Targeting C-reactive protein in inflammatory disease by preventing conformational changes

Mediators of Inflammation

Volumn 2015, Issue , 2015, Pages

  Thiele, J R ^a   Zeller, J ^a   Bannasch, H ^a   Stark, G B ^a   Peter, K ^b   Eisenhardt, S U ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF FREIBURG   (Germany)

^b BAKER IDI HEART AND DIABETES INSTITUTE   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

C REACTIVE PROTEIN; ISOPROTEIN; 1,6-BIS(PHOSPHOCHOLINE)-HEXANE; HEXANE; PHOSPHORYLCHOLINE;

ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CHRONIC INFLAMMATION; CONFORMATIONAL TRANSITION; DEGENERATIVE DISEASE; HUMAN; INFLAMMATORY DISEASE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN ANALYSIS; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN STRUCTURE; PROTEIN SYNTHESIS; PROTEIN TARGETING; REPERFUSION INJURY; REVIEW; RHEUMATIC DISEASE; SOLUBILITY; ANALOGS AND DERIVATIVES; ANIMAL; CHEMISTRY; GENETICS; INFLAMMATION; METABOLISM; PROTEIN CONFORMATION;

ANIMALS; C-REACTIVE PROTEIN; HEXANES; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION; PHOSPHORYLCHOLINE; PROTEIN CONFORMATION;

EID: 84930966025     PISSN: 09629351     EISSN: 14661861     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1155/2015/372432     Document Type: Review

References (106)

1. P. M. Ridker, C. H. Hennekens, J. E. Buring, and N. Rifai, "C-reactive protein and other markers of inflammation in the prediction of cardiovascular disease in women," The New England Journal ofMedicine, vol. 342, no. 12, pp. 836-843, 2000.
2. W. Koenig, M. Sund, M. Fröhlich et al., "C-reactive protein, a sensitive marker of inflammation, predicts future risk of coronary heart disease in initially healthy middle-aged men: results from the MONICA (Monitoring Trends and Determinants in Cardiovascular Disease) Augsburg Cohort Study, 1984 to 1992," Circulation, vol. 99, no. 2, pp. 237-242, 1999.
3. S. Tsimikas, J. T. Willerson, and P. M. Ridker, "C-reactive protein and other emerging blood biomarkers to optimize risk stratification of vulnerable patients," Journal of the American College of Cardiology, vol. 47, no. 8, supplement, pp. C19-C31, 2006.
4. E. T. H. Yeh and J. T. Willerson, "Coming of age of Creactive protein: using inflammation markers in cardiology," Circulation, vol. 107, no. 3, pp. 370-372, 2003.
5. M. M. Luchetti, G. Piccinini, A. Mantovani et al., "Expression and production of the long pentraxin PTX3 in rheumatoid arthritis (RA)," Clinical and Experimental Immunology, vol. 119, no. 1, pp. 196-202, 2000.
6. F. Fazzini, G. Peri, A. Doni et al., "PTX3 in small-vessel vasculitides: an independent indicator of disease activity produced at sites of inflammation," Arthritis & Rheumatism, vol. 44, no. 12, pp. 2841-2850, 2001.
7. P. Póvoa, A. M. Teixeira-Pinto, and A. H. Carneiro, "C-reactive protein, an early marker of community-acquired sepsis resolution: a multi-center prospective observational study," Critical Care, vol. 15, no. 4, article R169, 2011.
8. T. Mauri, G. Bellani, N. Patroniti et al., "Persisting high levels of plasma pentraxin 3 over the first days after severe sepsis and septic shock onset are associated with mortality," Intensive Care Medicine, vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 621-629, 2010.
9. T. Sprong, G. Peri, C. Neeleman et al., "Pentraxin 3 and Creactive protein in severe meningococcal disease," Shock, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 28-32, 2009.
10. A. T. A. Mairuhu, G. Peri, T. E. Setiati et al., "Elevated plasma levels of the long pentraxin, pentraxin 3, in severe dengue virus infections," Journal of Medical Virology, vol. 76, no. 4, pp. 547-552, 2005.
