-
1
-
-
84938618063
-
Darren Wilson Walks: No Indictment for Michael Brown's Killer
-
Nov. 24
-
Jonathan Cohn, Darren Wilson Walks: No Indictment for Michael Brown's Killer, NEW REPUBLIC (Nov. 24, 2014), http://www.newrepublic.com/article/120395/ferguson-grand-jury-makes-issues-no-charges-officer-wilson.
-
(2014)
New Republic
-
-
Cohn, J.1
-
2
-
-
84938600641
-
Video Shows Cleveland Officer Shot Boy in 2 Seconds
-
Nov. 27, available at
-
Emma G. Fitzsimmons, Video Shows Cleveland Officer Shot Boy in 2 Seconds, N.Y. TIMES, Nov. 27, 2014, at A25, available at http://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/27/us/video-shows-cleveland-officer-shot-tamir-rice-2-seconds-after-pulling-up-next-to-him.html.
-
(2014)
N.Y. Times
, pp. A25
-
-
Fitzsimmons, E.G.1
-
3
-
-
84975327248
-
Wave of Protests After Grand Jury Doesn't Indict Officer in Eric Garner Chokehold Case
-
Dec. 3
-
J. David Goodman & Al Baker, Wave of Protests After Grand Jury Doesn't Indict Officer in Eric Garner Chokehold Case, N.Y. TIMES (Dec. 3, 2014), http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/04/nyregion/grand-jury-said-to-bring-no-charges-in-staten-island-chokehold-death-of-eric-garner.html.
-
(2014)
N.Y. Times
-
-
Goodman, J.D.1
Baker, A.2
-
4
-
-
84938618065
-
Cops Killed Man at Walmart, Then Interrogated Girlfriend
-
Dec. 16, 10:28 PM
-
Catherine E. Shoichet & Nick Valencia, Cops Killed Man at Walmart, Then Interrogated Girlfriend, CNN (Dec. 16, 2014, 10:28 PM), http://www.cnn.com/2014/12/16/justice/walmart-shooting-john-crawford/.
-
(2014)
CNN
-
-
Shoichet, C.E.1
Valencia, N.2
-
5
-
-
84938558648
-
Man Is Shot and Killed by the Police in California
-
Aug. 14
-
Jennifer Medina, Man Is Shot and Killed by the Police in California, N.Y. TIMES, Aug. 14, 2014, at A16.
-
(2014)
N.Y. Times
, pp. A16
-
-
Medina, J.1
-
6
-
-
84938618066
-
Father of 5 Dies After Getting Tased by Police During Attempted Burglary Arrest
-
Aug. 15
-
Philip Caulfield, Father of 5 Dies After Getting Tased by Police During Attempted Burglary Arrest, N.Y. DAILY NEWS (Aug. 15, 2014), http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/father-5-dies-tased-police-arrest-article-1.1904577.
-
(2014)
N.Y. Daily News
-
-
Caulfield, P.1
-
7
-
-
84938566316
-
New Outcry Unfolds After St. Louis Officer Kills Black Teenager
-
Oct. 10
-
Alan Blinder, New Outcry Unfolds After St. Louis Officer Kills Black Teenager, N.Y. TIMES, Oct. 10, 2014, at A18.
-
(2014)
N.Y. Times
, pp. A18
-
-
Blinder, A.1
-
8
-
-
84938393899
-
Local Police Involved in 400 Killings Per Year
-
Aug. 15
-
Kevin Johnson et al., Local Police Involved in 400 Killings Per Year, USA TODAY (Aug. 15, 2014), http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/08/14/police-killings-data/14060357/.
-
(2014)
USA Today
-
-
Johnson, K.1
-
9
-
-
84938618067
-
-
note
-
Only 750 of the approximately 17,000 law enforcement agencies in the United States participate. Id. Unfortunately, this is the only national database that collects data on police use of deadly force. Id. (quoting Geoff Alpert, a criminologist from the University of South Carolina who studies police use of deadly force).
