Large non-coding RNAs: Missing links in cancer?

Human Molecular Genetics

Volumn 19, Issue R2, 2010, Pages

  Huarte, Maite ^a,b   Rinn, John L ^a,b  

^a BROAD INSTITUTE OF MIT AND HARVARD   (United States)

^b HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

UNTRANSLATED RNA;

ARTICLE; CELL TRANSFORMATION; HUMAN; NEOPLASM; NONHUMAN; ONCOGENE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE; GENETICS; REVIEW;

HUMANS; NEOPLASMS; RNA, UNTRANSLATED;

EID: 78651397147     PISSN: 09646906     EISSN: 14602083     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddq353     Document Type: Article

References (98)

1. Cowin, P.A., Anglesio, M., Etemadmoghadam, D. and Bowtell, D.D. (2010) Profiling the cancer genome. Annu. Rev. Genomics Hum. Genet., Epub ahead of print 2 July 2010.
2. Calin, G.A., Pekarsky, Y. and Croce, C.M. (2007) The role of microRNA and other non-coding RNA in the pathogenesis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Haematol., 20, 425-437.
3. Ma, L., Teruya-Feldstein, J. and Weinberg, R.A. (2007) Tumour invasion and metastasis initiated by microRNA-10b in breast cancer. Nature, 449, 682-688.
4. Ruan, K., Fang, X. and Ouyang, G. (2009) MicroRNAs: novel regulators in the hallmarks of human cancer. Cancer Lett., 285, 116-126.
5. Calin, G.A. and Croce, C.M. (2009) Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: interplay between noncoding RNAs and protein-coding genes. Blood, 114, 4761-4770.
6. Cho, W.C. (2007) OncomiRs: the discovery and progress of microRNAs in cancers. Mol. Cancer, 6, 60.
7. Calin, G.A. and Croce, C.M. (2006) MicroRNA signatures in human cancers. Nat. Rev. Cancer, 6, 857-866.
8. Volinia, S., Galasso, M., Costinean, S., Tagliavini, L., Gamberoni, G., Drusco, A., Marchesini, J., Mascellani, N., Sana, M.E., Abu Jarour, R. et al. (2010) Reprogramming of miRNA networks in cancer and leukemia. Genome Res., 20, 589-599.
9. Olson, P., Lu, J., Zhang, H., Shai, A., Chun, M.G., Wang, Y., Libutti, S.K., Nakakura, E.K., Golub, T.R. and Hanahan, D. (2009) MicroRNA dynamics in the stages of tumorigenesis correlate with hallmark capabilities of cancer. Genes Dev., 23, 2152-2165.
10. Lu, J., Getz, G., Miska, E.A., Alvarez-Saavedra, E., Lamb, J., Peck, D., Sweet-Cordero, A., Ebert, B.L., Mak, R.H., Ferrando, A.A. et al. (2005) MicroRNA expression profiles classify human cancers. Nature, 435, 834-838.
11. Bishop, J.A., Benjamin, H., Cholakh, H., Chajut, A., Clark, D.P. and Westra, W.H. (2010) Accurate classification of non-small cell lung carcinoma using a novel microRNA-based approach. Clin. Cancer Res., 16, 610-619.
12. Swanton, C. and Caldas, C. (2009) Molecular classification of solid tumours: towards pathway-driven therapeutics. Br. J. Cancer, 100, 1517-1522.
13. Nilsen, T.W. (2007) Mechanisms of microRNA-mediated gene regulation in animal cells. Trends Genet., 23, 243-249.
14. Zhang, B., Pan, X., Cobb, G.P. and Anderson, T.A. (2007) microRNAs as oncogenes and tumor suppressors. Dev. Biol., 302, 1-12.
15. Mercer, T.R., Dinger, M.E. and Mattick, J.S. (2009) Long non-coding RNAs: insights into functions. Nat. Rev. Genet., 10, 155-159.
16. Ponting, C.P., Oliver, P.L. and Reik, W. (2009) Evolution and functions of long noncoding RNAs. Cell, 136, 629-641.
17. Guttman, M., Amit, I., Garber, M., French, C., Lin, M.F., Feldser, D., Huarte, M., Zuk, O., Carey, B.W., Cassady, J.P. et al. (2009) Chromatin signature reveals over a thousand highly conserved large non-coding RNAs in mammals. Nature, 458, 223-227.
18. Carninci, P. (2008) Non-coding RNA transcription: turning on neighbours. Nat. Cell Biol., 10, 1023-1024.