11. T. Welsch, K. Frommhold, U. Hinz et al., "Persisting elevation of C-reactive protein after pancreatic resections can indicate developing inflammatory complications," Surgery, vol. 143, no. 1, pp. 20-28, 2008.
12. A. Azzurri, O. Y. Sow, A. Amedei et al., "IFN-β-inducible protein 10 and pentraxin 3 plasma levels are tools formonitoring inflammation and disease activity in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection," Microbes and Infection, vol. 7, no. 1,pp. 1-8, 2005.
13. J. E. Volanakis andM. H. Kaplan, "Interactionof C reactive protein complexes with the complement system. II. Consumption of guinea pig complement by CRP complexes: requirement for human C1q," Journal of Immunology, vol. 113, no. 1, pp. 9-17, 1974.
14. S.-R. Ji, Y. Wu, L. Zhu et al., "Cell membranes and liposomes dissociate C-reactive protein (CRP) to form a new, biologically active structural intermediate: mCRPm," The FASEB Journal, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 284-294, 2007.
15. S. U. Eisenhardt, J. R. Thiele, H. Bannasch, G. B. Stark, and K. Peter, "C-reactive protein: how conformational changes influence inflammatory properties," Cell Cycle, vol. 8, no. 23, pp. 3885-3892, 2009.
16. A. K. Shrive, G. M. Cheetham, D. Holden et al., "Three dimensional structure of human C-reactive protein," Nature Structural & Molecular Biology, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 346-354, 1996.
17. A. P. Osmand, B. Friedenson, H. Gewurz, R. H. Painter, T. Hofmann, and E. Shelton, "Characterization of C-reactive protein and the complement subcomponent C1t as homologous proteins displaying cyclic pentameric symmetry (pentraxins)," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 74, no. 2, pp. 739-743, 1977.
18. A. R. Goodman, T. Cardozo, R. Abagyan, A. Altmeyer, H.-G. Wisniewski, and J.Vilček, "Long pentraxins: an emerging group of proteins with diverse functions," Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 191-202, 1996.
19. A. Agrawal, M. J. Simpson, S. Black, M. P. Carey, and D. Samols, "A C-reactive protein mutant that does not bind to phosphocholine and pneumococcal C-polysaccharide," Journal of Immunology, vol. 169, no. 6, pp. 3217-3222, 2002.
20. D. Thompson, M. B. Pepys, and S. P.Wood, "The physiological structure of human C-reactive protein and its complex with phosphocholine," Structure, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 169-177, 1999.
21. M. B. Pepys and G. M.Hirschfield, "C-reactive protein: a critical update," Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 111, no. 12, pp. 1805-1812, 2003.
22. J. Hurlimann, G. J. Thorbecke, and G. M. Hochwald, "The liver as the site of C-reactive protein formation," Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol. 123, no. 2, pp. 365-378, 1966.
23. K. Yasojima, C. Schwab, E. G. McGeer, and P. L. McGeer, "Human neurons generate C-reactive protein and amyloid P: upregulation in Alzheimer's disease," Brain Research, vol. 887, no. 1, pp. 80-89, 2000.
24. W. J. Jabs, B. A. Lögering, P.Gerke et al., "Thekidney as a second site of human C-reactive protein formation in vivo," European Journal of Immunology, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 152-161, 2003.
25. L. Ramage, L. Proudfoot, and K. Guy, "Expression of C-reactive protein in human lung epithelial cells and upregulation by cytokines and carbon particles," Inhalation Toxicology, vol. 16, no. 9, pp. 607-613, 2004.
26. I. Jialal, S. Devaraj, and S. K. Venugopal, "C-reactive protein: risk marker or mediator in atherothrombosis?" Hypertension, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 6-11, 2004.
27. A. E. Kuta and L. L. Baum, "C-reactive protein is produced by a small number of normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes," Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol. 164, no. 1, pp. 321-326, 1986.
