Interactive Police-Citizen Encounters that Result in Force

Police Quarterly

Volumn 7, Issue 4, 2004, Pages 475-488

  Alpert, Geoffrey P ^a   Dunham, Roger G ^b   Macdonald, John M ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI   (United States)

^c RAND CORPORATION   (United States)

Author keywords

police use of force; police citizen encounters; police citizen interactions

Indexed keywords

EID: 84993709335     PISSN: 10986111     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1098611103260507     Document Type: Article

References (31)

1. Adams, K. (1999). What we know about police use of force. In Use of force by police (pp. 1-14). Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice and Bureau of Justice Statistics.
2. Alpert, G. P.,& Dunham, R. (1997). The force factor: Measuring police use of force relative to suspect resistance. Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum.
3. Alpert, G. P., Dunham, R., Kenney, D., & Smith, M. (2001). The force factor: Measuring police use of force relative to suspect resistance. A final report to the National Institute of Justice. Washington, DC.
4. Alpert, G. P., & Smith, M. (1999). Police use-of-force data: Where we are and where we should be going. Police Quarterly, 2, 57-78.
5. Bayley, D., & Garofalo, J. (1989). The management of violence by police patrol officers. Criminology, 27, 1-27.
6. Binder, A.,& Scharf, P. (1980). The violent police-citizen encounter. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 452, 111-121.
7. Black, D. (1976). The behavior of law. New York: Academic Press.
8. Chevigny, P. (1969). Police power: Police abuses in New York City. New York: Pantheon.
9. Dunham, R., & Alpert, G.P. (2004). The effects of officer and suspect ethnicity in use- offorce incidents. In K. Terry & D. Jones-Brown (Eds.), Policing and minority communities: Bridging the gap (pp. 102-114). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
10. Engel, R., Sobol, J., & Worden, R. (2000). Further exploration of the demeanor hypothesis: The interaction effects of suspects characteristics and demeanor on police behavior. Justice Quarterly, 17, 235-258.
11. Friedrich, R. (1980). Police use of force, individuals, situations, and organizations. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 452, 82-97.
12. Garner, J. H., Schade, T., Hepburn, J., & Buchanan, J. (1995). Measuring the continuum of force used by and against the police. Criminal Justice Review, 20, 146-168.
13. Geller, W.,& Scott, M. (1992). Deadly force: What we know. Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum.
14. Geller, W.,& Toch, H. (Eds.). (1995). And justice for all. Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum.
15. Greenleaf, R.,& Lanza-Kaduce, L. (1995). Sophistication, organization, and authority-subject conflict: Rediscovering and unraveling Turks theory of norm resistance. Criminology, 33, 565-585.
16. Klinger, D. (1994). Demeanor or crime: Why hostile citizens are more likely to be arrested. Criminology, 32, 475-493.
17. Klinger, D. (1996). More on demeanor and arrest in Dade County. Criminology, 34, 61-81.
18. Lanza-Kaduce, L., & Greenleaf, R. (1994). Police-citizen encounters: Turk on norm resistance. Justice Quarterly, 11, 605-623.
19. Lanza-Kaduce, L., & Greenleaf, R. (2000). Age, and race deference reversals: Extending Turk on police-citizen conflict. Journal of Research in Crime & Delinquency, 37, 221-236.
20. Lundman, R. (1974). Routine police arrest practices. Social Problems, 22, 127-141.
21. Lundman, R. (1994). Demeanor or crime: The Midwest City police-citizen encounters study. Criminology, 32, 631-656.
22. Molm, L., Peterson, G., & Takahashi, N. (1999). Power in negotiated and reciprocal exchange. American Sociological Review, 64, 876-890.
23. Roberg, R., Crank, J., & Kuykendall, J. (2000). Police and society. Los Angeles: Roxbury Publishing.
24. Sherman, L. (1980). Perspectives on police and violence. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 452, 1-12.
25. Smith, D. (1986). The neighborhood context of police behavior. In A. Reiss & M. Tonry (Eds.), Communities and crime (pp. 314-341). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
26. Sykes, R.,& Clark, J. (1975). A theory of deference exchange in police-civilian encounters. American Journal of Sociology, 81, 584-600.
27. Terrill, W. (2001). Police coercion: Application of the force continuum. New York: LFBPublishing.
28. Turk, A. (1966). Conflict and criminality. American Sociological Review, 31, 338-352.
29. Walker, S. (2001). Police accountability. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
30. Worden, R. (1995). The causes of police brutality: Theory and evidence on police use of force. In W. Geller & H. Toch (Eds.), And justice for all: Understanding and controlling police abuse of force (pp. 31-60). Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum.
31. Worden, R., & Shepard, R. (1996). Demeanor, crime and police behavior: A reexamination of the Police Services Study data. Criminology, 34, 83-105.