New chalcogenide materials for thin film solar cells

RSC Energy and Environment Series

Volumn 2015-January, Issue 12, 2015, Pages 160-208

  Lane, David W ^a   Hutchings, Kyle J ^a   McCracken, Robert ^a   Forbes, Ian ^b  

^a CRANFIELD UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b NORTHUMBRIA UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84937417141     PISSN: 20440774     EISSN: 20440782     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (122)

1. K. Zweibel, in The Terawatt Challenge for Thin-Film PV, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 2005, pp. 1-44.
2. A. Feltrin and A. Freundlich, Renewable Energy, 2008, 33, 180-185.
3. J. E. Trancik and K. Zweibel, in Proceedings 2006 IEEE 4th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, 2006, pp. 2490-2493.
4. K. Zweibel, in Thin Film Solar Cells: Fabrication, Characterization and Applications, ed. J. Poortmans and V. Arkhipov, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK, 2006, pp. 427-462.
5. I. Forbes and L. M. Peter, in Materials for a Sustainable Future, ed. T. M. Letcher and J. Scott, RSC Books, Cambridge, UK, 2012, p. 828.
6. US Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries 2012, US Geological Survey, Reston, VA, 2012.
7. A. Jager-Waldau, in PV Status Report 2013, European Commission, Joint Research Centre Institute for Energy and Transport, EUR 26118 EN, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, 2013.
8. M. W. George, Tellurium, in Mineral Commodity Summaries 2013, US Geological Survey, Reston, VA, 2005, pp. 164-165, available at http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/selenium/mcs-2013-tellu.pdf.
9. T. J. Brown, R. A. Shaw, T. Bide, E. Petavratzi, E. R. Raycrat, A. S. Walters, Tech. and A. C. MacKenzie, World Mineral Production 2007-11, British Geological Survey, Nottingham, UK, 2013.
10. C. Mikolajczak, Availability of Indium and Gallium, The Indium Corporation, 2009.
11. C. S. Tao, J. Jiang and M. Tao, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, 2011, 95, 3176-3180.
12. Ad-hoc Working Group of Deining Critical Raw Materials, Critical Raw Materials for the EU, European Commission, Brussels, 2010.
13. T. K. Todorov, J. Tang, S. Bag, O. Gunawan, T. Gokmen, Y. Zhu and D. B. Mitzi, Adv. Energy Mater., 2013, 3, 34-38.
14. R. A. Potyrailo and I. Takeuchi, Meas. Sci. Technol., 2005, 16, 1-4.
15. L. Asinovski, D. Beaglehole and M. T. Clarkson, Phys. Status Solidi A, 2008, 205, 764-771.
16. R. H. Bube, Photovoltaic Materials, Imperial College Press, London, 1998.
17. A. E. Rakhshani, Solid-State Electron., 1986, 29, 7-17.
18. B. P. Rai, Sol. Cells, 1988, 25, 265-272.
19. T. L. Chu and S. S. Chu, Solid-State Electron., 1995, 38, 533-549.
20. A. Ennaoui, S. Fiechter, C. Pettenkofer, N. Alonso-Vante, K. Bilker, M. Bronold, C. Hopfner and H. Tributsch, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, 1993, 29, 289-370.
21. Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 December 2006 concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH), establishing a European Chemicals Agency, Off. J. Eur. Union, 2006, L396, 3-280.
22. W. Shockley and H. J. Queisser, J. Appl. Phys., 1961, 32, 510-519.
23. C. Wadia, A. P. Alivisatos and D. M. Kammen, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2009, 43, 2072-2077.
24. A. Ennaoui, S. Fiechter, G. Smestad and H. Tributsch, in Energy and the Environment into the 1990s: Proceedings 1st World Renewable Energy Congress, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1990, vol. 1, pp. 458-464.
25. J.-C. Zhao, Prog. Mater. Sci., 2006, 51, 557-631.
26. M. Ohring, Materials Science ofThin Films, Academic Press, London, 2nd edn, 2001.
27. J. A. Haber, N. J. Gerein, T. D. Hatchard and M. Y. Versavel, in Proceedings of31st IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 2005, pp. 155-158.
28. S. S. Mao, Appl. Phys. A, 2011, 105, 283-288.
29. D. Lincot, Thin Solid Films, 2005, 487, 40-48.
30. O. Goldstein, The Production and Characterisation of Inorganic Combinatorial Libraries, PhD thesis, Cranield University, Shrivenham, UK, 2010.
31. Supplied by J. Kurt Lesker Ltd. 15/16 Burgess Road Hastings, East Sussex TN35 4NR, England, www.lesker.com.
32. J. Goldstein, D. E. Newbury, D. C. Joy, C. E. Lyman, P. Echlin, E. Lifshin, L. Sawyer and J. R. Michael, Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-ray Microanalysis, Springer, New York, 2003.
