Oxidative Damage and Antioxidative Therapy in Systemic Sclerosis

Mediators of Inflammation

Volumn 2014, Issue , 2015, Pages

  Grygiel Górniak, Bogna ^a   Puszczewicz, Mariusz ^a  

^a POZNAN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (Poland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIOXIDANT; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE;

CELL PROLIFERATION; DIET THERAPY; DISEASE ACTIVITY; ENDOTHELIUM CELL; FIBROBLAST; HUMAN; NONHUMAN; NUTRITION; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PATHOGENESIS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS; TREATMENT PLANNING; METABOLISM; PHYSIOLOGY;

HUMANS; OXIDATIVE STRESS; REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES; SCLERODERMA, SYSTEMIC;

EID: 84932137133     PISSN: 09629351     EISSN: 14661861     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1155/2014/389582     Document Type: Review

References (102)

1. M. C. Tamby, Y. Chanseaud, L. Guillevin, and L. Mouthon, "New insights into the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis", Autoimmunity Reviews, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 152-157, 2003.
2. A. Gabrielli, E. V. Avvedimento, and T. N. Krieg, "Scleroderma", The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 360, no. 19, pp. 1989-2003, 2009.
3. C. P. Denton, C. M. Black, and D. J. Abraham, "Mechanisms and consequences of fibrosis in systemic sclerosis", Nature Clinical Practice Rheumatology, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 134-144, 2006.
4. J. Varga and D. Abraham, "Systemic sclerosis: a prototypicmultisystem fibrotic disorder", The Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 117, no. 3, pp. 557-567, 2007.
5. A. L. Herrick and J. Worthington, "Genetic epidemiology: systemic sclerosis", Arthritis Research, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 165-168, 2002.
6. P. Sambo, S. S. Baroni, M. Luchetti et al., "Oxidative stress in scleroderma: maintenance of scleroderma fibroblast phenotype by the constitutive up-regulation of reactive oxygen species generation through the NADPH oxidase complex pathway", Arthritis and Rheumatism, vol. 44, no. 11, pp. 2653-2664, 2001.
7. S. Svegliati, R. Cancello, P. Sambo et al., "Platelet-derivedgrowth factor and reactive oxygen species (ROS) regulate Ras protein levels in primary human fibroblasts via ERK1/2: amplification of ROS and Ras in systemic sclerosis fibroblasts", Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 280, no. 43, pp. 36474-36482, 2005.
8. F. Ogawa, K. Shimizu, E. Muroi et al., "Serum levels of 8-isoprostane, amarker of oxidative stress, are elevated in patients with systemic sclerosis", Rheumatology, vol. 45, no. 7, pp. 815-818, 2006.
9. A. Servettaz, P. Guilpain, C. Goulvestre et al., "Radical oxygen species production induced by advanced oxidation protein products predicts clinical evolution and response to treatment in systemic sclerosis", Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, vol. 66, no. 9, pp. 1202-1209, 2007.
10. A. L. Herrick and M. Matucci Cerinic, "The emerging problem of oxidative stress and the role of antioxidants in systemic sclerosis", Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 4-8, 2001.
11. G. Simonini, A. Pignone, S. Generini, F. Falcini, and M. M. Cerinic, "Emerging potentials for an antioxidant therapy as a newapproach to the treatment of systemic sclerosis", Toxicology, vol. 155, no. 1-3, pp. 1-15, 2000.
12. A. C. Howard, A. K. McNeil, and P. L. McNeil, "Promotion of plasma membrane repair by vitamin E", Nature Communications, vol. 2, no. 1, article 597, 2011.
13. P. Ostojic and N. Damjanov, "Effects of micronutrient antioxidants (alpha-tocopherol and ascorbic acid) on skin thickening and lung function in patients with early diffuse systemic sclerosis", Rheumatology International, vol. 31, no. 8, pp. 1051-1054, 2011.
14. F. Salsano, C. Letizia, M. Proietti et al., "Significant changes of peripheral perfusion and plasma adrenomedullin levels in N-acetylcysteine long term treatment of patients with sclerodermic Raynauds phenomenon", International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 761-770, 2005.
15. H.-K. Na and Y.-J. Surh, "Intracellular signaling network as a prime chemopreventive target of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate", Molecular Nutrition and Food Research, vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 152-159, 2006.
