Is vitamin B12 deficiency a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in vegetarians?

American Journal of Preventive Medicine

Volumn 48, Issue 6, 2015, Pages e11-e26

  Pawlak, Roman ^a  

^a EAST CAROLINA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CYANOCOBALAMIN; GLUCOSE; HOMOCYSTEINE; LIPID;

ARTERIAL WALL THICKNESS; ATHEROGENESIS; BLOOD PRESSURE MEASUREMENT; BODY WEIGHT; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR MORTALITY; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; CYANOCOBALAMIN DEFICIENCY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; ERYTHROCYTE DISTRIBUTION WIDTH; ERYTHROCYTE PARAMETERS; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; HEART DISEASE; HEART INFARCTION; HUMAN; HYPERHOMOCYSTEINEMIA; LIPID BLOOD LEVEL; MEAN CORPUSCULAR VOLUME; MEGALOCYTOSIS; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); PREVALENCE; REVIEW; RISK REDUCTION; VEGETARIAN; VEGETARIAN DIET; VITAMIN BLOOD LEVEL; VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTATION; ADVERSE EFFECTS; BLOOD; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; COMPLICATION; DIETARY SUPPLEMENT; RISK FACTOR;

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; DIET, VEGETARIAN; DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS; HOMOCYSTEINE; HUMANS; HYPERHOMOCYSTEINEMIA; PREVALENCE; RISK FACTORS; VEGETARIANS; VITAMIN B 12 DEFICIENCY;

EID: 84929650425     PISSN: 07493797     EISSN: 18732607     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2015.02.009     Document Type: Review

References (76)

