Discrimination in a low-wage labor market: A field experiment

American Sociological Review

Volumn 74, Issue 5, 2009, Pages 777-799

  Pager, Devah ^a   Western, Bruce ^b   Bonikowski, Bart ^a  

^a PRINCETON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BLACK POPULATION; EMPLOYMENT; LABOR MARKET; LATINO PEOPLE; RACISM;

NEW YORK [NEW YORK (STT)]; NEW YORK [UNITED STATES]; UNITED STATES;

EID: 77949412242     PISSN: 00031224     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/000312240907400505     Document Type: Article

References (53)

1. Agresti, Alan. 1990. Categorical Data Analysis. New York: Wiley.
2. Aigner, Dennis J. and Glen G. Cain. 1977. "Statistical Theories of Discrimination in Labor Market." Industrial and Labor Relations Review 30:749-76.
3. Altonji, Joseph G. and Charles R. Pierret. 2001. "Employer Learning and Statistical Discrimination." Journal of Economics 116:313-50.
4. Becker, Gary S. 1957. The Economics of Discrimination. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
5. Bendick, Marc, Jr., Charles Jackson, and Victor Reinoso. 1994. "Measuring Employment Discrimination through Controlled Experiments." Review of Black Political Economy 23:25-48.
6. Bendick, Marc, Jr., Charles Jackson, Victor Reinoso, and Laura Hodges. 1991. "Discrimination against Latino Job Applicants: A Controlled Experiment." Human Resource Management 30:469-84.
7. Bertrand, Marianne and Sendhil Mullainathan. 2004. "Are Emily and Greg More Employable than Lakisha and Jamal? A Field Experiment on Labor Market Discrimination." American Economic Review 94:991-1013.
8. Biernat, Monica and Diane D. Kobrynowicz. 1997. "Gender and Race-Based Standards of Competence: Lower Minimum Standards but Higher Ability Standards for Devalued Groups." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 72:544-57.
9. Bodenhausen, Galen. 1988. "Stereotypic Biases in Social Decision Making and Memory: Testing Process Models of Stereotype Use." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 55(5):726-37.
10. Cancio, A. Silvia, T. David Evans, and David J. Maume. 1996. "Reconsidering the Declining Significance of Race: Racial Differences in Early Career Wages." American Sociological Review 61:541-56.
11. Cross, Harry, Genevieve Kenney, Jane Mell, and Wendy Zimmerman. 1990. Employer Hiring Practices: Differential Treatment of Hispanic and Anglo Job Seekers. Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press.
12. Darity, William, Jr. and Patrick A. Mason. 1998. "Evidence on Discrimination in Employment: Codes of Color, Codes of Gender." The Journal of Economic Perspectives 12:63-90.
13. Darity, William, Jr. and Samuel L. Meyers. 1998. Persistent Disparity: Race and Economic Inequality in the United States since 1945. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.
14. Darley, John M. and Paget H. Gross. 1983. "A Hypothesis-Confirming Bias in Labeling Effects." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 44:20-33.
15. Dobbin, Frank, J. Sutton, J. Meyer, and W. R. Scott. 1993. "Equal Opportunity Law and the Construction of Internal Labor Markets." American Journal of Sociology 99:396-427.
16. Dovidio, John F. and Samuel L. Gaertner. 2000. "Aversive Racism and Selection Decisions." Psychological Science 11:315-19.
17. Elliott, James R. 2000. "Class, Race, and Job Matching in Contemporary Urban Labor Markets." Social Science Quarterly 81:1036-52.
18. Farkas, George and Keven Vicknair. 1996. "Appropriate Tests of Racial Wage Discrimination Require Controls for Cognitive Skill: Comment on Cancio, Evans, and Maume." American Sociological Review 61:557-60.
19. Fiske, Susan. 1998. "Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination." Pp. 357-411 in The Handbook of Social Psychology, edited by D. Gilbert, S. Fiske, and G. Lindzey. Boston, MA: McGraw Hill.
20. Fix, Michael and Raymond J. Struyk, eds. 1993. Clear and Convincing Evidence: Measurement of Discrimination in America. Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press.
21. Fryer, Ronald G., Jr. and Steven D. Levitt. 2003. "The Causes and Consequences of Distinctively Black Names." NBER Working Paper 9938.
22. Fryer, Ronald G., Jr. 2004. "The Causes and Consequences of Distinctively Black Names." The Quarterly Journal of Economics 119:767-805.
23. Ghosh, Malay, Ming-Hui Chen, Atalanta Ghosh, and Alan Agresti. 2000. "Hierarchical Bayesian Analysis of Binary Matched Pairs Data." Statistica Sinica 10:647-57.
24. Gilbert, Daniel T. and J. Gregory Hixon. 1991. "The Trouble of Thinking: Activation and Application of Stereotypical Beliefs." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 60(4):509-17.
25. Gottschalck, Alfred O. 2003. "Dynamics of Economic Well-Being: Spells of Unemployment, 1996-1999." Current Population Reports. Washington, DC: US Census Bureau.
26. Heckman, James J. 1998. "Detecting Discrimination." The Journal of Economic Perspectives 12:101-116.