16. A. Dooley, X. Shi-Wen, N. Aden et al., "Modulation of collagen type I, fibronectin and dermal fibroblast function and activity, in systemic sclerosis by the antioxidant epigallocatechin-3-gallate", Rheumatology, vol. 49, no. 11, pp. 2024-2036, 2010.
17. A. L. Herrick, S. Hollis, D. Schofield et al., "A double-blind placebo-controlled trial of antioxidant therapy in limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis", Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 349-356, 2000.
18. P. Sambo, D. Amico, R. Giacomelli et al., "Intravenous Nacetylcysteine for treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon secondary to systemic sclerosis: a pilot study", The Journal of Rheumatology, vol. 28, no. 10, pp. 2257-2262, 2001.
19. E. Rosato, F. Borghese, S. Pisarri, and F. Salsano, "The treatment with N-acetylcysteine of Raynaud's phenomenon and ischemic ulcers therapy in sclerodermic patients: a prospective observational study of 50 patients", Clinical Rheumatology, vol. 28, no. 12, pp. 1379-1384, 2009.
20. P.-S. Tsou, N. N. Talia, A. J. Pinney et al., "Effect of oxidative stress on protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B in scleroderma dermal fibroblasts", Arthritis & Rheumatism, vol. 64, no. 6, pp. 1978-1989, 2012.
21. J. R. Tsai, H. M. Wang, P. L. Liu et al., "High expression of heme oxygenase-1 is associated with tumor invasiveness and poor clinical outcome in non-small cell lung cancer patients", Cellular Oncology, vol. 35, no. 6, pp. 461-471, 2012.
22. C. M. Shih, Y. H. Chen, Y. W. Lin et al., "MK-0626, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, improves neovascularization by increasing both the number of circulating endothelial progenitor cells and endothelial nitric oxide synthetase expression", Current Medicinal Chemistry, vol. 21, no. 17, pp. 2012-2022, 2014.
23. J.-R. Tsai, H.-M. Wang, P.-L. Liu et al., "High expression of heme oxygenase-1 is associated with tumor invasiveness and poor clinical outcome in non-small cell lung cancer patients", Cellular Oncology, vol. 35, no. 6, pp. 461-471, 2012.
24. A. Servettaz, C. Goulvestre, N. Kavian et al., "Selective oxidation of DNA topoisomerase 1 induces systemic sclerosis in the mouse", Journal of Immunology, vol. 182, no. 9, pp. 5855-5864, 2009.
25. W. K. Marut, N. Kavian, A. Servettaz et al., "The organotelluride catalyst (PHTE) 2 NQ prevents HOCl-induced systemic sclerosis in mouse", The Journal of Investigative Dermatology, vol. 132, no. 4, pp. 1125-1132, 2012.
26. N. Sriram, S. Kalayarasan, and G. Sudhandiran, "Epigallocatechin-3-gallate exhibits anti-fibrotic effect by attenuating bleomycin-induced glycoconjugates, lysosomal hydrolases and ultrastructural changes in rat model pulmonary fibrosis", Chemico-Biological Interactions, vol. 180, no. 2, pp. 271-280, 2009.
27. Y. Yasuda, M. Shimizu, H. Sakai et al.", (-)-Epigallocatechin gallate prevents carbon tetrachloride-induced rat hepatic fibrosis by inhibiting the expression of the PDGFRβ and IGF-1R", Chemico-Biological Interactions, vol. 182, no. 2-3, pp. 159-164, 2009.
28. H. Hardardóttir, H. A. C. Van Helvoort, M. C. Vonk, F. H. J. Van Den Hoogen, P. N. R. Dekhuijzen, and Y. F. Heijdra, "Exercise in systemic sclerosis intensifies systemic inflammation and oxidative stress", Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 63-70, 2010.
29. H. Ihn, S. Sato, M. Fujimoto et al., "Characterization of autoantibodies to endothelial cells in systemic sclerosis (SSc): associationwith pulmonary fibrosis", Clinical and Experimental Immunology, vol. 119, no. 1, pp. 203-209, 2000.
30. P. García De La Peña-Lefebvre, Y. Chanseaud, M. C. Tamby et al., "IgG reactivity with a 100-kDa tissue and endothelial cell antigen identified as topoisomerase 1 distinguishes between limited and diffuse systemic sclerosis patients", Clinical Immunology, vol. 111, no. 3, pp. 241-251, 2004.
