Tuning pathological brain oscillations with neurofeedback: A systems neuroscience framework

Frontiers in Human Neuroscience

Volumn 8, Issue DEC, 2014, Pages

  Ros, Tomas ^a   Baars, Bernard J ^b   Lanius, Ruth A ^c   Vuilleumier, Patrik ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GENEVA   (Switzerland)

^b NEUROSCIENCES INSTITUTE   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO   (Canada)

Author keywords

Brain computer interface (BCI); Brain disorders; Brain plasticity; Criticality; Electroencephalography (EEG); Magnetoencephalography (MEG); Neurofeedback; Neuromodulation

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; BRAIN DISEASE; BRAIN FUNCTION; BRAIN OSCILLATION; CELL SYNCHRONIZATION; CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK; ENGINEERING; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMAN; NERVE CELL; NERVE CELL PLASTICITY; NEUROBIOLOGY; NEUROFEEDBACK; NEUROPHYSIOLOGY; NONHUMAN; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER;

EID: 84933678764     PISSN: None     EISSN: 16625161     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.01008     Document Type: Article

References (252)

1. Abraham, W. C. (2008). Metaplasticity: tuning synapses and networks for plasticity. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 9:387. doi: 10.1038/nrn2356
2. Adamchic, I., Toth, T., Hauptmann, C., and Tass, P. A. (2014). Reversing pathologically increased EEG power by acoustic coordinated reset neuromodulation. Hum. Brain Mapp. 35, 2099-2118. doi: 10.1002/hbm.22314
3. Akam, T. E., and Kullmann, D. M. (2012). Efficient "communication through coherence" requires oscillations structured to minimize interference between signals. PLoS Comput. Biol. 8:e1002760. doi: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002760
4. Angelakis, E., Stathopoulou, S., Frymiare, J. L., Green, D. L., Lubar, J. F., and Kounios, J. (2007). EEG neurofeedback: a brief overview and an example of peak alpha frequency training for cognitive enhancement in the elderly. Clin. Neuropsychol. 21, 110-129. doi: 10.1080/13854040600744839
5. Arns, M., de Ridder, S., Strehl, U., Breteler, M., and Coenen, A. (2009). Efficacy of neurofeedback treatment in ADHD: the effects on inattention, impulsivity and hyperactivity: a meta-analysis. Clin. EEG Neurosci. 40, 180-189. doi: 10.1177/155005940904000311
6. Arns, M., Gunkelman, J., Breteler, M., and Spronk, D. (2008). EEG phenotypes predict treatment outcome to stimulants in children with ADHD. J. Integr. Neurosci. 7, 421-438. doi: 10.1142/s0219635208001897
7. Avella Gonzalez, O. J., van Aerde, K. I., van Elburg, R. A. J., Poil, S.-S., Mansvelder, H. D., Linkenkaer-Hansen, K., et al. (2012). External drive to inhibitory cells induces alternating episodes of high- and low-amplitude oscillations.PLoS Comput. Biol. 8:e1002666. doi: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002666
8. Baars, B. J. (1988). A Cognitive Theory of Consciousness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
9. Baars, B. J., Franklin, S., and Ramsoy, T. Z. (2013). Global workspace dynamics: cortical "binding and propagation" enables conscious contents. Front. Psychol. 4:200. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00200
10. Babiloni, C., Frisoni, G. B., Pievani, M., Vecchio, F., Lizio, R., Buttiglione, M., et al. (2009). Hippocampal volume and cortical sources of EEG alpha rhythms in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease. Neuroimage 44, 123-135. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.08.005
11. Bai, O., Huang, D., Fei, D.-Y., and Kunz, R. (2014). Effect of real-time cortical feedback in motor imagery-based mental practice training. NeuroRehabilitation 34, 355-363. doi: 10.3233/NRE-131039
12. Bak, P., Tang, C., and Wiesenfeld, K. (1987). Self-organized criticality: an explanation of the 1/f noise. Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 381-384. doi: 10.1103/physrevlett.59.381
13. Baker, A. P., Brookes, M. J., Rezek, I. A., Smith, S. M., Behrens, T., Probert Smith, P. J., et al. (2014). Fast transient networks in spontaneous human brain activity. Elife 3:e01867. doi: 10.7554/elife.01867
14. Basso, D., and Olivetti Belardinelli, M. (2006). The role of the feedforward paradigm in cognitive psychology. Cogn. Process. 7, 73-88. doi: 10.1007/s10339-006-0034-1
15. Bauer, M., Kluge, C., Bach, D., Bradbury, D., Heinze, H. J., Dolan, R. J., et al. (2012). Cholinergic enhancement of visual attention and neural oscillations in the human brain. Curr. Biol. 22, 397-402. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2012.01.022
16. Bazanova, O. M., and Aftanas, L. I. (2010). Individual EEG alpha activity analysis for enhancement neurofeedback efficiency: two case studies. J. Neurother. 14, 244-253. doi: 10.1080/10874208.2010.501517
17. Beatty, J., Greenberg, A., Deibler, W. P., and O'Hanlon, J. F. (1974). Operant control of occipital theta rhythm affects performance in a radar monitoring task. Science 183, 871-873. doi: 10.1126/science.183.4127.871
18. Becerra, J., Fernández, T., Harmony, T., Caballero, M. I., García, F., Fernández-Bouzas, A., et al. (2006). Follow-up study of learning-disabled children treated with neurofeedback or placebo. Clin. EEG Neurosci. 37, 198-203. doi: 10.1177/155005940603700307
19. Bermudez Contreras, E. J., Schjetnan, A. G. P., Muhammad, A., Bartho, P., McNaughton, B. L. L., Kolb, B., et al. (2013). Formation and reverberation of sequential neural activity patterns evoked by sensory stimulation are enhanced during cortical desynchronization. Neuron 79, 555-566. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.06.013
20. Birbaumer, N., Ramos Murguialday, A., Weber, C., and Montoya, P. (2009). Neurofeedback and brain-computer interface clinical applications. Int. Rev. Neurobiol. 86, 107-117. doi: 10.1016/S0074-7742(09)86008-X
21. Birbaumer, N., Weber, C., Neuper, C., Buch, E., Haapen, K., and Cohen, L. (2006). Physiological regulation of thinking: brain-computer interface (BCI) research. Prog. Brain Res. 159, 369-391. doi: 10.1016/s0079-6123(06)59024-7
22. Boersma, M., Smit, D. J. A., de Bie, H. M. A., Van Baal, G. C. M., Boomsma, D. I., de Geus, E. J. C., et al. (2011). Network analysis of resting state EEG in the developing young brain: structure comes with maturation. Hum. Brain Mapp. 32, 413-425. doi: 10.1002/hbm.21030
23. Braun, J., and Mattia, M. (2010). Attractors and noise: twin drivers of decisions and multistability. Neuroimage 52, 740-751. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.12.126
24. Brunner, C., Scherer, R., Graimann, B., Supp, G., and Pfurtscheller, G. (2006). Online control of a brain-computer interface using phase synchronization. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 53, 2501-2506. doi: 10.1109/tbme.2006.881775
25. Bullmore, E., and Sporns, O. (2009). Complex brain networks: graph theoretical analysis of structural and functional systems. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 10, 186-198. doi: 10.1038/nrn2575
26. Butz, M., Steenbuck, I. D., and van Ooyen, A. (2014). Homeostatic structural plasticity increases the efficiency of small-world networks. Front. Synaptic Neurosci. 6:7. doi: 10.3389/fnsyn.2014.00007
27. Butz, M., Wörgötter, F., and van Ooyen, A. (2009). Activity-dependent structural plasticity. Brain Res. Rev. 60, 287-305. doi: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2008.12.023
28. Buyck, I., and Wiersema, J. R. (2014). Task-related electroencephalographic deviances in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychology doi: 10.1037/neu0000148. [Epub ahead of print].