-
-
-
-
10
-
-
84966691626
-
Mike Brown's Shooting and Jim Crow Lynchings Have Too Much in Common. It's Time for America to Own Up
-
Aug. 25
-
Isabel Wilkerson, Mike Brown's Shooting and Jim Crow Lynchings Have Too Much in Common. It's Time for America to Own Up, GUARDIAN (Aug. 25, 2014), http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/aug/25/mike-brown-shooting-jim-crowlynchings-in-common.
-
(2014)
Guardian
-
-
Wilkerson, I.1
-
11
-
-
84879803278
-
-
Inst. for the Study of Labor, Discussion Paper No. 2764, available at
-
Dan-Olof Rooth, Implicit Discrimination in Hiring: Real World Evidence 1, 4-5 (Inst. for the Study of Labor, Discussion Paper No. 2764, 2007), available at http://dnb.info/98812002X/34
-
(2007)
Implicit Discrimination in Hiring: Real World Evidence
, vol.1
, pp. 4-5
-
-
Rooth, D.-O.1
-
12
-
-
23944517335
-
Are Emily and Greg More Employable Than Lakisha and Jamal? A Field Experiment on Labor Market Discrimination
-
Marianne Bertrand & Sendhil Mullainathan, Are Emily and Greg More Employable Than Lakisha and Jamal? A Field Experiment on Labor Market Discrimination, 94 AM. ECON. REV. 991, 998 (2004)
-
(2004)
Am. Econ. Rev.
, vol.94
-
-
Bertrand, M.1
Mullainathan, S.2
-
13
-
-
77949412242
-
Discrimination in a Low-Wage Labor Market: A Field Experiment
-
Devah Pager et al., Discrimination in a Low-Wage Labor Market: A Field Experiment, 74 AM. SOC. REV 777, 788 (2009).
-
(2009)
Am. Soc. Rev
, vol.74
-
-
Pager, D.1
-
14
-
-
34547838451
-
Implicit Bias Among Physicians and Its Prediction of Thrombolysis Decisions for Black and White Patients
-
Alexander R. Green et al., Implicit Bias Among Physicians and Its Prediction of Thrombolysis Decisions for Black and White Patients, 22 J. GEN. INTERNAL MED. 1231 (2007).
-
(2007)
J. Gen. Internal Med.
, vol.22
, pp. 1231
-
-
Green, A.R.1
-
15
-
-
0036241952
-
Why Can't We Just Get Along? Interpersonal Biases and Interracial Distrust
-
John E. Dovodio et al., Why Can't We Just Get Along? Interpersonal Biases and Interracial Distrust, 8 CULTURAL DIVERSITY & ETHNIC MINORITY PSYCHOL. 88 (2002).
-
(2002)
Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychol.
, vol.8
, pp. 88
-
-
Dovodio, J.E.1
-
16
-
-
38149020830
-
Implicit Social Cognition and Law
-
Kristin Lane et al., Implicit Social Cognition and Law, 3 ANN. REV. L. & SOC. SCI. 427 (2007).
-
(2007)
Ann. Rev. L. & Soc. Sci.
, vol.3
, pp. 427
-
-
Lane, K.1
-
17
-
-
84877705792
-
Self-Defense and the Suspicion Heuristic
-
L. Song Richardson & Phillip Atiba Goff, Self-Defense and the Suspicion Heuristic, 98 IOWA L. REV. 293 (2012).
-
(2012)
Iowa L. Rev.
, vol.98
, pp. 293
-
-
Richardson, L.S.1
Goff, P.A.2
-
18
-
-
10244249243
-
Seeing Black: Race, Crime, and Visual Processing
-
876
-
Jennifer L. Eberhardt et al., Seeing Black: Race, Crime, and Visual Processing, 87 J. PERSONALITY & SOC. PSYCHOL. 876, 876 (2004).
-
(2004)
J. Personality & Soc. Psychol.
, vol.87
, pp. 876
-
-
Eberhardt, J.L.1
-
19
-
-
48749083765
-
Attending to Threat: Race-Based Patterns of Selective Attention
-
1322
-
Sophie Trawalter et al., Attending to Threat: Race-Based Patterns of Selective Attention, 44 J. EXPERIMENTAL SOC. PSYCHOL. 1322, 1322 (2008);
-
(2008)
J. Experimental Soc. Psychol.
, vol.44
, pp. 1322
-
-
Trawalter, S.1
-
20
-
-
79958763405
-
Differentially Dangerous? Phenotypic Racial Stereotypicality Increases Implicit Bias Among Ingroup and Outgroup Members
-
Kimberly Barsamian Kahn & Paul G. Davies, Differentially Dangerous? Phenotypic Racial Stereotypicality Increases Implicit Bias Among Ingroup and Outgroup Members, 14 GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP REL. 569, 573 (2011).
