Reduced cardiorespiratory fitness after stroke: Biological consequences and exercise-induced adaptations

Stroke Research and Treatment

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages

  Billinger, Sandra A ^a   Coughenour, Eileen ^a   MacKay Lyons, Marilyn J ^b   Ivey, Frederick M ^c,d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^d BALTIMORE VA MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL FACTOR; CYTOKINE;

ADAPTATION; BLOOD FLOW; CARDIOPULMONARY FUNCTION; CARDIOVASCULAR FUNCTION; COGNITION; DAILY LIFE ACTIVITY; EXERCISE; EXERCISE TOLERANCE; GLUCOSE METABOLISM; HUMAN; MEMORY; MUSCLE FUNCTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESPIRATORY FUNCTION; REVIEW; STROKE;

EID: 80053506899     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20420056     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1155/2012/959120     Document Type: Review

References (121)

1. Ivey F. M., Gardner A. W., Dobrovolny C. L., Macko R. F., Unilateral impairment of leg blood flow in chronic stroke patients Cerebrovascular Diseases 2004 18 4 283 289 (Pubitemid 39664251)
2. Billinger S. A., Kluding P. M., Use of doppler ultrasound to assess femoral artery adaptations in the hemiparetic limb in people with stroke Cerebrovascular Diseases 2009 27 6 552 558
3. Billinger S. A., Gajewski B. J., Guo L. X., Kluding P. M., Single limb exercise induces femoral artery remodeling and improves blood flow in the hemiparetic leg poststroke Stroke 2009 40 9 3086 3090
4. Landin S., Hagenfeldt L., Saltin B., Wahren J., Muscle metabolism during exercise in hemiparetic patients Clinical Science and Molecular Medicine 1977 53 3 257 269 (Pubitemid 8178609)
5. Hafer-Macko C. E., Yu S., Ryan A. S., Ivey F. M., Macko R. F., Elevated tumor necrosis factor- in skeletal muscle after stroke Stroke 2005 36 9 2021 2023 (Pubitemid 41266546)
6. De Deyne P. G., Hafer-Macko C. E., Ivey F. M., Ryan A. S., Macko R. F., Muscle molecular phenotype after stroke is associated with gait speed Muscle and Nerve 2004 30 2 209 215 (Pubitemid 38982226)
7. Ryan A. S., Dobrovolny C. L., Smith G. V., Silver K. H., Macko R. F., Hemiparetic muscle atrophy and increased intramuscular fat in stroke patients Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2002 83 12 1703 1707 (Pubitemid 35424690)
8. Ivey F. M., Hafer-Macko C. E., Ryan A. S., MacKo R. F., Impaired leg vasodilatory function after stroke: adaptations with treadmill exercise training Stroke 2010 41 12 2913 2917
9. Gordon N. F., Gulanick M., Costa F., Fletcher G., Franklin B. A., Roth E. J., Shephard T., Physical activity and exercise recommendations for stroke survivors: an American Heart Association Scientific Statement from the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Subcommittee on Exercise, Cardiac Rehabilitation, and Prevention; the Council on Cardiovascular Nursing; the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism; and the Stroke Council Circulation 2004 109 16 2031 2041 (Pubitemid 38544496)
10. Ivey F. M., Macko R. F., Ryan A. S., Hafer-Macko C. E., Cardiovascular health and fitness after stroke Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation 2005 12 1 1 16 (Pubitemid 40328254)
11. Macko R. F., DeSouza C. A., Tretter L. D., Silver K. H., Smith G. V., Anderson P. A., Tomoyasu N., Gorman P., Dengel D. R., Treadmill aerobic exercise training reduces the energy expenditure and cardiovascular demands of hemiparetic gait in chronic stroke patients: a preliminary report Stroke 1997 28 2 326 330 (Pubitemid 27096999)
12. Macko R. F., Katzel L. I., Yataco A., Tretter L. D., DeSouza C. A., Dengel D. R., Smith G. V., Silver K. H., Low-velocity graded treadmill stress testing in hemiparetic stroke patients Stroke 1997 28 5 988 992 (Pubitemid 27209147)
