KD, MacLeod DA, Harrison ER, Matheson JE. Exercise stress testing in subacute stroke patients using a combined upper-and lower-limb ergometer. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2005;86:1860-1866.
156. Maeda A, Yuasa T, Nakamura K, Higuchi S, Motohashi Y. Physical performance tests after stroke: reliability and validity. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2000;79:519-525.
157. Ovando AC, Michaelsen SM, Carvalho T, Herber V. Evaluation of cardiopulmonary fitness in individuals with hemiparesis after cerebrovascular accident. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2011; 96:140-147.
158. Pang MY, Eng JJ, Dawson AS. Relationship between ambulatory capacity and cardiorespiratory fitness in chronic stroke: influence of stroke-specific impairments. Chest. 2005;127:495-501.
159. Stoller O, de Bruin ED, SchindelholzM, Schuster C, de BieRA, Hunt KJ. Evaluation of exercise capacity after severe stroke using robotics-assisted treadmill exercise: a proof-of-concept study. Technol Health Care. 2013;21:157-166.
160. Baert I, Vanlandewijck Y, Feys H, Vanhees L, Beyens H, Daly D. Determinants of cardiorespiratory fitness at 3, 6 and 12 months poststroke. Disabil Rehabil. 2012;34: 1835-1842.
161. Barker RN, Gill TJ, Brauer SG. Factors contributing to upper limb recovery after stroke: a survey of stroke survivors in Queensland Australia. Disabil Rehabil. 2007;29:981-989.
162. Hildebrand M, Brewer M, Wolf T. The impact of mild stroke on participation in physical fitness activities. Stroke Res Treat. 2012;2012:548682.
163. Tiedemann A, Sherrington C, Dean CM, et al. Predictors of adherence to a structured exercise program and physical activity participation in community dwellers after stroke. Stroke Res Treat. 2012;2012:136525.
164. Wolf T, Koster J. Perceived recovery as a predictor of physical activity participation after mild stroke. Disabil Rehabil. 2013;35:1143-1148.
165. Best C, van Wijck F, Dennis J, et al. A survey of community exercise programmes for stroke survivors in scotland. Health Soc Care Community. 2012;20:400-411.
166. Robinson CA, Matsuda PN, Ciol MA, Shumway-Cook A. Participation in community walking following stroke: the influence of self-perceived environmental barriers. Phys Ther. 2013;93:620-627.
167. Rimmer JH, Wang E, Smith D. Barriers associated with exercise and community access for individuals with stroke. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2008;45:315-322.
168. Wiles R, Demain S, Robison J, Kileff J, Ellis-Hill C, McPherson K. Exercise on prescription schemes for stroke patients post-discharge from physiotherapy. Disabil Rehabil. 2008;30:1966-1975.
169. Barker RN, Brauer SG. Upper limb recovery after stroke: the stroke survivors' perspective. Disabil Rehabil. 2005;27: 1213-1223.
170. Morris J, Oliver T, Kroll T, Macgillivray S. The importance of psychological and social factors in influencing the uptake and maintenance of physical activity after stroke: a structured review of the empirical literature. Stroke Res Treat. 2012;2012:195249.
171. Nicholson SL, Donaghy M, Johnston M, et al. A qualitative theory guided analysis of stroke survivors' perceived barriers and facilitators to physical activity. Disabil Rehabil. 2013; doi: 10.3109/09638288.2013.874506.
172. Shaughnessy M, Resnick BM, Macko RF. Testing a model of post-stroke exercise behavior. Rehabil Nurs. 2006;31: 15-21.
173. Reed M, Harrington R, Duggan A, Wood VA. Meeting stroke survivors' perceived needs: a qualitative study of a community-based exercise and education scheme. Clin Rehabil. 2010;24:16-25.
174. Alzahrani MA, Dean CM, Ada L, Dorsch S, Canning CG. Mood and balance are associated with free-living physical activity of people after stroke residing in the community. Stroke Res Treat. 2012;2012:470648.
175. Morris JH, Oliver T, Kroll T, Joice S, Williams B. From physical and functional to continuity with pre-stroke self and participation in valued activities: a qualitative exploration of stroke survivors', carers' and physiotherapists' perceptions of physical activity after stroke. Disabil Rehabil. 2015; 37(1):64-77.
176. Gill L, Sullivan KA. Boosting exercise beliefs and motivation through a psychological intervention designed for poststroke populations. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2011;18:470-480.
177. Patterson S, Ross-Edwards B. Long-term stroke survivors' needs and perceptions of an exercise maintenance model of care. Int J Ther Rehabil. 2009;16:659-669.
178. Damush TM, Plue L, Bakas T, Schmid A, Williams LS. Barriers and facilitators to exercise among stroke survivors. Rehabil Nurs. 2007;32:253-262.
179. Jurkiewicz MT, Marzolini S, Oh P. Adherence to a homebased exercise program for individuals after stroke. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2011;18:277-284.
180. Boysen G, Krarup LH, Zeng X, et al. ExStroke pilot trial of the effect of repeated instructions to improve physical activity after ischaemic stroke: a multinational randomised controlled clinical trial. BMJ. 2009;339:b2810.
