Advances and recent trends in heterogeneous photo(electro)-catalysis for solar fuels and chemicals

Molecules

Volumn 20, Issue 4, 2015, Pages 6739-6793

  Highfield, James ^a  

^a INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES   (Singapore)

Author keywords

Bio oxygenates photoreforming; Carbon dioxide reduction; Electrocatalysis; Heterogeneous photocatalysis; Hydrogen peroxide; Renewable hydrogen; Solar fuels; Visible sensitization; Water splitting

Indexed keywords

CARBON DIOXIDE; HYDROGEN; HYDROGEN PEROXIDE; OXYGEN; TITANIUM; TITANIUM DIOXIDE; WATER;

CATALYSIS; CHEMISTRY; OXIDATION REDUCTION REACTION; PHOTOCHEMISTRY; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; RENEWABLE ENERGY; SOLAR ENERGY;

CARBON DIOXIDE; CATALYSIS; HYDROGEN; HYDROGEN PEROXIDE; OXIDATION-REDUCTION; OXYGEN; PHOTOCHEMICAL PROCESSES; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; RENEWABLE ENERGY; SOLAR ENERGY; TITANIUM; WATER;

EID: 84928798824     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14203049     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/molecules20046739     Document Type: Review

References (371)

1. Smalley, R.E. Future Global Energy Prosperity: The Terawatt Challenge. MRS Bull. 2005, 30, 412.
2. Bell, A.T. The Impact of Nanoscience on Heterogeneous Catalysis. Science 2003, 299, 1688-1691.
3. Rolison, D.R. Catalytic Nanoarchitectures-The Importance of Nothing and the Unimportance of Periodicity. Science 2003, 299, 1698-1701.
4. Nørskov, J.K.; Bligaard, T.; Rossmeisl, J.; Christensen, C.H. Towards the Computational Design of Solid Catalysts. Nat. Chem. 2009, 1, 37-46.
5. Semagina, N.; Kiwi-Minsker, L. Recent Advances in the liquid-phase synthesis of metal nanostructures with controlled shape and size for catalysis. Catal. Rev. Sci. Eng. 2009, 51, 147-217.
6. Cuenya, B.R. Synthesis and Catalytic Properties of Metal Nanoparticles: Size, Shape, Support, Composition, and Oxidation State Effects. Thin Solid Films 2010, 518, 3127-3150.
7. Yuan, Y.; Yan, N.; Dyson, P.J. Advances in the Rational Design of Rhodium Nanoparticle Catalysts: Control via Manipulation of the Nanoparticle Core and Stabilizer. ACS Catal. 2012, 2, 1057-1069.
8. Guo, Z.; Liu, B.; Zhang, Q.H.; Deng, W.P.; Wang, Y.; Yang, Y.H. Recent Advances in Heterogeneous Selective Oxidation Catalysis for Sustainable Chemistry. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2014, 43, 3480-3524.
9. Schlögl, R.; Abd Hamid, S.B. Nanocatalysis: Mature Science Revisited or Something Really New? Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2004, 43, 1628-1637.
10. Chen, X.; Li, C.; Grätzel, M.; Kostecki, R.; Mao, S.S. Nanomaterials for Renewable Energy Production and Storage. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2012, 41, 7909-7937.
11. Thomas, J.M. Heterogeneous Catalysis and the Challenges of Powering the Planet, Securing Chemicals for Civilised Life, and Clean Efficient Utilization of Renewable Feedstocks. ChemSusChem 2014, 7, 1801-1832.
12. Kondratenko, E.V.; Mul, G.; Baltrusaitis, J.; Larrazabal, G.O.; Perez-Ramirez, J. Status and Perspectives of CO2 Conversion into Fuels and Chemicals by Catalytic, Photocatalytic and Electrocatalytic Processes. Energy Environ. Sci. 2013, 6, 3112-3135.
13. Lu, M. Photocatalysis and Water Purification: From Fundamentals to Recent Applications; Pichat, P., Ed.; Wiley-VCH Verlag: Weinheim, Germany, 2013.
14. Ohtani, B. Photocatalysis A to Z - What We Know and What We Do Not Know in a Scientific Sense. J. Photochem. Photobiol. C Photochem. Rev. 2010, 11, 157-178.
15. Kalyanasundaram, K.; Grätzel, M. Artificial Photosynthesis: Biomimetic Approaches to Solar Energy Conversion and Storage. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 2010, 21, 298-310.
16. Wang, Y.; Chen, K.S.; Mishler, J.; Cho, S.C.; Adroher, X.C. A review of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells: Technology, applications, and needs on fundamental research. Appl. Energy 2011, 88, 981-1007.
17. Durbin, D.J.; Malardier-Jugroot, C. Review of Hydrogen Storage Techniques for On-Board Vehicle Applications. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2013, 38, 14595-14617.
18. Muradov, N.Z.; Veziroglu, T.N. "Green" Path from Fossil-Based to Hydrogen Economy: An Overview of Carbon-Neutral Technologies. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2008, 33, 6804-6839.
19. Highfield, J.G. The Central Role of Catalysis in a Future Energy Cycle based on Renewable Hydrogen and Carbon Dioxide as Reactive Liquefier. Trends Phys. Chem. 1995, 5, 91-156.
20. Goeppert, A.; Czaun, M.; Prakash, G.K.S.; Olah, G.A. Air as the Renewable Carbon Source of the Future: An Overview of CO2 Capture from the Atmosphere. Energy Environ. Sci. 2012, 5, 7833-7853.
21. Lackner, K.S. The Thermodynamics of Direct Air Capture of Carbon Dioxide. Energy 2013, 50, 38-46.
22. Alonso, D.M.; Bond, J.Q.; Dumesic, J.A. Catalytic Conversion of Biomass to Biofuels. Green Chem. 2010, 12, 1493-1513.
23. Olah, G.A.; Goeppert, A.; Prakash, G.K.S. Beyond Oil and Gas: The Methanol Economy, 1st ed.; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, Germany, 2006.
24. Goeppert, A.; Czaun, M.; Jones, J.P.; Prakash, G.K.S.; Olah, G.A. Recycling of Carbon Dioxide to Methanol and Derived Products - Closing the Loop. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2014, 43, 7995-8048.
25. Galindo Cifre, P.; Badr, O. Renewable Hydrogen Utilisation for the Production of Methanol. Energy Convers. Manag. 2007, 48, 519-527.
26. Wang, W.; Wang, S.; Ma, X.; Gong, J. Recent Advances in Catalytic Hydrogenation of Carbon Dioxide. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2011, 40, 3703-3727.
27. Velu, S.; Gangwal, S.K. A Review of Recent Literature to Search for an Efficient Catalytic Process for the Conversion of Syngas to Ethanol. Energy Fuels 2008, 22, 814-839.
28. Palo, D.R.; Dagle, R.A.; Holladay, J.D. Methanol Steam Reforming for Hydrogen Production. Chem. Rev. 2007, 107, 3992-4021.
29. Huang, L.; Choong, C.; Chen, L.W.; Wang, Z.; Zhong, Z.Y.; Campos-Cuerva, C.; Lin, J.Y. Monometallic Carbonyl-Derived CeO2-Supported Rh and Co Bicomponent Catalysts for CO-Free, High-Yield H2 Generation from Low-Temperature Ethanol Steam-Reforming. ChemCatChem 2013, 5, 220-234.
30. Mattos, L.V.; Jacobs, G.; Davis, B.H.; Noronha, F.B. Production of Hydrogen from Ethanol: Review of Reaction Mechanism and Catalyst Deactivation. Chem. Rev. 2012, 112, 4094-4123.
31. De la Piscina, P.R.; Homs, N. The Use of Biofuels to Produce Hydrogen (Reformation Processes). Chem. Soc. Rev. 2008, 37, 2459-2467.
32. De Rogatis, L.; Fornasiero, P.; Catalyst Design for Reforming of Oxygenates. In Catalysis for Sustainable Energy Production; Barbaro, P., Bianchini, C., Eds.; Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH: Weinheim, Germany, 2009; Chapter 6, pp. 173-232.
33. Tran, N.H.; Kannangara, G.S.K. Conversion of Glycerol to Hydrogen Rich Gas. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2013, 42, 9454-9479.
34. Chheda, J.N.; Huber, G.W.; Dumesic, J.A. Liquid-Phase Catalytic Processing of Biomass-Derived Oxygenated Hydrocarbons to Fuels and Chemicals. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 7164-7183.
35. Bowker, M. Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production and Oxygenate Photoreforming. Catal. Lett. 2012, 142, 923-929.
36. Jiang, Z.; Xiao, T.; Kuznetsov, V.L.; Edwards, P.P. Turning Carbon Dioxide into Fuel. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A 2010, 368, 3343-3364.
37. Li, C.; Domen, K.; Hutchings, G.J. Special Issue on Photocatalysis and Photoelectrolysis. J. Catal. 2014, 310, 1-108.
38. Dasgupta, S.; Brunschwig, B.S.; Winkler, J.R.; Gray, H.B. Solar Fuels Editorial. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2013, 42, 2205-2472.
39. Qu, Y.; Duan, X. Progress, Challenge and Perspective of Heterogeneous Photocatalysts. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2013, 42, 2568-2580.
40. Sun, H.; Wang, S. Research Advances in the Synthesis of Nanocarbon-based Photocatalysts and Their Applications for Photocatalytic Conversion of Carbon Dioxide to Hydrocarbon Fuels. Energy Fuels 2014, 28, 22-36.
41. Li, K.; An, X.; Park, K.H.; Khraisheh, M.; Tang, J. A Critical Review of CO2 Photoconversion: Catalysts and Reactors. Catal. Today 2014, 224, 3-12.
42. Protti, S.; Albini, A.; Serpone, N. Photocatalytic Generation of Solar Fuels from the Reduction of H2O and CO2: A Look at the Patent Literature. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2014, 16, 19790-19827.
43. Habisreutinger, S.N.; Schmidt-Mende, L.; Stolarczyk, J.K. Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2 on TiO2 and Other Semiconductors. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2013, 52, 7372-7408.
44. Izumi, Y. Recent Advances in the Photocatalytic Conversion of Carbon Dioxide to Fuels with Water and/or Hydrogen Using Solar Energy and Beyond. Coord. Chem. Rev. 2013, 257, 171-186.
45. Dhakshinamoorthy, A.; Navalon, S.; Corma, A.; Garcia, H. Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction by TiO2 and Related Titanium Containing Solids. Energy Environ. Sci. 2012, 5, 9217-9233.
46. Nocera, D.G. The Artificial Leaf. Acc. Chem. Res. 2012, 45, 767-776.
47. Hoffmann, M.R.; Moss, J.A.; Baum, M.M. Artificial Photosynthesis: Semiconductor Photocatalytic Fixation of CO2 to Afford Higher Organic Compounds. Dalton Trans. 2011, 40, 5151-5158.