13. Macko R. F., Smith G. V., Dobrovolny C. L., Sorkin J. D., Goldberg A. P., Silver K. H., Treadmill training improves fitness reserve in chronic stroke patients Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2001 82 7 879 884 (Pubitemid 32619810)
14. MacKay-Lyons M. J., Makrides L., Exercise capacity early after stroke Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2002 83 12 1697 1702 (Pubitemid 35424689)
15. Billinger S. A., Tseng B. Y., Kluding P. M., Modified total-body recumbent stepper exercise test for assessing peak oxygen consumption in people with chronic stroke Physical Therapy 2008 88 10 1188 1195
16. Billinger S., Guo L. X., Pohl P. S., Kluding P. M., Single limb exercise: pilot study of physiological and functional responses to forced use of the hemiparetic lower extremity Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation 2010 17 2 128 139
17. MacKay-Lyons M. J., Hewlett J., Exercise capacity and cardiovascular adaptations to aerobic training early after stroke Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation 2005 12 1 31 44 (Pubitemid 40328256)
18. Ivey F. M., Ryan A. S., Hafer-Macko C. E., Goldberg A. P., Macko R. F., Treadmill aerobic training improves glucose tolerance and indices of insulin sensitivity in disabled stroke survivors: a preliminary report Stroke 2007 38 10 2752 2758 (Pubitemid 47494014)
19. Rochester C. L., Mohsenin V., Respiratory complications of stroke Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2002 23 3 248 260 (Pubitemid 34765063)
20. Tseng B. Y., Billinger S. A., Gajewski B. J., Kluding P. M., Exertion fatigue and chronic fatigue are two distinct constructs in people post-stroke Stroke 2010 41 12 2908 2912
21. Tang A., Sibley K. M., Thomas S. G., Bayley M. T., Richardson D., McIlroy W. E., Brooks D., Effects of an aerobic exercise program on aerobic capacity, spatiotemporal gait parameters, and functional capacity in subacute stroke Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 2009 23 4 398 406
22. Macko R. F., Ivey F. M., Forrester L. W., Hanley D., Sorkin J. D., Katzel L. I., Silver K. H., Goldberg A. P., Treadmill exercise rehabilitation improves ambulatory function and cardiovascular fitness in patients with chronic stroke: a randomized, controlled trial Stroke 2005 36 10 2206 2211 (Pubitemid 41429247)
23. Ryan A. S., Ivey F. M., Prior S., Li G., Hafer-Macko C., Skeletal muscle hypertrophy and muscle myostatin reduction after resistive training in stroke survivors Stroke 2011 42 2 416 420
24. Maria Kim C., Eng J. J., The relationship of lower-extremity muscle torque to locomotor performance in people with stroke Physical Therapy 2003 83 1 49 57 (Pubitemid 36114429)
25. Bohannon R. W., Knee extension strength and body weight determine sit-to-stand independence after stroke Physiotherapy Theory and Practice 2007 23 5 291 297 (Pubitemid 47575068)
26. Kernan W. N., Inzucchi S. E., Viscoli C. M., Brass L. M., Bravata D. M., Shulman G. I., McVeety J. C., Horwitz R. I., Impaired insulin sensitivity among nondiabetic patients with a recent TIA or ischemic stroke Neurology 2003 60 9 1447 1451 (Pubitemid 36554804)
27. Ivey F. M., Ryan A. S., Hafer-Macko C. E., Garrity B. M., Sorkin J. D., Goldberg A. P., Macko R. F., High prevalence of abnormal glucose metabolism and poor sensitivity of fasting plasma glucose in the chronic phase of stroke Cerebrovascular Diseases 2006 22 5-6 368 371 (Pubitemid 44681110)
28. Kelly J. O., Kilbreath S. L., Davis G. M., Zeman B., Raymond J., Cardiorespiratory fitness and walking ability in subacute stroke patients Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2003 84 12 1780 1785 (Pubitemid 37509788)
29. Daugaard J. R., Richter E. A., Relationship between muscle fibre composition, glucose transporter protein 4 and exercise training: possible consequences in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 2001 171 3 267 276 (Pubitemid 32825511)
