Long non-coding RNA functions in lung cancer

Tumor Biology

Volumn 36, Issue 6, 2015, Pages 4027-4037

  Sang, Haiwei ^a   Liu, Haihong ^b   Xiong, Peng ^a   Zhu, Min ^a  

^a HUAZHONG UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (China)

^b ANHUI MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

Biomarkers; Long non coding RNAs; Lung cancer; p53; PRC2; Translational control

Indexed keywords

ANTISENSE OLIGONUCLEOTIDE; CISPLATIN; COMPLEMENTARY DNA; GROWTH ARREST SPECIFIC TRANSCRIPT 5; INITIATION FACTOR 4F; LONG UNTRANSLATED RNA; LONG UNTRANSLATED RNA AK126698; LONG UNTRANSLATED RNA HOX TRANSCRIPT ANTISENSE INTERGENIC RNA; LONG UNTRANSLATED RNA MEG3; LONG UNTRANSLATED RNA SPROUTY 4 GENE INTRONIC TRANSCRIPT 1; MESSENGER RNA; METASTASIS ASSOCIATED LUNG ADENOCARCINOMA TRANSCRIPT 1; POLYCOMB REPRESSIVE COMPLEX 2; PROTEIN MDM2; PROTEIN P21; PROTEIN P53; RNA H19; SMALL INTERFERING RNA; SMOKE AND CANCER ASSOCIATED LONG UNTRANSLATED RNA 1; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR EZH2; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; TP53 PROTEIN, HUMAN;

3' UNTRANSLATED REGION; 5' UNTRANSLATED REGION; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER DIAGNOSIS; CANCER GROWTH; CANCER INHIBITION; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CANCER STAGING; CANCER SURGERY; CARCINOGENESIS; CAUSE OF DEATH; DISTANT METASTASIS; EPITHELIAL MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION; GENE; GENE EXPRESSION PROFILING; HUMAN; IN VIVO STUDY; NON SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROMOTER REGION; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; PROTEIN LOCALIZATION; PROTEIN PROCESSING; PROTEIN PROTEIN INTERACTION; PROTEIN RNA BINDING; QUALITY OF LIFE; RADIOSENSITIVITY; RECEIVER OPERATING CHARACTERISTIC; REVIEW; RNA CLEAVAGE; RNA INTERFERENCE; RNA TRANSLATION; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER; SNAI1 GENE; UCHL1 GENE; UPREGULATION; GENETICS; LUNG TUMOR; MOLECULARLY TARGETED THERAPY; PATHOLOGY; PROTEIN SYNTHESIS;

CARCINOGENESIS; HUMANS; LUNG NEOPLASMS; MOLECULAR TARGETED THERAPY; POLYCOMB REPRESSIVE COMPLEX 2; PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS; RNA, LONG NONCODING; TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN P53;

EID: 84938949622     PISSN: 10104283     EISSN: 14230380     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3449-4     Document Type: Review

References (90)