31. S. S. Baroni, M. Santillo, F. Bevilacqua et al., "Stimulatory autoantibodies to the PDGF receptor in systemic sclerosis", The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 354, no. 25, pp. 2667-2676, 2006.
32. N. Kavian, A. Servettaz, C. Mongaret et al., "Targeting ADAM-17/notch signaling abrogates the development of systemic sclerosis in amurine model", Arthritis and Rheumatism, vol. 62, no. 11, pp. 3477-3487, 2010.
33. A. Laurent, C. Nicco, C. Chéreau et al., "Controlling tumor growth by modulating endogenous production of reactive oxygen species", Cancer Research, vol. 65, no. 3, pp. 948-956, 2005.
34. C. Nicco, A. Laurent, C. Chereau, B. Weill, and F. Batteux, "Differentialmodulation of normal and tumor cell proliferation by reactive oxygen species", Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy, vol. 59, no. 4, pp. 169-174, 2005.
35. M. J. Morgan and Z.-G. Liu, "Reactive oxygen species in TNFα-induced signaling and cell death", Molecules and Cells, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 1-12, 2010.
36. R. Coriat, W. Marut, M. Leconte et al., "The organotelluride catalyst LAB027 prevents colon cancer growth in the mice", Cell Death and Disease, vol. 2, no. 8, article e191, 2011.
37. P. Lonkar and P. C. Dedon, "Reactive species and DNA damage in chronic inflammation: reconciling chemical mechanisms and biological fates", International Journal of Cancer, vol. 128, no. 9, pp. 1999-2009, 2011.
38. K. Takagi, Y. Kawaguchi, M. Hara, T. Sugiura, M. Harigai, and N. Kamatani, "Serumnitric oxide (NO) levels in systemic sclerosis patients: Correlation between NO levels and clinical features", Clinical and Experimental Immunology, vol. 134, no. 3, pp. 538-544, 2003.
39. G. N. Andersen, K. Caidahl, E. Kazzam et al., "Correlation between increased nitric oxide production and markers of endothelial activation in systemic sclerosis: findings with the soluble adhesion molecules e-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule 1, and vascular cell adhesionmolecule 1", Arthritis and Rheumatism, vol. 43, no. 5, pp. 1085-1093, 2000.
40. K. Shimizu, F. Ogawa, E. Muroi et al., "Increased serum levels of nitrotyrosine, a marker for peroxynitrite production, in systemic sclerosis", Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 281-286, 2007.
41. S. Y. Low, M. Sabetkar, K. R. Bruckdorfer, and K. M. Naseem, "The role of protein nitration in the inhibition of platelet activation by peroxynitrite", FEBS Letters, vol. 511, no. 1-3, pp. 59-64, 2002.
42. C. Bogdan, "Nitric oxide and the regulation of gene expression", Trends in Cell Biology, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 66-75, 2001.
43. A. Dooley, K. R. Bruckdorfer, and D. J. Abraham, "Modulation of fibrosis in systemic sclerosis by nitric oxide and antioxidants", Cardiology Research and Practice, vol. 2012, Article ID 521958, 9 pages, 2012.
44. A. Sud, M. Khullar, A. Wanchu, and P. Bambery, "Increased nitric oxide production in patients with systemic sclerosis", Nitric Oxide-Biology and Chemistry, vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 615-619, 2000.
45. R. Bruckdorfer, "The basics about nitric oxide", Molecular Aspects of Medicine, vol. 26, no. 1-2, pp. 3-31, 2005.
46. M. M. Cerinic and M. B. Kahaleh, "Beauty and the beast. The nitric oxide paradox in systemic sclerosis", Rheumatology, vol. 41, no. 8, pp. 843-847, 2002.
47. M. P. Chung, M. M. Monick, N. Y. Hamzeh, N. S. Butler, L. S. Powers, and G. W. Hunninghake, "Role of repeated lung injury and genetic background in bleomycin-induced fibrosis", The American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, vol. 29, no. 3, part 1, pp. 375-380, 2003.
48. C. Lunardi, M. Dolcino, D. Peterlana et al., "Antibodies against human cytomegalovirus in the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis: a gene array approach", PLoS Medicine, vol. 3, no. 1, article e2, 2006.