29. Buzsáki, G., Anastassiou, C. A., and Koch, C. (2012). The origin of extracellular fields and currents-EEG, ECoG, LFP and spikes. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 13, 407-420. doi: 10.1038/nrn3241
30. Buzsáki, G., and Watson, B. O. (2012). Brain rhythms and neural syntax: implications for efficient coding of cognitive content and neuropsychiatric disease. Dialogues Clin. Neurosci. 14, 345-367.
31. Cabral, J., Luckhoo, H., Woolrich, M., Joensson, M., Mohseni, H., Baker, A., et al. (2014). Exploring mechanisms of spontaneous functional connectivity in MEG: how delayed network interactions lead to structured amplitude envelopes of band-pass filtered oscillations. Neuroimage 90, 423-435. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.11.047
32. Canolty, R. T., Ganguly, K., Kennerley, S. W., Cadieu, C. F., Koepsell, K., Wallis, J. D., et al. (2010). Oscillatory phase coupling coordinates anatomically dispersed functional cell assemblies. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 107, 17356-17361. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1008306107
33. Carter, M. E., Yizhar, O., Chikahisa, S., Nguyen, H., Adamantidis, A., Nishino, S., et al. (2010). Tuning arousal with optogenetic modulation of locus coeruleus neurons. Nat. Neurosci. 13, 1526-1533. doi: 10.1038/nn.2682
34. Castro-Alamancos, M. A. (2004). Dynamics of sensory thalamocortical synaptic networks during information processing states. Prog. Neurobiol. 74, 213-247. doi: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2004.09.002
35. Castro-Alamancos, M. A. (2009). Cortical up and activated states: implications for sensory information processing.Neuroscientist 15, 625-634. doi: 10.1177/1073858409333074
36. Cerf, M., Thiruvengadam, N., Mormann, F., Kraskov, A., Quiroga, R. Q., Koch, C., et al. (2010). On-line, voluntary control of human temporal lobe neurons. Nature 467, 1104-1108. doi: 10.1038/nature09510
37. Chabot, R. J., di Michele, F., and Prichep, L. (2005). The role of quantitative electroencephalography in child and adolescent psychiatric disorders. Child Adolesc. Psychiatr. Clin. N. Am. 14, 21-53, v-vi. doi: 10.1016/j.chc.2004.07.005
38. Chen, C.-R., Yang, S.-R., Liu, Y.-Y., Qu, W.-M., Urade, Y., and Huang, Z.-L. (2013). Roles of adrenergic α1 and dopamine D1 and D2 receptors in the mediation of the desynchronization effects of modafinil in a mouse EEG synchronization model. PLoS One 8:e76102. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076102
39. Cho, M. K., Jang, H. S., Jeong, S.-H., Jang, I.-S., Choi, B.-J., and Lee, M.-G. T. (2008). Alpha neurofeedback improves the maintaining ability of alpha activity. Neuroreport 19, 315-317. doi: 10.1097/WNR.0b013e3282f4f022
40. Chu, C. J., Kramer, M. A., Pathmanathan, J., Bianchi, M. T., Westover, M. B., Wizon, L., et al. (2012). Emergence of stable functional networks in long-term human electroencephalography. J. Neurosci. 32, 2703-2713. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5669-11.2012
41. Clarke, A. R., Barry, R. J., McCarthy, R., and Selikowitz, M. (2001). Excess beta activity in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: an atypical electrophysiological group. Psychiatry Res. 103, 205-218. doi: 10.1016/s0165-1781(01)00277-3
42. Clarke, A. R., Barry, R. J., McCarthy, R., Selikowitz, M., and Johnstone, S. J. (2007). Effects of stimulant medications on the EEG of girls with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Clin. Neurophysiol. 118, 2700-2708. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2007.08.020
43. Coburn, K. L., Lauterbach, E. C., Boutros, N. N., Black, K. J., Arciniegas, D. B., and Coffey, C. E. (2006). The value of quantitative electroencephalography in clinical psychiatry: a report by the committee on research of the American neuropsychiatric association. J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 18, 460-500. doi: 10.1176/appi.neuropsych.18.4.460
44. Cohen, M. R., and Maunsell, J. H. R. (2009). Attention improves performance primarily by reducing interneuronal correlations. Nat. Neurosci. 12, 1594-1600. doi: 10.1038/nn.2439
45. Congedo, M., Lubar, J. F., and Joffe, D. (2004). Low-resolution electromagnetic tomography neurofeedback. IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 12, 387-397. doi: 10.1109/tnsre.2004.840492
46. Contreras, D., and Steriade, M. (1995). Cellular basis of EEG slow rhythms: a study of dynamic corticothalamic relationships. J. Neurosci. 15, 604-622.
47. Cooper, L. N., and Bear, M. F. (2012). The BCM theory of synapse modification at 30: interaction of theory with experiment. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 13, 798-810. doi: 10.1038/nrn3353
48. Cowan, M. J., Kogan, H., Burr, R., Hendershot, S., and Buchanan, L. (1990). Power spectral analysis of heart rate variability after biofeedback training. J. Electrocardiol. 23(Suppl.), 85-94. doi: 10.1016/0022-0736(90)90081-c
49. Cuspineda, E., Machado, C., Galán, L., Aubert, E., Alvarez, M. A., Llopis, F., et al. (2007). QEEG prognostic value in acute stroke. Clin. EEG Neurosci. 38, 155-160. doi: 10.1177/155005940703800312
50. Davis, N. J. (2014). Transcranial stimulation of the developing brain: a plea for extreme caution. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 8:600. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00600
51. Deco, G., and Hugues, E. (2012). Neural network mechanisms underlying stimulus driven variability reduction.PLoS Comput. Biol. 8:e1002395. doi: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002395
52. Deco, G., and Jirsa, V. K. (2012). Ongoing cortical activity at rest: criticality, multistability and ghost attractors. J. Neurosci. 32, 3366-3375. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2523-11.2012