-
(2011)
Group Processes & Intergroup Rel.
, vol.14
-
-
Kahn, K.B.1
Davies, P.G.2
-
21
-
-
39049127510
-
Not Yet Human: Implicit Knowledge, Historical Dehumanization, and Contemporary Consequences
-
Phillip Atiba Goff et al., Not Yet Human: Implicit Knowledge, Historical Dehumanization, and Contemporary Consequences, 94 J. PERSONALITY & SOC. PSYCHOL. 292 (2008).
-
(2008)
J. Personality & Soc. Psychol.
, vol.94
, pp. 292
-
-
Goff, P.A.1
-
22
-
-
84897027039
-
The Essence of Innocence: Consequences of Dehumanizing Black Children
-
Phillip Atiba Goff et al., The Essence of Innocence: Consequences of Dehumanizing Black Children, 106 J. PERSONALITY & SOC. PSYCHOL. 526, 528-29 (2014).
-
(2014)
J. Personality & Soc. Psychol.
, vol.106
-
-
Goff, P.A.1
-
23
-
-
84938618069
-
The Science of Why Cops Shoot Young Black Men
-
Dec. 1
-
Chris Mooney, The Science of Why Cops Shoot Young Black Men, MOTHER JONES (Dec. 1, 2014), http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2014/11/science-of-racism-prejudice.
-
(2014)
Mother Jones
-
-
Mooney, C.1
-
25
-
-
84938618070
-
Bias in the Shadows of Criminal Law: The Problem of Implicit White Favoritism
-
(forthcoming 2015) (on file with author)
-
Robert J. Smith et al., Bias in the Shadows of Criminal Law: The Problem of Implicit White Favoritism, 66 ALA. L. REV. (forthcoming 2015) (on file with author).
-
Ala. L. Rev.
, vol.66
-
-
Smith, R.J.1
-
26
-
-
84938618071
-
Racial Realism
-
Derrick Bell, Racial Realism, 24 CONN. L. REV. 363, 363-379 (1998);
-
(1998)
Conn. L. Rev.
, vol.24
-
-
Bell, D.1
-
29
-
-
84055190741
-
Arrest Efficiency and the Fourth Amendment
-
L. Song Richardson, Arrest Efficiency and the Fourth Amendment, 95 MINN. L. REV. 2035, 2045-48, 2052-53 (2011).
-
(2011)
Minn. L. Rev.
, vol.95
-
-
Song Richardson, L.1
-
30
-
-
37849004950
-
Forgotten Racial Equality: Implicit Bias, Decisionmaking, and Misremembering
-
Justin D. Levinson, Forgotten Racial Equality: Implicit Bias, Decisionmaking, and Misremembering, 57 DUKE L.J. 345 (2007)).
-
(2007)
Duke L.J.
, vol.57
, pp. 345
-
-
Levinson, J.D.1
-
31
-
-
0031155092
-
A Threat in the Air: How Stereotypes Shape Intellectual Identity and Performance
-
Claude M. Steele, A Threat in the Air: How Stereotypes Shape Intellectual Identity and Performance, 52 AM. PSYCHOL. 613 (1997);
-
(1997)
Am. Psychol.
, vol.52
, pp. 613
-
-
Steele, C.M.1
-
32
-
-
0029411777
-
Stereotype Threat and the Intellectual Test Performance of African Americans
-
Claude M. Steele & Joshua Aronson, Stereotype Threat and the Intellectual Test Performance of African Americans, 69 J. PERSONALITY & SOC. PSYCHOL. 797 (1995).