28. P. Calabró, J. T. Willerson, and E. T. H. Yeh, "Inflammatory cytokines stimulated C-reactive protein production by human coronary artery smooth muscle cells," Circulation, vol. 108, no. 16, pp. 1930-1932, 2003.
29. K. Yasojima, C. Schwab, E. G.McGeer, and P. L.McGeer, "Generation of C-reactive protein and complement components in atherosclerotic plaques,"TheAmerican Journal of Pathology, vol. 158, no. 3, pp. 1039-1051, 2001.
30. P. Calabro, D. W. Chang, J. T. Willerson, and E. T. H. Yeh, "Release of C-reactive protein in response to inflammatory cytokines by human adipocytes: linking obesity to vascular inflammation," Journal of the American College of Cardiology, vol. 46, no. 6, pp. 1112-1113, 2005.
31. D. Zhang, M. Sun, D. Samols, and I. Kushner, "STAT3 participates in transcriptional activation of theC-reactive protein gene by interleukin-6,"The Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 271, no. 16, pp. 9503-9509, 1996.
32. A. Agrawal, D. Samols, and I. Kushner, "Transcription factor c-Rel enhances C-reactive protein expression by facilitating the binding of C/EBPβ to the promoter," Molecular Immunology, vol. 40, no. 6, pp. 373-380, 2003.
33. H. Enocsson, C. Sjöwall, T. Skogh, M.-L. Eloranta, L. Rönnblom, and J.Wetterö, "Interferon-α mediates suppression of C-reactive protein: explanation for muted C-reactive protein response in lupus flares?" Arthritis and Rheumatism, vol. 60, no. 12, pp. 3755-3760, 2009.
34. B. Voleti and A. Agrawal, "Statins and nitric oxide reduce C-reactive protein production while inflammatory conditions persist,"Molecular Immunology, vol. 43,no. 7, pp. 891-896, 2006.
35. A.Migliorini and H.-J. Anders, "A novel pathogenetic conceptantiviral immunity in lupus nephritis," Nature Reviews Nephrology, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 183-189, 2012.
36. A. N. Theofilopoulos, R. Baccala, B. Beutler, and D. H. Kono, "Type I interferons (alpha/beta) in immunity and autoimmunity," Annual Review of Immunology, vol. 23, pp. 307-336, 2005.
37. W. L. Hutchinson, G. E. Noble, P. N. Hawkins, and M. B. Pepys, "The pentraxins, C-reactive protein and serumamyloid P component, are cleared and catabolized by hepatocytes in vivo," The Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 94,no. 4, pp. 1390-1396, 1994.
38. M. B. Pepys and M. L. Baltz, "Acute phase proteins with special reference to C-reactive protein and related proteins (pentaxins) and serum amyloid A protein," Advances in Immunology, vol. 34, pp. 141-212, 1983.
39. S. K. Singh, M. V. Suresh, B. Voleti, and A. Agrawal, "The connection between C-reactive protein and atherosclerosis," Annals of Medicine, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 110-120, 2008.
40. K. H. Allin and B. G. Nordestgaard, "Elevated C-reactive protein in the diagnosis, prognosis, and cause of cancer," Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 155-170, 2011.
41. O.Yousuf, B.D.Mohanty, S. S.Martinet al., "High-sensitivityCreactive protein and cardiovascular disease: a resolute belief or an elusive link?" Journal of the American College of Cardiology, vol. 62, no. 5, pp. 397-408, 2013.
42. K.Brand,S.Page,G. Rogler et al., "Activated transcriptionfactor nuclear factor-kappa B is present in the atherosclerotic lesion," The Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 97, no. 7, pp. 1715-1722, 1996.
43. B. L.Thurberg and T. Collins, "The nuclear factor-κB/inhibitor of kappa B autoregulatory system and atherosclerosis," Current Opinion in Lipidology, vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 387-396, 1998.
44. T. Marumo, V. B. Schini-Kerth, B. Fisslthaler, and R. Busse, "Platelet-derived growth factor-stimulated superoxide anion production modulates activation of transcription factor NFkappaB and expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 in human aortic smooth muscle cells," Circulation, vol. 96, no. 7, pp. 2361-2367, 1997.