30. Prior S. J., Mckenzie M. J., Joseph L. J., Ivey F., Macko R. F., Hafer-Macko C. E., Ryan A. S., Reduced skeletal muscle capillarization and glucose intolerance Microcirculation 2009 16 3 203 212
31. Greiwe J. S., Bo C., Rubin D. C., Yarasheski K. E., Semenkovich C. F., Resistance exercise decreases skeletal muscle tumor necrosis factor in frail elderly humans FASEB Journal 2001 15 2 475 482 (Pubitemid 32141439)
32. Saghizadeh M., Ong J. M., Garvey W. T., Henry R. R., Kern P. A., The expression of TNF by human muscle: relationship to insulin resistance Journal of Clinical Investigation 1996 97 4 1111 1116 (Pubitemid 26070591)
33. Roger V. L., Go A. S., Lloyd-Jones D. M., Adams R. J., Berry J. D., Brown T. M., Carnethon M. R., Dai S., de Simone G., Ford E. S., Fox C. S., Fullerton H. J., Gillespie C., Greenlund K. J., Hailpern S. M., Heit J. A., Ho P. M., Howard V. J., Kissela B. M., Kittner S. J., Lackland D. T., Lichtman J. H., Lisabeth L. D., Makuc D. M., Marcus G. M., Marelli A., Matchar D. B., McDermott M. M., Meigs J. B., Moy C. S., Mozaffarian D., Mussolino M. E., Nichol G., Paynter N. P., Rosamond W. D., Sorlie P. D., Stafford R. S., Turan T. N., Turner M. B., Wong N. D., Wylie-Rosett J., Heart disease and stroke statistics-2011 update: a report from the American Heart Association Circulation 2011 123 4 e18 e209
34. Ryan A. S., Dobrovolny C. L., Silver K. H., Smith G. V., Macko R. F., Cardiovascular fitness after stroke: role of muscle mass and gait deficit severity Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases 2000 9 4 185 191 (Pubitemid 30480496)
35. Brooks G. A., Fahey T. D., Baldwin K. M., Barrosse E, Neurons, motor unit recruitment, and integrative control of movement Exercise Physiology: Human Bioenergetics and Its Applications 2005 Boston, Mass, USA McGraw Hill 396 429
36. Michael K., Fatigue and stroke Rehabilitation Nursing 2002 27 3 89 103
37. Ainsworth B. E., Haskell W. L., Whitt M. C., Irwin M. L., Swartz A. M., Strath S. J., O'Brien W. L., Bassett D. R., Schmitz K. H., Emplaincourt P. O., Jacobs D. R., Leon A. S., Compendium of physical activities: an update of activity codes and MET intensities Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 2000 32 9 S498 S504
38. Ivey F. M., Hafer-Macko C. E., Macko R. F., Exercise rehabilitation after stroke NeuroRx 2006 3 4 439 450 (Pubitemid 44443018)
39. Kovacs I., Toth J., Tarjan J., Koller A., Correlation of flow mediated dilation with inflammatory markers in patients with impaired cardiac function. Beneficial effects of inhibition of ACE European Journal of Heart Failure 2006 8 5 451 459
40. Ferrari R., Bachetti T., Agnoletti L., Comini L., Curello S., Endothelial function and dysfunction in heart failure European Heart Journal 1998 19 G41 G47
41. Gomez R., Lago F., Gomez-Reino J., Dieguez C., Gualillo O., Adipokines in the skeleton: influence on cartilage function and joint degenerative diseases Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 2009 43 1 11 18
42. Hassan A., Gormley K., O'Sullivan M., Knight J., Sham P., Vallance P., Bamford J., Markus H., Endothelial nitric oxide gene haplotypes and risk of cerebral small-vessel disease Stroke 2004 35 3 654 659 (Pubitemid 38280836)
43. Nadar S. K., Lip G. Y. H., Lee K. W., Blann A. D., Circulating endothelial cells in acute ischaemic stroke Thrombosis and Haemostasis 2005 94 4 707 712 (Pubitemid 41489228)
44. Castellanos M., Castillo J., Garca M. M., Leira R., Serena J., Chamorro A., Dvalos A., Inflammation-mediated damage in progressing lacunar infarctions a potential therapeutic target Stroke 2002 33 4 982 987 (Pubitemid 34293579)