-
(1995)
J. Personality & Soc. Psychol.
, vol.69
, pp. 797
-
-
Steele, C.M.1
Aronson, J.2
-
33
-
-
1542406354
-
When Saying and Doing Diverge: The Effects of Stereotype Threat on Self-Reported Versus Non-Verbal Anxiety
-
Jennifer K. Bosson et al., When Saying and Doing Diverge: The Effects of Stereotype Threat on Self-Reported Versus Non-Verbal Anxiety, 40 J. EXPERIMENTAL SOC. PSYCHOL. 247 (2004);
-
(2004)
J. Experimental Soc. Psychol.
, vol.40
, pp. 247
-
-
Bosson, J.K.1
-
34
-
-
0038793813
-
Stereotype Threat and Arousal: Effects on Women's Math Performance
-
Laurie T. O'Brien & Christian S. Crandall, Stereotype Threat and Arousal: Effects on Women's Math Performance, 29 PERSONALITY & SOC. PSYCHOL. BULL. 782 (2003);
-
(2003)
Personality & Soc. Psychol. Bull.
, vol.29
, pp. 782
-
-
O'Brien, L.T.1
Crandall, C.S.2
-
35
-
-
33745945538
-
On the Causal Mechanisms of Stereotype Threat: Can Skills That Don't Rely Heavily on Working Memory Still Be Threatened?
-
Sian L. Beilock et al., On the Causal Mechanisms of Stereotype Threat: Can Skills That Don't Rely Heavily on Working Memory Still Be Threatened?, 32 PERSONALITY SOC. PSYCHOL. BULL. 1059 (2006);
-
(2006)
Personality Soc. Psychol. Bull.
, vol.32
, pp. 1059
-
-
Beilock, S.L.1
-
36
-
-
0035345178
-
African Americans and High Blood Pressure: The Role of Stereotype Threat
-
Jim Blascovich et al., African Americans and High Blood Pressure: The Role of Stereotype Threat, 12 PSYCHOL. SCI. 225 (2001);
-
(2001)
Psychol. Sci.
, vol.12
, pp. 225
-
-
Blascovich, J.1
-
37
-
-
38749133774
-
The Space Between Us: Stereotype Threat and Distance in Interracial Contexts
-
Phillip Atiba Goff et al., The Space Between Us: Stereotype Threat and Distance in Interracial Contexts, 94 J. PERSONALITY & SOC. PSYCHOL. 91 (2008);
-
(2008)
J. Personality & Soc. Psychol.
, vol.94
, pp. 91
-
-
Goff, P.A.1
-
38
-
-
14544297890
-
The Social Psychology of Stigma
-
Brenda Major & Laurie T. O'Brien, The Social Psychology of Stigma, 56 ANN. REV. PSYCHOL. 393 (2005);
-
(2005)
Ann. Rev. Psychol.
, vol.56
, pp. 393
-
-
Major, B.1
O'Brien, L.T.2
-
39
-
-
0037999481
-
Challenge and Threat During Social Interactions with White and Black Men
-
Wendy Berry Mendes et al., Challenge and Threat During Social Interactions with White and Black Men, 28 PERSONALITY & SOC. PSYCHOL. BULL. 939 (2002);
-
(2002)
Personality & Soc. Psychol. Bull.
, vol.28
, pp. 939
-
-
Mendes, W.B.1
-
40
-
-
39049089567
-
How Attributional Ambiguity Shapes Physiological and Emotional Responses to Social Rejection and Acceptance
-
Wendy Berry Mendes et al., How Attributional Ambiguity Shapes Physiological and Emotional Responses to Social Rejection and Acceptance, 94 J. PERSONALITY & SOC. PSYCHOL. 278 (2008);
-
(2008)
J. Personality & Soc. Psychol.
, vol.94
, pp. 278
-
-
Mendes, W.B.1
-
41
-
-
0141483797
-
Converging Evidence That Stereotype Threat Reduces Working Memory Capacity
-
Toni Schmader & Michael Johns, Converging Evidence That Stereotype Threat Reduces Working Memory Capacity, 85 J. PERSONALITY & SOC. PSYCHOL. 440 (2003).
-
(2003)
J. Personality & Soc. Psychol.
, vol.85
, pp. 440
-
-
Schmader, T.1
Johns, M.2
-
42
-
-
0033480694
-
When White Men Can't Do Math: Necessary and Sufficient Factors in Stereotype Threat
-
Joshua Aronson et al., When White Men Can't Do Math: Necessary and Sufficient Factors in Stereotype Threat, 35 J. EXPERIMENTAL SOC. PSYCHOL. 29 (1999).