53. Dehaene, S. (2014). Consciousness and the Brain: Deciphering how the Brain Codes our Thoughts. London: Penguin.
54. Delagrange, P., Canu, M. H., Rougeul, A., Buser, P., and Bouyer, J. J. (1993). Effects of locus coeruleus lesions on vigilance and attentive behaviour in cat. Behav. Brain Res. 53, 155-165. doi: 10.1016/s0166-4328(05)80275-x
55. Destexhe, A. (2007). High-conductance state. Scholarpedia 2, 1341. doi: 10.4249/scholarpedia.1341
56. Doesburg, S. M., Green, J. J., McDonald, J. J., and Ward, L. M. (2009a). From local inhibition to long-range integration: a functional dissociation of alpha-band synchronization across cortical scales in visuospatial attention.Brain Res. 1303, 97-110. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.09.069
57. Doesburg, S. M., Green, J. J., McDonald, J. J., and Ward, L. M. (2009b). Rhythms of consciousness: binocular rivalry reveals large-scale oscillatory network dynamics mediating visual perception. PLoS One 4:e6142. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006142
58. Drake, M. E. Jr., Pakalnis, A., and Newell, S. A. (1996). EEG frequency analysis in obsessive-compulsive disorder.Neuropsychobiology 33, 97-99. doi: 10.1159/000119257
59. Dustman, R. E., Shearer, D. E., and Emmerson, R. Y. (1999). Life-span changes in EEG spectral amplitude, amplitude variability and mean frequency. Clin. Neurophysiol. 110, 1399-1409. doi: 10.1016/s1388-2457(99)00102-9
60. Ecker, A. S., Berens, P., Keliris, G. A., Bethge, M., Logothetis, N. K., and Tolias, A. S. (2010). Decorrelated neuronal firing in cortical microcircuits. Science 327, 584-587. doi: 10.1126/science.1179867
61. Edelman, G. M., and Gally, J. A. (2001). Degeneracy and complexity in biological systems. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 98, 13763-13768. doi: 10.1073/pnas.231499798
62. Egner, T., Zech, T. F., and Gruzelier, J. H. (2004). The effects of neurofeedback training on the spectral topography of the electroencephalogram. Clin. Neurophysiol. 115, 2452-2460. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2004.05.033
63. Engel, A. K., Gerloff, C., Hilgetag, C. C., and Nolte, G. (2013). Intrinsic coupling modes: multiscale interactions in ongoing brain activity. Neuron 80, 867-886. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.09.038
64. Enriquez-Geppert, S., Huster, R. J., Scharfenort, R., Mokom, Z. N., Vosskuhl, J., Figge, C., et al. (2013). The morphology of midcingulate cortex predicts frontal-midline theta neurofeedback success. Front. Hum. Neurosci.7:453. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00453
65. Ergenoglu, T., Demiralp, T., Bayraktaroglu, Z., Ergen, M., Beydagi, H., and Uresin, Y. (2004). Alpha rhythm of the EEG modulates visual detection performance in humans. Brain Res. Cogn. Brain Res. 20, 376-383. doi: 10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2004.03.009
66. Escolano, C., Navarro-Gil, M., Garcia-Campayo, J., Congedo, M., and Minguez, J. (2014). The effects of individual upper alpha neurofeedback in ADHD: an open-label pilot study. Appl. Psychophysiol. Biofeedback 39, 193-202. doi: 10.1007/s10484-014-9257-6
67. Ezure, K., and Oshima, T. (1981). Excitation of slow pyramidal tract cells and their family neurones during phasic and tonic phases of EEG arousal. Jpn. J. Physiol. 31, 737-748. doi: 10.2170/jjphysiol.31.737
68. Fan, J., Byrne, J., Worden, M. S., Guise, K. G., McCandliss, B. D., Fossella, J., et al. (2007). The relation of brain oscillations to attentional networks. J. Neurosci. 27, 6197-6206. doi: 10.1523/jneurosci.1833-07.2007
69. Fetz, E. E. (1969). Operant conditioning of cortical unit activity. Science 163, 955-958. doi: 10.1126/science.163.3870.955
70. Fingelkurts, A. A., Fingelkurts, A. A., Ermolaev, V. A., and Kaplan, A. Y. (2006). Stability, reliability and consistency of the compositions of brain oscillations. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 59, 116-126. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2005.03.014
71. Finnigan, S. P., Rose, S. E., Walsh, M., Griffin, M., Janke, A. L., McMahon, K. L., et al. (2004). Correlation of quantitative EEG in acute ischemic stroke with 30-day NIHSS score: comparison with diffusion and perfusion MRI.Stroke 35, 899-903. doi: 10.1161/01.str.0000122622.73916.d2
72. Foster, B. L., Kaveh, A., Dastjerdi, M., Miller, K. J., and Parvizi, J. (2013). Human retrosplenial cortex displays transient theta phase locking with medial temporal cortex prior to activation during autobiographical memory retrieval. J. Neurosci. 33, 10439-10446. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0513-13.2013
73. Fratello, F., Veniero, D., Curcio, G., Ferrara, M., Marzano, C., Moroni, F., et al. (2006). Modulation of corticospinal excitability by paired associative stimulation: reproducibility of effects and intraindividual reliability. Clin. Neurophysiol. 117, 2667-2674. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2006.07.315
74. Freeman, W. J. (1999). Consciousness, intentionality and causality. J. Conscious. Stud. 6, 143-172.
75. Freyer, F., Aquino, K., Robinson, P. A., Ritter, P., and Breakspear, M. (2009). Bistability and non-Gaussian fluctuations in spontaneous cortical activity. J. Neurosci. 29, 8512-8524. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0754-09.2009
76. Freyer, F., Roberts, J. A., Becker, R., Robinson, P. A., Ritter, P., and Breakspear, M. (2011). Biophysical mechanisms of multistability in resting-state cortical rhythms. J. Neurosci. 31, 6353-6361. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6693-10.2011
77. Fries, P. (2005). A mechanism for cognitive dynamics: neuronal communication through neuronal coherence.Trends Cogn. Sci. 9, 474-480. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2005.08.011
78. Fries, P., Reynolds, J. H., Rorie, A. E., and Desimone, R. (2001). Modulation of oscillatory neuronal synchronization by selective visual attention. Science 291, 1560-1563. doi: 10.1126/science.1055465
79. Fuster, J. M. (1958). Effects of stimulation of brain stem on tachistoscopic perception. Science 127:150. doi: 10.1126/science.127.3290.150
80. Ganguly, K., and Poo, M. M. (2013). Activity-dependent neural plasticity from bench to bedside. Neuron 80, 729-741. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.10.028
81. Gervasoni, D., Lin, S.-C., Ribeiro, S., Soares, E. S., Pantoja, J., and Nicolelis, M. A. L. (2004). Global forebrain dynamics predict rat behavioral states and their transitions. J. Neurosci. 24, 11137-11147. doi: 10.1523/jneurosci.3524-04.2004
82. Gevensleben, H., Holl, B., Albrecht, B., Schlamp, D., Kratz, O., Studer, P., et al. (2009). Distinct EEG effects related to neurofeedback training in children with ADHD: a randomized controlled trial. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 74, 149-157. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2009.08.005
83. Gevensleben, H., Holl, B., Albrecht, B., Schlamp, D., Kratz, O., Studer, P., et al. (2010). Neurofeedback training in children with ADHD: 6-month follow-up of a randomised controlled trial. Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 19, 715-724. doi: 10.1007/s00787-010-0109-5
84. Ghaziri, J., Tucholka, A., Larue, V., Blanchette-Sylvestre, M., Reyburn, G., Gilbert, G., et al. (2013). Neurofeedback training induces changes in white and gray matter. Clin. EEG Neurosci. 44, 265-272. doi: 10.1177/1550059413476031
85. Ghosh, A., Rho, Y., McIntosh, A. R., Kötter, R., and Jirsa, V. K. (2008). Noise during rest enables the exploration of the brain's dynamic repertoire. PLoS Comput. Biol. 4:e1000196. doi: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000196
86. Gompf, H. S., Mathai, C., Fuller, P. M., Wood, D. A., Pedersen, N. P., Saper, C. B., et al. (2010). Locus ceruleus and anterior cingulate cortex sustain wakefulness in a novel environment. J. Neurosci. 30, 14543-14551. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3037-10.2010