1. Siegel R, Ma J, Zou Z, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2014. CA: Cancer J Clin. 2014;64(1):9–29. doi:10.3322/caac.21208.
2. Ferlay J, Soerjomataram II, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, et al. Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012. Int J Cancer J Int du Cancer. 2014. doi:10.1002/ijc.29210.
3. Puglisi M, Dolly S, Faria A, Myerson JS, Popat S, O’Brien ME. Treatment options for small cell lung cancer—do we have more choice? Br J Cancer. 2010;102(4):629–38. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6605527.
4. Muralidaran A, Detterbeck FC, Boffa DJ, Wang Z, Kim AW. Long-term survival after lung resection for non-small cell lung cancer with circulatory bypass: a systematic review. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2011;142(5):1137–42. doi:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2011.07.042.
5. Othman N, Nagoor NH. The role of microRNAs in the regulation of apoptosis in lung cancer and its application in cancer treatment. BioMed Res Int. 2014;2014:318030. doi:10.1155/2014/318030.
6. Gao L, Mai A, Li X, Lai Y, Zheng J, Yang Q, et al. LncRNA-DQ786227-mediated cell malignant transformation induced by benzo(a)pyrene. Toxicol Lett. 2013;223(2):205–10. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.09.015.
7. Batista PJ, Chang HY. Long noncoding RNAs: cellular address codes in development and disease. Cell. 2013;152(6):1298–307. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.02.012.
8. Djebali S, Davis CA, Merkel A, Dobin A, Lassmann T, Mortazavi A, et al. Landscape of transcription in human cells. Nature. 2012;489(7414):101–8. doi:10.1038/nature11233.
9. Enfield KS, Pikor LA, Martinez VD, Lam WL. Mechanistic roles of noncoding RNAs in lung cancer biology and their clinical implications. Genet Res Int. 2012;2012:737416. doi:10.1155/2012/737416.
10. Yang Q, Zhang S, Liu H, Wu J, Xu E, Peng B, et al. Oncogenic role of long noncoding RNA AF118081 in anti-benzo[a]pyrene-trans-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide-transformed 16HBE cells. Toxicol Lett. 2014;229(3):430–9. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.07.004.
11. Izzotti A, Pulliero A. The effects of environmental chemical carcinogens on the microRNA machinery. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2014;217(6):601–27. doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2014.01.001.
12. Derrien T, Johnson R, Bussotti G, Tanzer A, Djebali S, Tilgner H, et al. The GENCODE v7 catalog of human long noncoding RNAs: analysis of their gene structure, evolution, and expression. Genome Res. 2012;22(9):1775–89. doi:10.1101/gr.132159.111.
13. Mercer TR, Dinger ME, Mattick JS. Long non-coding RNAs: insights into functions. Nat Rev Genet. 2009;10(3):155–9. doi:10.1038/nrg2521.
14. Cesana M, Cacchiarelli D, Legnini I, Santini T, Sthandier O, Chinappi M, et al. A long noncoding RNA controls muscle differentiation by functioning as a competing endogenous RNA. Cell. 2011;147(2):358–69. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2011.09.028.
15. Ng SY, Lin L, Soh BS, Stanton LW. Long noncoding RNAs in development and disease of the central nervous system. Trends Genet: TIG. 2013;29(8):461–8. doi:10.1016/j.tig.2013.03.002.
16. Zhang J, Zhang P, Wang L, Piao HL, Ma L. Long non-coding RNA HOTAIR in carcinogenesis and metastasis. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin. 2014;46(1):1–5. doi:10.1093/abbs/gmt117.
17. Spizzo R, Almeida MI, Colombatti A, Calin GA. Long non-coding RNAs and cancer: a new frontier of translational research? Oncogene. 2012;31(43):4577–87. doi:10.1038/onc.2011.621.
18. Qiu MT, Hu JW, Yin R, Xu L. Long noncoding RNA: an emerging paradigm of cancer research. Tumour Biol: J Int Soc Oncodev Biol Med. 2013;34(2):613–20. doi:10.1007/s13277-013-0658-6.
19. Okazaki Y, Furuno M, Kasukawa T, Adachi J, Bono H, Kondo S, et al. Analysis of the mouse transcriptome based on functional annotation of 60,770 full-length cDNAs. Nature. 2002;420(6915):563–73. doi:10.1038/nature01266.
20. Ji P, Diederichs S, Wang W, Boing S, Metzger R, Schneider PM, et al. MALAT-1, a novel noncoding RNA, and thymosin beta4 predict metastasis and survival in early-stage non-small cell lung cancer. Oncogene. 2003;22(39):8031–41. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1206928.