27. Heckman, James and Peter Siegelman. 1993. "The Urban Institute Audit Studies: Their Methods and Findings." Pp. 187-258 in Clear and Convincing Evidence: Measurement of Discrimination in America, edited by M. Fix and R. Struyk. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
28. Holzer, Harry J. 1987. "Informal Job Search and Black Youth Unemployment." American Economic Review 77:446-52.
29. Holzer, Harry J. 1996. What Employers Want: Job Prospects of Less-Educated Workers. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
30. Holzer, Harry J. and Paul Offner. 2001. "Trends in Employment Outcomes of Young Black Men." Georgetown University, Washington, DC. Unpublished manuscript.
31. Johnson, William and Derek Neal. 1998. "Basic Skills and the Black-White Earnings Gap." Pp. 480-500 in Black-White Test Score Differences, edited by C. Jencks and M. Phillips. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.
32. Kirschenman, Joleen and Katherine Neckerman. 1991. "'We'd Love to Hire Them, but.|.|.': The Meaning of Race for Employers." Pp. 203-234 in The Urban Underclass, edited by C. Jencks and P. Peterson. Washington, DC: Brookings Institute.
33. Moss, Philip and Chris Tilly. 2001. Stories Employers Tell: Race, Skill, and Hiring in America. New York: Russell Sage.
34. Neal, Derek and William Johnson. 1996. "The Role of Premarket Factors in Black-White Wage Differences." Journal of Political Economy 104:869-95.
35. Oettinger, Gerald S. 1996. "Statistical Discrimination and the Early Career Evolution of the Black-White Wage Gap." Journal of Labor Economics 14:52-78.
36. O'Neill, June. 1990. "The Role of Human Capital in Earnings Differences between White and Black Men." The Journal of Economic Perspectives 4(4):25-45.
37. Pager, Devah. 2003. "The Mark of a Criminal Record." American Journal of Sociology 108:937-75.
38. Pager, Devah. 2007a. "The Use of Field Experiments for Studies of Employment Discrimination: Contributions, Critiques, and Directions for the Future." Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences 609:104-133.
39. Pager, Devah. 2007b. Marked: Race, Crime, and Finding Work in an Era of Mass Incarceration. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
40. Pager, Devah and Diana Karafin. 2009. "Bayesian Bigot? Statistical Discrimination, Stereotypes, and Employer Decision-Making." Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 621(1):70-93.
41. Pager, Devah and Lincoln Quillian. 2005. "Walking the Talk: What Employers Say Versus What They Do." American Sociological Review 70(3):355-80.
42. Petersen, Trond, Ishak Saporta, and Marc-David L. Seidel. 2000. "Offering a Job: Meritocracy and Social Networks." American Journal of Sociology 106:763-816.
43. Pettit, Becky and Bruce Western. 2004. "Mass Imprisonment and the Life Course: Race and Class Inequality in U.S. Incarceration." American Sociological Review 59:151-69.
44. Roscigno, Vincent J., Lisette Garcia, Sherry Mong, and Reginald Byron. 2007. "Racial Discrimination at Work: Its Occurrence, Dimensions, and Consequences." The New Black: Alternative Paradigms and Strategies for the 21st Century Research in Race and Ethnic Relations 14:131-55.
45. Steele, Claude M. and Joshua Aronson. 1995. "Stereotype Threat and the Intellectual Test Performance of African Americans." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 69(5):797-811.
46. Tomaskovic-Devey, Donald, Melvin Thomas, and Kecia Johnson. 2005. "Race and the Accumulation of Human Capital across the Career: A Theoretical Model and Fixed-Effects Application." American Journal of Sociology 111(1):58-89.
47. Trope, Yaacov and Erik P. Thomson. 1997. "Looking for Truth in All the Wrong Places? Asymmetric Search of Individuating Information about Stereotyped Group Members." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 73(2):229-41.
48. Turner, Margery, Michael Fix, and Raymond Struyk. 1991. Opportunities Denied, Opportunities Diminished: Racial Discrimination in Hiring. Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press.
49. Waldinger, Roger and Michael I. Lichter. 2003. How the Other Half Works: Immigration and the Social Organization of Labor. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
50. Western, Bruce and Becky Pettit. 2005. "Black-White Wage Inequality, Employment Rates, and Incarceration." American Journal of Sociology 111:553-78.
51. Whatley, Warren C. 1990. "Getting a Foot in the Door: 'Learning,' State Dependence, and the Racial Integration of Firms." The Journal of Economic History 50(1):43-66.
52. Wilson, William Julius. 1996. When Work Disappears: The World of the New Urban Poor. New York: Vintage Books.
53. Yarkin, K. L., J. P. Town, and B. S. Wallston. 1982. "Blacks and Women Must Try Harder: Stimulus Person's Race and Sex Attributions of Causality." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 8:21-24.