-
(1999)
J. Experimental Soc. Psychol.
, vol.35
, pp. 29
-
-
Aronson, J.1
-
43
-
-
0040960453
-
Stereotype Threat Effects on Black and White Athletic Performance
-
Jeff Stone et al., Stereotype Threat Effects on Black and White Athletic Performance, 77 J. PERSONALITY & SOC. PSYCHOL. 1213 (1999).
-
(1999)
J. Personality & Soc. Psychol.
, vol.77
, pp. 1213
-
-
Stone, J.1
-
44
-
-
77952777114
-
The Positive Feedback Bias As a Response to Self-Image Threat
-
Kent D. Harber et al., The Positive Feedback Bias As a Response to Self-Image Threat, 49 BRIT. J. SOC. PSYCHOL. 207, 209 (2010).
-
(2010)
Brit. J. Soc. Psychol.
, vol.49
-
-
Harber, K.D.1
-
45
-
-
34249706800
-
Failure to Warn: How Student Race Affects Warnings of Potential Academic Difficulty
-
Jennifer Randall Crosby & Benoît Monin, Failure to Warn: How Student Race Affects Warnings of Potential Academic Difficulty, 43 J. EXPERIMENTAL SOC. PSYCHOL. 663, 665-66 (2007).
-
(2007)
J. Experimental Soc. Psychol.
, vol.43
-
-
Crosby, J.R.1
Monin, B.2
-
47
-
-
84938618073
-
-
Id. at 5. As Goff notes, this could be attributed to either the small sample size of non-white officers. Id. Fifty-three percent of the officers were white, 28 percent were Hispanic, 6 percent were black and 6 percent were Asian, respectively. Id. at 4. It also could be related to concerns white officers may have had with admitting to a fear of being judged to be racist. Id. at 5. However, he also observed that non-white officers frequently mentioned occasions when citizens of the same race accused them of racism. Id.
-
Id. at 5. As Goff notes, this could be attributed to either the small sample size of non-white officers. Id. Fifty-three percent of the officers were white, 28 percent were Hispanic, 6 percent were black and 6 percent were Asian, respectively. Id. at 4. It also could be related to concerns white officers may have had with admitting to a fear of being judged to be racist. Id. at 5. However, he also observed that non-white officers frequently mentioned occasions when citizens of the same race accused them of racism. Id.
-
-
-
-
48
-
-
84926114934
-
Exploring the Discrepancy Between Implicit and Explicit Prejudice: A Test of Aversive Racism Theory
-
Joseph P. Forgas et al. eds.
-
Leanne S. Son Hing et al., Exploring the Discrepancy Between Implicit and Explicit Prejudice: A Test of Aversive Racism Theory, in SOCIAL MOTIVATION: CONSCIOUS AND UNCONSCIOUS PROCESSES 274-75 (Joseph P. Forgas et al. eds., 2005).
-
(2005)
Social Motivation: Conscious and Unconscious Processes
, pp. 274-275
-
-
Son Hing, L.S.1
-
49
-
-
0035626654
-
Trust and Law Abidingness: A Proactive Model of Social Regulation
-
Tom R. Tyler, Trust and Law Abidingness: A Proactive Model of Social Regulation, 81 B.U. L. REV. 361, 386 (2001);
-
(2001)
B.U. L. Rev.
, vol.81
-
-
Tyler, T.R.1
-
52
-
-
84927673109
-
Illegitimacy Is Dangerous: How Authorities Experience and React to Illegitimacy
-
Phillip Atiba Goff et al., Illegitimacy Is Dangerous: How Authorities Experience and React to Illegitimacy, 4 PSYCHOL. 340, 341 (2013).
-
(2013)
Psychol.
, vol.4
-
-
Goff, P.A.1
-
53
-
-
84055209053
-
"Who's the Man?": Masculinities Studies, Terry Stops, and Police Training
-
Frank Rudy Cooper, "Who's the Man?": Masculinities Studies, Terry Stops, and Police Training, 18 COLUM. J. GENDER & L. 671, 674 (2009);
-
(2009)
Colum. J. Gender & L.