1. WHO. Global atlas of cardiovascular disease prevention and control. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789241564373-eng.pdf.
2. IOM. Promoting cardiovascular health in the developing world. A critical challenge to achieve global health. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK45693/pdf/TOC.pdf.
3. H.R. Ferdowsian, and N.D. Barnard Effects of plant-based diets on plasma lipids Am J Cardiol 104 7 2009 947 956 10.1016/j.amjcard.2009.05.032
4. B.J. Pettersen, R. Anousheh, J. Fan, K. Jaceldo-Siegl, and G.E. Fraser Vegetarian diets and blood pressure among white subjects: results from the Adventist Health Study-2 (AHS-2) Public Health Nutr 15 10 2012 1909 1916 10.1017/S1368980011003454
5. N.D. Barnard, H.I. Katcher, D.J. Jenkins, J. Cohen, and G. Turner-McGrievy Vegetarian and vegan diets in type 2 diabetes management Nutr Rev 67 5 2009 255 263 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00198.x
6. S. Tonstad, T. Butler, R. Yan, and G.E. Fraser Type of vegetarian diet, body weight, and prevalence of type 2 diabetes Diabetes Care 32 5 2009 791 796 10.2337/dc08-1886
7. A.M.J. Gilsing, M.P. Weijenberg, R.A. Goldbohm, P.C. Dagnelie, P.A. van den Brandt, and L.J. Schouten The Netherlands Cohort Study - Meat Investigation Cohort; a population-based cohort over-represented with vegetarians, pescetarians and low meat consumers Nutr J 12 1 2013 156 10.1186/1475-2891-12-156
8. S.Y. Yang, X.J. Li, and W. Zhang Chinese lacto-vegetarian diet exerts favorable effects on metabolic parameters, intima-media thickness, and cardiovascular risks in healthy men Nutr Clin Pract 27 3 2012 392 398 10.1177/0884533611436173
9. T.J. Key, G.E. Fraser, and M. Thorogood Mortality in vegetarians and nonvegetarians: detailed findings from a collaborative analysis of 5 prospective studies Am J Clin Nutr 70 3)(suppl 1999 516S 524S
10. M.J. Orlich, and G.E. Fraser Vegetarian diets in the Adventist Health Study 2: a review of initial published findings Am J Clin Nutr 100 suppl 2014 353S 358S 10.3945/ajcn.113.071233
11. E.H. Haddad, and J.S. Tanzman What do vegetarians in the United States eat? Am J Clin Nutr 78 suppl 2003 626S 632S
12. M.J. Orlich, P.N. Singh, and J. Sabaté Vegetarian dietary patterns and mortality in Adventist Health Study 2 JAMA Intern Med 173 13 2013 1230 1238 10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.6473
13. T.J. Key, P.N. Appleby, G.K. Davey, N.E. Allen, E.A. Spencer, and R.C. Travis Mortality in British vegetarians: review and preliminary results from EPIC-Oxford Am J Clin Nutr 78 3)(suppl 2003 533S 538S
14. Homocysteine Studies Collaboration Homocysteine and risk of ischemic heart disease and stroke. A metaanalysis J Am Med Assoc 288 16 2002 2015 2022 10.1001/jama.288.16.2015
15. K.S. McCully Vascular pathology of homocysteinemia: implications for the pathogenesis of arteriosclerosis Am J Pathol 56 1 1969 111 128
16. K.S. McClully, and B.D. Ragsdale Production of arteriosclerosis by homocysteinemia Am J Pathol 61 1 1970 1 11
17. D.W. Jacobsen Homocysteine and vitamins in cardiovascular disease Clin Chem 44 8(B) 1998 1833 1843
18. J. Selhub The many facets of hyperhomocysteinemia: studies from the Framingham cohort J Nutr 136 6)(suppl 2006 1726S 1730S
19. L.L. Humphrey, F. Rongwei, K. Rogers, M. Freeman, and M. Helfand Homocysteine level and coronary heart disease incidence: a systemic review and meta-analysis Mayo Clin Proc 83 11 2008 1203 1212 10.4065/83.11.1203
20. J. Selhub, P.F. Jacques, and I.H. Rosenberg Serum total homocysteine concentrations in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1991-1994): population reference ranges and contribution of vitamin status to high serum concentrations Ann Intern Med 131 5 1999 331 339 10.7326/0003-4819-131-5-199909070-00003
21. D. Pruefer, R. Scalia, and A.M. Lefer Homocysteine provokes leukocyte-endothelium interaction by downregulation of nitric oxide Gen Pharmacol 33 6 1999 487 498 10.1016/S0306-3623(99)00045-2