181. Toledano-Zarhi A, Tanne D, Carmeli E, Katz-Leurer M. Feasibility, safety and efficacy of an early aerobic rehabilitation program for patients after minor ischemic stroke: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Neuro Rehabilitation. 2011;28: 85-90.
182. van der Ploeg HP, Streppel KR, van der Beek AJ, et al. Successfully improving physical activity behavior after rehabilitation. Am J Health Promot. 2007;21:153-159.
183. Gillham S, Endacott R. Impact of enhanced secondary prevention on health behaviour in patients following minor stroke and transient ischaemic attack: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2010;24:822-830.
184. Green T, Haley E, Eliasziw M, Hoyte K. Education in stroke prevention: efficacy of an educational counselling intervention to increase knowledge in stroke survivors. Can J Neurosci Nurs. 2007;29:13-20.
185. Kono Y, Yamada S, Yamaguchi J, et al. Secondary prevention of new vascular events with lifestyle intervention in patients with noncardioembolic mild ischemic stroke: a single-center randomized controlled trial. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2013;36:88-97.
186. Brown C, Fraser JE, Inness EL, et al. Does participation in standardized aerobic fitness training during inpatient stroke rehabilitation promote engagement in aerobic exercise after discharge? A cohort study. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2014; 21(Suppl 1):S42-S51.
187. Touillet A, Guesdon H, Bosser G, Beis JM, Paysant J. Assessment of compliance with prescribed activity by hemiplegic stroke patients after an exercise programme and physical activity education. Ann Phys RehabilMed. 2010;53:257-265.
188. Danks KA, Roos MA, McCoy D, Reisman DS. A step activity monitoring program improves real world walking activity post stroke. Disabil Rehabil. 2014;, doi: 10.3109/09638288.2014.903303.
189. Olney SJ, Nymark J, Brouwer B, et al. A randomized controlled trial of supervised versus unsupervised exercise programs for ambulatory stroke survivors. Stroke. 2006;37: 476-481.
190. Sit JW, Yip VY, Ko SK, Gun AP, Lee JS. A quasi-experimental study on a community-based stroke prevention programme for clients with minor stroke. J Clin Nurs. 2007;16: 272-281.
191. Morris JH, Macgillivray S, McFarlane S. Interventions to promote long-term participation in physical activity after stroke: a systematic review of the literature. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2014;95:956-967.
192. Huijbregts MP, Myers AM, Streiner D, Teasell R. Implementation, process, and preliminary outcome evaluation of two community programs for persons with stroke and their care partners. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2008;15:503-520.
193. Lennon O, Galvin R, Smith K, Doody C, Blake C. Lifestyle interventions for secondary disease prevention in stroke and transient ischaemic attack: a systematic review. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2013;21:1026-1039.
194. White JH, Bynon BL, Marquez J, Sweetapple A, Pollack M. Masterstroke: a pilot group stroke prevention program for community dwelling stroke survivors. Disabil Rehabil. 2013; 35:931-938.
195. Mead G, Bernhardt J. Physical fitness training after stroke, time to implement what we know: more research is needed. Int J Stroke. 2011;6:506-508.
196. Rose DK, Schafer J, Conroy C. Extending the continuum of care poststroke: creating a partnership to provide a community-based wellness program. J Neurol Phys Ther. 2013;37: 78-84.
197. Stuart M, Chard S, Roettger S. Exercise for chronic stroke survivors: A policy perspective. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2008;45: 329-335.
198. Nery MB, Driver S, Vanderbom KA. Systematic framework to classify the status of research on spinal cord injury and physical activity. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2013;94:2027-2031.
199. Vanderbom KA, Driver S, Nery-Hurwit M. A systematic framework to classify physical activity research for individuals with spina bifida. Disabil Health J. 2014;7:36-41.
200. Pawlowski J, Dixon-Ibarra A, Driver S. Review of the status of physical activity research for individuals with traumatic brain injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2013;94:1184-1189.
201. Dixon-Ibarra A, Vanderbom K, Dugala A, Driver S. Systematic framework to evaluate the status of physical activity research for persons with multiple sclerosis. Disabil Health J. 2014;7:151-156.
202. Wilson DJ, Powell M, Gorham JL, Childers MK. Ambulation training with and without partial weightbearing after traumatic brain injury: results of a randomized, controlled trial. Am Jo Phys Med Rehabil. 2006;85:68-74.
203. Drum CE, Krahn GL, Bersani HA. Disability and Public Health. 1st ed. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association; 2009.
204. Drum CE, Peterson JJ, Culley C, et al. Guidelines and criteria for the implementations of community-based health promotion programs for individuals with disabilities. Am J Health Promot. 2009;24:93-101.
205. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. http://www.cdc.gov/chronicdisease/overview/index.htm. Accessed February 19, 2014.
206. US Department of Health and Human Services. Office of disease prevention and health promotion. Healthy People 2020. http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topicsobjectives2020/overview.aspx?topicid59. Accessed March 5, 2014.
207. Physical Activity and Health: Report Contents. http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/sgr/contents.htm. Accessed August 4, 2014.