Increased levels of chromosomal aberrations and DNA damage in a group of workers exposed to formaldehyde

Mutagenesis

Volumn 30, Issue 4, 2015, Pages 463-473

  Costa, Solange ^a,b   Carvalho, Sandra ^a   Costa, Carla ^a,b   Coelho, Patrícia ^a   Silva, Susana ^a   Santos, Luís S ^c,d   Gaspar, Jorge F ^c   Porto, Beatriz ^b   Laffon, Blanca ^e   Teixeira, João P ^a,b  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF HEALTH   (Portugal)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PORTO   (Portugal)

^c NOVA MEDICAL SCHOOL   (Portugal)

^d Portuguese Catholic University Viseu   (Portugal)

^e UNIVERSITY OF A CORUÑA   (Spain)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MARKER; CYTOCHROME P450 2E1; FORMALDEHYDE; NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE RIBOSYLTRANSFERASE 1; POLYDEOXYRIBONUCLEOTIDE SYNTHASE; XENOBIOTIC AGENT; XRCC1 PROTEIN; DNA LIGASE;

ADULT; ARTICLE; BLOOD; CHROMOSOME ABERRATION; CONTROLLED STUDY; DNA DAMAGE; DNA REPAIR; FEMALE; GENETIC DAMAGE; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; GENOTOXICITY; HEALTH HAZARD; HUMAN; LYMPHOCYTE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; ADVERSE EFFECTS; CASE CONTROL STUDY; CHEMICALLY INDUCED; COMET ASSAY; COMPARATIVE STUDY; DRUG EFFECTS; FOLLOW UP; GENETICS; METABOLISM; MICRONUCLEUS TEST; MIDDLE AGED; PATHOLOGY; PROGNOSIS; RESPIRATORY TRACT ALLERGY; YOUNG ADULT;

ADULT; BIOMARKERS; CASE-CONTROL STUDIES; CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS; COMET ASSAY; DNA DAMAGE; DNA REPAIR ENZYMES; FEMALE; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; FORMALDEHYDE; HUMANS; LYMPHOCYTES; MALE; MICRONUCLEUS TESTS; MIDDLE AGED; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; POLYMORPHISM, GENETIC; PROGNOSIS; RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84936774474     PISSN: 02678357     EISSN: 14643804     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gev002     Document Type: Article

References (86)

1. Akbar-Khanzadeh, F. and Pulido, E. V. (2003) Using respirators and goggles to control exposure to air pollutants in an anatomy laboratory. Am. J. Ind. Med., 43, 326-331.
2. Ohmichi, K., Matsuno, Y., Miyaso, H., Yamamoto, H., Toriuchi, M., Shimane, M. and Mori, C. (2007) Pilot study of a dissection table for gross anatomy laboratory equipped with a photocatalytic device that decomposes formaldehyde. J. Occup. Health, 49, 499-503.
3. IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer). (2006) Formaldehyde. In IARC (eds), Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Human, Vol. 88. World Health Organization, Lyon, France, pp. 39-325.
4. IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer). (2012) Formaldehyde. In IARC (eds), A Review of Human Carcinogens, Chemical Agents and Related Occupations, IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Part F of Vol. 100. World Health Organization, Lyon, France, pp. 401-435.
5. Costa, S., Coelho, P., Costa, C., Silva, S., Mayan, O., Santos, L. S., Gaspar, J. and Teixeira, J. P. (2008) Genotoxic damage in pathology anatomy laboratory workers exposed to formaldehyde. Toxicology, 252, 40-48.
6. Pala, M., Ugolini, D., Ceppi, M., et al. (2008) Occupational exposure to formaldehyde and biological monitoring of research institute workers. Cancer Detect. Prev., 32, 121-126.
7. Ying, C. J., Yan, W. S., Zhao, M. Y., Ye, X. L., Xie, H., Yin, S. Y. and Zhu, X. S. (1997) Micronuclei in nasal mucosa, oral mucosa and lymphocytes in students exposed to formaldehyde vapor in anatomy class. Biomed. Environ. Sci., 10, 451-455.