48. Ismail, A.A.; Bahnemann, D.W. Photochemical Splitting of Water for Hydrogen Production by Photocatalysis: A Review. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2014, 128, 85-101.
49. Hisatomi, T.; Kubota, J.; Domen, K. Recent Advances in Semiconductors for Photocatalytic and Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2014, 43, 7520-7535.
50. Maeda, K. Z-Scheme Water Splitting Using Two Different Semiconductor Photocatalysts. ACS Catal. 2013, 3, 1486-1503.
51. Yang, J.; Wang, D.; Han, H.; Li, C. Roles of Cocatalysts in Photocatalysis and Photoelectrocatalysis. Acc. Chem. Res. 2013, 46, 1900-1909.
52. Horiuchi, Y.; Toyao, T.; Takeuchi, M.; Matsuoka, M.; Anpo, M. Recent Advances in Visible-Light-Responsive Photocatalysts for Hydrogen Production and Solar Energy Conversion - From Semiconducting TiO2 to MOF/PCP Photocatalysts. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2013, 15, 13243-13253.
53. Yang, J.; Yan, H.; Zong, X.; Wen, F.; Liu, M.; Li, C. Roles of Cocatalysts in Semiconductor-Based Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A 2013, 371, 20110430.
54. Cargnello, M.; Diroll, B.T. Tailoring Photocatalytic Nanostructures for Sustainable Hydrogen Production. Nanoscale 2014, 6, 97-105.
55. Cargnello, M.; Gasparotto, A.; Gombac, V.; Montini, T.; Barreca, D.; Fornasiero, P. Photocatalytic H2 and Added-Value By-Products - The Role of Metal Oxide Systems in Their Synthesis from Oxygenates. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2011, 28, 4309-4323.
56. Navarro, R.M.; Sánchez-Sánchez, M.C.; Alvarez-Galvan, M.C.; del Valle, F.; Fierro, J.L.G. Hydrogen Production from Renewable Sources: Biomass and Photocatalytic Opportunities. Energy Environ. Sci. 2009, 2, 35-54.
57. Smestad, G.P.; Steinfeld, A. Review: Photochemical and Thermochemical Production of Solar Fuels from H2O and CO2 using Metal Oxide Catalysts. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2012, 51, 11828-11840.
58. McKone, J.R.; Lewis, N.S.; Gray, H.B. Will Solar-Driven Water-Splitting Devices See the Light of Day? Chem. Mater. 2013, 26, 407-414.
59. Nielander, A.C.; Shaner, M.R.; Papadantonakis, K.M.; Francis, S.A.; Lewis, N.S. A Taxonomy for Solar Fuels Generators. Energy Environ. Sci. 2015, 8, 16-25.
60. Pinaud, B.A.; Benck, J.D.; Seitz, L.C.; Forman, A.J.; Chen, Z.; Deutsch, T.G.; James, B.D.; Baum, G.N.; Ardo, S.; Wang, H.; et al. Technical and Economic Feasibility of Centralized Facilities for Solar Hydrogen Production via Photocatalysis and Photoelectrochemistry. Energy Environ. Sci. 2013, 6, 1983-2002.
61. Brillet, J.; Yum, J.H.; Cornuz, M.; Hisatomi, T.; Solarska, R.; Augustynski, J.; Graetzel, M.; Sivula, K. Highly Efficient Water Splitting by a Dual-Absorber Tandem Cell. Nat. Photon. 2012, 6, 824-828.
62. Reece, S.Y.; Hamel, J.A.; Sung, K.; Jarvi, T.D.; Esswein, A.J.; Pijpers, J.J.H.; Nocera, D.G. Wireless Solar Water Splitting Using Silicon-Based Semiconductors and Earth-Abundant Catalysts. Science 2011, 334, 645-648.
63. McKone, J.R.; Marinescu, S.C.; Brunschwig, B.S.; Winkler, J.R.; Gray, H.B. Earth-Abundant Hydrogen Evolution Electrocatalysts. Chem. Sci. 2014, 5, 865-878.
64. Bozic-Weber, B.; Constable, E.C.; Housecroft, C.E. Light Harvesting with Earth-Abundant d-Block Metals: Development of Sensitizers in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSCs). Coord. Chem. Rev. 2013, 257, 3089-3106.
65. Thoi, V.S.; Sun, Y.J.; Long, J.R.; Chang, C.J. Complexes of Earth-Abundant Metals for Catalytic Electrochemical Hydrogen Generation under Aqueous Conditions. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2013, 42, 2388-2400.
66. Tran, P.D.; Pramana, S.S.; Kale, V.S.; Nguyen, M.; Chiam, S.Y.; Batabyal, S.K.; Wong, L.H.; Barber, J.; Loo, J. Novel Assembly of an MoS2 Electrocatalyst onto a Silicon Nanowire Array Electrode to Construct a Photocathode Composed of Elements Abundant on the Earth for Hydrogen Generation. Chem. Eur. J. 2012, 18, 13994-13999.
67. Du, P.W.; Eisenberg, R. Catalysts Made of Earth-Abundant Elements (Co, Ni, Fe) for Water Splitting: Recent Progress and Future Challenges. Energy Environ. Sci. 2012, 5, 6012-6021.
68. Vesborg, P.C.K.; Jaramillo, T.F. Addressing the Terawatt Challenge: Scalability in the Supply of Chemical Elements for Renewable Energy. RSC Adv. 2012, 2, 7933-7947.
69. Bolton, J.R.: Strickler, S.J; Connolly, J.S. Limiting and Realizable Efficiencies of Solar Photolysis of Water. Nature 1985, 316, 495-500.
70. Archer, M.D; Bolton, J.R. Requirements for Ideal Performance of Photochemical and Photovoltaic Solar Energy Converters. J. Phys. Chem. 1990, 94, 8028-8036.
71. Bolton, J.R. Solar Photoproduction of Hydrogen: A Review. Sol. Energy 1996, 57, 37-50.
72. Smestad, G.P; Krebs, F.C; Lampert, C.M; Granqvist, C.G.; Chopra, K.L.; Mathew, X.; Takakura, H. Reporting Solar Cell Efficiencies in Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2008, 92, 371-373.
73. Emeline, A.V.; Kuznetsov, V.N.; Ryabchuk, V.K.; Serpone, N. On the Way to the Creation of Next Generation Photoactive Materials. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2012, 19, 3666-3675.
74. Serpone, N.; Emeline, A.V. Semiconductor Photocatalysis - Past, Present, and Future Outlook. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2012, 3, 673-677.
75. Bard, A.J. Photoelectrochemistry and Heterogeneous Photocatalysis at Semiconductors. J. Photochem. 1979, 10, 59-75.
76. Grätzel, M. Photoelectrochemical Cells. Nature 2001, 414, 338-344.
77. Luo, J.; Im, J.H.; Mayer, M.T.; Schrieier, M.; Nazeeruddin, K.; Park, N.G.; Tilley, S.D.; Fan, H.J.; Grätzel, M. Water Photolysis at 12.3% Efficiency via Perovskite Photovoltaics and Earth-Abundant Catalysts. Science 2014, 345, 1593-1596.
78. Cox, C.R.; Lee, J.Z.; Nocera, D.G.; Buonassisi, T. Ten-Percent Solar-to-Fuel Conversion with Nonprecious Materials. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2014, 111, 14057-14061.
79. Rongé, J.; Bosserez, T.; Martel, D.; Nervi, C.; Boarino, L.; Taulelle, F.; Decher, G.; Bordiga, S.; Martens, J.A. Monolithic Cells for Solar Fuels. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2014, 43, 7963-7981.
80. Fujishima, A.K.; Honda, K. Electrochemical Photolysis of Water at a Semiconductor Electrode. Nature 1972, 238, 37-38.
81. Borgarello, E.; Kiwi, J.; Pelizzetti, E.; Visca, M.; Graetzel, M. Photochemical Cleavage of Water by Photocatalysis. Nature 1981, 289, 158-160.
82. Wang, Z.; Liu, Y.; Huang, B.; Dai, Y.; Lou, Z.; Wang, G.; Zhang, X.; Qin, X. Progress on Extending the Light Absorption Spectra of Photocatalysts. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2014, 16, 2758-2774.
83. Varghese, O.K.; Grimes, C.A. Appropriate Strategies for Determining the Photoconversion Efficiency of Water Photoelectrolysis Cells: A Review with Examples using Titania Nanotube Array Photoanodes. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2008, 92, 374-384.
84. Grätzel, M. Conversion of Sunlight to Electric Power by Nanocrystalline Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A 2004, 164, 3-14.
85. Mathew, S.; Yella, A.; Gao, P.; Humphry-Baker, R.; Churchod, B.F.E.; Ashari-Astani, N.; Tavernelli, I.; Rothlisberger, U.; Nazeeruddin, M.K.; Grätzel, M. Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells with 13% Efficiency Achieved through the Molecular Engineering of Porphyrin Sensitizers. Nat. Chem. 2014, 6, 242-247.
86. Hardin, B.E.; Snaith, H.J.; McGehee, M.D. The Renaissance of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. Nat. Photon. 2012, 6, 162-169.
87. Li, L.L.; Diau, E.W. Porphyrin-Sensitized Solar Cells. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2013, 42, 291-304.
88. Balasingam, S.K.; Lee, M.; Kang, M.G.; Jun, Y. Improvement of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Toward the Broader Light Harvesting of the Solar Spectrum. Chem. Commun. 2013, 49, 1471-1487.
89. Macor, L.; Fungo, F.; Tempesti, T.; Durantini, E.N.; Otero, L.; Barea, E.M.; Fabregat-Santiago, F.; Bisquert, J. Near-IR Sensitization of Wide Band Gap Oxide Semiconductor by Axially Anchored Si-Naphthalocyanines. Energy Environ. Sci. 2009, 2, 529-534.
90. Ono, T.; Yamaguchi, T.; Arakawa, H. Study on Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell using Novel Infrared Dye. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2009, 93, 831-835.
91. Altobello, S.; Argazzi, R.; Caramori, S.; Contado, C.; da Fré, S.; Rubino, P.; Chon, C.; Larramona, G.; Bignozzi, C.A. Sensitization of Nanocrystalline TiO2 with Black Absorbers based on Os and Ru Polypyridine Complexes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 15342-15343.
92. Persson, P.; Bergstrom, R.; Lunell, S. Quantum Chemical Study of Photoinjection Processes in Dye-sensitized TiO2 Nanoparticles. J. Phys. Chem. B 2000, 104, 10348-10351.