21. Shi X, Sun M, Liu H, Yao Y, Song Y. Long non-coding RNAs: a new frontier in the study of human diseases. Cancer Lett. 2013;339(2):159–66. doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2013.06.013.
22. Ponjavic J, Ponting CP, Lunter G. Functionality or transcriptional noise? Evidence for selection within long noncoding RNAs. Genome Res. 2007;17(5):556–65. doi:10.1101/gr.6036807.
23. Gutschner T, Hammerle M, Eissmann M, Hsu J, Kim Y, Hung G, et al. The noncoding RNA MALAT1 is a critical regulator of the metastasis phenotype of lung cancer cells. Cancer Res. 2013;73(3):1180–9. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-12-2850.
24. Chen B, Yu M, Chang Q, Lu Y, Thakur C, Ma D, et al. Mdig de-represses H19 large intergenic non-coding RNA (lincRNA) by down-regulating H3K9me3 and heterochromatin. Oncotarget. 2013;4(9):1427–37.
25. Ma L, Bajic VB, Zhang Z. On the classification of long non-coding RNAs. RNA Biol. 2013;10(6):925–33. doi:10.4161/rna.24604.
26. Coulombe J, Gamage P, Gray MT, Zhang M, Tang MY, Woulfe J, et al. Loss of UCHL1 promotes age-related degenerative changes in the enteric nervous system. Front Aging Neurosci. 2014;6:129. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2014.00129.
27. Carrieri C, Cimatti L, Biagioli M, Beugnet A, Zucchelli S, Fedele S, et al. Long non-coding antisense RNA controls Uchl1 translation through an embedded SINEB2 repeat. Nature. 2012;491(7424):454–7. doi:10.1038/nature11508.
28. Lu X, Fang Y, Wang Z, Xie J, Zhan Q, Deng X, et al. Downregulation of gas5 increases pancreatic cancer cell proliferation by regulating CDK6. Cell Tissue Res. 2013;354(3):891–6. doi:10.1007/s00441-013-1711-x.
29. Mourtada-Maarabouni M, Williams GT. Growth arrest on inhibition of nonsense-mediated decay is mediated by noncoding RNA GAS5. BioMed Res Int. 2013;2013:358015. doi:10.1155/2013/358015.
30. Hu G, Lou Z, Gupta M. The long non-coding RNA GAS5 cooperates with the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E to regulate c-Myc translation. PLoS One. 2014;9(9), e107016. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0107016.
31. Shi X, Sun M, Liu H, Yao Y, Kong R, Chen F, et al. A critical role for the long non-coding RNA GAS5 in proliferation and apoptosis in non-small-cell lung cancer. Mol Carcinog. 2013. doi:10.1002/mc.22120.
32. Juan J, Muraguchi T, Iezza G, Sears RC, McMahon M. Diminished WNT ->beta-catenin ->c-MYC signaling is a barrier for malignant progression of BRAFV600E-induced lung tumors. Genes Dev. 2014;28(6):561–75. doi:10.1101/gad.233627.113.
33. Orom UA, Derrien T, Beringer M, Gumireddy K, Gardini A, Bussotti G, et al. Long noncoding RNAs with enhancer-like function in human cells. Cell. 2010;143(1):46–58. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2010.09.001.
34. Gumireddy K, Li A, Yan J, Setoyama T, Johannes GJ, Orom UA, et al. Identification of a long non-coding RNA-associated RNP complex regulating metastasis at the translational step. EMBO J. 2013;32(20):2672–84. doi:10.1038/emboj.2013.188.
35. Xu G, Chen J, Pan Q, Huang K, Pan J, Zhang W, et al. Long noncoding RNA expression profiles of lung adenocarcinoma ascertained by microarray analysis. PLoS One. 2014;9(8), e104044. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0104044.
36. Yang J, Lin J, Liu T, Chen T, Pan S, Huang W, et al. Analysis of lncRNA expression profiles in non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) and their clinical subtypes. Lung Cancer. 2014;85(2):110–5. doi:10.1016/j.lungcan.2014.05.011.
37. Zhang EB, Yin DD, Sun M, Kong R, Liu XH, You LH, et al. P53-regulated long non-coding RNA TUG1 affects cell proliferation in human non-small cell lung cancer, partly through epigenetically regulating HOXB7 expression. Cell Death Dis. 2014;5, e1243. doi:10.1038/cddis.2014.201.
38. Zhao W, An Y, Liang Y, Xie XW. Role of HOTAIR long noncoding RNA in metastatic progression of lung cancer. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2014;18(13):1930–6.
39. Ono H, Motoi N, Nagano H, Miyauchi E, Ushijima M, Matsuura M, et al. Long noncoding RNA HOTAIR is relevant to cellular proliferation, invasiveness, and clinical relapse in small-cell lung cancer. Cancer Med. 2014;3(3):632–42. doi:10.1002/cam4.220.