8. Heck, H. d. and Casanova, M. (2004) The implausibility of leukemia induction by formaldehyde: a critical review of the biological evidence on distant-site toxicity. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 40, 92-106.
9. Pyatt, D., Natelson, E. and Golden, R. (2008) Is inhalation exposure to formaldehyde a biologically plausible cause of lymphohematopoietic malignancies? Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 51, 119-133.
10. NTP (National Toxicology Program). (2011) Formaldehyde. In National Toxicology Program, (eds), Report on Carcinogens, 12th edn. U. S. Department of Health and Human Services (Public Health Service), Washington, DC, USA, pp. 195-205.
11. Hauptmann, M., Stewart, P. A., Lubin, J. H., et al. (2009) Mortality from lymphohematopoietic malignancies and brain cancer among embalmers exposed to formaldehyde. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 101, 1696-1708.
12. Beane Freeman, L. E., Blair, A., Lubin, J. H., Stewart, P. A., Hayes, R. B., Hoover, R. N. and Hauptmann, M. (2013) Mortality from solid tumors among workers in formaldehyde industries: an update of the NCI cohort. Am. J. Ind. Med., 56, 1015-1026.
13. Bonassi, S. and Au, W. W. (2002) Biomarkers in molecular epidemiology studies for health risk prediction. Mutat. Res., 511, 73-86.
14. Albertini, R. J., Anderson, D., Douglas, G. R., et al. (2000) IPCS guidelines for the monitoring of genotoxic effects of carcinogens in humans. International Programme on Chemical Safety. Mutat. Res., 463, 111-172.
15. Hagmar, L., Bonassi, S., Stroberg, U., Broger, A., Knudsen, L. E., Norppa, H. and Reuterwall, C. (1998) Chromosomal aberrations in lymphocytes predict human cancer: a report from the European Study Group on Cytogenetic Biomarkers and Health (ESCH). Cancer Res., 58, 4117-4121.
16. Collins, A. R. (2004) The comet assay for DNA damage and repair: principles, applications, and limitations. Mol. Biotechnol., 26, 249-261.
17. Azqueta, A., Meier, S., Priestley, C., Gutzkow, K. B., Brunborg, G., Sallette, J., Soussaline, F. and Collins, A. (2011) The influence of scoring method on variability in results obtained with the comet assay. Mutagenesis, 26, 393-399.
18. Bonassi, S., Coskun, E., Ceppi, M., et al. (2011) The HUman MicroNucleus project on eXfoLiated buccal cells (HUMN(XL)): the role of lifestyle, host factors, occupational exposures, health status, and assay protocol. Mutat. Res., 728, 88-97.
19. NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health). (1994) Formaldehyde, method 3500. In Eller, P.M (eds), NIOSH Manual of Analytical Method, Issue 2, 4th edn. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Cincinnati, Ohio, USA, pp. 1-5.
20. Roma-Torres, J., Teixeira, J. P., Silva, S., Laffon, B., Cunha, L. M., Medez, J. and Mayan, O. (2006) Evaluation of genotoxicity in a group of workers from a petroleum refinery aromatics plant. Mutat. Res., 604, 19-27.
21. Savage, J. R. K. 1975. Classification and relationships of induced chromosomal structural changes. J. Med. Genet., 13, 103-122.
22. Castella, M., Pujol, R., Callen, E., et al. (2011) Origin, functional role, and clinical impact of fanconi anemia FANCA mutations. Blood, 117, 3759-3769.
23. Oostra, A. B., Nieuwint, A. W., Joenje, H. and de Winter, J. P. (2012) Diagnosis of fanconi anemia: chromosomal breakage analysis. Anemia, 2012, 238731.
24. Singh, N. P., McCoy, M. T., Tice, R. R. and Schneider, E. L. (1988) A simple technique for quantitation of low levels of DNA damage in individual cells. Exp. Cell Res., 175, 184-191.
25. Lin, D. X., Tang, Y. M., Peng, Q., Lu, S. X., Ambrosone, C. B. and Kadlubar, F. F. (1998) Susceptibility to esophageal cancer and genetic polymorphisms in glutathione S-transferases T1, P1, and M1 and cytochrome P450 2E1. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 7, 1013-1018.