93. Ooyama, Y.; Yamada, T.; Fujita, T.; Harima, Y.; Ohshita, J. Development of D-π-Cat Fluorescent Dyes with a Catechol Group for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells based on Dye-to-TiO2 Charge Transfer. J. Mater. Chem. A 2014, 2, 8500-8511.
94. Pratik, S.M.; Datta, A. Computational Design of Concomitant Type-I and Type-II Porphyrin Sensitized Solar Cells. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2013, 15, 18471-18481.
95. Zhang, G.; Kim, G.; Choi, W. Visible-light driven photocatalysis mediated via ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT): An alternative approach to solar activation of Titania. Energy Environ. Sci. 2014, 7, 954-966.
96. Cheng, Y.H.; Subramaniam, V.P.; Gong, D.G.; Tang, Y.; Highfield, J.; Pehkonen, S.O.; Pichat, P.; Schreyer, M.K.; Chen, Z. Nitrogen-Sensitized Dual Phase Titanate/Titania for Visible-Light Driven Phenol Degradation. J. Solid State Chem. 2012, 196, 518-527.
97. Grätzel, M. The Light and Shade of Perovskite Solar Cells. Nat. Mater. 2014, 13, 838-842.
98. Green, M.A.; Ho-Baillie, A.; Snaith, H.J. The Emergence of Perovskite Solar Cells. Nat. Photon. 2014, 8, 506-514.
99. Gao, P.; Grätzel, M.; Nazeeruddin, M.K. Organohalide lead perovskites for photovoltaic applications. Energy Environ. Sci. 2014, 7, 2448-2463.
100. Kazim, S.; Nazeeruddin, M.K.; Grätzel, M.; Ahmad, S. Perovskite as Light Harvester: A Game Changer in Photovoltaics. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2014, 53, 2812-2824.
101. Nowotny, M.K.; Sheppard, L.R.; Bak, T.; Nowotny, J. Defect Chemistry of Titanium Dioxide. Application of Defect Engineering in Processing of TiO2-Based Photocatalysts. J. Phys. Chem. C 2008, 112, 5275-5300.
102. Mizushima, K.; Tanaka, M.; Asai, A.; Iiga, S.; Goodenough, J.B. Impurity levels of Iron-Group Ions in TiO2 (II). J. Phys. Chem. Solids 1979, 40, 1129-1140.
103. Choi, W.; Termin, A.; Hoffmann, M.R. The Role of Metal Ion Dopants in Quantum-Sized TiO2: Correlation between Photoreactivity and Charge Carrier Recombination Dynamics. J. Phys. Chem. 1994, 98, 13669-13679.
104. Moser, J.; Grätzel, M.; Gallay, R. Inhibition of Electron-Hole Recombination in Substitution-ally Doped Colloidal Semiconductor Crystallites. Helv. Chim. Acta 1987, 70, 1596-1604.
105. Choi, J.; Park, H.; Hoffmann, M.R. Effects of Single Metal-Ion Doping on the Visible-Light Photoreactivity of TiO2 J. Phys. Chem. C 2010, 114, 783-792.
106. Kernazhitsky, L.; Shymanovska, V.; Gavrilko, T.; Naumov, V.; Kshnyakin, V.; Khalyavka, T. A Comparative Study of Optical Absorption and Photocatalytic Properties of Nanocrystalline Single-Phase Anatase and Rutile TiO2 Doped with Transition Metal Cations. J. Solid State Chem. 2013, 198, 511-519.
107. Maeda, K. (Oxy)nitrides with d°-Electronic Configuration as Photocatalysts and Photoanodes that Operate under a Wide Range of Visible Light for Overall Water Splitting. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2013, 15, 10537-10548.
108. Teoh, W.Y.; Scott, J.A.; Amal, R. Progress in Heterogeneous Photocatalysis: From Classical Radical Chemistry to Engineering Nanomaterials and Solar Reactors. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2012, 3, 629-639.
109. Chen, X.B.; Liu, L.; Yu, P.Y.; Mao, S.S. Increasing Solar Absorption for Photocatalysis with Black Hydrogenated Titanium Dioxide Nanocrystals. Science 2011, 331, 746-750.
110. Pesci, F.M.; Wang, G.; Klug, D.R.; Li, Y.; Cowan, A.J. Efficient Suppression of Electron-Hole Recombination in Oxygen-Deficient Hydrogen-Treated TiO2 Nanowires for Photoelectro-chemical Water Splitting. J. Phys. Chem. C 2013, 117, 25837-25844.
111. Liu, L.; Yu, P.Y.; Chen, X.; Mao, S.S.; Shen, D.Z. Hydrogenation and Disorder in Engineered Black TiO2 Phys. Rev. Lett. 2013, 111, 065505-(1-5).
112. Su, J.; Zou, X.; Chen, J.S. Self-Modification of Titanium Dioxide Materials by Ti3+ and/or Oxygen Vacancies: New Insights into Defect Chemistry of Metal Oxides. RSC Adv. 2014, 4, 13979-13988.
113. Fresno, F.; Portela, R.; Suárez, S.; Coronado, J.M. Photocatalytic Materials: Recent Achievements and Near Future Trends. J. Mater. Chem. A 2014, 2, 2863-2884.
114. Asahi, R.; Morikawa, T.; Ohwaki, T.; Aoki, K.; Taga, Y. Visible-Light Photocatalysis in Nitrogen-Doped Titanium Oxides. Science 2001, 293, 269-271.
115. Khan, S.U.M.; al-Shahry, M.; Ingler, W.B. Efficient Photochemical Water Splitting by a Chemically Modified n-TiO2 Science 2002, 297, 2243-2245.
116. Diwald, O.; Thompson, T.L.; Goralski, E.G.; Walck, S.D.; Yates, J.T. The Effect of Nitrogen Ion Implantation on the Photoactivity of TiO2 Rutile Single Crystals. J. Phys. Chem. B 2004, 108, 52-57.
117. Di Valentin, C.; Pacchioni, G.; Selloni, A. Origin of the Different Photoactivity of N-Doped Anatase and Rutile TiO2 Phys. Rev. B 2004, 70, 085116.
118. Nakamura, R.; Tanaka, T.; Nakato, Y. Mechanism for Visible Light Responses in Anodic Photocurrents at N-Doped TiO2 Film Electrodes. J. Phys. Chem. B 2004, 108, 10617-10620.
119. Choi, Y.; Umebayashi, T.; Yoshikawa, M. Fabrication and Characterization of C-Doped Anatase TiO2 Photocatalysts. J. Mater. Sci. 2004, 39, 1837-1839.
120. Yu, J.C.; Yu, J.G.; Ho, W.K.; Jiang, Z.T.; Zhang, L.Z. Effects of F-Doping on the Photocatalytic Activity and Microstructures of Nanocrystalline TiO2 Powders. Chem. Mater. 2002, 14, 3808-3816.
121. Ohno, T.; Akiyoshi, M.; Umebayashi, T.; Asai, K.; Mitsui, T.; Matsumura, M. Preparation of S-Doped TiO2 Photocatalysts and Their Photocatalytic Activities under Visible Light. Appl. Catal. A Gen. 2004, 265, 115-121.
122. Lin, L.; Lin, W.; Zhu, Y.X.; Zhao, B.Y.; Xie, Y.C. Phosphor-Doped Titania - A Novel Photocatalyst Active in Visible Light. Chem. Lett. 2005, 34, 284-285.
123. Yin, S.; Ihara, K.; Aita, Y.; Komatsu, M.; Sato, T. Visible-Light Induced Photocatalytic Activity of TiO(2-x)A(y) (A = N, S) Prepared by Precipitation Route. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A Chem. 2006, 179, 105-114.
124. Chen, D.M.; Jiang, Z.Y.; Geng, J.Q.; Wang, Q.; Yang, D. Carbon and Nitrogen Co-Doped TiO2 with Enhanced Visible-Light Photocatalytic Activity. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2007, 46, 2741-2746.
125. In, S.; Orlov, A.; Berg, R.; Garcia, F.; Pedrosa-Jimenez, S.; Tikhov, M.S.; Wright, D.S.; Lambert, R.M. Effective Visible Light-Activated B-Doped and B,N-Co-Doped TiO2 Photocatalysts. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 13790-13791.
126. Di Valentin, C.; Finazzi, E.; Pacchioni, G.; Selloni, A.; Livraghi, S.; Paganini, M.C.; Giamello, E.; N-Doped TiO2: Theory and Experiment. Chem. Phys. 2007, 339, 44-56.
127. Harb, M.; Sautet, P.; Raybaud, P. Origin of the Enhanced Visible-Light Absorption in N-Doped Bulk Anatase TiO2 from First-Principles Calculations. J. Phys. Chem. C2011, 115, 19394-19404.
128. Marschall, R.; Wang, L.Z. Non-Metal Doping of Transition Metal Oxides for Visible-Light Photocatalysis. Catal. Today 2014, 225, 111-135.
129. Gomathi Devi, L.; Kavitha, R. Review on Modified N-TiO2 for Green Energy Applications under UV/Visible Light: Selected Results and Reaction Mechanisms. RSC Adv. 2014, 4, 28265-28299.
130. Asahi, R.; Morikawa, T.; Irie, H.; Ohwaki, T. Nitrogen-Doped Titanium Dioxide as Visible-Light-Sensitive Photocatalyst: Designs, Developments, and Prospects. Chem. Rev. 2014, 114, 9824-9852.
131. Mrowetz, M.; Balcerski, W.; Colussi, A.J.; Hoffmann, M.R. Oxidative Power of Nitrogen-Doped TiO2 Photocatalysts under Visible Illumination. J. Phys. Chem. B 2004, 108, 17269-17273.
132. Lindgren, T.; Lu, J.; Hoel, A.; Granqvist, C.G.; Torres, G.R.; Lindquist, S.E. Photoelectrochemical Study of Sputtered Nitrogen-Doped Titanium Dioxide Thin Films in Aqueous Electrolyte. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2004, 84, 145-157.
133. Tang, J.; Cowan, A.J.; Durrant, J.R.; Klug, D.R. Mechanism of O2 Production from Water Splitting: Nature of Charge Carriers in Nitrogen Doped Nanocrystalline TiO2 Films and Factors Limiting O2 Production. J. Phys. Chem. C 2011, 115, 3143-3150.
134. Di Valentin, C.; Pacchioni, G. Trends in Non-Metal Doping of Anatase TiO2: B, C, N and F. Catal. Today 2013, 206, 12-18.
135. Yin, W.J.; Tang, H.W.; Wei, S.H.; Al-Jassim, M.M.; Turner, J.; Yan, Y.F. Band Structure Engineering of Semiconductors for Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting: The Case of TiO2 Phys. Rev. B 2010, 82, 045106-(1-6).