33. B. Beckhoff, B. Kanngiefier, N. Langhoff, R. Wedell and H. E. Wolff, Handbook ofPractical X-ray Fluorescence Analysis, Springer, Berlin and London, 2006.
34. Y. Wang and M. A. Nastasi, Handbook ofModern Ion Beam Materials Analysis, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2nd edn, 2010.
35. B. D. Cullity and S. R. Stock, Elements of X-ray Diffraction, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 2001.
36. S. Roncallo, O. Karimi, K. D. Rogers, D. W. Lane and S. A. Ansari, J. Appl. Crystallogr., 2009, 42, 174-178.
37. P. A. Fernandes, P. M. P. Salome and A. F. da Cunha, J. Alloys Compd., 2011, 509, 7600-7606.
38. S. Schorr, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, 2011, 95, 1482-1488.
39. O. S. Heavens, Optical Properties ofThin Solid Films, Dover Publications, New York, 1991.
40. H. Fujiwara, Spectroscopic Ellipsometry: Principles and Applications, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK, 2007.
41. J. Chan, EECS 143 Four-Point Probe, University of California, Berkeley, EECS, 1994; modiied by P. Friedberg, 2002.
42. S. B. Catalano, IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, 1963, 10, 185-188.
43. G. L. Miller, D. A. H. Robinson and J. D. Wiley, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 1976, 47, 799-805.
44. www.lehighton.com.
45. D. K. Schroder, Semiconductor Material and Device Characterization, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ, 3rd edn, 2006.
46. Keithley Instruments, Measuring the Resistivity and Determining the Conductivity Type ofSemiconductor Mater. Using a Four-Point Collinear Probe and the Model 6221 DC and AC Current Source, Application Note Series Number 2615, Keithley Instruments, Inc., Cleveland, OH, 2005.
47. G. Golan, A. Axelevitch, B. Gorenstein and V. Manevych, Microelectron. J., 2006, 37, 910-915.
48. N. V. Joshi, Photoconductivity: Art, Science, and Technology, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1990.
49. S. Chen, X. G. Gong, A. Walsh and S.-H. Wei, Appl. Phys. Lett., 2009, 94, 041903.
50. H. Katagiri, K. Saitoh, T. Washio, H. Shinohara, T. Kurumadani and S. Miyajima, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, 2001, 65, 141-148.
51. K. Tanaka, N. Moritake and H. Uchiki, Sol. EnergyMater. Sol. Cells, 2007, 91, 1199-1201.
52. S. R. Hall, J. T. Szymanski and J. M. Stewart, Can. Mineral., 1978, 16, 131-137.
53. K. Ito and T. Nakazawa, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 1988, 27, 4.
54. T. Tanaka, T. Nagatomo, D. Kawasaki, M. Nishio, Q. Guo, A. Wakahara, A. Yoshida and H. Ogawa, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 2005, 66, 1978-1981.
55. N. Momose, M. T. Htay, T. Yudasaka, S. Igarashi, T. Seki, S. Iwano, Y. Hashimoto and K. Ito, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 2011, 50, 01BG09.
56. P. A. Fernandes, P. M. P. Salome and A. F. da Cunha, Semiconduct. Sci. Technol., 2009, 24, 105013.
57. H. Araki, A. Mikaduki, Y. Kubo, T. Sato, K. Jimbo, W. S. Maw, H. Katagiri, M. Yamazaki, K. Oishi and A. Takeuchi, Thin Solid Films, 2008, 517, 1457-1460.
58. T. Prabhakar and J. Nagaraju, in Proceedings 35th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC), 2010, pp. 001964-001969.
59. N. Moritake, Y. Fukui, M. Oonuki, K. Tanaka and H. Uchiki, Phys. Status Solidi C, 2009, 6, 1233-1236.
60. Z. Zhou, Y. Wang, D. Xu and Y. Zhang, Sol. EnergyMater. Sol. Cells, 2010, 94, 2042-2045.
61. T. K. Todorov, K. B. Reuter and D. B. Mitzi, Adv. Mater., 2010, 22, E156-E159.
62. Q. Guo, H. W. Hillhouse and R. Agrawal, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2009, 131, 11672-11673.
63. T. M. Friedlmeier, N. W. Wieser, T. H. Dittrich and H. W. Schock, in Proceedings 14th European Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 1997, 1242.
64. J. Scragg, P. Dale and L. Peter, Electrochemistry Commun., 2008, 10, 639-642.
65. H. Katagiri, K. Jimbo, K. Moriya and K. Tsuchida, in Proceedings of3rd World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, 2003, vol. 2873, pp. 2874-2879.