26. Teixeira, J., Gaspar, J., Silva, S., et al. (2004) Occupational exposure to styrene: modulation of cytogenetic damage and levels of urinary metabolites of styrene by polymorphisms in genes CYP2E1, EPHX1, GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1. Toxicology, 195, 231-242.
27. Teixeira, J. P., Gaspar, J., Martinho, G., Silva, S., Rodrigues, S., Mayan, O., Martin, E., Farmer, P. B. and Rueff, J. (2002) Aromatic DNA adduct levels in coke oven workers: correlation with polymorphisms in genes GSTP1, GSTM1, GSTT1 and CYP1A1. Mutat. Res., 517, 147-155.
28. Harries, L. W., Stubbins, M. J., Forman, D., Howard, G. C. and Wolf, C. R. (1997) Identification of genetic polymorphisms at the glutathione S-transferase Pi locus and association with susceptibility to bladder, testicular and prostate cancer. Carcinogenesis, 18, 641-644.
29. Conde, J., Silva, S. N., Azevedo, A. P., Teixeira, V., Pina, J. E., Rueff, J. and Gaspar, J. F. (2009) Association of common variants in mismatch repair genes and breast cancer susceptibility: a multigene study. BMC Cancer, 9, 344.
30. Silva, S. N., Tomar, M., Paulo, C., Gomes, B. C., Azevedo, A. P., Teixeira, V., Pina, J. E., Rueff, J. and Gaspar, J. F. (2010) Breast cancer risk and common single nucleotide polymorphisms in homologous recombination DNA repair pathway genes XRCC2, XRCC3, NBS1 and RAD51. Cancer Epidemiol., 34, 85-92.
31. Laffon, B., Teixeira, J. P., Silva, S., Roma-Torres, J., Peez-Cadahia, B., Mendez, J., Pasaro, E. and Mayan, O. (2006) Assessment of occupational genotoxic risk in the production of rubber tyres. Ann. Occup. Hyg., 50, 583-592.
32. Lopez-Cima M. F., Alvarez-Avellon, S. M., Pascual, T., Fernandez-Somoano, A. and Tardon, A. (2012) Genetic polymorphisms in CYP1A1, GSTM1, GSTP1 and GSTT1 metabolic genes and risk of lung cancer in Asturias. BMC Cancer, 12, 433.
33. Gaspar, J., Rodrigues, S., Gil, O. M., Manita, I., Ferreira, T. C., Limbert, E., Gonlves, L., Pina, J. E. and Rueff, J. (2004) Combined effects of glutathione S-transferase polymorphisms and thyroid cancer risk. Cancer Genet. Cytogenet., 151, 60-67.
34. Costa, C., Costa, S., Silva, S., Coelho, P., Botelho, M., Gaspar, J., Rueff, J., Laffon, B. and Teixeira, J. P. (2012) DNA damage and susceptibility assessment in industrial workers exposed to styrene. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health. A, 75, 735-746.
35. Garcia-Leston, J., Roma-Torres, J., Vilares M., et al. (2012) Genotoxic effects of occupational exposure to lead and influence of polymorphisms in genes involved in lead toxicokinetics and in DNA repair. Environ. Int., 43, 29-36.
36. He, J. L., Jin, L. F. and Jin, H. Y. (1998) Detection of cytogenetic effects in peripheral lymphocytes of students exposed to formaldehyde with cytokinesis-blocked micronucleus assay. Biomed. Environ. Sci., 11, 87-92.
37. Jakab, M. G., Klupp, T., Besenyei, K., Biró A., Major, J. and Tompa, A. (2010) Formaldehyde-induced chromosomal aberrations and apoptosis in peripheral blood lymphocytes of personnel working in pathology departments. Mutat. Res., 698, 11-17.
38. Kitaeva, L. V., Mikheeva, E. A., Shelomova, L. F. and Shvartsman, P. I. a. (1996) Genotoxic effect of formaldehyde in somatic human cells in vivo. Genetika, 32, 1287-1290.