136. Zhu, W.; Qiu, X.; Iancu, V.; Chen, X.Q.; Pan, H.; Wang, W.; Dimitrijevic, N.M.; Rajh, T.; Meyer, H.M., III; Paranthaman, M.P.; et al. Band Gap Narrowing of Titanium Oxide Semiconductors by Non-Compensated Anion-Cation Codoping for Enhanced Visible Light Photoactivity. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2009, 103, 226401:1-226401:4.
137. Czoska, A.M.; Livraghi, S.; Paganini, M.C.; Giamello, E.; di Valentin, C.; Pacchioni, G. The Nitrogen-Boron Paramagnetic Center in Visible Light-Sensitized N-B-Codoped TiO2 Experimental and Theoretical Characterization. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2011, 13, 136-143.
138. Balcerski, W.; Ryu, S.Y.; Hoffmann, M.R. Visible-Light Photoactivity of Nitrogen-Doped TiO2: Photo-Oxidation of HCO2H to CO2 and H2O. J. Phys. Chem. C 2007, 111, 15357-15362.
139. Mitoraj, D.; Kisch, H. The Nature of Nitrogen-Modified Titanium Dioxide Photocatalysts Active in Visible Light. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 9975-9978.
140. Mitoraj, D.; Kisch, H. On the Mechanism of Urea-Induced Titania Modification. Chem. Eur. J. 2010, 16, 261-269.
141. Ang, T.P.; Chan, Y.M. Comparison of the Melon Nanocomposites in Structural Properties and Photocatalytic Activities. J. Phys. Chem. C2011, 115, 15965-15972.
142. Gong, D.; Highfield, J.G.; Zhong, E.N.; Tang, Y.; Ho, W.C.J.; Tay, Q.; Chen, Z. Poly Tri-s-triazines as Visible Light Sensitizers in Titania-Based Composite Photocatalysts: Promotion of Melon Development from Urea over Acid Titanates. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 2014, 2, 149-157.
143. Wang, Y.; Wang, X.; Antonietti, M. Polymeric Graphitic Carbon Nitride as a Heterogeneous Organocatalyst: From Photochemistry to Multipurpose Catalysis to Sustainable Chemistry. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2012, 51, 68-89.
144. Gole, J.L.; Stout, J.D.; Burda, C.; Lou, Y.; Chen, X. Highly Efficient Formation of Visible-Light Tunable TiO2-xNx Photocatalysts and Their Transformation at the Nanoscale. J. Phys. Chem. B 2004, 108, 1230-1240.
145. Cantau, C.; Pigot, T.; Dupin. J.C.; Lacombe, S. N-Doped TiO2 by Low Temperature Synthesis: Stability, Photo-Reactivity, and Singlet Oxygen Formation in the Visible Range. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A Chem. 2010, 216, 201-208.
146. Spadavecchia, F.; Cappelletti, G.; Ardizzone, S.; Bianchi, C.L.; Cappelli, S.; Oliva, C.; Scardi, P.; Leoni, M.; Fermo, P. Solar Photoactivity of Nano-N-TiO2 from Tertiary Amine: Role of Defects and Paramagnetic Species. Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 2010, 96, 314-322.
147. Cheng, Y.H.; Huang, Y.; Kanhere, P.D.; Subramaniam, V.P.; Gong, D.; Zhang, S.; Highfield, J.; Schreyer, M.K.; Chen, Z. Dual-Phase Titanate/Anatase with Nitrogen Doping for Enhanced Degradation of Organic Dye under Visible Light. Chem. Eur. J. 2011, 17, 2575-2578.
148. Zhao, Y.; Qiu, X.; Burda, C. The Effects of Sintering on the Photocatalytic Activity of N-doped TiO2 Nanoparticles. Chem. Mater. 2008, 20, 2629-2636.
149. Tian, Y.; Tatsuma, T. Mechanisms and Applications of Plasmon-Induced Charge Separation at TiO2 Films Loaded with Gold Nanoparticles. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 7632-7637.
150. Kowalska, E.; Mahaney, O.O.P.; Abe, R.; Ohtani, B. Visible-Light-Induced Photocatalysis through Surface Plasmon Excitation of Gold on Titania Surfaces. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2010, 12, 2344-2355.
151. Gong, D.; Ho, W.C.J.; Tang, Y.; Tay, Q.; Lai, Y.; Highfield, J.G.; Chen, Z. Silver-Decorated Titanate/Titania Nanostructures for Efficient Solar Driven Photocatalysis. J. Solid State Chem. 2012, 189, 117-122.
152. Sellapan, R.; Nielsen, M.G.; Gonzalez-Posada, F.; Vesborg, P.C.K.; Chorkendorff, I.; Chakarov, D. Effects of Plasmon Excitation on Photocatalytic Activity of Ag/TiO2 and Au/TiO2 Nanocomposites. J. Catal. 2013, 307, 214-221.
153. Mubeen, S.; Lee, J.; Singh, N.; Krämer, S.; Stucky, G.D.; Moskovits, M. An autonomous photosynthetic device in which all charge carriers derive from surface Plasmons. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2013, 8, 247-251.
154. Ma, X.; Dai, Y.; Yu, L.; Huang, B. New Basic Insights into the Low Hot Electron Injection Efficiency of Gold-Nanoparticle-Photosensitized Titanium Dioxide. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2014, 6, 12388-12394.
155. Clavero, C. Plasmon-Induced Hot-Electron Generation at Nanoparticle/Metal-Oxide Interfaces for Photovoltaic and Photocatalytic Devices. Nat. Photon. 2014, 8, 95-103.
156. Xu, H.; Ouyang, S.; Liu, L.; Reunchan, P.; Umezawa, N.; Ye, J. Recent Advances in TiO2-based Photocatalysis. J. Mater. Chem. A 2014, 2, 12642-12661.
157. Warren, S.C.; Thimsen, E. Plasmonic Solar Water Splitting. Energy Environ. Sci. 2012, 5, 5133-5146.
158. Linic, S.; Christopher, P.; Ingram, D.B. Plasmonic-Metal Nanostructures for Efficient Conversion of Solar to Chemical Energy. Nat. Mater. 2011, 10, 911-921.
159. Zhou, X.M.; Liu, G.; Yu, J.G.; Fan, W.H. Surface Plasmon Resonance-Mediated Photocatalysis by Noble Metal-Based Composites under Visible Light. J. Mater. Chem. 2012, 22, 21337-21354.
160. DuChene, J.S.; Sweeny, B.C.; Johnston-Peck, A.C.; Su, D.; Stach, E.A.; Wei, W.D. Prolonged Hot Electron Dynamics in Plasmonic-Metal/Semiconductor Heterostructures with Implications for Solar Photocatalysis. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2014, 53, 7887-7891.
161. Ingram, D.B.; Christopher, P.; Bauer, J.L.; Linic, S. Predictive Model for the Design of Plasmonic Metal/Semiconductor Composite Photocatalysts. ACS Catal. 2011, 1, 1441-1447.
162. Thimsen, E.; le Formal, F.; Grätzel, M.; Warren, S.C. Influence of Plasmonic Au Nanoparticles on the Photoactivity of Fe2O3 Electrodes for Water Splitting. Nano Lett. 2011, 11, 35-43.
163. Logar, M.; Bračko, I.; Potočnik, A.; Jančar, B. Cu and CuO/Titanate Nanobelt Based Network Assemblies for Enhanced Visible Light Photocatalysis. Langmuir 2014, 30, 4852-4862.
164. Nogawa, T.; Isobe, T.; Matsushita, S.; Nakajima, A. Preparation and Visible-Light Photo-catalytic Activity of Au- and Cu-modified TiO2 Powders. Mater. Lett. 2012, 82, 174-177.
165. Kazuma, E.; Yamaguchi, T.; Sakai, N.; Tatsuma, T. Growth Behaviour and Plasmon Resonance Properties of Photocatalytically Deposited Cu Nanoparticles. Nanoscale 2011, 3, 3641-3645.
166. Knight, M.W.; King, N.S.; Liu, L.; Everitt, H.O.; Nordlander, P.; Halas, N.J. Aluminum for Plasmonics. ACS Nano 2014, 8, 834-840.
167. Lounis, S.D.; Runnerstrom, E.L.; Llordés, Milliron, D.J. Defect Chemistry and Plasmon Physics of Colloidal Metal Oxide Nanocrystals. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2014, 5, 1564-1574.
168. Henderson, M.A. A Surface Science Perspective on TiO2 Photocatalysis. Surf. Sci. Rep. 2011, 66, 185-297.
169. Hernández-Alonso, M.D.; Fresno, F.; Suárez, S.; Coronado, J.M. Development of Alternative Photocatalysts to TiO2: Challenges and Opportunities. Energy Environ. Sci. 2009, 2, 1231-1257.
170. Chen, X.; Mao, S.S. Titanium Dioxide Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Properties, Modifications, and Applications. Chem. Rev. 2007, 107, 2891-2959.
171. Zhang, J.; Xu, Q.; Li, M.; Li, C. Importance of the Relationship between Surface Phases and Photocatalytic Activity of TiO2 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 1766-1769.
172. Li, G.; Gray, K.A. The Solid-Solid Interface: Explaining the High and Unique Photocatalytic Reactivity of TiO2-Based Nanocomposite Materials. Chem. Phys. 2007, 339, 173-187.
173. Chen, X.; Selloni, A. Introduction: Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) Nanomaterials. Chem. Rev. 2014, 114, 9281-9282.
174. Kapilashrami, M.; Zhang, Y.; Liu, Y.S.; Hagfeldt, A.; Guo, J. Probing the Optical Property and Electronic Structure of TiO2 Nanomaterials for Renewable Energy Applications. Chem. Rev. 2014, 114, 9662-9707.
175. Schneider, J.; Matsuoka, M.; Takeuchi, M.; Zhang, J.; Horiuchi, Y.; Anpo, M.; Bahnemann, D.W. Understanding TiO2 Photocatalysis: Mechanisms and Materials. Chem. Rev. 2014, 114, 9919-9986.
176. Di Iorio, Y.; Aguirre, M.E.; Brusam M.A.; Grela, M.A. Surface Chemistry Determines Electron Storage Capabilities in Alcoholic Sols of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles. A Combined FTIR and Room Temperature EPR Investigation. J. Phys. Chem. C 2012, 116, 9646-9652.
177. Murakami, N.; Mahaney, O.O.P.; Abe, R.; Torimoto, T.; Ohtani, B. Double-Beam Photo- acoustic Spectroscopic Studies on Transient Absorption of Titanium(IV) Oxide Photocatalyst Powders. J. Phys. Chem. C2007, 111, 11927-11935.
178. Chen, T.; Feng, Z.; Wu, G.; Shi, J.; Ma, G.; Ying, P.; Li, C. Mechanistic Studies of Photocatalytic Reaction of Methanol for Hydrogen Production on Pt/TiO2 by In-Situ Fourier-Transform IR and Time-Resolved IR Spectroscopy. J. Phys. Chem. C 2007, 111, 8005-8014.