49. B. Fubini and A. Hubbard, "Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) generation by silica in inflammation and fibrosis", Free Radical Biology and Medicine, vol. 34, no. 12, pp. 1507-1516, 2003.
50. V. Witko-Sarsat, M. Friedlander, C. Capeillère-Blandin et al., "Advanced oxidation protein products as a novel marker of oxidative stress in uremia", Kidney International, vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 1304-1313, 1996.
51. R. Solans, C. Motta, R. Sola et al., "Abnormalities of erythrocyte membrane fluidity, lipid composition, and lipid peroxidation in systemic sclerosis", Arthritis & Rheumatism, vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 894-900, 2000.
52. C. M. Stein, S. B. Tanner, J. A. Awad, L. J. Roberts II, and J. D. Morrow, "Evidence of free radical-mediated injury (isoprostane overproduction) in scleroderma", Arthritis and Rheumatism, vol. 39, no. 7, pp. 1146-1150, 1996.
53. P. Montuschi, G. Ciabattoni, P. Pared et al., "8-Isoprostane as a biomarker of oxidative stress in interstitial lung diseases", American Journal of Respiratory and Critical CareMedicine, vol. 158, no. 5, part 1, pp. 1524-1527, 1998.
54. R. R. Freedman, R. Girgis, and M. D. Mayes, "Endothelial and adrenergic dysfunction in Raynaud's phenomenon and scleroderma", Journal of Rheumatology, vol. 26, no. 11, pp. 2386-2388, 1999.
55. A. L. Herrick, "Pathogenesis of Raynaud's phenomenon", Rheumatology, vol. 44, no. 5, pp. 587-596, 2005.
56. L. Iuliano, D. Praticò, C. Greco et al., "Angioplasty increases coronary sinus F2-isoprostane formation: evidence in vivo oxidative stress during PTCA", Journal of the American College of Cardiology, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 76-80, 2001.
57. J. M. Johnson, T. C. Yen, K. Zhao, and W. A. Kosiba, "Sympathetic, sensory, and nonneuronal contributions to the cutaneous vasoconstrictor response to local cooling", American Journal of Physiology: Heart and Circulatory Physiology, vol. 288, no. 4, pp. H1573-H1579, 2005.
58. F. Yamazaki, R. Sone, K. Zhao, G. E. Alvarez, W. A. Kosiba, and J. M. Johnson, "Rate dependency and role of nitric oxide in the vascular response to direct cooling in human skin", Journal of Applied Physiology, vol. 100, no. 1, pp. 42-50, 2006.
59. T. Tingey, J. Shu, J. Smuczek, and J. Pope, "Meta-analysis of healing and prevention of digital ulcers in systemic sclerosis", Arthritis Care and Research, vol. 65, no. 9, pp. 1460-1471, 2013.
60. N. A. Flavahan, "Regulation of vascular reactivity in scleroderma: new insights into Raynaud's phenomenon", Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 81-87, 2008.
61. M. Philipp, M. Brede, and L. Hein, "Physiological significance of α2-adrenergic receptor subtype diversity: one receptor is not enough", The American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology, vol. 283, no. 2, pp. R287-R295, 2002.
62. J. P. Cooke and J. M. Marshall, "Mechanisms of Raynaud's disease", Vascular Medicine, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 293-307, 2005.
63. H.-Y. Cho, S. P. Reddy, A. De Biase, M. Yamamoto, and S. R. Kleeberger, "Gene expression profiling of NRF2-mediated protection against oxidative injury", Free Radical Biology and Medicine, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 325-343, 2005.
64. H.-Y. Cho, S. P. M. Reddy, M. Yamamoto, and S. R. Kleeberger, "The transcription factor NRF2 protects against pulmonary fibrosis", The FASEB Journal, vol. 18, no. 11, pp. 1258-1260, 2004.
65. C. A. Piantadosi, C. M. Withers, R. R. Bartz et al., "Heme oxygenase-1 couples activation of mitochondrial biogenesis to anti-inflammatory cytokine expression", Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 286, no. 18, pp. 16374-16385, 2011.
66. F. Jiang, S. J. Roberts, S. R. Datla, and G. J. Dusting, "NO modulates NADPH oxidase function via heme oxygenase-1 in human endothelial cells", Hypertension, vol. 48, no. 5, pp. 950-957, 2006.