39. Pfeiffer, P., Goedecke, W. and Obe, G. (2000) Mechanisms of DNA doublestrand break repair and their potential to induce chromosomal aberrations. Mutagenesis, 15, 289-302.
40. Norppa, H., Bonassi, S., Hansteen, I. L., et al. (2006) Chromosomal aberrations and SCEs as biomarkers of cancer risk. Mutat. Res., 600, 37-45.
41. Smerhovsky, Z., Landa, K., Rosner, P., Brabec, M., Zudova, Z., Hola, N., Pokorna, Z., Mareckova, J. and Hurychova, D. (2001) Risk of cancer in an occupationally exposed cohort with increased level of chromosomal aberrations. Environ. Health Perspect., 109, 41-45.
42. Smerhovsky, Z., Landa, K., Rosner, P., Juzova, D., Brabec, M., Zudova, Z., Hola, N., Zarska, H. and Nevsimalova, E. (2002) Increased risk of cancer in radon-exposed miners with elevated frequency of chromosomal aberrations. Mutat. Res., 514, 165-176.
43. Schmid, E., Gogelmann, W. and Bauchinger, M. (1986) Formaldehydeinduced cytotoxic, genotoxic and mutagenic response in human lymphocytes and Salmonella typhimurium. Mutagenesis, 1, 427-431.
44. Almeida Santos, M. F., Ferrari, I. and Luna, H. (2005) Chromosomal aberration analysis in workers exposed to chemical and biological hazards in research laboratories. Environ. Res., 97, 330-334.
45. Skjelbred, C. F., Svendsen, M., Haugan, V., et al. (2011) Influence of GSTM1, GSTT1, GSTP1, NAT1, NAT2, EPHX1, MTR and MTHFR polymorphism on chromosomal aberration frequencies in human lymphocytes. Carcinogenesis, 32, 399-405.
46. Savage, J. R. K. (2004) On the nature of visible chromosomal gaps and breaks. Cytogenet. Genome Res., 104, 46-55.
47. Koleva, V. P., Dragoeva, A. P., Andreeva, A. I., Burova, M. T., Georgiev, S. and Enchev, D. D. (2013) Comparative analysis of clastogen-induced chromosome aberrations observed with light microscopy and by means of atomic force microscopy. Mutat. Res., 753, 29-35.
48. Ziv, Y., Bielopolski, D., Galanty, Y., et al. (2006) Chromatin relaxation in response to DNA double-strand breaks is modulated by a novel ATM-and KAP-1 dependent pathway. Nature Cell Biol., 8, 870-876.
49. Lander, B. F., Knudsen, L. E., Gamborg, M. O., Jäventaus, H. and Norppa, H. (2000) Chromosome aberrations in pesticide-exposed greenhouse workers. Scand. J. Work. Environ. Health, 26, 436-442.
50. Paz-y-Mino, C., Danalos, M. V., Sanchez, M. E., Arevalo, M. and Leone, P. E. (2002) Should gaps be included in chromosomal aberration analysis? Evidence based on the comet assay. Mutat. Res., 516, 57-61.
51. Zhang, L., Freeman, L. E., Nakamura, J., Hecht, S. S., Vandenberg, J. J., Smith, M. T. and Sonawane, B. R. (2010) Formaldehyde and leukemia: epidemiology, potential mechanisms, and implications for risk assessment. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 51, 181-191.
52. Speit, G., Kuhner, S., Linsenmeyer, R. and Schutz, P. (2011) Does formaldehyde induce aneuploidy? Mutagenesis, 26, 805-811.
53. Thomson, E. J., Shackleton, S. and Harrington, J. M. (1984) Chromosome aberrations and sister-chromatid exchange frequencies in pathology staff occupationally exposed to formaldehyde. Mutat. Res., 141, 89-93.
54. Tyihak, E., Bocsi, J., Timar, F., Racz, G. and Szende, B. (2001) Formaldehyde promotes and inhibits the proliferation of cultured tumour and endothelial cells. Cell Prolif., 34, 135-141.