45. V. Pasceri, J. T.Willerson, and E. T. H. Yeh, "Direct proinflammatory effect of C-reactive protein on human endothelial cells," Circulation, vol. 102, no. 18, pp. 2165-2168, 2000.
46. V. Pasceri, J. Chang, J. T.Willerson, and E. T. H. Yeh, "Modulation of C-reactive protein-mediated monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 induction in human endothelial cells by antiatherosclerosis drugs," Circulation, vol. 103, no. 21, pp. 2531-2534, 2001.
47. C. W. van den Berg, K. E. Taylor, and D. Lang, "C-reactive protein-induced in vitro vasorelaxation is an artefact caused by the presence of sodium azide in commercial preparations," Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, vol. 24, no. 10, pp. e168-e171, 2004.
48. A. N. Swafford Jr., I. N. Bratz, J. D. Knudson et al., "C-reactive protein does not relax vascular smoothmuscle: effectsmediated by sodium azide in commercially available preparations," The American Journal of Physiology - Heart and Circulatory Physiology, vol. 288, no. 4, pp. H1786-H1795, 2005.
49. M. B. Pepys, P. N. Hawkins, M. C. Kahan et al., "Proinflammatory effects of bacterial recombinant human C-reactive protein are caused by contamination with bacterial products, not by Creactive protein itself," Circulation Research, vol. 97, no. 11, pp. e97-e103, 2005.
50. S. U. Eisenhardt, M. Schwarz, N. Bassler, and K. Peter, "Subtractive single-chain antibody (scFv) phage-display: tailoring phage-display for high specificity against function-specific conformations of cell membrane molecules," Nature Protocols, vol. 2, no. 12, pp. 3063-3073, 2007.
51. S. U. Eisenhardt, M. Schwarz, N. Schallner et al., "Generation of activation-specific human anti-alphaMbeta2 single-chain antibodies as potential diagnostic tools and therapeutic agents," Blood, vol. 109, no. 8, pp. 3521-3528, 2007.
52. S. U. Eisenhardt, J. Habersberger, A. Murphy et al., "Dissociation of pentameric to monomeric C-reactive protein on activated platelets localizes inflammation to atherosclerotic plaques," Circulation Research, vol. 105, no. 2, pp. 128-137, 2009.
53. T. Khreiss, L. József, L. A. Potempa, and J.G. Filep, "Loss of pentameric symmetry in C-reactive protein induces interleukin-8 secretion through peroxynitrite signaling in human neutrophils," Circulation Research, vol. 97, no. 7, pp. 690-697, 2005.
54. T. Khreiss, L. József, L. A. Potempa, and J. G. Filep, "Conformational rearrangement in C-reactive protein is required for proinflammatory actions on human endothelial cells," Circulation, vol. 109, no. 16, pp. 2016-2022, 2004.
55. C. Zouki, M. Beauchamp, C. Baron, and J. G. Filep, "Prevention of in vitro neutrophil adhesion to endothelial cells through shedding of L-selectin by C-reactive protein and peptides derived from C-reactive protein," The Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 100, no. 3, pp. 522-529, 1997.
56. C. Zouki, B. Haas, J. S. D. Chan, L. A. Potempa, and J. G. Filep, "Loss of pentameric symmetry of C-reactive protein is associated with promotion of neutrophil-endothelial cell adhesion," Journal of Immunology, vol. 167, no. 9, pp. 5355-5361, 2001.
57. L. A. Potempa, B. A. Maldonado, P. Laurent, E. S. Zemel, and H. Gewurz, "Antigenic, electrophoretic and binding alterations of human C-reactive protein modified selectively in the absence of calcium,"Molecular Immunology, vol. 20, no. 11, pp. 1165-1175, 1983.
58. J. J. Kresl, L. A. Potempa, and B. E. Anderson, "Conversion of native oligomeric to a modified monomeric form of human Creactive protein," International Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, vol. 30, no. 12, pp. 1415-1426, 1998.