22. I. Elmadfa, and I. Singer Vitamin B-12 and homocysteine status among vegetarians: a global perspective Am J Clin Nutr 89 5)(suppl 2009 1693S 1698S 10.3945/ajcn.2009.26736Y
23. D. Obersby, D.C. Chappell, A. Dunnett, and A.A. Tsiami Plasma total homocysteine status of vegetarians compared with omnivores: a systematic review and meta-analysis Br J Nutr 109 5 2013 785 794 10.1017/S000711451200520X
24. 2 in vegetarians Br Med J 2 5204 1960 992 994 10.1136/bmj.2.5204.992
25. B.K. Armstrong, R.E. Davis, D.J. Nicol, A.J. van Merwyk, and C.J. Larwood Hematological, vitamin B 12, and folate studies on Seventh-Day Adventist vegetarians Am J Clin Nutr 27 7 1974 712 718
26. R. Pawlak, S.J. Parrott, S. Raj, D. Cullum-Dugan, and D. Lucus How prevalent is vitamin B(12) deficiency among vegetarians? Nutr Rev 71 2 2013 110 117 10.1111/nure.12001
27. 12 deficiency is the dominant nutritional cause of hyperhomocysteinemia in a folic acid-fortified population Clin Chem Lab Med 43 10 2005 1048 1051 10.1515/CCLM.2005.183
28. A. Waldmann, J.W. Koschizke, C. Leitzmann, and A. Hahn German vegan study: diet, life-style factors, and cardiovascular risk profile Ann Nutr Metab 49 6 2005 366 372 10.1159/000088888
29. H. Refsum, C.S. Yajnik, and M. Gadkari Hyperhomocysteinemia and elevated methylmalonic acid indicate a high prevalence of cobalamin deficiency in Asian Indians Am J Clin Nutr 74 2 2001 233 241
30. W. Herrmann, H. Schorr, K. Purschwitz, F. Rassoul, and V. Richter Total homocysteine, vitamin B(12), and total antioxidant status in vegetarians Clin Chem 47 6 2001 1094 1101
31. L. Bissoli, V. Di Francesco, and A. Ballarin Effect of vegetarian diet on homocysteine levels Ann Nutr Metab 46 2 2002 73 79 10.1159/000057644
32. E. Karabudak, G. Kiziltan, and N. Cigerim A comparison of some of the cardiovascular risk factors in vegetarian and omnivorous Turkish females J Hum Nutr Diet 21 1 2008 13 22
33. S. Naik, V. Bhide, and A. Babhulkar Daily milk intake improves vitamin B-12 status in young vegetarian Indians: an intervention trial Nutr J 12 2013 136 10.1186/1475-2891-12-136
34. Y.C. Huang, S.J. Chang, Y.T. Chiu, H.H. Chang, and C.H. Cheng The status of plasma homocysteine and related B-vitamins in healthy young vegetarians and nonvegetarians Eur J Nutr 42 2 2003 84 90 10.1007/s00394-003-0387-5
35. S. Krivosikova, M. Krajcovicova-Kudlackova, and V. Spustova The association between high plasma homocysteine levels and lower bone mineral density in Slovak women: the impact of vegetarian diet Eur J Nutr 49 3 2010 147 153 10.1007/s00394-009-0059-1
36. W. Herrmann, H. Schorr, R. Obeid, and J.l. Geise Vitamin B-12 status, particularly holotranscobalamin II and methylmalonic acid concentrations, and hyperhomocysteinemia in vegetarians Am J Clin Nutr 78 1 2003 131 136
37. 12 status in different clinical settings Cur Drug Metab 6 1 2005 47 53 10.2174/1389200052997384
38. D. Majchrzak, I. Singer, and M. Manner B-vitamin status and concentrations of homocysteine in Austrian omnivores, vegetarians and vegans Ann Nutr Metab 50 6 2006 485 491 10.1159/000095828
39. J. Geisel, H. Schorr, and M. Bodis Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine Clin Chem Lab Med 43 10 2005 1164 1169
40. R. Obeid, J. Geisel, H. Schorr, U. Hubner, and W. Herrmann The impact of vegetarianism on some haematological parameters Eur J Haematol 69 5-6 2002 275 279 10.1034/j.1600-0609.2002.02798.x
41. 12 deficiency and determination of holotranscobalamin in populations at risk Clin Chem Lab Med 41 11 2003 1478 1488 10.1515/CCLM.2003.227
42. 12 deficiency Clin Chem Lab Med 47 11 2009 1381 1387 10.1515/CCLM.2009.302
43. D. Mezzano, X. Muñoz, and C. Martínez Vegetarians and cardiovascular risk factors: hemostasis, inflammatory markers and plasma homocysteine Thromb Haemost 81 6 1999 913 917