66. H. Katagiri, K. Jimbo, S. Yamada, T. Kamimura, W. S. Maw, T. Fukano, T. Ito and T. Motohiro, Appl. Phys. Express., 2008, 1, 2.
67. H. Wang, Int. J. Photoenergy, 2011, 2011, 10.
68. W. Wang, M. T. Winkler, O. Gunawan, T. Gokmen, T. K. Todorov, Y. Zhu and D. B. Mitzi, Adv. Energy Mater., 2014, 4, 1301465, doi: 10.1002/ aenm.201301465.
69. D. A. R. Barkhouse, O. Gunawan, T. Gokmen, T. K. Todorov and D. B. Mitzi, Prog. Photovoltaics: Res. Appl., 2012, 20, 6-11.
70. Q. Guo, G. M. Ford, W.-C. Yang, B. C. Walker, E. A. Stach, H. W. Hillhouse and R. Agrawal, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2010, 132, 17384-17386.
71. K. Wang, O. Gunawan, T. Todorov, B. Shin, S. J. Chey, N. A. Bojarczuk, D. Mitzi and S. Guha, Appl. Phys. Lett., 2010, 97, 143508.
72. S. Ahmed, K. B. Reuter, O. Gunawan, L. Guo, L. T. Romankiw and H. Deligianni, Adv. Energy Mater., 2012, 2, 253-259.
73. Solar Frontier, Solar Frontier and IBM Sign Agreement to Develop CZTS Solar Cell Technology [online], press release, Solar Frontier, Tokyo, available at http://www.solar-frontier.com/eng/news/2010/C002161.html [accessed 19 October, 2010].
74. V. G. Rajeshmon, C. S. Kartha and K. P. Vijayakumar, in AIP Conference Proceedings, 2011, vol. 1349, pp. 683-684.
75. W. Li, S. Cohen, K. Gartsman, R. Caballero, P. van Huth, R. Popovitz-Biro and D. Cahen, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, 2012, 98, 78-82.
76. A. Chirila, S. Buecheler, F. Pianezzi, P. Bloesch, C. Gretener, A. R. Uhl, C. Fella, L. Kranz, J. Perrenoud, S. Seyrling, R. Verma, S. Nishiwaki, Y. E. Romanyuk, G. Bilger and A. N. Tiwari, Nat. Mater., 2011, 10, 857.
77. T. Tanaka, A. Yoshida, D. Saiki, K. Saito, Q. Guo, M. Nishio and T. Yamaguchi, Thin Solid Films, 2010, 518, S29-S33.
78. G. Suresh Babu, Y. B. Kishore Kumar, P. Uday Bhaskar and S. Raja Vanjari, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, 2010, 94, 221-226.
79. K. Tanaka, Y. Fukui, N. Moritake and H. Uchiki, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, 2011, 95, 838-842.
80. Y. B. K. Kumar, P. U. Bhaskar, G. S. Babu and V. S. Raja, Phys. Status Solidi A, 2010, 207, 149-156.
81. C. Platzer-Bjorkman, J. Scragg, H. Flammersberger, T. Kubart and M. Edoff, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, 2012, 98, 110-117.
82. K. J. Hutchings, High Throughput Combinatorial Screening of Cu-Zn-Sn-S Thin Film Libraries for the Application ofCu2ZnSnS4 Photovoltaic Cells, PhD thesis, Cranield University, Shrivenham, UK, 2012.
83. C.-Y. Chou and S.-W. Chen, Acta Mater., 2006, 54, 2393-2400.
84. H. Dittrich, A. Bieniok, U. Brendel, M. Grodzicki and D. Topa, Thin Solid Films, 2007, 515, 5745-5750.
85. H. Dittrich, A. Stadler, D. Topa, H.-J. Schimper and A. Basch, Phys. Status Solidi A, 2009, 206, 1034-1041.
86. Y. Moelo, E. Makovicky, N. N. Mozgova, J. L. Jambor, N. Cook, A. Pring, W. Paar, E. H. Nickel, S. Graeser, S. Karup-Møller, T. Balic-Zunic, W. G. Mumme, F. Vurro, D. Topa, L. Bindi, K. Bente and M. Shimizu, Eur. J. Mineral., 2008, 20, 7-46.
87. http://www.solarbuzz.com.
88. A. Sugaki, H. Shima and A. Kitakaze, Phase Relations of the Cu2S-Sb2S3 System, Yamaguchi University, Japan, 1973.
89. mindat.org, Chalcostibite [online], http://www.mindat.org/min-983.html.