, vol.18
-
-
Cooper, F.R.1
-
54
-
-
84993709335
-
Interactive Police-Citizen Encounters That Result in Force
-
Geoffrey P. Alpert, Roger G. Dunham & John M. MacDonald, Interactive Police-Citizen Encounters That Result in Force, 7 POLICE Q. 475, 476 (2004)
-
(2004)
Police Q.
, vol.7
-
-
Alpert, G.P.1
Dunham, R.G.2
MacDonald, J.M.3
-
55
-
-
77950459478
-
The Proof Is in the Punch: Gender Differences in Perceptions of Action and Aggression As Components of Manhood
-
Johnathan R. Weaver et al., The Proof Is in the Punch: Gender Differences in Perceptions of Action and Aggression As Components of Manhood, 62 SEX ROLES 241, 242 (2010)
-
(2010)
Sex Roles
, vol.62
-
-
Weaver, J.R.1
-
57
-
-
0347315062
-
Gender, Violence, Race, and Criminal Justice
-
Angela P. Harris, Gender, Violence, Race, and Criminal Justice, 52 STAN. L. REV. 777, 785 (2000);
-
(2000)
Stan. L. Rev.
, vol.52
-
-
Harris, A.P.1
-
59
-
-
84938618074
-
-
(unpublished manuscript) (on file with author)
-
Phillip Atiba Goff et al., Voices of Dominance (unpublished manuscript) (on file with author).
-
Voices of Dominance
-
-
Goff, P.A.1
-
60
-
-
33748983039
-
Not Your Father's Police Department: Making Sense of the New Demographics of Law Enforcement
-
David Alan Sklansky, Not Your Father's Police Department: Making Sense of the New Demographics of Law Enforcement, 96 J. CRIM. L. & CRIMINOLOGY 1209, 1210 (2006).
-
(2006)
J. Crim. L. & Criminology
, vol.96
-
-
Sklansky, D.A.1
-
62
-
-
84926281840
-
The Development of Rapport Through the Negotiation of Gender in Field Work Among Police
-
Jennifer Hunt, The Development of Rapport Through the Negotiation of Gender in Field Work Among Police, 43 HUM. ORG. 283 (1984));
-
(1984)
Hum. Org.
, vol.43
, pp. 283
-
-
Hunt, J.1
-
64
-
-
0039768880
-
Militarizing American Police: The Rise and Normalization of Paramilitary Units
-
Peter B. Kraska & Victor E. Kappeler, Militarizing American Police: The Rise and Normalization of Paramilitary Units, 44 SOC. PROBS. 1, 2-3 (1997);
-
(1997)
Soc. Probs.
, vol.44
-
-
Kraska, P.B.1
Kappeler, V.E.2
-
65
-
-
0346578847
-
Technology Transfer from Defense: Concealed Weapon Detection
-
U.S. Dep't of Justice, Technology Transfer from Defense: Concealed Weapon Detection, 229 NAT'L INST. OF JUST. J. 1, 35 (1995);
-
(1995)
Nat'l Inst. of Just. J.
, vol.229
-
-
U.S. Dep't of Justice1
-
66
-
-
0039369681
-
-
Pub. L. No. 104-201, 110 Stat. 2422, 2639 available at
-
National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1997, Pub. L. No. 104-201, 110 Stat. 2422, 2639 (1996), available at www.nps.gov/legal/laws/104th/104-201.pdf;
-
(1996)
National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1997
-
-
-
68
-
-
84938618075
-
Witnesses Saw Michael Brown Attacking - And Others Saw Him Giving Up
-
Nov. 25
-
Conor Friedersdorf, Witnesses Saw Michael Brown Attacking - and Others Saw Him Giving Up, ATLANTIC (Nov. 25, 2014), http://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2014/11/major-contradictions-in-eyewitness-accounts-of-michael-browns-death/383157/.
-
(2014)
Atlantic
-
-
Friedersdorf, C.1
-
69
-
-
84938618076
-
In Darren Wilson's Testimony, Familiar Themes About Black Men
-
Nov. 26
-
Frederica Boswell, In Darren Wilson's Testimony, Familiar Themes About Black Men, NPR (Nov. 26, 2014), http://www.npr.org/blogs/codeswitch/2014/11/26/366788918/in-darren-wilsons-testimony-familiar-themes-about-black-men.