67. R. H. Böger, P. Vallance, and J. P. Cooke, "Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA): a key regulator of nitric oxide synthase", Atherosclerosis Supplements, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 1-3, 2003.
68. R. Ammendola, M. R. Ruocchio, G. Chirico et al., "Inhibition of NADH/NADPH oxidase affects signal transduction by growth factor receptors in normal fibroblasts", Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, vol. 397, no. 2, pp. 253-257, 2002.
69. H.-L. Fung, S. Chong, E. Kowaluk, K. Hough, and M. Kakemi, "Mechanisms for the pharmacologic interaction of organic nitrates with thiols. Existence of an extracellular pathway for the reversal of nitrate vascular tolerance by N-acetylcysteine", Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, vol. 245, no. 2, pp. 524-530, 1988.
70. P. Failli, L. Palmieri, C. D'Alfonso et al., "Effect of N-acetyl-Lcysteine on peroxynitrite and superoxide anion production of lung alveolar macrophages in systemic sclerosis", Nitric Oxide: Biology and Chemistry, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 277-282, 2002.
71. M. Demedts, J. Behr, R. Buhl et al., "High-dose acetylcysteine in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis", The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 353, no. 21, pp. 2229-2242, 2005.
72. R. Samarakoon, J. M. Overstreet, and P. J. Higgins, "TGF-beta signaling in tissue fibrosis: redox controls, target genes and therapeutic opportunities", Cellular Signalling, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 264-268, 2013.
73. I.-T. Lee and C.-M. Yang, "Role of NADPH oxidase/ROS in pro-inflammatory mediators-induced airway and pulmonary diseases", Biochemical Pharmacology, vol. 84, no. 5, pp. 581-590, 2012.
74. M. Jinnin, H. Ihn, K. Yamane, and K. Tamaki, "Interleukin-13 stimulates the transcription of the human α2 (I) collagen gene in human dermal fibroblasts", The Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 279, no. 40, pp. 41783-41791, 2004.
75. B. Maurer, J. Stanczyk, A. Jüngel et al., "MicroRNA-29, a key regulator of collagen expression in systemic sclerosis", Arthritis and Rheumatism, vol. 62, no. 6, pp. 1733-1743, 2010.
76. T. Yamamoto, "The bleomycin-induced scleroderma model: what have we learned for scleroderma pathogenesis?" Archives of Dermatological Research, vol. 297, no. 8, pp. 333-344, 2006.
77. A.-C. Lundberg, A. Akesson, and B. Akesson, "Dietary intake and nutritional status in patients with systemic sclerosis", Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, vol. 51, no. 10, pp. 1143-1148, 1992.
78. P. Di Mascio, M. E. Murphy, and H. Sies, "Antioxidant defense systems: the role of carotenoids, tocopherols, and thiols", The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 53, no. 1, supplement, pp. 194S-200S, 1991.
79. K. Tran, J. T. Wong, E. Lee, A. C. Chan, and P. C. Choy, "Vitamin E potentiates arachidonate release and phospholipase A2 activity in rat heart myoblastic cells", Biochemical Journal, vol. 319, no. 2, pp. 385-391, 1996.
80. N. Kono, U. Ohto, T. Hiramatsu et al., "Impaired α-TTP-PIPs interaction underlies familial vitamin E deficiency", Science, vol. 340, no. 6136, pp. 1106-1110, 2013.
81. Office of Dietary Supplements, "National Institutes of Health Dietary Supplement Fact Sheet: Vitamin E", http://www.ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/vitamine.asp.
82. J.-L. Cracowski, S. Girolet, B. Imbert et al., "Effects of shortterm treatment with vitamin E in systemic sclerosis: a double blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial of efficacy based on urinary isoprostane measurement", Free Radical Biology and Medicine, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 98-103, 2005.
83. M. E. Mavrikakis, J. P. Lekakis, C. M. Papamichael, K. S. Stamatelopoulos, C. C. Kostopoulos, and S. F. Stamatelopoulos, "Ascorbic acid does not improve endothelium-dependent flowmediated dilatation of the brachial artery in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon secondary to systemic sclerosis", International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research, vol. 73, no. 1, pp. 3-7, 2003.
84. E. Herrera and C. Barbas, "Vitamin E: action, metabolism and perspectives", Journal of Physiology and Biochemistry, vol. 57, no. 2, pp. 43-56, 2001.