179. Yamakata, A.; Ishibashi, T.; Onishi, H. Effects of Water Addition on the Methanol Oxidation on Pt/TiO2 Photocatalyst Studied by Time-Resolved Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy. J. Phys. Chem. B 2003, 107, 9820-9823.
180. Szczepankiewicz, S.H.; Moss, J.A.; Hoffmann, M.R. Slow Surface Charge Trapping Kinetics on Irradiated TiO2 J. Phys. Chem. B 2002, 106, 2922-2927.
181. Highfield, J.G.; Grätzel, M. Discovery of Reversible Photochromism in Titanium Dioxide using Photoacoustic Spectroscopy: Implications for the Investigation of Light-Induced Charge Separation and Surface Redox Processes in Titanium Dioxide. J. Phys. Chem. 1988, 92, 464-467.
182. Di Valentin, C.; Selloni, A. Bulk and Surface Polarons in Photoexcited Anatase. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2011, 2, 2223-2228.
183. Peter, L.M.; Wijayantha, K.G.U. Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting at Semiconductor Electrodes: Fundamental Problems and New Perspectives. ChemPhysChem 2014, 15, 1983-1995.
184. Wang, X.C.; Biechert, S.; Antonietti, M. Polymeric Graphitic Carbon Nitride for Heterogeneous Photocatalysis. ACS Catal. 2012, 2, 1596-1606.
185. Martin, D.J.; Qiu, K.P.; Shevlin, S.A.; Handoko, A.D.; Chen, X.W.; Guo, Z.X.; Tang, J.W. Highly Efficient Photocatalytic H2 Evolution from Water Using Visible Light and Structure-Controlled Graphitic Carbon Nitride. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2014, 53, 9240-9245.
186. Hollmann, D.; Karnahl, M.; Tschierlei, S.; Kailasam, K.; Schneider, M.; Radnik, J.; Grabow, K.; Bentrup, U.; Junge, H.; Beller, M.; et al. Structure-Activity Relationships in Bulk Polymeric and Sol-Gel Derived Carbon Nitrides During Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production. Chem. Mater. 2014, 26, 1727-1733.
187. Wirth, J.; Neumann, R.; Antonietti, M.; Saalfrank, P. Adsorption and Photocatalytic Splitting of Water on Graphitic Carbon Nitride: A First Principles and Semi-Empirical Study. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2014, 16, 15917-15926.
188. Maeda, K.; Wang, X.; Nishihara, Y.; Lu, D.; Antonietti, M.; Domen. K. Photocatalytic Activities of Graphitic Carbon Nitride Powder for Water Oxidation and Reduction under Visible Light. J. Phys. Chem. C 2009, 113, 4940-4947.
189. Wang, X.; Pehkonen, S.O.; Rämö, J.; Väänänen, M.; Highfield, J.G.; Laasonen, K. Experimental and Computational Studies of Nitrogen-Doped Degussa P25 TiO2: Application to Visible-Light Driven Photo-Oxidation of As (III). Catal. Sci. Technol. 2012, 2, 784-793.
190. Sivula, K.; le Formal, F.; Grätzel, M. Solar Water Splitting: Progress Using Hematite (α-Fe2O3) Photoelectrodes. ChemSusChem 2011, 4, 432-449.
191. Warren, S.C.; Voitchovsky, K.; Dotan, H.; Leroy, C.M.; Cornuz, M.; Stellacci, F.; Hébert, C.; Rothschild, A.; Grätzel, M. Identifying Champion Nanostructures for Solar Water-Splitting. Nat. Mater. 2013, 12, 842-849.
192. Shinar, R.; Kennedy, J.H. Photoactivity of Doped α-Fe2O3 Electrodes. Sol. Energy Mater. 1982, 6, 323-335.
193. Dare-Edwards, M.P.; Goodenough, J.B.; Hamnett, A.; Trevellick, P.R. Electrochemistry and Photoelectrochemistry of Iron(III) Oxide. J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. I 1983, 79, 2027-2041.
194. Itoh, K.; Bockris, J.O. Thin Film Photoelectrochemistry: Iron Oxide. J. Electrochem. Soc. 1984, 131, 1266-1271.
195. Kennedy, J.H.; Frese, K.W. Photooxidation of Water at α-Fe2O3 Electrodes. J. Electrochem. Soc. 1978, 125, 709-714.
196. Wang, K.X.Z.; Wu, Z.F.; Liu, V.; Brongersma, M.L.; Jaramillo, T.F.; Fan, S.H. Nearly Total Solar Absorption in Ultrathin Nanostructured Iron Oxide for Efficient Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting. ACS Photon. 2014, 1, 235-240.
197. Wheeler, D.A.; Wang, G.M.; Ling, Y.C.; Li, Y.; Zhang, J.Z. Nanostructured hematite: Synthesis, characterization, charge carrier dynamics, and photoelectrochemical properties. Energy Environ. Sci. 2012, 5, 6682-6702.
198. Pendlebury, S.R.; Cowan, A.J.; Barroso, M.; Sivula, K.; Ye, J.; Grätzel, M.; Klug, D.R.; Tang, J.; Durrant, J.R. Correlating Long-Lived Photogenerated Hole Populations with Photocurrent Densities in Hematite Water Oxidation Photoanodes. Energy Environ. Sci. 2012, 5, 6304-6312.
199. Le Formal, F.; Pendlebury, S.R.; Cornuz, M.; Tilley, S.D.; Grätzel, M.; Durrant, J.R. Back Electron-Hole Recombination in Hematite Photoanodes for Water Splitting. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2014, 136, 2564-2574.
200. Peter, L.M. Energetics and Kinetics of Light-Driven Oxygen Evolution at Semiconductor Electrodes: The Example of Hematite. J. Solid State Electrochem. 2013, 17, 315-326.
201. Braun, A.; Sivula, K.; Bora, D.K.; Zhu, J.; Zhang, L.; Grätzel, M.; Guo, J.; Constable, E.C. Direct Observation of Two Electron Holes in a Hematite Photoanode During Photoelectro-chemical Water Splitting. J. Phys. Chem. C 2012, 116, 16870-16875.
202. Serpone, N.; Borgarello, E.; Grätzel, M. Visible Light Induced Generation of H2 from H2S in Mixed Semiconductor Dispersions: Improved Efficiency through Interparticle Electron Transfer. J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1984, 342-344.
203. Yan, H.; Yang, J.; Ma, G.; Wu, G.; Lei, Z.; Shi, J.; Li, C. Visible-Light-Driven Hydrogen Production with Extremely High Quantum Efficiency on Pt-PdS/CdS Photocatalyst. J. Catal. 2009, 266, 165-168.
204. Yang, J.; Yan, H.; Wang, X.; Wen, F.; Wang, Z.; Fan, D.; Shi, J.; Li, C. Roles of Cocatalysts in Pt-PdS/CdS with Exceptionally High Quantum Efficiency for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production. J. Catal. 2012, 290, 151-157.
205. Ehsan, M.A.; Ming, H.N.; McKee, V.; Peiris, T.A.N.; Gamage, U.W.K.; Arifin, Z.; Mazhar, M.; Vysotskite Structured Photoactive Palladium Sulphide Thin Films from Dithiocarbamate. Derivatives. New J. Chem. 2014, 38, 4083-4091.
206. Ferrer, I.J.; Díaz-Chao, P.; Sánchez, C. An Investigation on Palladium Sulphide (PdS) Thin Films as a Photovoltaic Material. Thin Solid Films 2007, 515, 5783-5786.
207. Meng, J.; Yu, Z.; Li, Y.; Li, Y. PdS-Modified CdS/NiS Composite as an Efficient Photocatalyst for H2 evolution in Visible Light. Catal. Today 2014, 225, 136-141.
208. Zhang, S.; Chen, Q.; Jing, D.; Wang, Y.; Guo, L. Visible Photoactivity and Anticorrosion Performance of PdS-CdS Photocatalysts Modified by Polyaniline. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 2012, 37, 791-796.
209. Ran, J.R.; Zhang, J.; Yu, J.G.; Jaroniec, M.; Qiao, S.Z. Earth-Abundant Cocatalysts for Semiconductor-Based Photocatalytic Water Splitting. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2014, 43, 7787-7812.
210. Dinh, C.; Pham, M.; Kleitz, F.; Do, T. Design of Water-Soluble CdS-Titanate-Nickel Nanocomposites for Photocatalytic Hydrogen production Under Sunlight. J. Mater. Chem. A 2013, 1, 13308-13313.
211. McKone, J.R.; Warren, E.L.; Bierman, M.J.; Boettcher, S.W.; Brunscwig, B.S.; Lewis, N.S.; Gray, H.B. Evaluation of Pt, Ni, and Ni-Mo Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Evolution on Crystalline Si Electrodes. Energy Environ. Sci. 2011, 4, 3573-3583.
212. Highfield, J.G.; Claude, E.; Oguro, K. Electrocatalytic Synergism in Ni/Mo Cathodes for Hydrogen Evolution in Acid Medium: A New Model. Electrochim. Acta 1999, 44, 2805-2814.
213. Yu, J.G.; Ran, J.R. Facile Preparation and Enhanced Photocatalytic H2-Production Activity of Cu(OH)2 Cluster Modified TiO2 Energy Environ. Sci. 2011, 4, 1364-1371.
214. Gagliardi, C.J.; Vannucci, A.K.; Concepcion, J.J.; Chen, Z.; Mayer, T.J. The Role of Proton Coupled Electron Transfer in Water Oxidation. Energy Environ. Sci. 2012, 5, 7704-7717.
215. Armstrong, F.A. Why Did Nature Choose Manganese to Make Oxygen? Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 2008, 363, 1263-1270.
216. Carmo, M.; Fritz, D.L.; Mergel, J.; Stolten, D. A Comprehensive Review on PEM Water Electrolysis. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 2013, 38, 4901-4934.
217. Fabbri, E.; Habereder, A.; Waltar, K.; Kötz, R.; Schmidt, T.J. Developments and Perspectives of Oxide-Based Catalysts for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction. Catal. Sci. Technol. 2014, 4, 3800-3821.
218. Zhang, F.; Yamakata, A.; Maeda, K.; Moriya, Y.; Takata, T.; Kubota, J.; Teshima, K.; Oishi, S.; Domen, K. Cobalt-Modified Porous Single-Crystalline LaTiO2N for Highly Efficient Water Oxidation Under Visible Light. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134, 8348-8351.
219. Liu, L.C.; Li, Z.Y.; Zou, W.X.; Gu, X.R.; Deng, Y.; Gao, F.; Tang, C.J.; Dong, L. In Situ Loading Transition Metal Oxide Clusters on TiO2 Nanosheets as Co-Catalysts for Exceptional High Photoactivity. ACS Catal. 2013, 3, 2052-2061.