87. Gorgoni, M., Ferlazzo, F., Ferrara, M., Moroni, F., D'Atri, A., Fanelli, S., et al. (2014). Topographic electroencephalogram changes associated with psychomotor vigilance task performance after sleep deprivation.Sleep Med. 15, 1132-1139. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2014.04.022
88. Gregoriou, G. G., Rossi, A. F., Ungerleider, L. G., and Desimone, R. (2014). Lesions of prefrontal cortex reduce attentional modulation of neuronal responses and synchrony in V4. Nat. Neurosci. 17, 1003-1011. doi: 10.1038/nn.3742
89. Grützner, C., Wibral, M., Sun, L., Rivolta, D., Singer, W., Maurer, K., et al. (2013). Deficits in high- (>60 Hz) gamma-band oscillations during visual processing in schizophrenia. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 7:88. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00088
90. Gruzelier, J. H. (2013). EEG-neurofeedback for optimising performance I: a review of cognitive and affective outcome in healthy participants. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 44, 124-141. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.09.015
91. Grychtol, B., Lakany, H., Valsan, G., and Conway, B. A. (2010). Human behavior integration improves classification rates in real-time BCI. IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 18, 362-368. doi: 10.1109/TNSRE.2010.2053218
92. Gudmundsson, S., Runarsson, T. P., Sigurdsson, S., Eiriksdottir, G., and Johnsen, K. (2007). Reliability of quantitative EEG features. Clin. Neurophysiol. 118, 2162-2171. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2007.06.018
93. Haegens, S., Nácher, V., Luna, R., Romo, R., and Jensen, O. (2011). α-Oscillations in the monkey sensorimotor network influence discrimination performance by rhythmical inhibition of neuronal spiking. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 108, 19377-19382. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1117190108
94. Haimovici, A., Tagliazucchi, E., Balenzuela, P., and Chialvo, D. R. (2013). Brain organization into resting state networks emerges at criticality on a model of the human connectome. Phys. Rev. Lett. 110:178101. doi: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.178101
95. Halder, S., Varkuti, B., Bogdan, M., Kübler, A., Rosenstiel, W., Sitaram, R., et al. (2013). Prediction of brain-computer interface aptitude from individual brain structure. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 7:105. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00105
96. Hammond, D. C. (2010). The need for individualization in neurofeedback: heterogeneity in QEEG patterns associated with diagnoses and symptoms. Appl. Psychophysiol. Biofeedback 35, 31-36. doi: 10.1007/s10484-009-9106-1
97. Hanslmayr, S., Staudigl, T., and Fellner, M.-C. (2012). Oscillatory power decreases and long-term memory: the information via desynchronization hypothesis. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 6:74. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2012.00074
98. Harris, K. D., and Thiele, A. (2011). Cortical state and attention. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 12, 509-523. doi: 10.1038/nrn3084
99. Heisenberg, M., Wolf, R., and Brembs, B. (2001). Flexibility in a single behavioral variable of Drosophila. Learn. Mem. 8, 1-10. doi: 10.1101/lm.8.1.1
100. Héliot, R., Ganguly, K., Jimenez, J., and Carmena, J. M. (2010). Learning in closed-loop brain-machine interfaces: modeling and experimental validation. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. B Cybern. 40, 1387-1397. doi: 10.1109/TSMCB.2009.2036931
101. Hellyer, P. J., Shanahan, M., Scott, G., Wise, R. J. S., Sharp, D. J., and Leech, R. (2014). The control of global brain dynamics: opposing actions of frontoparietal control and default mode networks on attention. J. Neurosci. 34, 451-461. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1853-13.2014
102. Herrero, J. L., Roberts, M. J., Delicato, L. S., Gieselmann, M. A., Dayan, P., and Thiele, A. (2008). Acetylcholine contributes through muscarinic receptors to attentional modulation in V1. Nature 454, 1110-1114. doi: 10.1038/nature07141
103. Hesse, J., and Gross, T. (2014). Self-organized criticality as a fundamental property of neural systems. Front. Syst. Neurosci. 8:166. doi: 10.3389/fnsys.2014.00166
104. Hoedlmoser, K., Pecherstorfer, T., Gruber, G., Anderer, P., Doppelmayr, M., Klimesch, W., et al. (2008). Instrumental conditioning of human sensorimotor rhythm (12-15 Hz) and its impact on sleep as well as declarative learning. Sleep 31, 1401-1408.
105. Hsu, D., and Beggs, J. M. (2006). Neuronal avalanches and criticality: a dynamical model for homeostasis.Neurocomputing 69, 1134-1136. doi: 10.1016/j.neucom.2005.12.060
106. Huang, R.-S., Jung, T.-P., Delorme, A., and Makeig, S. (2008). Tonic and phasic electroencephalographic dynamics during continuous compensatory tracking. Neuroimage 39, 1896-1909. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.10.036
107. Hung, C.-S., Sarasso, S., Ferrarelli, F., Riedner, B., Ghilardi, M. F., Cirelli, C., et al. (2013). Local experience-dependent changes in the wake EEG after prolonged wakefulness. Sleep 36, 59-72. doi: 10.5665/sleep.2302
108. Jagadisha, T., Gangadhar, B., Janakiramiah, N., Girish, K., and Ramakrishnan, A. (2003). Post-seizure EEG fractal dimension and spectral power predict antidepressant response to unilateral ECT. Indian J. Psychiatry 45, 16-20.
109. Jarosiewicz, B., Chase, S. M., Fraser, G. W., Velliste, M., Kass, R. E., and Schwartz, A. B. (2008). Functional network reorganization during learning in a brain-computer interface paradigm. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 105, 19486-19491. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0808113105
110. Jasper, H. H., and Droogleever-Fortuyn, J. (1948). Thalamo-cortical systems and the electrical activity of the brain. Fed. Proc. 7:61.
111. Jensen, O., and Mazaheri, A. (2010). Shaping functional architecture by oscillatory alpha activity: gating by inhibition. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 4:186. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2010.00186
112. John, E. R., Karmel, B. Z., Corning, W. C., Easton, P., Brown, D., Ahn, H., et al. (1977). Neurometrics. Science 196, 1393-1410. doi: 10.1126/science.867036
113. John, E., Prichep, L., Fridman, J., and Easton, P. (1988). Neurometrics: computer-assisted differential diagnosis of brain dysfunctions. Science 239, 162-169. doi: 10.1126/science.3336779
114. John, E. R., Prichep, L. S., Winterer, G., Herrmann, W. M., diMichele, F., Halper, J., et al. (2007). Electrophysiological subtypes of psychotic states. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 116, 17-35. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2006.00983.x
115. Jokić-Begić, N., and Begić, D. (2003). Quantitative electroencephalogram (qEEG) in combat veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Nord. J. Psychiatry 57, 351-355. doi: 10.1080/08039480310002688
116. Kalmbach, A., and Waters, J. (2014). Modulation of high- and low-frequency components of the cortical local field potential via nicotinic and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in anesthetized mice. J. Neurophysiol. 111, 258-272. doi: 10.1152/jn.00244.2013
117. Kamiya, J. (2011). The first communications about operant conditioning of the EEG. J. Neurother. 15, 65-73. doi: 10.1080/10874208.2011.545764
118. Klimesch, W., Doppelmayr, M., Yonelinas, A., Kroll, N. E., Lazzara, M., Röhm, D., et al. (2001). Theta synchronization during episodic retrieval: neural correlates of conscious awareness. Brain Res. Cogn. Brain Res.12, 33-38. doi: 10.1016/s0926-6410(01)00024-6