45. Rodrguez-Yez M., Castellanos M., Blanco M., Garca M. M., Nombela F., Serena J., Leira R., Lizasoain I., Dvalos A., Castillo J., New-onset hypertension and inflammatory response/poor outcome in acute ischemic stroke Neurology 2006 67 11 1973 1978 (Pubitemid 44967373)
46. Blum A., Miller H., Role of cytokines in heart failure American Heart Journal 1998 135 2, part 1 181 186 (Pubitemid 28139155)
47. Aukrust P., Ueland T., Lien E., Bendtzen K., Mller F., Andreassen A. K., Nordy I., Aass H., Espevik T., Simonsen S., Frland S. S., Gullestad L., Cytokine network in congestive heart failure secondary to ischemic or idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy American Journal of Cardiology 1999 83 3 376 382 (Pubitemid 29066497)
48. Ploeger H. E., Takken T., de Greef M. H., Timmons B. W., The effects of acute and chronic exercise on inflammatory markers in children and adults with a chronic inflammatory disease: a systematic review Exercise Immunology Review 2009 15 6 41
49. Jeppesen J., Hansen T. W., Rasmussen S., Ibsen H., Torp-Pedersen C., Madsbad S., Insulin resistance, the metabolic syndrome, and risk of incident cardiovascular disease. A population-based study Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2007 49 21 2112 2119 (Pubitemid 46771048)
50. Vermeer S. E., Sandee W., Algra A., Koudstaal P. J., Kappelle L. J., Dippel D. W. J., Impaired glucose tolerance increases stroke risk in nondiabetic patients with transient ischemic attack or minor ischemic stroke Stroke 2006 37 6 1413 1417 (Pubitemid 44305718)
51. Lakka H. M., Lakka T. A., Tuomilehto J., Sivenius J., Salonen J. T., Hyperinsulinemia and the risk of cardiovascular death and acute coronary and cerebrovascular events in men: the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study Archives of Internal Medicine 2000 160 8 1160 1168 (Pubitemid 30227027)
52. Pyrl M., Miettinen H., Laakso M., Pyrl K., Hyperinsulinemia and the risk of stroke in healthy middle-aged men: the 22-year follow-up results of the Helsinki Policemen Study Stroke 1998 29 9 1860 1866 (Pubitemid 28399978)
53. Knowler W. C., Barrett-Connor E., Fowler S. E., Hamman R. F., Lachin J. M., Walker E. A., Nathan D. M., Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin New England Journal of Medicine 2002 346 6 393 403 (Pubitemid 34437694)
54. Williamson J. W., Fadel P. J., Mitchell J. H., New insights into central cardiovascular control during exercise in humans: a central command update Experimental Physiology 2006 91 1 51 58
55. Mohrman D. E., Heller L. J., Cardiovascular Physiology 2006 New York, NY, USA McGraw-Hill Lange Medical Books
56. Gerrits H. L., de Haan A., Sargeant A. J., van Langen H., Hopman M. T., Peripheral vascular changes after electrically stimulated cycle training in people with spinal cord injury Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2001 82 6 832 839 (Pubitemid 32520796)
57. Henderson L. A., Richard C. A., Macey P. M., Runquist M. L., Yu P. L., Galons J. -P., Harper R. M., Functional magnetic resonance signal changes in neural structures to baroreceptor reflex activation Journal of Applied Physiology 2004 96 2 693 703 (Pubitemid 38140175)
58. Rincon F., Dhamoon M., Moon Y., Paik M. C., Boden-Albala B., Homma S., Di Tullio M. R., Sacco R. L., Elkind M. S. V., Stroke location and association with fatal cardiac outcomes: Northern Manhattan study (NOMAS) Stroke 2008 39 9 2425 2431
59. Bleeker M. W. P., De Groot P. C. E., Poelkens F., Rongen G. A., Smits P., Hopman M. T. E., Vascular adaptation to 4wk of deconditioning by unilateral lower limb suspension American Journal of PhysiologyHeart and Circulatory Physiology 2005 288 4 H1747 H1755
60. Bleeker M. W. P., De Groot P. C. E., Rongen G. A., Rittweger J., Felsenberg D., Smits P., Hopman M. T. E., Vascular adaptation to deconditioning and the effect of an exercise countermeasure: results of the Berlin Bed Rest study Journal of Applied Physiology 2005 99 4 1293 1300 (Pubitemid 43014332)