220. Kudo, A.; Miseki, Y. Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Materials for Water Splitting. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2009, 38, 253-278.
221. Maeda, K.; Domen, K. Photocatalytic Water Splitting: Recent Progress and Future Challenges. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2010, 1, 2655-2661.
222. Maeda, K.; Higashi, M.; Lu, D.; Abe, R.; Domen, K. Efficient Non-Sacrificial Water Splitting through Two-Step Photoexcitation by Visible Light Using a Modified Oxynitride as a Hydrogen Evolution Photocatalyst. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 5858-5868.
223. Sasaki, Y.; Nemoto, H.; Saito, K.; Kudo, A. Solar Water Splitting Using Powdered Photocatalysts Driven by Z-Schematic Interparticle Electron Transfer without an Electron Mediator. J. Phys. Chem. C 2009, 113, 17536-17542.
224. Zhou, P.; Yu, J.; Jaroniec, M. All-Solid-State Z-Scheme Photocatalytic Systems. Adv. Mater. 2014, 26, 4920-4935.
225. Wang, Y.; Wang, Q.; Zhan, X.; Wang, F.; Safdar, M.; He, J. Visible Light Driven Type II Heterostructures and Their Enhanced Photocatalysis Properties: A Review. Nanoscale 2013, 5, 8326-8339.
226. Prévot, M.S.; Sivula, K. Photoelectrochemical Tandem Cells for Solar Water Splitting. J. Phys. Chem. C 2013, 117, 17879-17893.
227. Hu, S.; Xiang, C.; Haussener, S.; Berger, A.D.; Lewis, N.S. An Analysis of the Optimal Band Gaps of Light Absorbers in Integrated Tandem Photoelectrochemical Water-Splitting Systems. Energy Environ. Sci. 2013, 6, 2984-2993.
228. Kanan, M.W.; Nocera, D.G. In Situ Formation of an Oxygen-Evolving Catalyst in Neutral Water Containing Phosphate and Co2+ Science 2008, 321, 1072-1075.
229. Bediako, D.K.; Lasalle-Kaiser, B.; Surendranath, Y.; Yano, J.; Yachandra, V.K.; Nocera, D.G. Structure-Activity Correlations in a Nickel-Borate Oxygen Evolution Catalyst. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134, 6801-6809.
230. Gibson, T.L.; Kelly, N.A. Optimization of Solar Powered Hydrogen Production Using Photovoltaic Electrolysis Devices. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 2008, 33, 5931-5940.
231. Herron, J.A.; Kim, J.; Upadhye, A.A.; Huber, G.W.; Maravelias, C.T. A General Framework for the Assessment of Solar Fuel Technologies. Energy Environ. Sci. 2015, 8, 126-157.
232. Hernández-Pagán, E.A.; Vargas-Barbosa, N.M.; Wang, T.H.; Zhao, Y.; Smotkin, E.S. Resistance and Polarization Losses in Aqueous Buffer-Membrane Electrolytes for Water-Splitting Photoelectrochemical Cells. Energy Environ. Sci. 2012, 5, 7582-7589.
233. Jacobsson, T.J.; Fjällstrom, V.; Edoff, M.; Edvinsson, T. Sustainable Solar Hydrogen Production: From Photoelectrochemical cells to PV-Electrolyzers and Back Again. Energy Environ. Sci. 2014, 7, 2056-2070.
234. Tributsch, H. Photovoltaic Hydrogen Generation. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 2008, 33, 5911-5930.
235. Campos-Martin, J.M.; Blanco-Brieva, G.; Fierro, J.L.G. Hydrogen Peroxide Synthesis: An Outlook beyond the Anthraquinone Process. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2006, 45, 6962-6984.
236. García-Serna, J.; Moreno, T.; Biasi, P.; Cocero, M.J.; Mikkola, J.P.; Salmi, T.O. Engineering in Direct Synthesis of Hydrogen Peroxide: Targets, Reactors and Guidelines for Operational Conditions. Green Chem. 2014, 16, 2320-2345.
237. Samanta, C. Direct Synthesis of Hydrogen Peroxide from Hydrogen and Oxygen: An Overview of Recent Developments in the Process. Appl. Catal. A Gen. 2008, 350, 133-149.
238. Edwards, J.K.; Solsona, B.; Ntainjua, E.; Carley, A.F.; Herzing, A.A.; Kiely, C.J.; Hutchings, G.J. Switching Off Hydrogen Peroxide Hydrogenation in the Direct Synthesis Process. Science 2009, 323, 1037-1041.
239. Siahrostami, S.; Verdaguer-Casadevall, A.; Karamad, M.; Deiana, D.; Malacrida, P.; Wickman, B.; Escudero-Escribano, M.; Paoli, E.A.; Frydendal, R.; Hansen, T.W.; et al. Enabling Direct H2O2 Production Through Rational Electrocatalyst Design. Nat. Mater. 2013, 12, 1137-1143.
240. Sanli, A.E. A Possible Future Fuel Cell: the Peroxide/Peroxide Fuel Cell. Int. J. Energy Res. 2013, 37, 1488-1497.
241. Kato, S.; Jung, J.; Suenobu, T.; Fukuzumi, S. Production of Hydrogen Peroxide as a Sustainable Solar Fuel from Water and Dioxygen. Energy Environ. Sci. 2013, 6, 3756-3764.
242. Fukuzumi, S.; Yamada, Y.; Karlin, K.D. Hydrogen Peroxide as a Sustainable Energy Carrier: Electrocatalytic Production of Hydrogen Peroxide and the Fuel Cell. Electrochim. Acta 2012, 82, 493-511.
243. Sanli, A.E.; Aytaç, A. Response to Disselkamp: Direct Peroxide/Peroxide Fuel Cell as a Novel Type Fuel Cell. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 2011, 36, 869-875.
244. Disselkamp, R.S. Can Aqueous Hydrogen Peroxide be used as a Standalone Energy Source? Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2010, 35, 1049-1053.
245. Yamazaki, S.; Siroma, Z.; Senoh, H.; Iroi, T.; Fujiwara, N.; Yasuda, K. A Fuel Cell with Selective Electrocatalysts Using Hydrogen Peroxide as Both an Electron Acceptor and a Fuel. J. Power Sources 2008, 178, 20-25.
246. Disselkamp, R.S. Energy Storage Using Aqueous Hydrogen Peroxide. Energy Fuels 2008, 22, 2771-2774.
247. Bussayajarn, N.; Harrington, D.A.; Therdthianwong, S.; Therdthianwong, A.; Djilali, N. The Cathodic Polarization Prediction of H2/H2O2 Fuel Cells using EIS Spectra. In Paper A-012, Proceedings of the 2nd Joint International Conference on Sustainable Energy & Environment, Bankok, Thailand, 21-23 November 2006.
248. Ponce de León, Walsh, F.C.; Rose, A.; Lakeman, J.B.; Browning, D.J.; Reeve, R.W. A Direct Borohydride - Acid Peroxide Fuel Cell. J. Power Sources 2007, 164, 441-448.
249. Miley, G.H.; Luo, N.; Mather, J.; Burton, R.; Hawkins, G.; Gu, L.; Byrd, E.; Gimlin, R.; Shrestha, P.J.; Benavides, G.; et al. Direct NaBH4/H2O2 Fuel Cells. J. Power Sources 2007, 165, 509-516.
250. An, L.; Zhao, T.S.; Zhou, X.L.; Wei, L.; Yan, X.H. A High Performance Ethanol - Hydrogen Peroxide Fuel Cell. RSC Adv. 2014, 4, 65031-65034.
251. Amirfakhri, S.J.; Meunier, J.L.; Berk, D. Electrocatalytic Activity of LaNiO3 toward H2O2 Reduction Reaction: Minimization of Oxygen Evolution. J. Power Sources 2014, 272, 248-258.
252. Compton, O.C.; Osterloh, F.E. Niobate Nanosheets as Catalysts for Photochemical Water Splitting into Hydrogen and Hydrogen Peroxide. J. Phys. Chem. C 2009, 113, 479-485.
253. Daskalaki, V.M.; Panagiotopoulou, P.; Kondarides, D.I. Production of Peroxide Species in Pt/TiO2 Suspensions under Conditions of Photocatalytic Water Splitting and Glycerol Photo-Reforming. Chem. Eng. J. 2011, 170, 433-439.
254. Arakawa, H. Water Photolysis by TiO2 Particles - Significant Effect of Na2CO3 Addition on Water Splitting. In Photocatalysis Science and Technology; Kaneko, M., Okura, I., Eds.; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 2002; p. 235.
255. Yesodharan, E.; Yesodharan, S.; Grätzel, M. Photolysis of Water with Supported Noble Metal Cluster. The Fate of Oxygen in Titania Based Water Cleavage Systems. Sol. Energy Mater. 1984, 10, 287-302.
256. Hoffman, A.J.; Carraway, E.R.; Hoffmann, M.R. Photocatalytic Production of H2O2 and Organic Peroxides on Quantum-Sized Semiconductor Colloids. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1994, 28, 776-785.
257. Maurino, V.; Minero, C.; Mariella, G.; Pelizzetti, E. Sustained Production of H2O2 on Irradiated TiO2-Fluoride Systems. Chem. Commun. 2005, 2627-2629.
258. Moon, G.M.; Kim, W.; Bokare, A.; Sung, N.; Choi, W. Solar Production of H2O2 on Reduced Graphene Oxide-TiO2 Hybrid Photocatalysts Consisting of Earth-Abundant Elements Only. Energy Environ. Sci. 2014, 7, 4023-4028.
259. Tsukamoto, D.; Shiro, A.; Shiraishi, Y.; Sugano, Y.; Ichikawa, S.; Tanaka, S.; Hirai, T. Photocatalytic H2O2 Production from Ethanol/O2 System Using TiO2 Loaded with Au-Ag Bimetallic Alloy Nanoparticles. ACS Catal. 2012, 2, 599-603.
260. Diesen, V.; Jonsson, M. Formation of H2O2 in TiO2 Photocatalysis of Oxygenated and Deoxygenated Aqueous Systems: A Probe for Photocatalytically Produced Hydroxyl Radicals. J. Phys. Chem. C 2014, 118, 10083-10087.
261. Lousada, C.M.; Johansson, A.J.; Brinck, T.; Jonsson, M. Mechanism of H2O2 Decomposition on Transition Metal Oxide Surfaces. J. Phys. Chem. C2012, 116, 9533-9543.
262. Bokare, A.D.; Choi, W. Review of Iron-Free Fenton-like Systems for Activating H2O2 in Advanced Oxidation Processes. J. Hazard. Mater. 2014, 275, 121-135.