40. Zhuang Y, Wang X, Nguyen HT, Zhuo Y, Cui X, Fewell C, et al. Induction of long intergenic non-coding RNA HOTAIR in lung cancer cells by type I collagen. J Hematol Oncol. 2013;6:35. doi:10.1186/1756-8722-6-35.
41. Liu Z, Sun M, Lu K, Liu J, Zhang M, Wu W, et al. The long noncoding RNA HOTAIR contributes to cisplatin resistance of human lung adenocarcinoma cells via downregulation of p21(WAF1/CIP1) expression. PLoS One. 2013;8(10), e77293. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0077293.
42. Nakagawa T, Endo H, Yokoyama M, Abe J, Tamai K, Tanaka N, et al. Large noncoding RNA HOTAIR enhances aggressive biological behavior and is associated with short disease-free survival in human non-small cell lung cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2013;436(2):319–24. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.05.101.
43. Liu XH, Liu ZL, Sun M, Liu J, Wang ZX, De W. The long non-coding RNA HOTAIR indicates a poor prognosis and promotes metastasis in non-small cell lung cancer. BMC Cancer. 2013;13:464. doi:10.1186/1471-2407-13-464.
44. Zhang L, Zhou XF, Pan GF, Zhao JP. Enhanced expression of long non-coding RNA ZXF1 promoted the invasion and metastasis in lung adenocarcinoma. Biomed Pharmacother = Biomedecine Pharmacother. 2014;68(4):401–7. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2014.03.001.
45. Qiu M, Xu Y, Yang X, Wang J, Hu J, Xu L, et al. CCAT2 is a lung adenocarcinoma-specific long non-coding RNA and promotes invasion of non-small cell lung cancer. Tumour Biol: J Int Soc Oncodevelopmental Biol Med. 2014;35(6):5375–80. doi:10.1007/s13277-014-1700-z.
46. Nie FQ, Zhu Q, Xu TP, Zou YF, Xie M, Sun M, et al. Long non-coding RNA MVIH indicates a poor prognosis for non-small cell lung cancer and promotes cell proliferation and invasion. Tumour Biol: J Int Soc Oncodev Biol Med. 2014. doi:10.1007/s13277-014-2009-7.
47. Hou Z, Zhao W, Zhou J, Shen L, Zhan P, Xu C, et al. A long noncoding RNA Sox2ot regulates lung cancer cell proliferation and is a prognostic indicator of poor survival. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2014;53:380–8. doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2014.06.004.
48. Whiteside EJ, Seim I, Pauli JP, O’Keeffe AJ, Thomas PB, Carter SL, et al. Identification of a long non-coding RNA gene, growth hormone secretagogue receptor opposite strand, which stimulates cell migration in non-small cell lung cancer cell lines. Int J Oncol. 2013;43(2):566–74. doi:10.3892/ijo.2013.1969.
49. Thai P, Statt S, Chen CH, Liang E, Campbell C, Wu R. Characterization of a novel long noncoding RNA, SCAL1, induced by cigarette smoke and elevated in lung cancer cell lines. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2013;49(2):204–11. doi:10.1165/rcmb.2013-0159RC.
50. Tano K, Mizuno R, Okada T, Rakwal R, Shibato J, Masuo Y, et al. MALAT-1 enhances cell motility of lung adenocarcinoma cells by influencing the expression of motility-related genes. FEBS Lett. 2010;584(22):4575–80. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2010.10.008.
51. Schmidt LH, Spieker T, Koschmieder S, Schaffers S, Humberg J, Jungen D, et al. The long noncoding MALAT-1 RNA indicates a poor prognosis in non-small cell lung cancer and induces migration and tumor growth. J Thoracic Oncol: Off Publ Int Assoc Study Lung Cancer. 2011;6(12):1984–92. doi:10.1097/JTO.0b013e3182307eac.
52. Tripathi V, Shen Z, Chakraborty A, Giri S, Freier SM, Wu X, et al. Long noncoding RNA MALAT1 controls cell cycle progression by regulating the expression of oncogenic transcription factor B-MYB. PLoS Genet. 2013;9(3), e1003368. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003368.
53. Zhang J, Zhou Y, Wu Y, Ma L, Fan Y, Kang X, et al. Isolation and characterization of a novel noncoding RNA from nickel-induced lung cancer. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2012;150(1-3):258–63. doi:10.1007/s12011-012-9460-3.
54. Li CH, Chen Y. Targeting long non-coding RNAs in cancers: progress and prospects. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2013;45(8):1895–910. doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2013.05.030.