-
(2014)
NPR
-
-
Boswell, F.1
-
70
-
-
71549148434
-
Behind the Blue Wall of Silence
-
Thomas Nolan, Behind the Blue Wall of Silence, 12 MEN & MASCULINITIES 250, 255 (2009).
-
(2009)
Men & Masculinities
, vol.12
-
-
Nolan, T.1
-
71
-
-
84938590642
-
How the Supreme Court Protects Bad Cops
-
Op-Ed., Aug. 27
-
Erwin Chemerinsky, Op-Ed., How the Supreme Court Protects Bad Cops, N.Y. TIMES, Aug. 27, 2014, at A23
-
(2014)
N.Y. Times
, pp. A23
-
-
Chemerinsky, E.1
-
72
-
-
34548632367
-
An Impediment to Police Accountability? An Analysis of Statutory Law Enforcement Officers' Bills of Rights
-
Kevin M. Keenan & Samuel Walker, An Impediment to Police Accountability? An Analysis of Statutory Law Enforcement Officers' Bills of Rights, 14 B.U. PUB. INT. L.J. 185 (2005);
-
(2005)
B.U. Pub. Int. L.J.
, vol.14
, pp. 185
-
-
Keenan, K.M.1
Walker, S.2
-
73
-
-
2142808891
-
Organizational Culture and Police Misconduct
-
Barbara E. Armacost, Organizational Culture and Police Misconduct, 72 GEO. WASH. L. REV. 453, 463 (2004);
-
(2004)
Geo. Wash. L. Rev.
, vol.72
-
-
Armacost, B.E.1
-
74
-
-
84858130195
-
The Problem of Policing
-
Rachel A. Harmon, The Problem of Policing, 110 MICH. L. REV. 761 (2012).
-
(2012)
Mich. L. Rev.
, vol.110
, pp. 761
-
-
Harmon, R.A.1
-
75
-
-
84905119237
-
Reducing Implicit Racial Preferences: A Comparative Investigation of 17 Interventions
-
Calvin K. Lai et al., Reducing Implicit Racial Preferences: A Comparative Investigation of 17 Interventions, 143 J. EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOL. 1765, 1772 (2014);
-
(2014)
J. Experimental Psychol.
, vol.143
-
-
Lai, C.K.1
-
79
-
-
84938618077
-
Psychological Research Has Changed How We Approach the Issue of Biased Policing
-
May-June
-
Lorie Fridell, Psychological Research Has Changed How We Approach the Issue of Biased Policing, SUBJECT TO DEBATE, May-June 2014.
-
(2014)
Subject to Debate
-
-
Fridell, L.1
-
80
-
-
84938586532
-
(The Need for) A Model of Translational Mind Science Justice Research
-
Phillip Atiba Goff et al., (The Need for) A Model of Translational Mind Science Justice Research, 1 J. SOC. & POL. PSYCHOL. 385, 391 (2013).
-
(2013)
J. Soc. & Pol. Psychol.
, vol.1
-
-
Goff, P.A.1
-
81
-
-
84938618078
-
-
note
-
Goff is CPE's cofounder and president.
-
-
-
-
82
-
-
54949102337
-
Seeing Race and Seeming Racist? Evaluating Strategic Colorblindness in Social Interaction
-
Evan P. Apfelbaum et al., Seeing Race and Seeming Racist? Evaluating Strategic Colorblindness in Social Interaction, 95 J. PERSONALITY & SOC. PSYCHOL. 918, 919 (2008);
-
(2008)
J. Personality & Soc. Psychol.
, vol.95
-
-
Apfelbaum, E.P.1
-
83
-
-
84883761179
-
Anything but Race: Avoiding Racial Discourse to Avoid Hurting You or Me
-
Phillip Atiba Goff et al., Anything but Race: Avoiding Racial Discourse to Avoid Hurting You or Me, 4 PSYCHOL. 335 (2013).
-
(2013)
Psychol.