90. B. J. Skinner, F. Luce, D. and E. Makovicky, Economic Geology, 1972, 67, 924-938.
91. S. Klnup-Møller and E. Makovicky, Am. Mineral., 1974, 59, 889-895.
92. A. Wachtel and A. Noreika, J. Electron. Mater., 1980, 9, 281-297.
93. J. H. B. Wernick and K. E. Benson, Phys. Chem. Solids, 1957, 3, 157-159.
94. J. Zhou, G.-Q. Bian, Q.-Y. Zhu, Y. Zhang, C.-Y. Li and J. Dai, J. Solid State Chem., 2009, 182, 259-264.
95. Y. Rodrlguez-Lazcano, M. T. S. Nair and P. K. Nair, J. Cryst. Growth, 2001, 223, 399-406.
96. S. Manolache, A. Duta, L. Isac, M. Nanu, A. Goossens and J. Schoonman, Thin Solid Films, 2007, 515, 5957-5960.
97. A. M. Fernandez and J. A. Turner, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, 2003, 79, 391-399.
98. A. Bansal, T. Deutsch, J. E. Leisch, S. Warren, J. A. Turner and A. M. Fernandez, in Proceedings of the 2001 DOE Hydrogen Program Review, NREL/CP-570-30535, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 2001, pp. 347-358.
99. L. Yu, R. S. Kokenyesi, D. A. Keszler and A. Zunger, Adv. Energy Mater., 2013, 3, 43-48.
100. D. Colombara, L. Peter, K. Rogers and K. Hutchings, J. Solid State Chem., 2012, 186, 36-46.
101. S. Wilman, I. Shigeru, I. Yuta, H. Takashi and M. Michio, Thin Solid Films, 2014, 550, 700-704.
102. P. Maiello, G. Zoppi, R. W. Miles, N. Pearsall and I. Forbes, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, 2013, 113, 186-194.
103. F. Al-Saab, B. Gholipour, C. C. Huang, D. W. Hewak, A. Anastasopoulos and B. Hayden, in Proceedings of the 9th Photovoltaic Science, Applications and Technology Conference (PVSAT-9), Solar Energy Society, Abingdon, UK, 2013, p. 99.
104. E. Peccerillo and K. Durose, in Proceedings of the 9th Photovoltaic Science, Applications and Technology, Conference (PVSAT-9), Solar Energy Society, Abingdon, UK, 2013, p. 187.
105. Wittichenite Mineral Data [online], available at http://webmineral.com/data/Wittichenite.shtml#.U6rNpbH-tbp.
106. A. G. Aberle, Thin Solid Films, 2009, 517, 4706-4710.
107. S. Price and R. Margolis, 2008 Solar Technologies Market Report, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 2010.
108. N. J. Gerein and J. A. Haber, Chem. Mater., 2006, 18, 6297-6302.
109. P. K. Nair, S. M. Nair, H. Hu, H. Ling, R. A. Zingaro and E. A. Meyers, in Proceedings SPIE 2531, Optical Materials Technology for Energy Efficiency and Solar Energy Conversion XIV, 1995, pp. 208-219.
110. P. Nair, L. Huang, M. Nair, H. Hu, E. Meyers and R. Zingaro, J. Mater. Res., 1997, 12, 651-656.
111. V. Estrella, M.T. S. Nair and P. K. Nair, Semiconduct. Sci. Technol., 2003, 18, 190.
112. N. Gerein and J. Haber, in Proceedings 31st IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference 2005, 2005, pp. 159-162.
113. N. Gerein and J. Haber, Chem. Mater., 2006, 18, 6289-6296.
114. F. Mesa and G. Gordillo, J. Phys.: Conf. Ser., 2009, 012019.
115. F. Mesa, A. Dussan and G. Gordillo, Phys. Status Solidi C, 2010, 7, 917-920.
116. P. Dale, A. Loken, L. Peter and J. Scragg, ECS Trans., 2009, 19, 179-187.
117. A. Gassoumi and M. Kanzari, J. Optoelectron. Adv. Mater., 2009, 11, 414-420.
118. I. Gaied, A. Gassoumi, M. Kanzari and N. Yacoubi, J. Phys.: Conf. Ser., 2010, 214, 012127.
119. A. Gassoumi and M. Kanzari, J. Optoelectron. Adv. Mater., 2010, 12, 1052-1057.
120. H. Dittrich, K. Herz, J. Eberhardt and G. Schumm, in Proceedings 14th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 1997, pp. 2054-2057.
121. N. Ali, A. Hussain, S. T. Hussain, M. A. Iqbal, M. Shah, I. Rahim, N. Ahmad, Z. Ali, K. Hutching, D. Lane and W. A. A. Syed, Curr. NanoSci., 2013, 9(1), 149-152.
122. A. Gassoumi and M. Kanzari, Thin Films Chalcogenide Lett., 2009, 6, 163-170.