55. Yang YR, Zang SZ, Zhong CL, Li YX, Zhao SS, Feng XJ. Increased expression of the lncRNA PVT1 promotes tumorigenesis in non-small cell lung cancer. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2014;7(10):6929–35.
56. Luo J, Tang L, Zhang J, Ni J, Zhang HP, Zhang L, et al. Long non-coding RNA CARLo-5 is a negative prognostic factor and exhibits tumor pro-oncogenic activity in non-small cell lung cancer. Tumour Biol: J Int Soc Oncodev Biol Med. 2014;35(11):11541–9. doi:10.1007/s13277-014-2442-7.
57. Nie FQ, Sun M, Yang JS, Xie M, Xu TP, Xia R, et al. Long noncoding RNA ANRIL promotes non-small cell lung cancer cell proliferation and inhibits apoptosis by silencing KLF2 and P21 expression. Mol Cancer Ther. 2015;14(1):268–77. doi:10.1158/1535-7163.mct-14-0492.
58. Sun M, Liu XH, Lu KH, Nie FQ, Xia R, Kong R, et al. EZH2-mediated epigenetic suppression of long noncoding RNA SPRY4-IT1 promotes NSCLC cell proliferation and metastasis by affecting the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Cell Death Dis. 2014;5, e1298. doi:10.1038/cddis.2014.256.
59. Sun M, Liu XH, Wang KM, Nie FQ, Kong R, Yang JS, et al. Downregulation of BRAF activated non-coding RNA is associated with poor prognosis for non-small cell lung cancer and promotes metastasis by affecting epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Mol Cancer. 2014;13:68. doi:10.1186/1476-4598-13-68.
60. Yang Y, Li H, Hou S, Hu B, Liu J, Wang J. The noncoding RNA expression profile and the effect of lncRNA AK126698 on cisplatin resistance in non-small-cell lung cancer cell. PLoS One. 2013;8(5), e65309. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0065309.
61. Yang F, Huo XS, Yuan SX, Zhang L, Zhou WP, Wang F, et al. Repression of the long noncoding RNA-LET by histone deacetylase 3 contributes to hypoxia-mediated metastasis. Mol Cell. 2013;49(6):1083–96. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2013.01.010.
62. Lu KH, Li W, Liu XH, Sun M, Zhang ML, Wu WQ, et al. Long non-coding RNA MEG3 inhibits NSCLC cells proliferation and induces apoptosis by affecting p53 expression. BMC Cancer. 2013;13:461. doi:10.1186/1471-2407-13-461.
63. Han L, Kong R, Yin DD, Zhang EB, Xu TP, De W, et al. Low expression of long noncoding RNA GAS6-AS1 predicts a poor prognosis in patients with NSCLC. Med Oncol. 2013;30(4):694. doi:10.1007/s12032-013-0694-5.
64. Warin RF, Chen H, Soroka DN, Zhu Y, Sang S. Induction of lung cancer cell apoptosis through a p53 pathway by [6]-shogaol and its cysteine-conjugated metabolite M2. J Agric Food Chem. 2014;62(6):1352–62. doi:10.1021/jf405573e.
65. Huarte M, Rinn JL. Large non-coding RNAs: missing links in cancer? Hum Mol Genet. 2010;19(R2):R152–61. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddq353.
66. Matouk IJ, Mezan S, Mizrahi A, Ohana P, Abu-Lail R, Fellig Y, et al. The oncofetal H19 RNA connection: hypoxia, p53 and cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2010;1803(4):443–51. doi:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2010.01.010.
67. Zhang A, Xu M, Mo YY. Role of the lncRNA-p53 regulatory network in cancer. J Mol Cell Biol. 2014;6(3):181–91. doi:10.1093/jmcb/mju013.
68. Park JY, Lee JE, Park JB, Yoo H, Lee SH, Kim JH. Roles of long non-coding RNAs on tumorigenesis and glioma development. Brain Tumor Res Treatment. 2014;2(1):1–6. doi:10.14791/btrt.2014.2.1.1.
69. Kondo M, Suzuki H, Ueda R, Osada H, Takagi K, Takahashi T, et al. Frequent loss of imprinting of the H19 gene is often associated with its overexpression in human lung cancers. Oncogene. 1995;10(6):1193–8.
70. Yang F, Bi J, Xue X, Zheng L, Zhi K, Hua J, et al. Up-regulated long non-coding RNA H19 contributes to proliferation of gastric cancer cells. FEBS J. 2012;279(17):3159–65. doi:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08694.x.
71. Lottin S, Adriaenssens E, Dupressoir T, Berteaux N, Montpellier C, Coll J, et al. Overexpression of an ectopic H19 gene enhances the tumorigenic properties of breast cancer cells. Carcinogenesis. 2002;23(11):1885–95.
72. Braconi C, Kogure T, Valeri N, Huang N, Nuovo G, Costinean S, et al. microRNA-29 can regulate expression of the long non-coding RNA gene MEG3 in hepatocellular cancer. Oncogene. 2011;30(47):4750–6. doi:10.1038/onc.2011.193.