119. Kluetsch, R. C., Ros, T., Théberge, J., Frewen, P. A., Calhoun, V. D., Schmahl, C., et al. (2014). Plastic modulation of PTSD resting-state networks and subjective wellbeing by EEG neurofeedback. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 130, 123-136. doi: 10.1111/acps.12229
120. Knoblauch, A., Hauser, F., Gewaltig, M.-O., Körner, E., and Palm, G. (2012). Does spike-timing-dependent synaptic plasticity couple or decouple neurons firing in synchrony? Front. Comput. Neurosci. 6:55. doi: 10.3389/fncom.2012.00055
121. Kopřivová, J., Congedo, M., Horáček, J., Praško, J., Raszka, M., Brunovský, M., et al. (2011). EEG source analysis in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Clin. Neurophysiol. 122, 1735-1743. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2011.01.051
122. Koralek, A. C., Costa, R. M., and Carmena, J. M. (2013). Temporally precise cell-specific coherence develops in corticostriatal networks during learning. Neuron 79, 865-872. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.06.047
123. Koralek, A. C., Jin, X., Long, J. D. 2nd, Costa, R. M., and Carmena, J. M. (2012). Corticostriatal plasticity is necessary for learning intentional neuroprosthetic skills. Nature 483, 331-335. doi: 10.1038/nature10845
124. Kornmeier, J., and Bach, M. (2012). Ambiguous figures-what happens in the brain when perception changes but not the stimulus. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 6:51. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2012.00051
125. Kouijzer, M. E. J., de Moor, J. M. H., Gerrits, B. J. L., Buitelaar, J. K., and van Schie, H. T. (2009). Long-term effects of neurofeedback treatment in autism. Res. Autism Spectr. Disord. 3, 496-501. doi: 10.1016/j.rasd.2008.10.003
126. Krichmar, J. L. (2008). The neuromodulatory system: a framework for survival and adaptive behavior in a challenging world. Adapt. Behav. 16, 385-399. doi: 10.1177/1059712308095775
127. Krienen, F. M., Yeo, B. T. T., and Buckner, R. L. (2014). Reconfigurable task-dependent functional coupling modes cluster around a core functional architecture. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 369:20130526. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0526
128. Lee, S.-H., and Dan, Y. (2012). Neuromodulation of brain States. Neuron 76, 209-222. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2012.09.012
129. Legenstein, R., Chase, S. M., Schwartz, A. B., and Maass, W. (2010). A reward-modulated hebbian learning rule can explain experimentally observed network reorganization in a brain control task. J. Neurosci. 30, 8400-8410. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4284-09.2010
130. Legenstein, R., Pecevski, D., and Maass, W. (2008). A learning theory for reward-modulated spike-timing-dependent plasticity with application to biofeedback. PLoS Comput. Biol. 4:e1000180. doi: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000180
131. Le Van Quyen, M. (2011). The brainweb of cross-scale interactions. New Ideas Psychol. 29, 57-63. doi: 10.1016/j.newideapsych.2010.11.001
132. Liechti, M. D., Maurizio, S., Heinrich, H., Jäncke, L., Meier, L., Steinhausen, H.-C., et al. (2012). First clinical trial of tomographic neurofeedback in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Evaluation of voluntary cortical control.Clin. Neurophysiol. 123, 1989-2005. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2012.03.016
133. Lindsley, D. B., Schreiner, L. H., Knowles, W. B., and Magoun, H. W. (1950). Behavioral and EEG changes following chronic brain stem lesions in the cat. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 2, 483-498. doi: 10.1016/0013-4694(50)90086-1
134. Linkenkaer-Hansen, K., Nikulin, V. V., Palva, S., Ilmoniemi, R. J., and Palva, J. M. (2004). Prestimulus oscillations enhance psychophysical performance in humans. J. Neurosci. 24, 10186-10190. doi: 10.1523/jneurosci.2584-04.2004
135. Little, S., and Brown, P. (2014). The functional role of beta oscillations in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 20(Suppl. 1), S44-S48. doi: 10.1016/s1353-8020(13)70013-0
136. Llinás, R., Urbano, F. J., Leznik, E., Ramírez, R. R., and van Marle, H. J. F. (2005). Rhythmic and dysrhythmic thalamocortical dynamics: GABA systems and the edge effect. Trends Neurosci. 28, 325-333. doi: 10.1016/j.tins.2005.04.006
137. López, M. E., Bruña, R., Aurtenetxe, S., Pineda-Pardo, J. A., Marcos, A., Arrazola, J., et al. (2014). Alpha-band hypersynchronization in progressive mild cognitive impairment: a magnetoencephalography study. J. Neurosci.34, 14551-14559. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0964-14.2014
138. Lotte, F., Congedo, M., Lécuyer, A., Lamarche, F., and Arnaldi, B. (2007). A review of classification algorithms for EEG-based brain-computer interfaces. J. Neural Eng. 4, R1-R13. doi: 10.1088/1741-2560/4/2/r01
139. Lubar, J., and Swartwood, M. (1995). Quantitative EEG and auditory event-related potentials in the evaluation of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: effects of methylphenidate and implications for. J. Psychoeduc. Assess.143-160.
140. Lubar, J. F., Swartwood, M. O., Swartwood, J. N., and O'Donnell, P. H. (1995). Evaluation of the effectiveness of EEG neurofeedback training for ADHD in a clinical setting as measured by changes in T.O.V.A. scores, behavioral ratings and WISC-R performance. Biofeedback Self Regul. 20, 83-99. doi: 10.1007/bf01712768
141. Luczak, A., Bartho, P., and Harris, K. D. (2013). Gating of sensory input by spontaneous cortical activity. J. Neurosci. 33, 1684-1695. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2928-12.2013
142. Lutzenberger, W., Birbaumer, N., Elbert, T., Rockstroh, B., Bippus, W., and Breidt, R. (1980). Self-regulation of slow cortical potentials in normal subjects and patients with frontal lobe lesions. Prog. Brain Res. 54, 427-430. doi: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)61655-6
143. Macdonald, J. S. P., Mathan, S., and Yeung, N. (2011). Trial-by-trial variations in subjective attentional state are reflected in ongoing prestimulus EEG alpha oscillations. Front. Psychol. 2:82. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00082
144. MacIver, M. B., and Bland, B. H. (2014). Chaos analysis of EEG during isoflurane-induced loss of righting in rats.Front. Syst. Neurosci. 8:203. doi: 10.3389/fnsys.2014.00203
145. Mangia, A. L., Pirini, M., and Cappello, A. (2014). Transcranial direct current stimulation and power spectral parameters: a tDCS/EEG co-registration study. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 8:601. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00601
146. Marken, R. S. (2009). You say you had a revolution: methodological foundations of closed-loop psychology. Rev. Gen. Psychol. 13, 137-145. doi: 10.1037/a0015106
147. Mayhew, S. D., Hylands-White, N., Porcaro, C., Derbyshire, S. W. G., and Bagshaw, A. P. (2013). Intrinsic variability in the human response to pain is assembled from multiple, dynamic brain processes. Neuroimage 75, 68-78. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.02.028
148. McCarthy-Jones, S. (2012). Taking back the brain: could neurofeedback training be effective for relieving distressing auditory verbal hallucinations in patients with schizophrenia? Schizophr. Bull. 38, 678-682. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbs006
149. McConnell, G. C., So, R. Q., Hilliard, J. D., Lopomo, P., and Grill, W. M. (2012). Effective deep brain stimulation suppresses low-frequency network oscillations in the basal ganglia by regularizing neural firing patterns. J. Neurosci. 32, 15657-15668. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2824-12.2012
150. Mehrkanoon, S., Breakspear, M., and Boonstra, T. W. (2014). Low-dimensional dynamics of resting-state cortical activity. Brain Topogr. 27, 338-352. doi: 10.1007/s10548-013-0319-5