59. S.-R. Ji, Y. Wu, L. A. Potempa, Q. Qiu, and J. Zhao, "Interactions of C-reactive protein with low-density lipoproteins: implications for an active role ofmodified C-reactive protein in atherosclerosis," International Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 648-661, 2006.
60. M. B. Pepys, J. R. Gallimore, J. Lloyd et al., "Isolation and characterization of pharmaceutical grade human pentraxins, serumamyloid P component andC-reactive protein, for clinical use," Journal of ImmunologicalMethods, vol. 384, no. 1-2,pp. 92-102, 2012.
61. T. Lane, N.Wassef, S. Poole et al., "Infusion of pharmaceuticalgrade natural human C-reactive protein is not proinflammatory in healthy adult human volunteers," Circulation Research, vol. 114, no. 4, pp. 672-676, 2014.
62. J. R.Thiele, J. Habersberger, D. Braig et al., "The dissociation of pentameric to monomeric c-reactive protein localizes and aggravates inflammation: in vivo proof of a powerful proinflammatory mechanism and a new anti-inflammatory strategy," Circulation, vol. 130, no. 1, pp. 35-50, 2014.
63. J. Habersberger, F. Strang, A. Scheichl et al., "Circulating microparticles generate and transport monomeric C-reactive protein in patients with myocardial infarction," Cardiovascular Research, vol. 96, no. 1, pp. 64-72, 2012.
64. F. Strang, A. Scheichl, Y.-C. Chen et al., "Amyloid plaques dissociate pentameric to monomeric C-reactive protein: a novel pathomechanism driving cortical inflammation in Alzheimer's disease?" Brain Pathology, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 337-346, 2012.
65. S. U. Eisenhardt, Y. Schmidt, G. Karaxha et al., "Monitoring molecular changes induced by ischemia/reperfusion in human free muscle flap tissue samples," Annals of Plastic Surgery, vol. 68, no. 2, pp. 202-208, 2012.
66. V. Teslenko, M. Rogers, and J. B. Lefkowith, "Macrophage arachidonate release via both the cytosolic Ca2+-dependent and-independent phospholipases is necessary for cell spreading," Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Lipids and Lipid Metabolism, vol. 1344, no. 2, pp. 189-199, 1997.
67. I. Gonçalves, A. Edsfeldt, N. Y. Ko et al., "Evidence supporting a key role of Lp-PLA2-generated lysophosphatidylcholine in human atherosclerotic plaque inflammation," Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 1505-1512, 2012.
68. T.Khreiss, L. József,S.Hossain, J.S.D.Chan, L. A. Potempa, and J. G. Filep, "Loss of pentameric symmetry of C-reactive protein is associated with delayed apoptosis of human neutrophils," The Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 277, no. 43, pp. 40775-40781, 2002.
69. M.Motie, K.W. Schaul, and L. A. Potempa, "Biodistribution and clearance of 125I-labeled C-reactive protein and 125I-labeled modified C-reactive protein in CD-1 mice," Drug Metabolism and Disposition, vol. 26, no. 10, pp. 977-981, 1998.
70. H.-Y. Li, J. Wang, Y.-X. Wu et al., "Topological localization of monomeric C-reactive protein determines proinflammatory endothelial cell responses," Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 289, no. 20, pp. 14283-14290, 2014.
71. R. A. Bray, N. L. Samberg, H. Gewurz, L. A. Potempa, and A. L. Landay, "C-reactive protein antigenicity on the surface of human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Characterization of lymphocytes reactive with anti-neo-CRP," Journal of Immunology, vol. 140, no. 12, pp. 4271-4278, 1988.
72. N. L. Samberg, R. A. Bray, H. Gewurz, A. L. Landay, and L. A. Potempa, "Preferential expression of neo-CRP epitopes on the surface of human peripheral blood lymphocytes," Cellular Immunology, vol. 116, no. 1, pp. 86-98, 1988.
73. R. F. Rees, H. Gewurz, J.N. Siegel, J. Coon, and L. A. Potempa, "Expression of a C-reactive protein neoantigen (neo-CRP) in inflamed rabbit liver and muscle," Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 95-107, 1988.
74. M. J. Shields, "A hypothesis resolving the apparently disparate activities of native and altered forms of human C-reactive protein," Immunologic Research, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 37-47, 1993.
75. T. M. Murphy, L. L. Baum, and K. D. Beaman, "Extrahepatic transcription of human C-reactive protein," Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol. 173, no. 2, pp. 495-498, 1991.
76. Q.Dong and J. R. Wright, "Expression of C-reactive protein by alveolar macrophages," Journal of Immunology, vol. 156, no. 12, pp. 4815-4820, 1996.
77. J. M. Gould and J. N.Weiser, "Expression of C-reactive protein in the human respiratory tract," Infection and Immunity, vol. 69, no. 3, pp. 1747-1754, 2001.
78. E. E. Diehl, G. K. Haines III, J. A. Radosevich, and L. A. Potempa, "Immunohistochemical localization of modified Creactive protein antigen in normal vascular tissue," The American Journal of the Medical Sciences, vol. 319, no. 2, pp. 79-83, 2000.
79. A. P.Owens III andN.MacKman, "Microparticles in hemostasis and thrombosis," Circulation Research, vol. 108, no. 10, pp. 1284-1297, 2011.
80. R. Bang, L. Marnell, C. Mold et al., "Analysis of binding sites in human C-reactive protein for FcγRI, FcγRIIA, and C1q by sitedirected mutagenesis," Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 280, no. 26, pp. 25095-25102, 2005.
81. J. Lu, L. L. Marnell, K. D. Marjon, C.Mold, T. W. Du Clos, and P. D. Sun, "Structural recognition and functional activation of FcgammaR by innate pentraxins," Nature, vol. 456, no. 7224, pp. 989-992, 2008.
82. S.-R. Ji, L. Ma, C.-J. Bai et al., "Monomeric C-reactive protein activates endothelial cells via interaction with lipid raft microdomains,"TheFASEB Journal, vol. 23,no. 6, pp. 1806-1816, 2009.
83. F. Colotta, F. Re, N. Polentarutti, S. Sozzani, and A. Mantovani, "Modulation of granulocyte survival and programmed cell death by cytokines and bacterial products," Blood, vol. 80, no. 8, pp. 2012-2020, 1992.
84. A. Lee, M. K. B.Whyte, and C. Haslett, "Inhibition of apoptosis and prolongation of neutrophil functional longevity by inflammatory mediators," Journal of Leukocyte Biology, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 283-288, 1993.
85. W. C. Liles, D. C. Dale, and S. J. Klebanoff, "Glucocorticoids inhibit apoptosis of human neutrophils," Blood, vol. 86, no. 8, pp. 3181-3188, 1995.
86. W. K. Lagrand, H. W. M. Niessen, G.-J. Wolbink et al., "Creactive protein colocalizes with complement in human hearts during acute myocardial infarction," Circulation, vol. 95, no. 1, pp. 97-103, 1997.
87. R. Gill, J. A. Kemp, C. Sabin, and M. B. Pepys, "Human Creactive protein increases cerebral infarct size after middle cerebral artery occlusion in adult rats," Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, vol. 24, no. 11, pp. 1214-1218, 2004.
88. M. Griselli, J. Herbert, W. L. Hutchinson et al., "C-reactive protein and complement are important mediators of tissue damage in acutemyocardial infarction," Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol. 190, no. 12, pp. 1733-1739, 1999.
89. S.-R. Ji, Y.Wu, L. A. Potempa, Y.-H. Liang, and J. Zhao, "Effect of modified C-reactive protein on complement activation: a possible complement regulatory role of modified ormonomeric C-reactive protein in atherosclerotic lesions," Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 934-941, 2006.
90. A. Bíró, Z. Rovó, D. Papp et al., "Studies on the interactions between C-reactive protein and complement proteins," Immunology, vol. 121, no. 1, pp. 40-50, 2007.
91. M. Slevin, S. Matou-Nasri, M. Turu et al., "Modified C-reactive protein is expressed by stroke neovessels and is a potent activator of angiogenesis in vitro," Brain Pathology, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 151-165, 2010.