73. Sun M, Xia R, Jin F, Xu T, Liu Z, De W, et al. Downregulated long noncoding RNA MEG3 is associated with poor prognosis and promotes cell proliferation in gastric cancer. Tumour Biol: J Int Soc Oncodev Biol Med. 2014;35(2):1065–73. doi:10.1007/s13277-013-1142-z.
74. Zhang X, Gejman R, Mahta A, Zhong Y, Rice KA, Zhou Y, et al. Maternally expressed gene 3, an imprinted noncoding RNA gene, is associated with meningioma pathogenesis and progression. Cancer Res. 2010;70(6):2350–8. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-3885.
75. Zhou Y, Zhong Y, Wang Y, Zhang X, Batista DL, Gejman R, et al. Activation of p53 by MEG3 non-coding RNA. J Biol Chem. 2007;282(34):24731–42. doi:10.1074/jbc.M702029200.
76. Cao R, Zhang Y. SUZ12 is required for both the histone methyltransferase activity and the silencing function of the EED-EZH2 complex. Mol Cell. 2004;15(1):57–67. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2004.06.020.
77. Khalil AM, Guttman M, Huarte M, Garber M, Raj A, Rivea Morales D, et al. Many human large intergenic noncoding RNAs associate with chromatin-modifying complexes and affect gene expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009;106(28):11667–72. doi:10.1073/pnas.0904715106.
78. Huqun, Ishikawa R, Zhang J, Miyazawa H, Goto Y, Shimizu Y, et al. Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 is a novel prognostic biomarker in nonsmall cell lung cancer. Cancer. 2012;118(6):1599–606. doi:10.1002/cncr.26441.
79. Li Z, Xu L, Tang N, Xu Y, Ye X, Shen S, et al. The polycomb group protein EZH2 inhibits lung cancer cell growth by repressing the transcription factor Nrf2. FEBS Lett. 2014. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2014.05.057.
80. Rinn JL, Kertesz M, Wang JK, Squazzo SL, Xu X, Brugmann SA, et al. Functional demarcation of active and silent chromatin domains in human HOX loci by noncoding RNAs. Cell. 2007;129(7):1311–23. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2007.05.022.
81. Kim K, Jutooru I, Chadalapaka G, Johnson G, Frank J, Burghardt R, et al. HOTAIR is a negative prognostic factor and exhibits pro-oncogenic activity in pancreatic cancer. Oncogene. 2013;32(13):1616–25. doi:10.1038/onc.2012.193.
82. Tsai MC, Manor O, Wan Y, Mosammaparast N, Wang JK, Lan F, et al. Long noncoding RNA as modular scaffold of histone modification complexes. Science. 2010;329(5992):689–93. doi:10.1126/science.1192002.
83. Khaitan D, Dinger ME, Mazar J, Crawford J, Smith MA, Mattick JS, et al. The melanoma-upregulated long noncoding RNA SPRY4-IT1 modulates apoptosis and invasion. Cancer Res. 2011;71(11):3852–62. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-4460.
84. Acloque H, Adams MS, Fishwick K, Bronner-Fraser M, Nieto MA. Epithelial-mesenchymal transitions: the importance of changing cell state in development and disease. J Clin Invest. 2009;119(6):1438–49. doi:10.1172/jci38019.
85. Leinonen HM, Kansanen E, Polonen P, Heinaniemi M, Levonen AL. Role of the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway in cancer. Adv Cancer Res. 2014;122:281–320. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-420117-0.00008-6.
86. Zandberga E, Kozirovskis V, Abols A, Andrejeva D, Purkalne G, Line A. Cell-free microRNAs as diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers for lung cancer. Genes, Chromosomes Cancer. 2013;52(4):356–69. doi:10.1002/gcc.22032.
87. Weber DG, Johnen G, Casjens S, Bryk O, Pesch B, Jockel KH, et al. Evaluation of long noncoding RNA MALAT1 as a candidate blood-based biomarker for the diagnosis of non-small cell lung cancer. BMC Res Notes. 2013;6:518. doi:10.1186/1756-0500-6-518.
88. Gupta RA, Shah N, Wang KC, Kim J, Horlings HM, Wong DJ, et al. Long non-coding RNA HOTAIR reprograms chromatin state to promote cancer metastasis. Nature. 2010;464(7291):1071–6. doi:10.1038/nature08975.
89. Ling H, Fabbri M, Calin GA. MicroRNAs and other non-coding RNAs as targets for anticancer drug development. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2013;12(11):847–65. doi:10.1038/nrd4140.
90. Mizrahi A, Czerniak A, Levy T, Amiur S, Gallula J, Matouk I, et al. Development of targeted therapy for ovarian cancer mediated by a plasmid expressing diphtheria toxin under the control of H19 regulatory sequences. J Transl Med. 2009;7:69. doi:10.1186/1479-5876-7-69.