263. Koppenol, W.H. The Haber-Weiss Cycle - 70 Years Later. Redox Rep. 2001, 6, 229-234.
264. Shiraishi, Y.; Kanazawa, S.; Sugano, Y.; Tsukamoto, D.; Sakamoto, H.; Ichikawa, S.; Hirai, T. Highly Selective Production of Hydrogen Peroxide on Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g-C3N4) Photocatalyst Activated by Visible Light. ACS Catal. 2014, 4, 774-780.
265. Zhang, J.; Chen, X.; Takanabe, K.; Maeda, K.; Domen, K.; Epping, J.D.; Fu, X.; Antonietti, M.; Wang, X. Synthesis of a Carbon Nitride Structure for Visible-Light Catalysis by Copolymerization. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2010, 49, 441-444.
266. Abe, R.; Takami, H.; Murakami, N.; Ohtani, B. Pristine Simple Oxides as Visible Light Driven Photocatalysts: Highly Efficient Decomposition of Organic Compounds over Platinum-Loaded Tungsten Oxide. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 7780-7781.
267. Rostrup-Nielsen, J.R. Steam Reforming and Chemical Recuperation. Catal. Today 2009, 145, 72-75.
268. Hodoshima, S.; Shono, A.; Saito, Y. Chemical Recuperation of Low-Quality Waste Heats by Catalytic Dehydrogenation of Organic Chemical Hydrides and Its Exergy Analysis. Energy Fuels 2008, 22, 2559-2569.
269. Poullikkas, A. An Overview of Current and Future Sustainable Gas Turbine Technologies. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2005, 9, 409-443.
270. Sun, J.; Wang, Y. Recent Advances in Catalytic Conversion of Ethanol to Chemicals. ACS Catal. 2014, 4, 1078-1090.
271. Makshina, E.V.; Dusselier, M.; Janssens, W.; Degrève, J.; Jacobs, P.A.; Sels, B.F. Review of Old Chemistry and New Catalytic Advances in the On-Purpose Synthesis of Butadiene. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2014, 43, 7917-7953.
272. Alcalá, R.; Mavrikakis, M.; Dumesic, J.A. DFT Studies for Cleavage of C-C and C-O Bonds in Surface Species Derived from Ethanol on Pt(111). J. Catal. 2003, 218, 178-190.
273. Ferrin, P.; Simonetti, D.; Kandoi, S.; Kunkes, E.; Dumesic, J.A.; Nørskov, J.K.; Mavrikakis, M. Modeling Ethanol Decomposition on Transition Metals: A Combined Application of Scaling and Brønsted-Evans-Polanyi Relations. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 5809-5815.
274. Salemme, L.; Menna, L.; Simeone, M. Thermodynamic Analysis of Ethanol Processors - PEM Fuel Cell Systems. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 2010, 35, 3480-3489.
275. Ni, M.; Leung, D.Y.C.; Leung, M.K.H. A Review on Reforming Bio-Ethanol for Hydrogen Production. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 2007, 32, 3238-3247.
276. Xu, W.Q.; Liu, Z.Y.; Johnston-Peck, A.C.; Senanayake, S.D.; Zhou, G.; Stacchiloa, D.; Stach, E.A.; Rodriguez, J.A. Steam Reforming of Ethanol on Ni/CeO2: Reaction Pathway and Interaction between Ni and the CeO2 Support. ACS Catal. 2013, 3, 975-984.
277. Sanchez-Sanchez, M.C.; Yerga, R.M.N.; Kondarides, D.I.; Verykios, X.E.; Fierro, J.L.G. Mechanistic Aspects of the Ethanol Steam Reforming Reaction for Hydrogen Production on Pt, Ni, and Pt/Ni Catalysts Supported on γ-Al2O3 J. Phys. Chem. A 2010, 114, 3873-3882.
278. Highfield, J.; Geiger, F.; Uenala, E.; Schucan, T. Hydrogen Release by Steam-Reforming of Ethanol for Efficient & Clean Fuel Applications. In Proceedings of the 10th World Hydrogen Energy Conference, Cocoa Beach, FL, USA, 20-24 June 1994; Hydrogen Energy Progress X; Block, D.L., Veziroglu, T.N., Eds.; Volume 2, p. 1039.
279. Sutton, J.E.; Panagiotopoulou, P.; Verykios, X.E.; Vlachos, D.G. Combined DFT, Microkinetic, and Experimental Study of Ethanol Steam Reforming on Pt. J. Phys. Chem. C 2013, 117, 4691-4706.
280. Maihom, T.; Probst, M.; Limtrakul, J. Density Functional Theory Study of the Dehydrogenation of Ethanol to Acetaldehyde over the Au-Exchanged ZSM-5 Zeolite: Effect of Surface Oxygen. J. Phys. Chem. C 2014, 118, 18564-18572.
281. Morgenstern, D.A.; Fornango, J.P. Low-Temperature Reforming of Ethanol over Copper-Plated Raney Nickel: A New Route to Sustainable Hydrogen for Transportation. Energy Fuels 2005, 19, 1708-1716.
282. Bowker, M.; Holroyd, R.; Perkins, N.; Bhantoo, J.; Counsell, J.; Carley, A.; Morgan, C. Acetaldehyde Adsorption and Catalytic Decomposition on Pd (110) and the Dissolution of Carbon. Surf. Sci. 2007, 601, 3651-3660.
283. Pichat, P.; Mozzanega, M.N.; Disdier, J.; Herrmann, J.M. Pt Content and Temperature Effects on the Photocatalytic H2 production from Aliphatic Alcohols over Pt/TiO2 New J. Chem. (Nouv. J. Chim.) 1982, 6, 559-564.
284. Pichat, P.; Hermann, J.M.; Disdier, J.; Courbon, H.; Mozzanega, M.N. Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production from Aliphatic Alcohols over a Bifunctional Platinum on Titanium Dioxide Catalyst. New J. Chem. (Nouv. J. Chim.) 1981, 5, 627-636.
285. Millard, L.; Bowker, M. Photocatalytic Water-Gas Shift Reaction at Ambient Temperature. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A Chem. 2002, 148, 91-95.
286. Bowker, M.; James, D.; Stone, P.; Bennett, R.; Perkins, N.; Millard, L.; Greaves, J.; Dickinson, A. Catalysis at the Metal-Support Interface: Exemplified by the Photocatalytic Reforming of Methanol on Pd/TiO2 J. Catal. 2004, 217, 427-433.
287. Al-Mazroai, L.S.; Bowker, M.; Davies, P.; Dickinson, A.; Greaves, J.; James, D.; Millard, L. The Photocatalytic Reforming of Methanol. Catal. Today 2007, 122, 46-50.
288. Highfield, J.G.; Chen, M.H.; Nguyen, P.T.; Chen, Z. Mechanistic Investigations of Photo-Driven Processes over TiO2 by in-situ DRIFTS-MS: Part 1: Platinization and Methanol Reforming. Energy Environ. Sci. 2009, 2, 991-1002.
289. Daskalaki, V.M.; Kondarides, D.I. Efficient Production of Hydrogen by Photo-Induced Reforming of Glycerol at Ambient Conditions. Catal. Today 2009, 144, 75-80.
290. Taboada, E.; Angurell, I.; Llorca, J. Dynamic Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production from Ethanol - Water Mixtures in an Optical Fiber Honeycomb Reactor Loaded with Au/TiO2 J. Catal. 2014, 309, 460-467.
291. Puga, A.V.; Forneli, A.; García, H.; Corma, A. Production of H2 by Ethanol Photoreforming on Au/TiO2 Adv. Funct. Mater. 2014, 24, 241-248.
292. Murdoch, M.; Waterhouse, G.I.N.; Nadeem, M.A.; Metson, J.B.; Keane, M.A.; Howe, R.F.; Llorca, J.; Idriss, H. The Effect of Gold Loading and Particle Size on the Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production from Ethanol on Au/TiO2 Nanoparticles. Nat. Chem. 2011, 3, 489-492.
293. Gallo, A.; Marelli, M.; Psaro, R.; Gombac, V.; Montini, T.; Fornasiero, P.; Pievo, R.; Dal Santo, V. Bimetallic Au-Pt/TiO2 Photocatalysts Active under UV-A and Simulated Sunlight for H2 Production from Ethanol. Green Chem. 2012, 14, 330-333.
294. Strataki, N.; Bekiari, V.; Kondarides, D.I.; Lianos, P. Hydrogen production by photocatalytic alcohol reforming employing highly efficient Nanocrystalline Titania films. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 2007, 77, 184-189.
295. Languer, M.P.; Scheffer, F.R.; Feil, A.F.; Baptista, D.L.; Migowski, P.; Macahdo, G.J.; de Moraes, D.P.; Dupont, J.; Teixeira, S.R.; Weibel, D.E. Photo-Induced Reforming of Alcohols with Improved Hydrogen Apparent Quantum Yield on TiO2 Nanotubes Loaded with Ultra-Small Pt Nanoparticles. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 2013, 38, 14440-14450.
296. Bowker, M.; Morton, C.; Kennedy, J.; Bahruji, H.; Greves, J.; Jones, W.; Davies, P.R.; Brookes, C.; Wells, P.P.; Dimitratos, N. Hydrogen Production by Photoreforming of Biofuels using Au, Pd and Au-Pd/TiO2 Photocatalysts. J. Catal. 2014, 310, 10-15.
297. Taboada, E.; Angurell, I.; Llorca, J. Hydrogen Photoproduction from Bio-derived Alcohols in an Optical Fiber Honeycomb Reactor Loaded with Au/TiO2 J. Photochem. Photobiol. A Chem. 2014, 281, 35-39.
298. Bowker, M. Sustainable Hydrogen Production by the Application of Ambient Temperature Photocatalysis. Green Chem. 2011, 13, 2235-2246.
299. Bowker, M.; Davies, P.R.; al-Mazroai, L.S. Photocatalytic Reforming of Glycerol over Gold and Palladium as an Alternative Fuel Source. Catal. Lett. 2009, 128, 253-255.
300. Luo, N.; Jiang, Z.; Shi, H.; Cao, F.; Xiao, T.; Edwards, P.P. Photo-Catalytic Conversion of Oxygenated Hydrocarbons to Hydrogen over Heteroatom-Doped TiO2 Catalysts. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 2009, 34, 125-129.
301. Fu, X.; Long, J.; Wang, X.; Leung, D.Y.C.; Ding, Z.; Wu, L.; Zhang, Z.; Li, Z.; Fu, X. Photocatalytic Reforming of Biomass: A Systematic Study of Hydrogen Evolution from Glucose Solution. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 2008, 33, 6484-6491.