151. Millan, J. D. R., Galan, F., Vanhooydonck, D., Lew, E., Philips, J., and Nuttin, M. (2009). Asynchronous non-invasive brain-actuated control of an intelligent wheelchair. Conf. Proc. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc. 2009, 3361-3364. doi: 10.1109/IEMBS.2009.5332828
152. Montez, T., Poil, S.-S., Jones, B. F., Manshanden, I., Verbunt, J. P. A., van Dijk, B. W., et al. (2009). Altered temporal correlations in parietal alpha and prefrontal theta oscillations in early-stage Alzheimer disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 106, 1614-1619. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0811699106
153. Monto, S., Vanhatalo, S., Holmes, M. D., and Palva, J. M. (2007). Epileptogenic neocortical networks are revealed by abnormal temporal dynamics in seizure-free subdural EEG. Cereb. Cortex 17, 1386-1393. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhl049
154. Moruzzi, G., and Magoun, H. W. (1949). Brain stem reticular formation and activation of the EEG.Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 1, 455-473. doi: 10.1016/0013-4694(49)90219-9
155. Müller, H. F., Achim, A., Laur, A., and Buchbinder, A. (1986). Topography and possible physiological significance of EEG amplitude variability in psychosis. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 73, 665-675. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1986.tb02741.x
156. Müller-Dahlhaus, J. F. M., Orekhov, Y., Liu, Y., and Ziemann, U. (2008). Interindividual variability and age-dependency of motor cortical plasticity induced by paired associative stimulation. Exp. Brain Res. 187, 467-475. doi: 10.1007/s00221-008-1319-7
157. Munz, M., Gobert, D., Schohl, A., Poquérusse, J., Podgorski, K., Spratt, P., et al. (2014). Rapid Hebbian axonal remodeling mediated by visual stimulation. Science 344, 904-909. doi: 10.1126/science.1251593
158. Musall, S., von Pföstl, V., Rauch, A., Logothetis, N. K., and Whittingstall, K. (2012). Effects of neural synchrony on surface EEG. Cereb. Cortex 24, 1045-1053. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhs389
159. Nagengast, A. J., Braun, D. A., and Wolpert, D. M. (2009). Optimal control predicts human performance on objects with internal degrees of freedom. PLoS Comput. Biol. 5:e1000419. doi: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000419
160. Näpflin, M., Wildi, M., and Sarnthein, J. (2007). Test-retest reliability of resting EEG spectra validates a statistical signature of persons. Clin. Neurophysiol. 118, 2519-2524. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2007.07.022
161. Näpflin, M., Wildi, M., and Sarnthein, J. (2008). Test-retest reliability of EEG spectra during a working memory task. Neuroimage 43, 687-693. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.08.028
162. Neuper, C., and Pfurtscheller, G. (2001). Event-related dynamics of cortical rhythms: frequency-specific features and functional correlates. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 43, 41-58. doi: 10.1016/s0167-8760(01)00178-7
163. Niv, S. (2013). Clinical efficacy and potential mechanisms of neurofeedback. Pers. Individ. Dif. 54, 676-686. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2012.11.037
164. Nunez, P. L. (2000). Toward a quantitative description of large-scale neocortical dynamic function and EEG.Behav. Brain Sci. 23, 371-398; discussion 399-437. doi: 10.1017/s0140525x00003253
165. Palva, S., and Palva, J. M. (2012). Discovering oscillatory interaction networks with M/EEG: challenges and breakthroughs. Trends Cogn. Sci. 16, 219-230. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2012.02.004
166. Panagiotaropoulos, T. I., Deco, G., Kapoor, V., and Logothetis, N. K. (2012). Neuronal discharges and gamma oscillations explicitly reflect visual consciousness in the lateral prefrontal cortex. Neuron 74, 924-935. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2012.04.013
167. Papageorgiou, T. D., Lisinski, J. M., McHenry, M. A., White, J. P., and LaConte, S. M. (2013). Brain-computer interfaces increase whole-brain signal to noise. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 110, 13630-13635. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1210738110
168. Pastukhov, A., García-Rodríguez, P. E., Haenicke, J., Guillamon, A., Deco, G., and Braun, J. (2013). Multi-stable perception balances stability and sensitivity. Front. Comput. Neurosci. 7:17. doi: 10.3389/fncom.2013.00017
169. Patton, J. L., Wei, Y. J., Bajaj, P., and Scheidt, R. A. (2013). Visuomotor learning enhanced by augmenting instantaneous trajectory error feedback during reaching. PLoS One 8:e46466. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046466
170. Perge, J. A., Zhang, S., Malik, W. Q., Homer, M. L., Cash, S., Friehs, G., et al. (2014). Reliability of directional information in unsorted spikes and local field potentials recorded in human motor cortex. J. Neural Eng.11:046007. doi: 10.1088/1741-2560/11/4/046007
171. Pezze, M., McGarrity, S., Mason, R., Fone, K. C., and Bast, T. (2014). Too little and too much: hypoactivation and disinhibition of medial prefrontal cortex cause attentional deficits. J. Neurosci. 34, 7931-7946. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3450-13.2014
172. Pfister, J.-P., and Tass, P. A. (2010). STDP in oscillatory recurrent networks: theoretical conditions for desynchronization and applications to deep brain stimulation. Front. Comput. Neurosci. 4:22. doi: 10.3389/fncom.2010.00022
173. Pizoli, C. E., Shah, M. N., Snyder, A. Z., Shimony, J. S., Limbrick, D. D., Raichle, M. E., et al. (2011). Resting-state activity in development and maintenance of normal brain function. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 108, 11638-11643. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1109144108
174. Pizzagalli, D. A., Nitschke, J. B., Oakes, T. R., Hendrick, A. M., Horras, K. A., Larson, C. L., et al. (2002). Brain electrical tomography in depression: the importance of symptom severity, anxiety and melancholic features. Biol. Psychiatry 52, 73-85. doi: 10.1016/s0006-3223(02)01313-6
175. Plante, D. T., Goldstein, M. R., Landsness, E. C., Riedner, B. A., Guokas, J. J., Wanger, T., et al. (2013). Altered overnight modulation of spontaneous waking EEG reflects altered sleep homeostasis in major depressive disorder: A high-density EEG investigation. J. Affect. Disord. 150, 1167-1173. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2013.05.084
176. Poil, S.-S., Bollmann, S., Ghisleni, C., O'Gorman, R. L., Klaver, P., Ball, J., et al. (2014). Age dependent electroencephalographic changes in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Clin. Neurophysiol. 125, 1626-1638. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2013.12.118
177. Poil, S.-S., Hardstone, R., Mansvelder, H. D., and Linkenkaer-Hansen, K. (2012). Critical-state dynamics of avalanches and oscillations jointly emerge from balanced excitation/inhibition in neuronal networks. J. Neurosci.32, 9817-9823. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5990-11.2012
178. Poulet, J. F. A., and Petersen, C. C. H. (2008). Internal brain state regulates membrane potential synchrony in barrel cortex of behaving mice. Nature 454, 881-885. doi: 10.1038/nature07150
179. Pradhan, N., Sadasivan, P. K., Chatterji, S., and Dutt, D. N. (1995). Patterns of attractor dimensions of sleep EEG.Comput. Biol. Med. 25, 455-462. doi: 10.1016/0010-4825(95)00032-y
180. Quilichini, P. P., and Bernard, C. (2012). Brain state-dependent neuronal computation. Front. Comput. Neurosci.6:77. doi: 10.3389/fncom.2012.00077
181. Ramyead, A., Kometer, M., Studerus, E., Koranyi, S., Ittig, S., Gschwandtner, U., et al. (2014). Aberrant current source-density and lagged phase synchronization of neural oscillations as markers for emerging psychosis.Schizophr. Bull. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbu134. [Epub ahead of print].