, vol.4
, pp. 335
-
-
Goff, P.A.1
-
84
-
-
84938618079
-
FIP Client
-
last visited Apr. 23, 2015
-
Lorie Fridell, FIP Client, FAIR & IMPARTIAL POLICING, http://www.fairimpartialpolicing.com (last visited Apr. 23, 2015).
-
Fair & Impartial Policing
-
-
Fridell, L.1
-
85
-
-
84938618080
-
Press
-
last visited Apr. 23, 2015
-
Lorie Fridell, Press, FAIR & IMPARTIAL POLICING, http://www.fairimpartialpolicing.com/press (last visited Apr. 23, 2015).
-
Fair & Impartial Policing
-
-
Fridell, L.1
-
86
-
-
84922331494
-
Implicit Bias and Law Enforcement
-
Oct. available at
-
Tracey G. Cove, Implicit Bias and Law Enforcement, POLICE CHIEF, Oct. 2011, at 44, available at http://static.squarespace.com/static/54722818e4b0b3ef26cdc085/t/54790aece4b03c29747eb163/1417218796679/press-thepolicechief.pdf.
-
(2011)
Police Chief
, pp. 44
-
-
Cove, T.G.1
-
88
-
-
84938618081
-
-
available at
-
LORIE A. FRIDELL, FAIR AND IMPARTIAL POLICING 5, available at http://static.squarespace.com/static/54722818e4b0b3ef26cdc085/t/5478bbd4e4b045935f33df73/1417198548003/overview-program.pdf.
-
Fair and Impartial Policing
, pp. 5
-
-
Fridell, L.A.1
-
90
-
-
84994109227
-
Racially Biased Policing: The Law Enforcement Response to the Implicit Black-Crime Association
-
Michael J. Lynch, E. Britt Patterson & Kristina K. Childs eds.
-
Lorie A. Fridell, Racially Biased Policing: The Law Enforcement Response to the Implicit Black-Crime Association, in RACIAL DIVIDE: RACIAL AND ETHNIC BIAS IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM (Michael J. Lynch, E. Britt Patterson & Kristina K. Childs eds., 2008).
-
(2008)
Racial Divide: Racial and Ethnic Bias in the Criminal Justice System
-
-
Fridell, L.A.1
-
91
-
-
84938618084
-
The NYPD's "Work Stoppage" Is Surreal
-
Dec. 31
-
Matt Taibbi, The NYPD's "Work Stoppage" Is Surreal, ROLLING STONE (Dec. 31, 2014), http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/the-nypds-work-stoppage-is-surreal-20141231.
-
(2014)
Rolling Stone
-
-
Taibbi, M.1
-
92
-
-
84938618085
-
Richmond Police Chief a Prominent Participant in Protest Against Police Violence
-
Dec. 9
-
Robert Rogers, Richmond Police Chief a Prominent Participant in Protest Against Police Violence, CONTRA COSTA TIMES (Dec. 9, 2014), http://www.contracostatimes.com/west-county-times/ci-27102218/richmond-police-chief-prominent-participant-local-protest-against.
-
(2014)
Contra Costa Times
-
-
Rogers, R.1
-
93
-
-
84927552873
-
President Obama Creates the Task Force on 21st Century Policing
-
Dec. 18, The task force "will examine, among other issues, how to strengthen public trust and foster strong relationships between local law enforcement and the communities that they protect, while also promoting effective crime reduction."
-
David Hudson, President Obama Creates the Task Force on 21st Century Policing, WHITE HOUSE BLOG (Dec. 18, 2014), http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2014/12/18/president-creates-task-force-21st-century-policing. The task force "will examine, among other issues, how to strengthen public trust and foster strong relationships between local law enforcement and the communities that they protect, while also promoting effective crime reduction."
-
(2014)
White House Blog
-
-
Hudson, D.1
-
95
-
-
84902771340
-
Changing the Wind: Notes Toward a Demosprudence of Law and Social Movements
-
Lani Guinier & Gerald Torres, Changing the Wind: Notes Toward a Demosprudence of Law and Social Movements, 123 YALE L.J. 2740, 2743 (2014).
-
(2014)
Yale L.J.
, vol.123
-
-
Guinier, L.1
Torres, G.2
|