19. Wang, X., Song, X., Glass, C.K. and Rosenfeld, M.G. (2010) The long arm of long noncoding RNAs: roles as sensors regulating gene transcriptional programs. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol. Epub ahead of print 23 June 2010.
20. Jones, P.A. and Baylin, S.B. (2007) The epigenomics of cancer. Cell, 128, 683-692.
21. Nagano, T., Mitchell, J.A., Sanz, L.A., Pauler, F.M., Ferguson-Smith, A.C., Feil, R. and Fraser, P. (2008) The Air noncoding RNA epigenetically silences transcription by targeting G9a to chromatin. Science, 322, 1717-1720.
22. Rinn, J.L., Kertesz, M., Wang, J.K., Squazzo, S.L., Xu, X., Brugmann, S.A., Goodnough, L.H., Helms, J.A., Farnham, P.J., Segal, E. et al. (2007) Functional demarcation of active and silent chromatin domains in human HOX loci by noncoding RNAs. Cell, 129, 1311-1323.
23. Pandey, R.R., Mondal, T., Mohammad, F., Enroth, S., Redrup, L., Komorowski, J., Nagano, T., Mancini-Dinardo, D. and Kanduri, C. (2008) Kcnq 1 ot 1 antisense noncoding RNA mediates lineage-specific transcriptional silencing through chromatin-level regulation. Mol Cell, 32, 232-246.
24. Zhao, J., Sun, B.K., Erwin, J.A., Song, J.J. and Lee, J.T. (2008) Polycomb proteins targeted by a short repeat RNA to the mouse X chromosome. Science, 322, 750-756.
25. Mohammad, F., Mondal, T., Guseva, N., Pandey, G.K. and Kanduri, C. (2010) Kcnq 1 ot 1 noncoding RNA mediates transcriptional gene silencing by interacting with Dnmt1. Development, 137, 2493-2499.
26. Zappulla, D.C. and Cech, T.R. (2006) RNA as a flexible scaffold for proteins: yeast telomerase and beyond. Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol., 71, 217-224.
27. Koziol, M.J. and Rinn, J.L. RNA traffic control of chromatin complexes. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev., 20, 142-148.
28. Khalil, A.M., Guttman, M., Huarte, M., Garber, M., Raj, A., Rivea Morales, D., Thomas, K., Presser, A., Bernstein, B.E., van Oudenaarden, A. et al. (2009) Many human large intergenic noncoding RNAs associate with chromatin-modifying complexes and affect gene expression. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 106, 11667-11672.
29. Tsai, M.C., Manor, O., Wan, Y., Mosammaparast, N., Wang, J.K., Lan, F., Shi, Y., Segal, E. and Chang, H.Y. (2010) Long noncoding RNA as modular scaffold of histone modification complexes. Science, 329, 689-693.
30. Simon, J.A. and Lange, C.A. (2008) Roles of the EZH2 histone methyltransferase in cancer epigenetics. Mutat. Res., 647, 21-29.
31. Albert, M. and Helin, K. Histone methyltransferases in cancer. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol., 21, 209-220.
32. Sang, X., Zhao, H., Lu, X., Mao, Y., Miao, R., Yang, H., Yang, Y., Huang, J. and Zhong, S. (2009) Prediction and identification of tumor-specific noncoding RNAs from human UniGene. Med. Oncol., 27, 894-898.
33. Carninci, P., Kasukawa, T., Katayama, S., Gough, J., Frith, M.C., Maeda, N., Oyama, R., Ravasi, T., Lenhard, B., Wells, C. et al. (2005) The transcriptional landscape of the mammalian genome. Science, 309, 1559-1563.
34. Gupta, R.A., Shah, N., Wang, K.C., Kim, J., Horlings, H.M., Wong, D.J., Tsai, M.C., Hung, T., Argani, P., Rinn, J.L. et al. (2010) Long non-coding RNA HOTAIR reprograms chromatin state to promote cancer metastasis. Nature, 464, 1071-1076.
35. Perez, D.S., Hoage, T.R., Pritchett, J.R., Ducharme-Smith, A.L., Halling, M.L., Ganapathiraju, S.C., Streng, P.S. and Smith, D.I. (2008) Long, abundantly expressed non-coding transcripts are altered in cancer. Hum. Mol. Genet., 17, 642-655.
36. Huarte, M., Guttman, M., Feldser, D., Garber, M., Koziol, M.J., Kenzelmann-Broz, D., Khalil, A.M., Zuk, O., Amit, I., Rabani, M. et al. (2010) A large intergenic non-coding RNA induced by p53 mediates global gene repression in the p53 response. Cell, 142, 409-419.