302. Zheng, X.J.; Wei, L.F.; Zhang, Z.H.; Jiang, Q.J.; Wei, Y.J.; Xie, B.; Wei, M.B. Research on Photocatalytic H2 Production from Acetic Acid Solution by Pt/TiO2 Nanoparticles under UV Irradiation. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 2009, 34, 9033-9041.
303. Kraeutler, B.; Bard, A.J. Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Synthesis of Methane from Acetic Acid - New Kolbe Reaction Pathway. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1978, 100, 2239-2240.
304. Tanaka, A.; Sakaguchi, S.; Hashimoto, K.; Kominami, H. Preparation of Au/TiO2 with Metal Cocatalysts Exhibiting Strong Surface Plasmon Resonance Effective for Photoinduced Hydrogen Formation under Irradiation of Visible Light. ACS Catal. 2013, 3, 79-85.
305. Lyubina, T.P.; Markovskaya, D.V.; Kozlova, E.A.; Parmon, V.N. Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution from Aqueous Solutions of Glycerol under Visible Light Irradiation. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 2013, 38, 14172-14179.
306. Melo, M.D.; Silva, L.A. Visible-Light-Induced Hydrogen Production from Glycerol Aqueous Solution on Hybrid Pt-CdS-TiO2 Photocatalysts. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A Chem. 2011, 226, 36-41.
307. Carraro, G.; Gasparotto, A.; Maccato, C.; Gombac, V.; Rossi, F.; Montini, T.; Peeters, D.; Bontempi, E.; Sada, C.; Barreca, D.; et al. Solar H2 Generation via Ethanol Photoreforming on ε-Fe2O3 Nanorod Arrays Activated by Ag and Au Nanoparticles. RSC Adv. 2014, 4, 32174-32179.
308. Carraro, G.; Maccato, C.; Gasparotto, A.; Montini, T.; Turner, S.; Lebedev, O.I.; Gombac, V.; Adami, G.; van Tendeloo, G.; Barreca, D.; et al. Enhanced Hydrogen Production by Photoreforming of Renewable Oxygenates through Nanostructured Fe2O3 Polymorphs. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2014, 24, 372-378.
309. Kim, G.; Lee, S.H.; Choi, W. Glucose-TiO2 Charge Transfer Complex-Mediated Photocatalysis under Visible Light. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 2015, 162, 463-469.
310. Clarizia, L.; Spasiano, D.; di Somma, I.; Marotta, R.; Andreozzi, R.; Dionysiou, D.D. Copper Modified- TiO2 Catalysts for Hydrogen Generation through Photoreforming of Organics. A Short Review. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 2014, 39, 16812-16831.
311. Ampelli, C.; Passalacqua, R.; Genovese, C.; Perathoner, S.; Centi, G.; Montini, T.; Gombac, V.; Jaen, J.J.D.; Fornasiero, P. H2 Production by Selective Photo-Dehydrogenation of Ethanol in Gas and Liquid Phase on CuOx/TiO2 Nanocomposites. RSC Adv. 2013, 3, 21776-21788.
312. Liu, R.X.; Yoshida, H.; Fujita, S.; Arai, M. Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production from Glycerol and Water with NiOx/TiO2 Catalysts. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 2014, 144, 41-45.
313. Shkrob, I.A.; Dimitrijevic, N.M.; Marin, T.W.; He, H.; Zapol, P. Heteroatom-Transfer Coupled Photoreduction and Carbon Dioxide Fixation on Metal Oxides. J. Phys. Chem. C 2012, 116, 9461-9471.
314. Shkrob, I.A.; Marin, T.W.; He, H.; Zapol, P. Photoredox Reactions and the Catalytic Cycle for Carbon Dioxide Fixation and Methanogenesis on Metal Oxides. J. Phys. Chem. C 2012, 116, 9450-9460.
315. Mori, K.; Yamashita, H.; Anpo, M. Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2 with H2O on Various Titanium Oxide Photocatalysts. RSC Adv. 2012, 2, 3165-3172.
316. He, H.; Zapol, P.; Curtiss, L.A. Computational Screening of Dopants for Photocatalytic Two-Electron Reduction of CO2 on Anatase (101) Surfaces. Energy Environ. Sci. 2012, 5, 6196-6205.
317. Tu, W.; Zhou, Y.; Zou, Z. Photocatalytic Conversion of CO2 into Renewable Hydrocarbon Fuels: State-of-the-Art Accomplishment, Challenges, and Prospects. Adv. Mater. 2014, 26, 4607-4626.
318. Peterson, A.A.; Abild-Pedersen, F.; Studt, F.; Rossmeisl, J.; Nørskov, J.K. How Copper Catalyzes the Electroreduction of Carbon Dioxide into Hydrocarbon Fuels. Energy Environ. Sci. 2010, 3, 1311-1315.
319. Behrens, M.; Studt, F.; Kasatkin, I.; Kühl, S.; Hävecker, M.; Abild-Pedersen, F.; Zander, S.; Girgsdies, F.; Kurr, P.; Kniep, B.L.; et al. The Active Site of Methanol Synthesis over Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 Industrial Catalysts. Science 2012, 336, 893-897.
320. Ola, O.; Maroto-Valer, M.M. Copper-based TiO2 Honeycomb Monoliths for CO2 Photoreduction. Catal. Sci. Technol. 2014, 4, 1631-1637.
321. Nunez, J.; O'Shea, V.A.D.; Jana, P.; Coronado, J.M.; Serrano, D.P. Effect of Copper on the Performance of ZnO and ZnO1-xNx Oxides as CO2 Photoreduction Catalysts. Catal. Today 2013, 209, 21-27.
322. Mao, J.; Li, K.; Peng, T.Y. Recent Advances in the Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction over Semiconductors. Catal. Sci. Technol. 2013, 3, 2481-2498.
323. Richardson, P.L.; Perdigoto, M.L.N.; Wang, W.; Lopes, R.J.G. Manganese- and Copper-Doped Titania Nanocomposites for the Photocatalytic Reduction of Carbon Dioxide into Methanol. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 2012, 126, 200-207.
324. Kuhl, K.P.; Hatsukade, T.; Cave, E.R.; Abram, D.N.; Kibsgaard, J.; Jaramillo, T.F. Electrocatalytic Conversion of Carbon Dioxide to Methane and Methanol on Transition Metal Surfaces. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2014, 136, 14107-14113.
325. Constentin, C.; Robert, M.; Saveant, J.M. Catalysis of the Electrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2013, 42, 2423-2436.
326. Kuhl, K.P.; Cave, E.R.; Abram, D.N.; Jaramillo, T.F. New Insights into the Electrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide on Metallic Copper Surfaces. Energy Environ. Sci. 2012, 5, 7050-7059.
327. Tu, W.; Zhou, Y.; Zou, Z. Versatile Graphene-Promoting Photocatalytic Performance of Semiconductors: Basic Principles, Synthesis, Solar Energy Conversion, and Environmental Applications. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2013, 23, 4996-5008.
328. Fan, W.; Zhang, Q.; Wang, Y. Semiconductor-Based Nanocomposites for Photocatalytic H2 Production and CO2 Conversion. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2013, 15, 2632-2649.
329. Leary, R.; Westwood, A. Carbonaceous Nanomaterials for the Enhancement of TiO2 Photocatalysis. Carbon 2011, 49, 741-772.
330. Liang, Y.T.; Vijayan, B.K.; Gray, K.A.; Hersam, M.C. Minimizing Graphene Defects Enhances Titania Nanocomposite-Based Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2 for Improved Solar Fuel Production. Nano Lett. 2011, 11, 2865-2870.
331. Tu, W.G.; Zhou, Y.; Liu, Q.; Tian, Z.P.; Gao, J.; Chen, X.Y.; Zhang, H.T.; Liu, J.G.; Zou, Z.G. Robust Hollow Spheres Consisting of Alternating Titania Nanosheets and Graphene Nanosheets with High Photocatalytic Activity for CO2 Conversion into Renewable Fuels. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2012, 22, 1215-1221.
332. Xia, X.H.; Jia, Z.H.; Yu, Y.; Liang, Y.; Wang, Z.; Ma, L.L. Preparation of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube Supported TiO2 and Its Photocatalytic Activity in the Reduction of CO2 with H2O. Carbon 2007, 45, 717-721.
333. Centi, G.; Perathoner, S. Opportunities and Prospects in the Chemical Recycling of Carbon Dioxide to Fuels. Catal. Today 2009, 148, 191-205.
334. Yao, Y.; Li, G.; Ciston, S.; Lueptow, R.M.; Gray, K.A. Photoreactive TiO2/Carbon Nanotube Composites: Synthesis and Reactivity. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42, 4952-4957.
335. Hsu, H.C.; Shown, I.; Wei, H.Y.; Chang, Y.C.; Du, H.Y.; Lin, Y.G.; Tseng, C.A.; Wang, C.H.; Chen, L.C.; Lin, Y.C.; et al. Graphene Oxide as a Promising Photocatalyst for CO2 to Methanol Conversion. Nanoscale 2013, 5, 262-268.
336. Shown, I.; Hsu, H.C.; Chang, Y.C.; Lin, C.H.; Roy, P.K.; Ganguly, A.; Wang, C.H.; Chang, J.K.; Wu, C.I.; Chen, L.C.; et al. Highly Efficient Visible Light Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2 to Hydrocarbon Fuels by Cu-Nanoparticle Decorated Graphene Oxide. Nano Lett. 2014, 14, 6097-6103.
337. Kumar, P.; Kumar, A.; Sreedhar, B.; Sain, B.; Ray, S.S.; Jain, S.L. Cobalt Phthalocyanine Immobilized on Graphene Oxide: An Efficient Visible-Active Catalyst for the Photoreduction of Carbon Dioxide. Chem. Eur. J. 2014, 20, 6154-6161.
338. Li, X.; Liu, H.; Luo, D.; Li, J.; Huang, Y.; Li, H.; Fang, Y.; Xu, Y.; Zhu, L. Adsorption of CO2 on Heterostructure CdS(Bi2S3)/TiO2 Nanotube Photocatalysts and Their Photocatalytic Activities in the Reduction of CO2 to Methanol under Visible Light Irradiation. Chem. Eng. J. 2012, 180, 151-158.
339. Wang, C.; Thompson, R.L.; Baltrus, J. Matranga, Visible Light Photoreduction of CO2 Using CdSe/Pt/TiO2 Heterostructured Catalysts. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2010, 1, 48-53.
340. Hou, W.B.; Hung, W.H.; Pavaskar, P.; Goeppert, A.; Aykol, M.; Cronin, S.B. Photocatalytic Conversion of CO2 to Hydrocarbon Fuels via Plasmon-Enhanced Absorption and Metallic Interband Transitions. ACS Catal. 2011, 1, 929-936.
341. Centi, G.; Perathoner, S. Catalysis: Role and Challenges for a Sustainable Energy. Top. Catal. 2009, 52, 948-961.
342. