Differentially dangerous? phenotypic racial stereotypicality increases implicit bias among ingroup and outgroup members

Group Processes and Intergroup Relations

Volumn 14, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 569-580

  Kahn, Kimberly Barsamian ^a   Davies, Paul G ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

Author keywords

racial bias; shooter bias; stereotypes; stereotypicality; within group variation

Indexed keywords

EID: 79958763405     PISSN: 13684302     EISSN: 14617188     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1368430210374609     Document Type: Article

References (34)

1. Averhart C.J.,Bigler R.S.Shades of meaning: Skin tone, racial attitudes, and constructive memory in African American children.Journal of Experimental Child Psychology. 1997;67:363-388.
2. Blair I.V.The efficient use of race and Afrocentric features in inverted faces.Social Cognition. 2006;24:563-579.
3. Blair I.V.,Chapleau K.M.,Judd C.M.The use of Afrocentric features as cues for judgment in the presence of diagnostic information.European Journal of Social Psychology. 2005;35:59-68.
4. Blair I.V.,Judd C.M.,Chapleau K.M.The influence of Afrocentric facial features in criminal sentencing.Psychological Science. 2004a;15:674-679.
5. Blair I.V.,Judd C.M.,Fallman J.L.The automaticity of race and Afrocentric facial features in social judgments.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2004b;87:763-778.
6. Blair I.V.,Judd C.M.,Sadler M.S.,Jenkins C.The role of Afrocentric features in person perception: Judging by features and categories.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2002;83:5-25.
7. Bodenhausen G.V.,Macrae C.N.Advances in social cognition. Wyer J.R., ed. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum; 1998:1-52.
8. Correll J.,Park B.,Judd C.M.,Wittenbrink B.The police officer's dilemma: Using ethnicity to disambiguate potentially threatening individuals.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2002;83:1314-1329.
9. Correll J.,Park B.,Judd C.M.,Wittenbrink B.The influence of stereotypes on decisions to shoot.European Journal of Social Psychology. 2007;37:1102-1117.
10. Correll J.,Park B.,Judd C.M.,Wittenbrink B.,Sadler M.S.,Keesee T.Across the thin blue line: Police officers and racial bias in the decision to shoot.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2007;92:1006-1023.
11. Dixon T.L.,Maddox K.B.Skin tone, crime news, and social reality judgments: Priming the stereotype of the dark and dangerous Black criminal.Journal of Applied Social Psychology. 2005;35:1555-1570.
12. Eberhardt J.L.,Davies P.G.,Purdie-Vaughns V.J.,Johnson S.L.Looking deathworthy: Perceived stereotypicality of Black defendants predicts capital-sentencing outcomes.Psychological Science. 2006;17:383-386.
13. Eberhardt J.L.,Goff P.A.,Purdie V.J.,Davies P.G.Seeing Black: Race, representation, and visual processing.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2004;87:876-893.
14. Fiske S.T.,Neuberg S.L.Advances in experimental social psychology. Zanna M.P., ed. New York, NY: Academic Press; 1990:1-74.
15. Fiske S.T.,Taylor S.E.Social cognition. 2nd ed.New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 1991:.
16. Glaser J.,Knowles E.D.Implicit motivation to control prejudice.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 2008;44:164-172.
17. Green D.M.,Swets J.A.Signal detection theory and psychophysics. New York, NY: Wiley; 1966:.
18. Greenwald A.G.,Oakes M.A.,Hoffman H.G.Targets of discrimination: Effects of race on responses to weapons holders.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 2003;39:399-405.
19. Judd C.M.,Blair I.V.,Chapleau K.M.Automatic stereotypes vs. automatic prejudice: Sorting out the possibilities in the Payne (2001) weapon paradigm.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 2004;40:75-81.
20. Ko S.J.,Judd C.M.,Blair I.V.What the voice reveals: Within- and between-category stereotyping on the basis of voice.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 2006;32:806-819.
21. Livingston R.W.,Brewer M.B.What are we really priming? Cue-based versus category-based processing of facial stimuli.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2002;82:5-18.
22. MacMillan N.A.,Creelman C.D.Detection theory: A user's guide. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 1991:.
23. Maddox K.B.Perspectives of racial phenotypicality bias.Personality and Social Psychology Review. 2004;8:383-401.
24. Maddox K.B.,Chase S.G.Manipulating subcategory salience: Exploring the link between skin tone and social perception of Blacks.European Journal of Social Psychology. 2004;34:533-546.
25. Maddox K.B.,Gray S.A.Cognitive representations of Black Americans: Reexploring the role of skin tone.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 2002;28:250-259.
26. Mendoza S.A.,Gollwitzer P.M.,Amodio D.M.Reducing the expression of implicit stereotypes: Reflexive control through implementation intentions.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 2010;36:512-523.
27. Nosek B.A.,Smyth F.L.,Hansen J.J.,Devos T.,Lindner N.M.,Ranganath K.A.anaji M.R.Pervasiveness and correlates of implicit attitudes and stereotypes.European Review of Social Psychology. 2007;18:36-88.
28. Obama B.The audacity of hope: Thoughts on reclaiming the American dream. New York, NY: Three Rivers Press; 2006:.
29. Payne B.K.Prejudice and perception: The role of automatic and controlled processes in misperceiving a weapon.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2001;81:181-192.
30. Payne B.K.Weapon bias: Split-second decisions and unintended stereotyping.Current Directions in Psychological Science. 2006;15:287-291.
31. Payne B.K.What mistakes disclose: A process dissociation approach to automatic and controlled processes in social psychology.Social and Personality Psychology Compass. 2008;2:1071-1092.
32. Plant E.A.,Peruche B.M.The consequences of race for police officers' responses to criminal suspects.Psychological Science, 16. 2005;:180-183.
33. Uhlmann E.,Dasgupla N.,Elgueta A.,Greenwald A.G.,Swanson J.Subgroup prejudice based on skin color among Hispanics in the United States and Latin America.Social Cognition. 2002;20:198-226.
34. Wittenbrink B.,Judd C.M.,Park B.Spontaneous prejudice in context: Variability in automatically activated attitudes.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2001;81:815-827.