44. C.J. Hung, P.C. Huang, and S.C. Lu Plasma homocysteine levels in Taiwanese vegetarians are higher than those of omnivores J Nutr 132 2 2002 152 158
45. T. Su, J. Jeng, and J. Wang Homocysteine, circulating vascular cell adhesion molecule and carotid atherosclerosis in postmenopausal vegetarian women and omnivores Atherosclerosis 184 2 2006 356 362 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2005.04.022
46. C.W. Chen, Y.L. Lin, T.K. Lin, C.T. Lin, B.C. Chen, and C.L. Lin Total cardiovascular risk profile of Taiwanese vegetarians Eur J Clin Nutr 62 1 2008 138 144 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602689
47. T.C. Su, P.L. Torng, J.S. Jeng, M.F. Chen, and C.S. Liau Arterial function of carotid and brachial arteries in postmenopausal vegetarians Vasc Health Risk Manag 7 2011 517 523 10.2147/VHRM.S18881
48. E.H. Haddad, L.S. Berk, J.D. Kettering, R.W. Hubbard, and W.R. Peters Dietary intake and biochemical, hematologic, and immune status of vegans compared with nonvegetarians Am J Clin Nutr 70 3)(suppl 1999 586S 593S
49. G.N. Welch, and J. Loscalzo Homocysteine and atherothrombosis N Engl J Med 338 15 1998 1042 1050 10.1056/NEJM199804093381507
50. 12 levels and arterial stiffness in diabetic patients: which of them is really important in atherogenesis? Diabetes Metab Res Rev 25 1 2009 70 75 10.1002/dmrr.902
51. S. Dayal, E. Arning, and T. Bottiglieri Cerebral vascular dysfunction mediated by superoxide in hyperhomocysteinemic mice Stroke 35 8 2004 1957 1962 10.1161/01.STR.0000131749.81508.18
52. 12, and folate values in patients with premature coronary artery disease and their children Angiology 56 3 2005 253 257 10.1177/000331970505600303
53. A. Van Campenhout, C.S. Moran, and A. Parr Role of homocysteine in aortic calcification and osteogenic cell differentiation Atherosclerosis 202 2 2009 557 566 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.05.031
54. 12 deficiency and hyperhomocysteinemia as correlates of cardiovascular risk factors in Indian subjects with coronary artery disease J Cardiol 61 4 2013 289 294 10.1016/j.jjcc.2012.11.009
55. K. Potter, G.J. Hankey, D.J. Green, J. Eikelboom, K. Jamrozik, and L.F. Arnolda The effect of long-term homocysteine-lowering on carotid intima-media thickness and flow-mediated vasodilation in stroke patients: a randomized controlled trial and meta-analysis BMC Cardiovasc Disord 8 1 2008 24 10.1186/1471-2261-8-24
56. X. Qina, M. Xua, and Y. Zhang Effect of folic acid supplementation on the progression of carotid intima-media thickness: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials Atherosclerosis 222 2 2012 307 313 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.12.007
57. Y. Liu, T. Tian, H. Zhang, L. Gao, and X. Zhou The effect of homocysteine-lowering therapy with folic acid on flow-mediated vasodilation in patients with coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials Atherosclerosis 235 1 2014 31 35 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.03.032
58. X. Qin, Y. Huo, D. Xie, F. Hou, X. Xu, and X. Wang Homocysteine-lowering therapy with folic acid is effective in cardiovascular disease prevention in patients with kidney disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials Clin Nutr 32 5 2013 72272 72277 10.1016/j.clnu.2012.12.009
59. R. Clarke, J. Halsey, and S. Lewington B-Vitamin Treatment Trialists' Collaboration. Effects of lowering homocysteine levels with B vitamins on cardiovascular disease, cancer, and cause-specific mortality: meta-analysis of 8 randomized trials involving 37 485 individuals Arch Intern Med 170 18 2010 1622 1631 10.1001/archinternmed.2010.348
60. M. Tonelli, F. Sacks, M. Arnold, L. Moye, B. Davis, and M. Pfeffer for the Cholesterol and Recurrent Events (CARE) Trial Investigators. Relation between red blood cell distribution width and cardiovascular event rate in people with coronary disease Circulation 117 2 2008 163 168 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.727545