182. Renart, A., de la Rocha, J., Bartho, P., Hollender, L., Parga, N., Reyes, A., et al. (2010). The asynchronous state in cortical circuits. Science 327, 587-590. doi: 10.1126/science.1179850
183. Ridding, M. C., and Ziemann, U. (2010). Determinants of the induction of cortical plasticity by non-invasive brain stimulation in healthy subjects. J. Physiol. 588, 2291-2304. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2010.190314
184. Romei, V., Brodbeck, V., Michel, C., Amedi, A., Pascual-Leone, A., and Thut, G. (2008). Spontaneous fluctuations in posterior alpha-band EEG activity reflect variability in excitability of human visual areas. Cereb. cortex 18, 2010-2018. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhm229
185. Ros, T., Munneke, M. A. M., Ruge, D., Gruzelier, J. H., and Rothwell, J. C. (2010). Endogenous control of waking brain rhythms induces neuroplasticity in humans. Eur. J. Neurosci. 31, 770-778. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07100.x
186. Ros, T., Théberge, J., Frewen, P. A., Kluetsch, R., Densmore, M., Calhoun, V. D., et al. (2013). Mind over chatter: plastic up-regulation of the fMRI salience network directly after EEG neurofeedback. Neuroimage 65, 324-335. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.09.046
187. Rosa, M., Picarelli, H., Teixeira, M. J., Rosa, M. O., and Marcolin, M. A. (2006). Accidental seizure with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. J. ECT 22, 265-266. doi: 10.1097/01.yct.0000244236.72049.9e
188. Rosin, B., Slovik, M., Mitelman, R., Rivlin-Etzion, M., Haber, S. N., Israel, Z., et al. (2011). Closed-loop deep brain stimulation is superior in ameliorating parkinsonism. Neuron 72, 370-384. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.08.023
189. Russo, R., Herrmann, H. J., and de Arcangelis, L. (2014). Brain modularity controls the critical behavior of spontaneous activity. Sci. Rep. 4:4312. doi: 10.1038/srep04312
190. Sadaghiani, S., and Kleinschmidt, A. (2013). Functional interactions between intrinsic brain activity and behavior.Neuroimage 80, 379-386. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.04.100
191. Schlee, W., Schecklmann, M., Lehner, A., Kreuzer, P. M., Vielsmeier, V., Poeppl, T. B., et al. (2014). Reduced variability of auditory alpha activity in chronic tinnitus. Neural Plast. 2014:436146. doi: 10.1155/2014/436146
192. Schulman, J. J., Cancro, R., Lowe, S., Lu, F., Walton, K. D., and Llinás, R. R. (2011). Imaging of thalamocortical dysrhythmia in neuropsychiatry. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 5:69. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2011.00069
193. Sebban, C., Zhang, X. Q., Tesolin-Decros, B., Millan, M. J., and Spedding, M. (1999). Changes in EEG spectral power in the prefrontal cortex of conscious rats elicited by drugs interacting with dopaminergic and noradrenergic transmission. Br. J. Pharmacol. 128, 1045-1054. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0702894
194. Shew, W. L., and Plenz, D. (2013). The functional benefits of criticality in the cortex. Neuroscientist 19, 88-100. doi: 10.1177/1073858412445487
195. Shin, D., and Cho, K.-H. (2013). Recurrent connections form a phase-locking neuronal tuner for frequency-dependent selective communication. Sci. Rep. 3:2519. doi: 10.1038/srep02519
196. Silberstein, P., Pogosyan, A., Kühn, A. A., Hotton, G., Tisch, S., Kupsch, A., et al. (2005). Cortico-cortical coupling in Parkinson's disease and its modulation by therapy. Brain 128, 1277-1291. doi: 10.1093/brain/awh480
197. Smit, D. J. A., Linkenkaer-Hansen, K., and de Geus, E. J. C. (2013). Long-range temporal correlations in resting-state Alpha oscillations predict human timing-error dynamics. J. Neurosci. 33, 11212-11220. doi: 10.1523/jneurosci.2816-12.2013
198. Smith, S. M., Fox, P. T., Miller, K. L., Glahn, D. C., Fox, P. M., Mackay, C. E., et al. (2009). Correspondence of the brain's functional architecture during activation and rest. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 106, 13040-13045. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0905267106
199. Snyder, S. M., Quintana, H., Sexson, S. B., Knott, P., Haque, A. F. M., and Reynolds, D. A. (2008). Blinded, multi-center validation of EEG and rating scales in identifying ADHD within a clinical sample. Psychiatry Res. 159, 346-358. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2007.05.006
200. Sohn, H., Kim, I., Lee, W., Peterson, B. S., Hong, H., Chae, J.-H., et al. (2010). Linear and non-linear EEG analysis of adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder during a cognitive task. Clin. Neurophysiol. 121, 1863-1870. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2010.04.007
201. Stam, C. J. (2005). Nonlinear dynamical analysis of EEG and MEG: review of an emerging field. Clin. Neurophysiol.116, 2266-2301. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2005.06.011
202. Stam, C. J. (2014). Modern network science of neurological disorders. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 15, 683-695. doi: 10.1038/nrn3801
203. Stam, C. J., Montez, T., Jones, B. F., Rombouts, S. A. R. B., van der Made, Y., Pijnenburg, Y. A. L., et al. (2005). Disturbed fluctuations of resting state EEG synchronization in Alzheimer's disease. Clin. Neurophysiol. 116, 708-715. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2004.09.022
204. Stam, C. J., van Cappellen Walsum, A.-M., and Micheloyannis, S. (2002). Variability of EEG synchronization during a working memory task in healthy subjects. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 46, 53-66. doi: 10.1016/s0167-8760(02)00041-7
205. Steiner, N. J., Frenette, E. C., Rene, K. M., Brennan, R. T., and Perrin, E. C. (2014). In-school neurofeedback training for ADHD: sustained improvements from a randomized control trial. Pediatrics 133, 483-492. doi: 10.1542/peds.2013-2059
206. Steriade, M., Gloor, P., Llinás, R. R., Lopes da Silva, F. H., and Mesulam, M.-M. (1990). Basic mechanisms of cerebral rhythmic activities. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 76, 481-508. doi: 10.1016/0013-4694(90)90001-z
207. Steriade, M., McCormick, D. A., and Sejnowski, T. J. (1993). Thalamocortical oscillations in the sleeping and aroused brain. Science 262, 679-685. doi: 10.1126/science.8235588
208. Sterman, M. B., Howe, R. C., and Macdonald, L. R. (1970). Facilitation of spindle-burst sleep by conditioning of electroencephalographic activity while awake. Science 167, 1146-1148. doi: 10.1126/science.167.3921.1146
209. Sterman, M. B., LoPresti, R. W., and Fairchild, M. D. (1969). "Electroencephalographic and behavioral studies of monomethylhydrazine toxicity in the cat," in Technical Report AMRL-TR-69-3 (Ohio, USA: Aerospace Medical Division, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base).
210. Strehl, U., Birkle, S. M., Wörz, S., and Kotchoubey, B. (2014). Sustained reduction of seizures in patients with intractable epilepsy after self-regulation training of slow cortical potentials-10 years after. Front. Hum. Neurosci.8:604. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00604
211. Tagliazucchi, E., Carhart-Harris, R., Leech, R., Nutt, D., and Chialvo, D. R. (2014). Enhanced repertoire of brain dynamical states during the psychedelic experience. Hum. Brain Mapp. 35, 5442-5456. doi: 10.1002/hbm.22562
212. Takahashi, T., Cho, R. Y., Mizuno, T., Kikuchi, M., Murata, T., Takahashi, K., et al. (2010). Antipsychotics reverse abnormal EEG complexity in drug-naive schizophrenia: a multiscale entropy analysis. Neuroimage 51, 173-182. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.02.009
213. Tass, P. A., Silchenko, A. N., Hauptmann, C., Barnikol, U. B., and Speckmann, E.-J. (2009). Long-lasting desynchronization in rat hippocampal slice induced by coordinated reset stimulation. Phys. Rev. E Stat. Nonlin. Soft Matter Phys. 80:011902. doi: 10.1103/physreve.80.011902
214. Thatcher, R. W., and Lubar, J. F. (2009). History of the scientific standards of QEEG normative databases. Introd. Quant. EEG Neurofeedback 2009, 29-59. doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-374534-7.00002-2
215. Thatcher, R. W., North, D. M., and Biver, C. J. (2009). Self-organized criticality and the development of EEG phase reset. Hum. Brain Mapp. 30, 553-574. doi: 10.1002/hbm.20524
216. Todorov, E. (2004). Optimality principles in sensorimotor control. Nat. Neurosci. 7, 907-915. doi: 10.1038/nn1309
217. Tognoli, E., and Kelso, J. A. S. (2014). The metastable brain. Neuron 81, 35-48. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.12.022
218. Tononi, G. (2004). An information integration theory of consciousness. BMC Neurosci. 5:42. doi: 10.1186/1471-2202-5-42
219. Tononi, G., and Cirelli, C. (2006). Sleep function and synaptic homeostasis. Sleep Med. Rev. 10, 49-62. doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2005.05.002
220. Tsanov, M., and Manahan-Vaughan, D. (2009). Long-term plasticity is proportional to theta-activity. PLoS One4:e5850. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005850
221. Tseng, H.-A., Martinez, D., and Nadim, F. (2014). The frequency preference of neurons and synapses in a recurrent oscillatory network. J. Neurosci. 34, 12933-12945. doi: 10.1523/jneurosci.2462-14.2014
222. Tsukamoto-Yasui, M., Sasaki, T., Matsumoto, W., Hasegawa, A., Toyoda, T., Usami, A., et al. (2007). Active hippocampal networks undergo spontaneous synaptic modification. PLoS One 2:e1250. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001250
223. Uhlhaas, P. J., and Singer, W. (2006). Neural synchrony in brain disorders: relevance for cognitive dysfunctions and pathophysiology. Neuron 52, 155-168. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2006.09.020
224. Valdés-Hernández, P. A., Ojeda-González, A., Martínez-Montes, E., Lage-Castellanos, A., Virués-Alba, T., Valdés-Urrutia, L., et al. (2010). White matter architecture rather than cortical surface area correlates with the EEG alpha rhythm. Neuroimage 49, 2328-2339. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.10.030
225. Van de Ville, D., Britz, J., and Michel, C. M. (2010). EEG microstate sequences in healthy humans at rest reveal scale-free dynamics. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 107, 18179-18184. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1007841107
226. Varela, F., Lachaux, J. P., Rodriguez, E., and Martinerie, J. (2001). The brainweb: phase large-scale integration.Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2, 229-239. doi: 10.1038/35067550
227. Villablanca, J. R. (2004). Counterpointing the functional role of the forebrain and of the brainstem in the control of the sleep-waking system. J. Sleep Res. 13, 179-208. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2869.2004.00412.x
228. Vyazovskiy, V. V., Cirelli, C., Pfister-Genskow, M., Faraguna, U., and Tononi, G. (2008). Molecular and electrophysiological evidence for net synaptic potentiation in wake and depression in sleep. Nat. Neurosci. 11, 200-208. doi: 10.1038/nn2035
229. Wahbeh, H., and Oken, B. S. (2013). Peak high-frequency HRV and peak alpha frequency higher in PTSD. Appl. Psychophysiol. Biofeedback 38, 57-69. doi: 10.1007/s10484-012-9208-z
230. Walter, G. (1934). Thought and Brain: A Cambridge Experiment. London: The Spectator, 10.
231. Wander, J. D., Blakely, T., Miller, K. J., Weaver, K. E., Johnson, L. A., Olson, J. D., et al. (2013). Distributed cortical adaptation during learning of a brain-computer interface task. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 110, 10818-10823. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1221127110
232. Wang, X.-J. (2010). Neurophysiological and computational principles of cortical rhythms in cognition. Physiol. Rev. 90, 1195-1268. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00035.2008
233. Wang, X., Chen, C., Zhang, D., and Yao, H. (2014). Cumulative latency advance underlies fast visual processing in desynchronized brain state. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 111, 515-520. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1316166111
234. Wang, S.-J., Hilgetag, C. C., and Zhou, C. (2011a). Sustained activity in hierarchical modular neural networks: self-organized criticality and oscillations. Front. Comput. Neurosci. 5:30. doi: 10.3389/fncom.2011.00030
235. Wang, Q., Sourina, O., and Nguyen, M. K. (2011b). Fractal dimension based neurofeedback in serious games. Vis. Comput. 27, 299-309. doi: 10.1007/s00371-011-0551-5
236. Wascher, E., Rasch, B., Sänger, J., Hoffmann, S., Schneider, D., Rinkenauer, G., et al. (2014). Frontal theta activity reflects distinct aspects of mental fatigue. Biol. Psychol. 96, 57-65. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2013.11.010
237. Watrous, A. J., Tandon, N., Conner, C. R., Pieters, T., and Ekstrom, A. D. (2013). Frequency-specific network connectivity increases underlie accurate spatiotemporal memory retrieval. Nat. Neurosci. 16, 349-356. doi: 10.1038/nn.3315
238. Watson, C. G., Herder, J., and Passini, F. T. (1978). Alpha biofeedback therapy in alcoholics: an 18-month follow-up.J. Clin. Psychol. 34, 765-769. doi: 10.1002/1097-4679(197807)34:3<765::aid-jclp2270340339>3.0.co;2-5
239. Werkle-Bergner, M., Grandy, T. H., Chicherio, C., Schmiedek, F., Lövdén, M., and Lindenberger, U. (2014). Coordinated within-trial dynamics of low-frequency neural rhythms controls evidence accumulation. J. Neurosci.34, 8519-8528. doi: 10.1523/jneurosci.3801-13.2014
240. Whitford, T. J., Rennie, C. J., Grieve, S. M., Clark, C. R., Gordon, E., and Williams, L. M. (2007). Brain maturation in adolescence: concurrent changes in neuroanatomy and neurophysiology. Hum. Brain Mapp. 28, 228-237. doi: 10.1002/hbm.20273
241. Williams, H. T. P. (2006). Homeostatic Adaptive Networks. Doctoral Thesis. Leeds: The University of Leeds.
242. Wolpert, D. M., Ghahramani, Z., and Jordan, M. I. (1995). An internal model for sensorimotor integration. Science269, 1880-1882. doi: 10.1126/science.7569931
243. Woltering, S., Jung, J., Liu, Z., and Tannock, R. (2012). Resting state EEG oscillatory power differences in ADHD college students and their peers. Behav. Brain Funct. 8:60. doi: 10.1186/1744-9081-8-60
244. Womelsdorf, T., Valiante, T. A., Sahin, N. T., Miller, K. J., and Tiesinga, P. (2014). Dynamic circuit motifs underlying rhythmic gain control, gating and integration. Nat. Neurosci. 17, 1031-1039. doi: 10.1038/nn.3764
245. Wörgötter, F., Suder, K., Zhao, Y., Kerscher, N., Eysel, U. T., and Funke, K. (1998). State-dependent receptive-field restructuring in the visual cortex. Nature 396, 165-168. doi: 10.1038/24157
246. Wyrwicka, W., and Sterman, M. B. (1968). Instrumental conditioning of sensorimotor cortex EEG spindles in the waking cat. Physiol. Behav. 3, 703-707. doi: 10.1016/0031-9384(68)90139-x
247. Xiong, S., Cheng, C., Wu, X., Guo, X., Yao, L., and Zhang, J. (2014). Working memory training using EEG neurofeedback in normal young adults. Biomed. Mater. Eng. 24, 3637-3644. doi: 10.3233/BME-141191
248. Yordanova, J., and Kolev, V. (1998). Developmental changes in the theta response system: a single sweep analysis.J. Psychophysiol. 12, 113-126.
249. Zaehle, T., Rach, S., and Herrmann, C. S. (2010). Transcranial alternating current stimulation enhances individual alpha activity in human EEG. PLoS One 5:e13766. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013766
250. Zagha, E., Casale, A. E., Sachdev, R. N. S., McGinley, M. J., and McCormick, D. A. (2013). Motor cortex feedback influences sensory processing by modulating network state. Neuron 79, 567-578. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.06.008
251. Zagha, E., and McCormick, D. A. (2014). Neural control of brain state. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 29C, 178-186. doi: 10.1016/j.conb.2014.09.010
252. Zemankovics, R., Veres, J. M., Oren, I., and Hájos, N. (2013). Feedforward inhibition underlies the propagation of cholinergically induced gamma oscillations from hippocampal CA3 to CA1. J. Neurosci. 33, 12337-12351. doi: 10.1523/jneurosci.3680-12.2013