92. S. U. Eisenhardt, J. Habersberger, K. Oliva et al., "A proteomic analysis of C-reactive protein stimulated THP-1 monocytes," Proteome Science, vol. 9, article 1, 2011.
93. S. U. Eisenhardt, J. Habersberger, and K. Peter, "Monomeric Creactive protein generation on activated platelets: the missing link between inflammation and atherothrombotic risk," Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine, vol. 19, no. 7, pp. 232-237, 2009.
94. T. Khreiss, L. József, L. A. Potempa, and J. G. Filep, "Opposing effects of C-reactive protein isoforms on shear-induced neutrophil-platelet adhesion and neutrophil aggregation in whole blood," Circulation, vol. 110, no. 17, pp. 2713-2720, 2004.
95. L. A. Potempa, M. Zeller, B. A. Fiedel, C. M. Kinoshita, and H. Gewurz, "Stimulation of human neutrophils, monocytes, and platelets by modified C-reactive protein (CRP) expressing a neoantigenic specificity," Inflammation, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 391-405, 1988.
96. B. Molins, E. Peña, G. Vilahur, C. Mendieta, M. Slevin, and L. Badimon, "C-reactive protein isoforms differ in their effects on thrombus growth,"Arteriosclerosis,Thrombosis, andVascular Biology, vol. 28, no. 12, pp. 2239-2246, 2008.
97. L. Badimon, J. H. Chesebro, and J. J. Badimon, "Thrombus formation on ruptured atherosclerotic plaques and rethrombosis on evolving thrombi," Circulation, vol. 86, no. 6, pp. III74-III85, 1992.
98. P. M. van der Zee, É. Biró, Y. Ko et al., "P-selectin-and CD63-exposing platelet microparticles reflect platelet activation in peripheral arterial disease and myocardial infarction," Clinical Chemistry, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 657-664, 2006.
99. M. Suleiman, R. Khatib, Y. Agmon et al., "Early inflammation and risk of long-term development of heart failure and mortality in survivors of acute myocardial infarction: predictive role of C-reactive protein," Journal of the American College of Cardiology, vol. 47, no. 5, pp. 962-968, 2006.
100. M. Mihlan, A. M. Blom, K. Kupreishvili et al., "Monomeric Creactive protein modulates classic complement activation on necrotic cells," The FASEB Journal, vol. 25,no. 12, pp. 4198-4210, 2011.
101. S. B. Schwedler, F. Guderian, J. Dämmrich, L. A. Potempa, and C. Wanner, "Tubular staining of modified C-reactive protein in diabetic chronic kidney disease," Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, vol. 18, no. 11, pp. 2300-2307, 2003.
102. T. Duong, M. Nikolaeva, and P. J. Acton, "C-reactive proteinlikeimmunoreactivity in the neurofibrillary tangles of Alzheimer's disease," Brain Research, vol. 749, no. 1, pp. 152-156, 1997.
103. N. Iwamoto, E. Nishiyama, J. Ohwada, and H. Arai, "Demonstration of CRP immunoreactivity in brains of Alzheimer's disease: immunohistochemical study using formic acid pretreatment of tissue sections," Neuroscience Letters, vol. 177, no. 1-2, pp. 23-26, 1994.
104. C. Sjöwall, A. A. Bengtsson, G. Sturfelt, and T. Skogh, "Serum levels of autoantibodies against monomeric C-reactive protein are correlated with disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus," Arthritis Research & Therapy, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. R87-R94, 2004.
105. C. Sjöwall, P. Eriksson, S. Almer, and T. Skogh, "Autoantibodies to C-reactive protein is a common finding in SLE, but not in primary Sjögren's syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis or inflammatory bowel disease," Journal of Autoimmunity, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 155-160, 2002.
106. M. B. Pepys, G. M. Hirschfield, G. A. Tennent et al., "Targeting C-reactive protein for the treatment of cardiovascular disease," Nature, vol. 440, no. 7088, pp. 1217-1221, 2006.