85. G. L. Tipoe, T.-M. Leung, M.-W. Hung, and M.-L. Fung, "Green tea polyphenols as an anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory agent for cardiovascular protection", Cardiovascular and Hematological Disorders-Drug Targets, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 135-144, 2007.
86. A. L. Herrick, H. Worthington, F. Rieley et al., "Dietary intake of micronutrient antioxidants in relation to blood levels in patients with systemic sclerosis", The Journal of Rheumatology, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 650-653, 1996.
87. L.-S. Teh, C. W. Johns, J. L. Shaffer et al., "Ascorbic acid absorption in patients with systemic sclerosis", The Journal of Rheumatology, vol. 24, no. 12, pp. 2353-2357, 1997.
88. P. Suwannalert, P. Boonsiri, T. Khampitak, K. Khampitak, P. Sriboonlue, and P. Yongvanit, "The levels of lycopene, α-tocopherol and a marker of oxidative stress in healthy northeast Thai elderly", Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 16, supplement 1, pp. 27-30, 2007.
89. J. L. Toivanen, "Effects of selenium, vitamin E and vitamin C on human prostacyclin and thromboxane synthesis in vitro", Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Medicine, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 265-280, 1987.
90. L. Kiremidjian-Schumacher and G. Stotzky, "Selenium and immune responses", Environmental Research, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 277-303, 1987.
91. M. Ram, Y. Sherer, and Y. Shoenfeld, "Matrixmetalloproteinase-9 and autoimmune diseases", Journal of Clinical Immunology, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 299-307, 2006.
92. Q. Chen, M. Jin, F. Yang, J. Zhu, Q. Xiao, and L. Zhang, "Matrix metalloproteinases: inflammatory regulators of cell behaviors in vascular formation and remodeling", Mediators of Inflammation, vol. 2013, Article ID 928315, 14 pages, 2013.
93. G. J. Elias, M. Ioannis, P. Theodora et al., "Circulating tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-4 (TIMP-4) in systemic sclerosis patients with elevated pulmonary arterial pressure", Mediators of Inflammation, vol. 2008, Article ID 164134, 8 pages, 2008.
94. C. Rice-Evans, "Implications of the mechanisms of action of tea polyphenols as antioxidants in vitro for chemoprevention in humans", Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, vol. 220, no. 4, pp. 262-266, 1999.
95. H. Nishikawa, K. Wakano, and S. Kitani, "Inhibition of NADPH oxidase subunits translocation by tea catechin EGCG in mast cell", Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, vol. 362, no. 2, pp. 504-509, 2007.
96. C. P. Denton, T. D. Bunce, M. B. Dorado et al., "Probucol improves symptoms and reduces lipoprotein oxidation susceptibility in patientswithRaynaud's phenomenon", Rheumatology, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 309-315, 1999.
97. Y.-H. Chen, S.-J. Lin, Y.-L. Chen, P.-L. Liu, and J.-W. Chen, "Anti-inflammatory effects of different drugs/agents with antioxidant property on endothelial expression of adhesion molecules", Cardiovascular & Hematological Disorders: Drug Targets, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 279-304, 2006.
98. J.-W. Chen, Y.-H. Chen, F.-Y. Lin, Y.-L. Chen, and S.-J. Lin, "Ginkgo biloba extract inhibits tumor necrosis factor-α-induced reactive oxygen species generation, transcription factor activation, and cell adhesion molecule expression in human aortic endothelial cells", Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, vol. 23, no. 9, pp. 1559-1566, 2003.
99. A. H. Muir, R. Robb, M. McLaren, F. Daly, and J. J. F. Belch, "The use of Ginkgo biloba in Raynaud's disease: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial", Vascular Medicine, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 265-267, 2002.
100. V. Steen and T. Medsger, "Severe organ involvement in patients with diffuse scleroderma", Arthritis and Rheumatism, vol. 43, no. 11, pp. 2437-2444, 2000.
101. C. L. Gries and M. L. Scott, "Pathology of selenium deficiency in the chick", Journal of Nutrition, vol. 102, no. 10, pp. 1287-1296, 1972.
102. K. Kappert, J. Sparwel, Å. Sandin et al., "Antioxidants relieve phosphatase inhibition and reduce PDGF signaling in cultured VSMCs and in restenosis", Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, vol. 26, no. 12, pp. 2644-2651, 2006.