61. Dinenno F. A., Jones P. P., Seals D. R., Tanaka H., Limb blood flow and vascular conductance are reduced with age in healthy humans: relation to elevations in sympathetic nerve activity and declines in oxygen demand Circulation 1999 100 2 164 170 (Pubitemid 29330015)
62. Ivey F. M., Ryan A. S., Hafer-Macko C. E., Macko R. F., Improved cerebral vasomotor reactivity after exercise training in hemiparetic stroke survivors Stroke 2011 42 7 1994 2000
63. Sutbeyaz S. T., Koseoglu F., Inan L., Coskun O., Respiratory muscle training improves cardiopulmonary function and exercise tolerance in subjects with subacute stroke: a randomized controlled trial Clinical Rehabilitation 2010 24 3 240 250
64. Vingerhoets F., Bogousslavsky J., Respiratory dysfunction in stroke Clinics in Chest Medicine 1994 15 4 729 737 (Pubitemid 24371959)
65. Roth E. J., Heart disease in patients with stroke: incidence, impact, and implications for rehabilitation part 1: classification and prevalence Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1993 74 7 752 760 (Pubitemid 23203554)
66. Haas A., Rusk H. A., Pelosof H., Adam J. R., Respiratory function in hemiplegic patients Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1967 48 4 174 179
67. Fugl-Meyer A. R., Grimby G., Respiration in tetraplegia and in hemiplegia: a review International Rehabilitation Medicine 1984 6 4 186 190 (Pubitemid 15188087)
68. Annoni J. M., Ackermann D., Kesselring J., Respiratory function in chronic hemiplegia International Disability Studies 1990 12 2 78 80 (Pubitemid 20328222)
69. Similowski T., Catala M., Rancurel G., Derenne J. P., Impairment of central motor conduction to the diaphragm in stroke American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 1996 154 2, part 1 436 441 (Pubitemid 26269116)
70. Lanini B., Bianchi R., Romagnoli I., Coli C., Binazzi B., Gigliotti F., Pizzi A., Grippo A., Scano G., Chest wall kinematics in patients with hemiplegia American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2003 168 1 109 113 (Pubitemid 37046640)
71. Teixeira-Salmela L. F., Parreira V. F., Britto R. R., Brant T. C., Incio.. P., Alcntara T. O., Carvalho I. F., Respiratory pressures and thoracoabdominal motion in community-dwelling chronic stroke survivors Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2005 86 10 1974 1978 (Pubitemid 41423627)
72. Fugl-Meyer A. R., Linderholm H., Wilson A. F., Restrictive ventilatory dysfunction in stroke: its relation to locomotor function Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 1983 15 9 118 124 (Pubitemid 14135056)
73. Clark T. J., Freedman S., Campbell E. J., Winn R. R., The ventilatory capacity of patients with chronic airways obstruction Clinical Science 1969 36 2 307 316
74. Tomczak C. R., Jelani A., Haennel R. G., Haykowsky M. J., Welsh R., Manns P. J., Cardiac reserve and pulmonary gas exchange kinetics in patients with stroke Stroke 2008 39 11 3102 3106
75. van der Palen J., Rea T. D., Manolio T. A., Lumley T., Newman A. B., Tracy R. P., Enright P. L., Psaty B. M., Respiratory muscle strength and the risk of incident cardiovascular events Thorax 2004 59 12 1063 1067 (Pubitemid 39573926)
76. ACSM: American College of Sports Medicine Position Stand, The recommended quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness, and flexibility in healthy adults Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 1998 30 6 975 991
77. Samitz G., Bachl N., Physical training programs and their effects on aerobic capacity and coronary risk profile in sedentary individuals. Design of a long-term exercise training program Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness 1991 31 2 283 293
78. Franklin B. A., Besseghini I., Golden L. H., Low intensity physical conditioning: effects on patients with coronary heart disease Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1978 59 6 276 280 (Pubitemid 8357156)
79. Mertens D. J., Kavanagh T., Exercise training for patients with chronic atrial fibrillation Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation 1996 16 3 193 196 (Pubitemid 26162598)
80. Rimmer J. H., Braunschweig C., Silverman K., Riley B., Creviston T., Nicola T., Effects of a short-term health promotion intervention for a predominantly African-American group of stroke survivors American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2000 18 4 332 338 (Pubitemid 30224569)
81. Moore J. L., Roth E. J., Killian C., Hornby T. G., Locomotor training improves daily stepping activity and gait efficiency in individuals poststroke who have reached a plateau in recovery Stroke 2010 41 1 129 135
82. Duncan P. W., Studenski S., Richards L., Gollub S., Lai S. M., Reker D., Perera S., Yates J., Koch V., Rigler S., Johnson D., Randomized clinical trial of therapeutic exercise in subacute stroke Stroke 2003 34 9 2173 2180 (Pubitemid 37099832)
83. Teixeira da Cunha Filho I., Lim P. A. C., Qureshy H., Henson H., Monga T., Protas E. J., A comparison of regular rehabilitation and regular rehabilitation with supported treadmill ambulation training for acute stroke patients Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development 2001 38 2 245 255 (Pubitemid 34118857)
84. Luft A. R., MacKo R. F., Forrester L. W., Villagra F., Ivey F., Sorkin J. D., Whitall J., McCombe-Waller S., Katzel L., Goldberg A. P., Hanley D. F., Treadmill exercise activates subcortical neural networks and improves walking after stroke: a randomized controlled trial Stroke 2008 39 12 3341 3350
85. Lennon O., Carey A., Gaffney N., Stephenson J., Blake C., A pilot randomized controlled trial to evaluate the benefit of the cardiac rehabilitation paradigm for the non-acute ischaemic stroke population Clinical Rehabilitation 2008 22 2 125 133 (Pubitemid 351356264)
86. Rimmer J. H., Rauworth A. E., Wang E. C., Nicola T. L., Hill B., A preliminary study to examine the effects of aerobic and therapeutic (nonaerobic) exercise on cardiorespiratory fitness and coronary risk reduction in stroke survivors Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2009 90 3 407 412
87. Jrgensen J. R., Bech-Pdersen D. T., Zeeman P., Srensen J., Andersen L. L., Schnberger M., Effect of intensive outpatient physical training on gait performance and cardiovascular health in people with hemiparesis after stroke Physical Therapy 2010 90 4 527 537
88. Pang M. Y. C., Eng J. J., Dawson A. S., Relationship between ambulatory capacity and cardiorespiratory fitness in chronic stroke: influence of stroke-specific impairments Chest 2005 127 2 495 501 (Pubitemid 40229308)
89. Chu K. S., Eng J. J., Dawson A. S., Harris J. E., Ozkaplan A., Gylfadttir S., Water-based exercise for cardiovascular fitness in people with chronic stroke: a randomized controlled trial Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2004 85 6 870 874 (Pubitemid 38881013)
90. Yates J. S., Studenski S., Gollub S., Whitman R., Perera S., Lai S. M., Duncan P. W., Bicycle ergometry in subacute-stroke survivors: feasibility, safety, and exercise performance Journal of Aging and Physical Activity 2004 12 1 64 74 (Pubitemid 38112644)
91. Ades P. A., Waldmann M. L., Meyer W. L., Brown K. A., Poehlman E. T., Pendlebury W. W., Leslie K. O., Gray P. R., Lew R. R., LeWinter M. M., Skeletal muscle and cardiovascular adaptations to exercise conditioning in older coronary patients Circulation 1996 94 3 323 330 (Pubitemid 26266115)
92. Ehsani A. A., Martin W. H. III, Heath G. W., Coyle E. F., Cardiac effects of prolonged and intense exercise training in patients with coronary artery disease American Journal of Cardiology 1982 50 2 246 254 (Pubitemid 12059017)
93. Shephard R. J., Rankinen T., Bouchard C., Test-retest errors and the apparent heterogeneity of training response European Journal of Applied Physiology 2004 91 2-3 199 203 (Pubitemid 38324995)
94. Saltin B., Physiological effects of physical conditioning Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 1969 1 50 56
95. Ivey F. M., Roth S. M., Ferrell R. E., Tracy B. L., Lemmer J. T., Hurlbut D. E., Martel G. F., Siegel E. L., Fozard J. L., Metter E. J., Fleg J. L., Hurley B. F., Effects of age, gender, and myostatin genotype on the hypertrophic response to heavy resistance strength training Journals of GerontologySeries A Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 2000 55 11 M641 M648
96. Ivey F. M., Tracy B. L., Lemmer J. T., NessAiver M., Metter E. J., Fozard J. L., Hurley B. F., Effects of strength training and detraining on muscle quality: age and gender comparisons Journals of GerontologySeries A Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 2000 55 3 B152 B157
97. Manini T., Marko M., VanArnam T., Cook S., Fernhall B., Burke J., Ploutz-Snyder L., Efficacy of resistance and task-specific exercise in older adults who modify tasks of everyday life Journals of GerontologySeries A Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 2007 62 6 616 623 (Pubitemid 47300191)
98. Fiatarone M. A., Marks E. C., Ryan N. D., Meredith C. N., Lipsitz L. A., Evans W. J., High-intensity strength training in nonagenarians. Effects on skeletal muscle Journal of the American Medical Association 1990 263 22 3029 3034 (Pubitemid 20181606)
99. McGuigan M. R., Bronks R., Newton R. U., Sharman M. J., Graham J. C., Cody D. V., Kraemer W. J., Resistance training in patients with peripheral arterial disease: effects on myosin isoforms, fiber type distribution, and capillary supply to skeletal muscle Journals of GerontologySeries A Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 2001 56 7 B302 B310
100. Kryger A. I., Andersen J. L., Resistance training in the oldest old: Consequences for muscle strength, fiber types, fiber size, and MHC isoforms Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports 2007 17 4 422 430
101. Martel G. F., Roth S. M., Ivey F. M., Age and sex affect human muscle fiber adaptations to heave-resistance strength training Experimental Physiology 2005 91 2 457 464 (Pubitemid 43356970)
102. Putman C. T., Xu X., Gillies E., MacLean I. M., Bell G. J., Effects of strength, endurance and combined training on myosin heavy chain content and fibre-type distribution in humans European Journal of Applied Physiology 2004 92 4-5 376 384 (Pubitemid 39248347)
103. Hikida R. S., Staron R. S., Hagerman F. C., Walsh S., Kaiser E., Shell S., Hervey S., Effects of high-intensity resistance training on untrained older men. II. Muscle fiber characteristics and nucleo-cytoplasmic relationships Journals of GerontologySeries A Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 2000 55 7 B347 B354
104. Raue U., Terpstra B., Williamson D. L., Gallagher P. M., Trappe S. W., Effects of short-term concentric vs. eccentric resistance training on single muscle fiber MHC distribution in humans International Journal of Sports Medicine 2005 26 5 339 343 (Pubitemid 40834700)
105. Andersen L. L., Tufekovic G., Zebis M. K., Crameri R. M., Verlaan G., Kjr M., Suetta C., Magnusson P., Aagaard P., The effect of resistance training combined with timed ingestion of protein on muscle fiber size and muscle strength Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental 2005 54 2 151 156 (Pubitemid 40174841)
106. Hkkinen K., Kraemer W. J., Pakarinen A., Triplett-McBride T., McBride J. M., Hkkinen A., Alen M., McGuigan M. R., Bronks R., Newton R. U., Effects of heavy resistance/power training on maximal strength, muscle morphology, and hormonal response patterns in 60-75-Year-old men and women Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology 2002 27 3 213 231
107. Tesch P. A., Skeletal muscle adaptations consequent to long-term heavy resistance exercise Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 1988 20 5 S132 S134
108. Britto R. R., Rezende N. R., Marinho K. C., Torres J. L., Parreira V. F., Teixeira-Salmela L. F., Inspiratory muscular training in chronic stroke survivors: a randomized controlled trial Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2011 92 2 184 190
109. Donovan N. J., Kendall D. L., Heaton S. C., Kwon S., Velozo C. A., Duncan P. W., Conceptualizing functional cognition in stroke Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 2008 22 2 122 135 (Pubitemid 351287598)
110. Dishman R. K., Berthoud H. -R., Booth F. W., Cotman C. W., Edgerton V. R., Fleshner M. R., Gandevia S. C., Gomez-Pinilla F., Greenwood B. N., Hillman C. H., Kramer A. F., Levin B. E., Moran T. H., Russo-Neustadt A. A., Salamone J. D., Van Hoomissen J. D., Wade C. E., York D. A., Zigmond M. J., Neurobiology of exercise Obesity 2006 14 3 345 356 (Pubitemid 46219751)
111. van Praag H., Kempermann G., Gage F. H., Running increases cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the adult mouse dentate gyrus Nature Neuroscience 1999 2 3 266 270 (Pubitemid 30491298)
112. Neeper S. A., Gmez-Pinilla F., Choi J., Cotman C. W., Physical activity increases mRNA for brain-derived neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor in rat brain Brain Research 1996 726 1-2 49 56 (Pubitemid 26292229)
113. Vaynman S., Ying Z., Gomez-Pinilla F., Hippocampal BDNF mediates the efficacy of exercise on synaptic plasticity and cognition European Journal of Neuroscience 2004 20 10 2580 2590 (Pubitemid 39573773)
114. Ding Y. H., Luan X. D., Li J., Rafols J. A., Guthinkonda M., Diaz F. G., Ding Y., Exercise-induced overexpression of angiogenic factors and reduction of ischemia/reperfusion injury in stroke Current Neurovascular Research 2004 1 5 411 420
115. Ang E. T., Wong P. T. H., Moochhala S., Ng Y. K., Neuroprotection associated with running: is it a result of increased endogenous neurotrophic factors? Neuroscience 2003 118 2 335 345 (Pubitemid 36423249)
116. Griesbach G. S., Hovda D. A., Molteni R., Wu A., Gomez-Pinilla F., Voluntary exercise following traumatic brain injury: brain-derived neurotrophic factor upregulation and recovery of function Neuroscience 2004 125 1 129 139 (Pubitemid 38402166)
117. Tong L., Shen H., Perreau V. M., Balazs R., Cotman C. W., Effects of exercise on gene-expression profile in the rat hippocampus Neurobiology of Disease 2001 8 6 1046 1056 (Pubitemid 34017098)
118. Colcombe S., Kramer A. F., Fitness effects on the cognitive function of older adults: a meta-analytic study Psychological Science 2003 14 2 125 130 (Pubitemid 37283096)
119. Angevaren M., Aufdemkampe G., Verhaar H. J. J., Aleman A., Vanhees L., Physical activity and enhanced fitness to improve cognitive function in older people without known cognitive impairment Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008 2
120. Gunstad J., MacGregor K. L., Paul R. H., Poppas A., Jefferson A. L., Todaro J. F., Cohen R. A., Cardiac rehabilitation improves cognitive performance in older adults with cardiovascular disease Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation 2005 25 3 173 176 (Pubitemid 40756749)
121. Quaney B. M., Boyd L. A., McDowd J. M., Zahner L. H., Jianghua He, Mayo M. S., MacKo R. F., Aerobic exercise improves cognition and motor function poststroke Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 2009 23 9 879 885