55. Rager, J. E., Moeller, B. C., Doyle-Eisele, M., Kracko, D., Swenberg, J. A. and Fry, R. C. (2013) Formaldehyde and epigenetic alterations: microRNA changes in the nasal epithelium of nonhuman primates. Environ. Health Perspect., 121, 339-344.
56. Orsiere, T., Sari-Minodier, I., Iarmarcovai, G. and Botta, A. (2006) Genotoxic risk assessment of pathology and anatomy laboratory workers exposed to formaldehyde by use of personal air sampling and analysis of DNA damage in peripheral lymphocytes. Mutat. Res., 605, 30-41.
57. Titenko-Holland, N., Levine, A. J., Smith, M. T., Quintana, P. J., Boeniger, M., Hayes, R., Suruda, A. and Schulte, P. (1996) Quantification of epithelial cell micronuclei by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in mortuary science students exposed to formaldehyde. Mutat. Res., 371, 237-248.
58. Fang, X. and Zhang, P. (2011) Aneuploidy and tumorigenesis. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol., 22, 595-601.
59. Costa, S., Pina, C., Coelho, P., Costa, C., Silva, S., Porto, B., Laffon, B. and Teixeira, J. P. (2011) Occupational exposure to formaldehyde: genotoxic risk evaluation by comet assay and micronucleus test using human peripheral lymphocytes. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health. A, 74, 1040-1051.
60. Yu, L. Q., Jiang, S. F., Leng, S. G., He, F. S. and Zheng, Y. X. (2005) Early genetic effects on workers occupationally exposed to formaldehyde. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi, 39, 392-395.
61. Jiang, S., Yu, L., Cheng, J., et al. (2010) Genomic damages in peripheral blood lymphocytes and association with polymorphisms of three glutathione S-transferases in workers exposed to formaldehyde. Mutat. Res., 695, 9-15.
62. Aydin, S., Canpinar, H., Undeger U., Guc D., Colakoglu, M., Kars, A. and Basaran, N. (2013) Assessment of immunotoxicity and genotoxicity in workers exposed to low concentrations of formaldehyde. Arch. Toxicol., 87, 145-153.
63. Emri, G., Schaefer, D., Held, B., Herbst, C., Zieger, W., Horkay, I. and Bayerl, C. (2004) Low concentrations of formaldehyde induce DNA damage and delay DNA repair after UV irradiation in human skin cells. Exp. Dermatol., 13, 305-315.
64. Im, H., Oh, E., Mun, J., et al. (2006) Evaluation of toxicological monitoring markers using proteomic analysis in rats exposed to formaldehyde. J. Proteome Res., 5, 1354-1366.
65. Frenzilli, G., Bosco, E. and Barale, R. (2000) Validation of single cell gel assay in human leukocytes with 18 reference compounds. Mutat. Res., 468, 93-108.
66. Tuimala, J., Szekely, G., Wikman, H., Jäventaus, H., Hirvonen, A., Gundy, S. and Norppa, H. (2004) Genetic polymorphisms of DNA repair and xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes: effects on levels of sister chromatid exchanges and chromosomal aberrations. Mutat. Res., 554, 319-333.
67. Bolognesi, C., Abbondandolo, A., Barale, R., et al. (1997) Age-related increase of baseline frequencies of sister chromatid exchanges, chromosome aberrations, and micronuclei in human lymphocytes. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 6, 249-256.
68. Bolognesi, C., Lando, C., Forni, A., Landini, E., Scarpato, R., Migliore, L. and Bonassi, S. (1999) Chromosomal damage and ageing: effect on micronuclei frequency in peripheral blood lymphocytes. Age Ageing, 28, 393-397.
69. Wang, Y., Spitz, M. R., Zhu, Y., Dong, Q., Shete, S. and Wu, X. (2003) From genotype to phenotype: correlating XRCC1 polymorphisms with mutagen sensitivity. DNA Repair (Amst)., 2, 901-908.
70. Lao, T., Gu, W. and Huang, Q. (2008) A meta-analysis on XRCC1 R399Q and R194W polymorphisms, smoking and bladder cancer risk. Mutagenesis, 23, 523-532.
71. Wei, Q., Cheng, L., Amos, C. I., Wang, L. E., Guo, Z., Hong, W. K. and Spitz, M. R. (2000) Repair of tobacco carcinogen-induced DNA adducts and lung cancer risk: a molecular epidemiologic study. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 92, 1764-1772.
72. DeMarini, D. M. (2004) Genotoxicity of tobacco smoke and tobacco smoke condensate: a review. Mutat. Res., 567, 447-474.
73. DAgostini, F., Balansky, R. M., Izzotti, A., Lubet, R. A., Kelloff, G. J. and De Flora, S. (2001) Modulation of apoptosis by cigarette smoke and cancer chemopreventive agents in the respiratory tract of rats. Carcinogenesis, 22, 375-380.
74. Brevik, A., Gaivao, I., Medin, T., et al. (2011) Supplementation of a western diet with golden kiwifruits (Actinidia chinensis var.Hort 16A): effects on biomarkers of oxidation damage and antioxidant protection. Nutr. J., 10, 54.
75. Maffei, F., Tarozzi, A., Carbone, F., Marchesi, A., Hrelia, S., Angeloni, C., Forti, G. C. and Hrelia, P. (2007) Relevance of apple consumption for protection against oxidative damage induced by hydrogen peroxide in human lymphocytes. Br. J. Nutr., 97, 921-927.
76. Yong, L. C., Petersen, M. R., Sigurdson, A. J., Sampson, L. A. and Ward, E. M. (2009) High dietary antioxidant intakes are associated with decreased chromosome translocation frequency in airline pilots. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 90, 1402-1410.
77. Collins, B. H., Horska A., Hotten, P. M., Riddoch, C. and Collins, A. R. (2001) Kiwifruit protects against oxidative DNA damage in human cells and in vitro. Nutr. Cancer, 39, 148-153.
78. Yuan, L., Meng, L., Ma, W., Xiao, Z., Zhu, X., Feng, J. F., Yu, H. and Xiao, R. (2011) Impact of apple and grape juice consumption on the antioxidant status in healthy subjects. Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr., 62, 844-850.
79. Gonzalez, F. J. (2007) The 2006 Bernard B. Brodie award lecture. Cyp2e1. Drug Metab. Dispos., 35, 1-8.
80. Sram, R. J., Beskid, O., Binkova, B., et al. (2007) Chromosomal aberrations in environmentally exposed population in relation to metabolic and DNA repair genes polymorphisms. Mutat. Res., 620, 22-33.
81. Ishii, T., Fujishiro, M., Masuda, M., Nakajima, J., Teramoto, S., Ouchi, Y. and Matsuse, T. (2003) Depletion of glutathione S-transferase P1 induces apoptosis in human lung fibroblasts. Exp. Lung Res., 29, 523-536.
82. Santovito, A., Schiliro T., Castellano, S., Cervella, P., Bigatti, M. P., Gilli, G., Bono, R. and DelPero, M. (2011) Combined analysis of chromosomal aberrations and glutathione S-transferase M1 and T1 polymorphisms in pathologists occupationally exposed to formaldehyde. Arch. Toxicol., 85, 1295-1302.
83. Aka, P., Mateuca R. and Kirsch-Volders M. (2008) DNA repair enzyme genotypes and their toxicologically relevant phenotypes. In Hirvonem, A. (eds), State of Art of Genotype vs. Phenotype Studies. Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland, pp. 47-57.
84. Yu, H., Ma, H., Yin, M. and Wei, Q. (2012) Association between PARP-1 V762A polymorphism and cancer susceptibility: a meta-analysis. Genet. Epidemiol., 36, 56-65.
85. Peck, E. C. and Eaton, D. L. (2010). Genetic polymorphisms and susceptibility to pesticides. In Krieger, R. (eds), Hayes Handbook of Pesticides Toxicology. Academic Press, New York, NY, USA, pp. 525-529.
86. Costa, S., Garcia-Leston, J., Coelho, M., Coelho, P., Costa, C., Silva, S., Porto, B., Laffon, B. and Teixeira, J. P. (2013) Cytogenetic and immunological effects associated with occupational formaldehyde exposure. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health. A, 76, 217-229.