37. Esteller, M. (2007) Epigenetic gene silencing in cancer: the DNA hypermethylome. Hum. Mol. Genet., 16 (Spec no. 1), R50-R59.
38. Cheung, H.H., Lee, T.L., Davis, A.J., Taft, D.H., Rennert, O.M. and Chan, W.Y. (2010) Genome-wide DNA methylation profiling reveals novel epigenetically regulated genes and non-coding RNAs in human testicular cancer. Br. J. Cancer, 102, 419-427.
39. Trapnell, C., Williams, B.A., Pertea, G., Mortazavi, A., Kwan, G., van Baren, M.J., Salzberg, S.L., Wold, B.J. and Pachter, L. Transcript assembly and quantification by RNA-Seq reveals unannotated transcripts and isoform switching during cell differentiation. Nat. Biotechnol., 28, 511-515.
40. Guttman, M., Garber, M., Levin, J.Z., Donaghey, J., Robinson, J., Adiconis, X., Fan, L., Koziol, M.J., Gnirke, A., Nusbaum, C. et al. Ab initio reconstruction of cell type-specific transcriptomes in mouse reveals the conserved multi-exonic structure of lincRNAs. Nat Biotechnol., 28, 503-510.
41. Katayama, S., Tomaru, Y., Kasukawa, T., Waki, K., Nakanishi, M., Nakamura, M., Nishida, H., Yap, C.C., Suzuki, M., Kawai, J. et al. (2005) Antisense transcription in the mammalian transcriptome. Science, 309, 1564-1566.
42. Yu, W., Gius, D., Onyango, P., Muldoon-Jacobs, K., Karp, J., Feinberg, A.P. and Cui, H. (2008) Epigenetic silencing of tumour suppressor gene p15 by its antisense RNA. Nature, 451, 202-206.
43. Yap, K.L., Li, S., Munoz-Cabello, A.M., Raguz, S., Zeng, L., Mujtaba, S., Gil, J., Walsh, M.J. and Zhou, M.M. (2010) Molecular interplay of the noncoding RNA ANRIL and methylated histone H3 lysine 27 by polycomb CBX7 in transcriptional silencing of INK4a. Mol. Cell, 38, 662-674.
44. Morris, K.V., Santoso, S., Turner, A.M., Pastori, C. and Hawkins, P.G. (2008) Bidirectional transcription directs both transcriptional gene activation and suppression in human cells. PLoS Genet., 4, e1000258.
45. Berx, G. and van Roy, F. (2009) Involvement of members of the cadherin superfamily in cancer. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol., 1, a003129.
46. Beltran, M., Puig, I., Pena, C., Garcia, J.M., Alvarez, A.B., Pena, R., Bonilla, F. and de Herreros, A.G. (2008) A natural antisense transcript regulates Zeb2/Sip1 gene expression during Snail1-induced epithelialmesenchymal transition. Genes Dev., 22, 756-769.
47. Song, X., Wang, B., Bromberg, M., Hu, Z., Konigsberg, W. and Garen, A. (2002) Retroviral-mediated transmission of a mouse VL30 RNA to human melanoma cells promotes metastasis in an immunodeficient mouse model. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 99, 6269-6273.
48. Wang, G., Cui, Y., Zhang, G., Garen, A. and Song, X. (2009) Regulation of proto-oncogene transcription, cell proliferation, and tumorigenesis in mice by PSF protein and a VL30 noncoding RNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 106, 16794-16798.
49. Li, L., Feng, T., Lian, Y., Zhang, G., Garen, A. and Song, X. (2009) Role of human noncoding RNAs in the control of tumorigenesis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 106, 12956-12961.
50. Ji, P., Diederichs, S., Wang, W., Boing, S., Metzger, R., Schneider, P.M., Tidow, N., Brandt, B., Buerger, H., Bulk, E. et al. (2003) MALAT-1, a novel noncoding RNA, and thymosin beta4 predict metastasis and survival in early-stage non-small cell lung cancer. Oncogene, 22, 8031-8041.
51. Lin, R., Maeda, S., Liu, C., Karin, M. and Edgington, T.S. (2007) A large noncoding RNA is a marker for murine hepatocellular carcinomas and a spectrum of human carcinomas. Oncogene, 26, 851-858.
52. Coccia, E.M., Cicala, C., Charlesworth, A., Ciccarelli, C., Rossi, G.B., Philipson, L. and Sorrentino, V. (1992) Regulation and expression of a growth arrest-specific gene (gas5) during growth, differentiation, and development. Mol. Cell. Biol., 12, 3514-3521.
53. Mourtada-Maarabouni, M., Pickard, M.R., Hedge, V.L., Farzaneh, F. and Williams, G.T. (2009) GAS5, a non-protein-coding RNA, controls apoptosis and is downregulated in breast cancer. Oncogene, 28, 195-208.
54. Kino, T., Hurt, D.E., Ichijo, T., Nader, N. and Chrousos, G.P. (2010) Noncoding RNA gas5 is a growth arrest- and starvation-associated repressor of the glucocorticoid receptor. Sci. Signal, 3, ra8.
55. Diehl, J.A. (2002) Cycling to cancer with cyclin D1. Cancer Biol. Ther., 1, 226-231.
56. Wang, X., Arai, S., Song, X., Reichart, D., Du, K., Pascual, G., Tempst, P., Rosenfeld, M.G., Glass, C.K. and Kurokawa, R. (2008) Induced ncRNAs allosterically modify RNA-binding proteins in cis to inhibit transcription. Nature, 454, 126-130.
57. (2010) International network of cancer genome projects. Nature, 464, 993-998.
58. Whitehead, K.A., Langer, R. and Anderson, D.G. (2009) Knocking down barriers: advances in siRNA delivery. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov., 8, 129-138.
59. Wang, J., Lu, Z., Wientjes, M.G. and Au, J.L. (2010) Delivery of siRNA Therapeutics: Barriers and Carriers. AAPS J., Epub ahead of print 15 June 2010.
60. Owen, R.D., Bortner, D.M. and Ostrowski, M.C. (1990) ras oncogene activation of a VL30 transcriptional element is linked to transformation. Mol. Cell. Biol., 10, 1-9.
61. Song, X., Sun, Y. and Garen, A. (2005) Roles of PSF protein and VL30 RNA in reversible gene regulation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 102, 12189-12193.
62. Song, X., Sui, A. and Garen, A. (2004) Binding of mouse VL30 retrotransposon RNA to PSF protein induces genes repressed by PSF: effects on steroidogenesis and oncogenesis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 101, 621-626.
63. Cunnington, M.S., Santibanez Koref, M., Mayosi, B.M., Burn, J. and Keavney, B. (2010) Chromosome 9p21 SNPs associated with multiple disease phenotypes correlate with ANRIL expression. PLoS Genet., 6, e1000899.
64. Guastadisegni, M.C., Lonoce, A., Impera, L., Albano, F., D'Addabbo, P., Caruso, S., Vasta, I., Panagopoulos, I., Leszl, A., Basso, G. et al. (2008) Bone marrow ectopic expression of a non-coding RNA in childhood T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia with a novel t(2;11)(q11.2;p15.1) translocation. Mol. Cancer, 7, 80.
65. Pasmant, E., Laurendeau, I., Heron, D., Vidaud, M., Vidaud, D. and Bieche, I. (2007) Characterization of a germ-line deletion, including the entire INK4/ARF locus, in a melanoma-neural system tumor family: identification of ANRIL, an antisense noncoding RNA whose expression coclusters with ARF. Cancer Res., 67, 3963-3969.
66. Brannan, C.I., Dees, E.C., Ingram, R.S. and Tilghman, S.M. (1990) The product of the H19 gene may function as an RNA. Mol. Cell. Biol., 10, 28-36.
67. Gabory, A., Ripoche, M.A., Yoshimizu, T. and Dandolo, L. (2006) The H19 gene: regulation and function of a non-coding RNA. Cytogenet. Genome Res., 113, 188-193.
68. Lottin, S., Vercoutter-Edouart, A.S., Adriaenssens, E., Czeszak, X., Lemoine, J., Roudbaraki, M., Coll, J., Hondermarck, H., Dugimont, T. and Curgy, J.J. (2002) Thioredoxin post-transcriptional regulation by H19 provides a new function to mRNA-like non-coding RNA. Oncogene, 21, 1625-1631.
69. Matouk, I.J., DeGroot, N., Mezan, S., Ayesh, S., Abu-lail, R., Hochberg, A. and Galun, E. (2007) The H19 non-codingRNAis essential for human tumor growth. PLoS ONE, 2, e845.
70. Sotomaru, Y., Katsuzawa, Y., Hatada, I., Obata, Y., Sasaki, H. and Kono, T. (2002) Unregulated expression of the imprinted genes H19 and Igf2r in mouse uniparental fetuses. J. Biol. Chem., 277, 12474-12478.
71. Tsang, W.P., Wong, T.W., Cheung, A.H., Co, C.N. and Kwok, T.T. (2007) Induction of drug resistance and transformation in human cancer cells by the noncoding RNA CUDR. RNA, 13, 890-898.
72. Cooper, C., Guo, J., Yan, Y., Chooniedass-Kothari, S., Hube, F., Hamedani, M.K., Murphy, L.C., Myal, Y. and Leygue, E. (2009) Increasing the relative expression of endogenous non-coding steroid receptor RNA activator (SRA) in human breast cancer cells using modified oligonucleotides. Nucleic Acids Res., 37, 4518-4531.
73. Colley, S.M. and Leedman, P.J. (2009) SRA and its binding partners: an expanding role for RNA-binding coregulators in nuclear receptor-mediated gene regulation. Crit. Rev. Biochem. Mol. Biol., 44, 25-33.
74. Xu, B., Yang, W.H., Gerin, I., Hu, C.D., Hammer, G.D. and Koenig, R.J. (2009) Dax-1 and steroid receptor RNA activator (SRA) function as transcriptional coactivators for steroidogenic factor 1 in steroidogenesis. Mol. Cell. Biol., 29, 1719-1734.
75. Colley, S.M., Iyer, K.R. and Leedman, P.J. (2008) The RNA coregulator SRA, its binding proteins and nuclear receptor signaling activity. IUBMB Life, 60, 159-164.
76. Caretti, G., Lei, E.P. and Sartorelli, V. (2007) The DEAD-box p68/p72 proteins and the noncoding RNA steroid receptor activator SRA: eclectic regulators of disparate biological functions. Cell Cycle, 6, 1172-1176.
77. Caretti, G., Schiltz, R.L., Dilworth, F.J., Di Padova, M., Zhao, P., Ogryzko, V., Fuller-Pace, F.V., Hoffman, E.P., Tapscott, S.J. and Sartorelli, V. (2006) The RNA helicases p68/p72 and the noncoding RNA SRA are coregulators of MyoD and skeletal muscle differentiation. Dev. Cell, 11, 547-560.
78. Hube, F., Guo, J., Chooniedass-Kothari, S., Cooper, C., Hamedani, M.K., Dibrov, A.A., Blanchard, A.A., Wang, X., Deng, G., Myal, Y. et al. (2006) Alternative splicing of the first intron of the steroid receptor RNA activator (SRA) participates in the generation of coding and noncoding RNA isoforms in breast cancer cell lines. DNA Cell Biol., 25, 418-428.
79. Lanz, R.B., McKenna, N.J., Onate, S.A., Albrecht, U., Wong, J., Tsai, S.Y., Tsai, M.J. and O'Malley, B.W. (1999) A steroid receptor coactivator, SRA, functions as an RNA and is present in an SRC-1 complex. Cell, 97, 17-27.
80. Ifere, G.O. and Ananaba, G.A. (2009) Prostate cancer gene expression marker 1 (PCGEM1): a patented prostate- specific non-coding gene and regulator of prostate cancer progression. Recent Pat. DNA Gene Seq., 3, 151-163.
81. Bialkowska-Hobrzanska, H., Driman, D.K., Fletcher, R., Harry, V. and Razvi, H. (2006) Expression of human telomerase reverse transcriptase, Survivin, DD3 and PCGEM1 messenger RNA in archival prostate carcinoma tissue. Can. J. Urol., 13, 2967-2974.
82. Fu, X., Ravindranath, L., Tran, N., Petrovics, G. and Srivastava, S. (2006) Regulation of apoptosis by a prostate-specific and prostate cancer-associated noncoding gene, PCGEM1. DNA Cell Biol., 25, 135-141.
83. Petrovics, G., Zhang, W., Makarem, M., Street, J.P., Connelly, R., Sun, L., Sesterhenn, I.A., Srikantan, V., Moul, J.W. and Srivastava, S. (2004) Elevated expression of PCGEM1, a prostate-specific gene with cell growth-promoting function, is associated with high-risk prostate cancer patients. Oncogene, 23, 605-611.
84. Srikantan, V., Zou, Z., Petrovics, G., Xu, L., Augustus, M., Davis, L., Livezey, J.R., Connell, T., Sesterhenn, I.A., Yoshino, K. et al. (2000) PCGEM1, a prostate-specific gene, is overexpressed in prostate cancer. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 97, 12216-12221.