61. S. Dabbah, H. Hammerman, W. Markiewicz, and D. Aronson Relation between red cell distribution width and clinical outcomes after acute myocardial infarction Am J Cardiol 105 3 2010 312 317 10.1016/j.amjcard.2009.09.027
62. G.M. Felker, L.A. Allen, S.J. Pocock CHARM Investigators Red cell distribution width as a novel prognostic marker in heart failure: data from the CHARM Program and the Duke Databank J Am Coll Cardiol 50 1 2007 40 47 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.02.067
63. K.V. Patel, L. Ferrucci, W.B. Ershler, D.L. Longo, and J.M. Guralnik Red blood cell distribution width and the risk of death in middle-aged and older adults Arch Intern Med 169 5 2009 515 523 10.1001/archinternmed.2009.11
64. T. Mueller, D. Haidinger, C. Luft, W. Horvath, W. Poelz, and M. Haltmayer Association between erythrocyte mean corpuscular volume and peripheral arterial disease in male subjects: a case control study Angiology 52 9 2001 605 613 10.1177/000331970105200904
65. J. Loscalzo Homocysteine trials - clear outcomes for complex reasons N Engl J Med 354 15 2006 1629 1632 10.1056/NEJMe068060
66. J.F. Toole, M.R. Malinow, and L.E. Chambless Lowering homocysteine in patients with ischemic stroke to prevent recurrent stroke, myocardial infarction, and death: the Vitamin Intervention for Stroke Prevention (VISP) randomized controlled trial J Am Med Assoc 291 5 2004 565 575 10.1001/jama.291.5.565
67. K.H. Bønaa, I. Njølstad, P.M. Ueland NORVIT Trial Investigators Homocysteine lowering and cardiovascular events after acute myocardial infarction N Engl J Med 354 15 2006 1578 1588 10.1056/NEJMoa055227
68. E. Lonn, S. Yusuf, and M.J. Arnold Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE) 2 Investigators. Homocysteine lowering with folic acid and B-vitamins in vascular disease N Engl J Med 354 15 2006 1567 1577 10.1056/NEJMoa060900
69. R.L. Jamison, P. Hartigan, J.S. Kaufman Veterans Affairs Site Investigators Effect of homocysteine lowering on mortality and vascular disease in advanced chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease: a randomized controlled trial J Am Med Assoc 298 10 2007 1163 1170 10.1001/jama.298.10.1163
70. C.M. Albert, N.R. Cook, and J.M. Gaziano Effect of folic acid and B vitamins on risk of cardiovascular events and total mortality among women at high risk for cardiovascular disease: a randomized trial J Am Med Assoc 299 17 2008 2027 2036 10.1001/jama.299.17.2027
71. M. Ebbing, O. Bleie, and P.M. Ueland Mortality and cardiovascular events in patients treated with homocysteine-lowering B vitamins after coronary angiography: a randomized controlled trial J Am Med Assoc 300 7 2008 795 804 10.1001/jama.300.7.795
72. 12 vs placebo on mortality and major morbidity in myocardial infarction survivors: a randomized trial J Am Med Assoc 303 24 2010 2486 2494 10.1001/jama.2010.840
73. T. Kwok, P. Chook, and M. Qiao Vitamin B-12 supplementation improves arterial function in vegetarians with subnormal vitamin B-12 status J Nutr Health Aging 16 6 2012 569 573 10.1007/s12603-012-0036-x
74. N.S. Rizzo, K. Jaceldo-Siegl, J. Sabate, and G.E. Fraser Nutrient profiles of vegetarian and nonvegetarian dietary patterns J Acad Nutr Diet 113 12 2013 1610 1619 10.1016/j.jand.2013.06.349
75. T.J. Key, P.N. Appleby, E.A. Spencer, R.C. Travis, A.W. Roddam, and N.E. Allen Mortality in British vegetarians: results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-Oxford) Am J Clin Nutr 89 suppl 2009 1613S 1619S 10.3945/ajcn.2009.26736L
76. F.L. Crowe, P.N. Appleby, R.C. Travis, and T.J. Key Risk of hospitalization or death from ischemic heart disease among British vegetarians and nonvegetarians: results from the EPIC-Oxford cohort study Am J Clin Nutr 97 3 2013 597 603 10.3945/ajcn.112.044073