85. Wang, F., Li, X., Xie, X., Zhao, L. and Chen, W. (2008) UCA1, a non-protein-coding RNA up-regulated in bladder carcinoma and embryo, influencing cell growth and promoting invasion. FEBS Lett., 582, 1919-1927.
86. Fleming, J.V., Fontanier, N., Harries, D.N. and Rees, W.D. (1997) The growth arrest genes gas5, gas6 and CHOP-10 (gadd153) are expressed in the mouse preimplantation embryo. Mol. Reprod. Dev., 48, 310-316.
87. Meier, I., Fellini, L., Jakovcevski, M., Schachner, M. and Morellini, F. (2010) Expression of the snoRNA host gene gas5 in the hippocampus is upregulated by age and psychogenic stress and correlates with reduced novelty-induced behavior in C57BL/6 mice. Hippocampus, 20, 1027-1036.
88. Mourtada-Maarabouni, M., Hedge, V.L., Kirkham, L., Farzaneh, F. and Williams, G.T. (2008) Growth arrest in human T-cells is controlled by the non-coding RNA growth-arrest-specific transcript 5 (GAS5). J. Cell Sci., 121, 939-946.
89. Muller, A.J., Chatterjee, S., Teresky, A. and Levine, A.J. (1998) The gas5 gene is disrupted by a frameshift mutation within its longest open reading frame in several inbred mouse strains and maps to murine chromosome 1. Mamm. Genome, 9, 773-774.
90. Nakamura, Y., Takahashi, N., Kakegawa, E., Yoshida, K., Ito, Y., Kayano, H., Niitsu, N., Jinnai, I. and Bessho, M. (2008) The GAS5 (growth arrest-specific transcript 5) gene fuses to BCL6 as a result of t(1;3)(q25;q27) in a patient with B-cell lymphoma. Cancer Genet. Cytogenet., 182, 144-149.
91. Smith, C.M. and Steitz, J.A. (1998) Classification of gas5 as a multi-small-nucleolar-RNA (snoRNA) host gene and a member of the 5'-terminal oligopyrimidine gene family reveals common features of snoRNA host genes. Mol. Cell. Biol., 18, 6897-6909.
92. Zhang, X., Rice, K., Wang, Y., Chen, W., Zhong, Y., Nakayama, Y., Zhou, Y. and Klibanski, A. (2009) Maternally expressed gene 3 (MEG3) noncoding ribonucleic acid: isoform structure, expression, and functions. Endocrinology, 151, 939-947.
93. Benetatos, L., Hatzimichael, E., Dasoula, A., Dranitsaris, G., Tsiara, S., Syrrou, M., Georgiou, I. and Bourantas, K.L. (2009) CpG methylation analysis of the MEG3 and SNRPN imprinted genes in acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndromes. Leuk. Res., 34, 148-153.
94. Benetatos, L., Dasoula, A., Hatzimichael, E., Georgiou, I., Syrrou, M. and Bourantas, K.L. (2008) Promoter hypermethylation of the MEG3 (DLK1/MEG3) imprinted gene in multiple myeloma. Clin. Lymphoma Myeloma, 8, 171-175.
95. Gejman, R., Batista, D.L., Zhong, Y., Zhou, Y., Zhang, X., Swearingen, B., Stratakis, C.A., Hedley-Whyte, E.T. and Klibanski, A. (2008) Selective loss of MEG3 expression and intergenic differentially methylated region hypermethylation in the MEG3/DLK1 locus in human clinically nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 93, 4119-4125.
96. Zhou, Y., Zhong, Y., Wang, Y., Zhang, X., Batista, D.L., Gejman, R., Ansell, P.J., Zhao, J., Weng, C. and Klibanski, A. (2007) Activation of p53 by MEG3 non-coding RNA. J. Biol. Chem., 282, 24731-24742.
97. Zhao, J., Dahle, D., Zhou, Y., Zhang, X. and Klibanski, A. (2005) Hypermethylation of the promoter region is associated with the loss of MEG3 gene expression in human pituitary tumors. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 90, 2179-2186.
98. Zhang, X., Zhou, Y., Mehta, K.R., Danila, D.C., Scolavino, S., Johnson, S.R. and Klibanski, A. (2003) A pituitary-derived MEG3 isoform functions as a growth suppressor in tumor cells. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 88, 5119-5126.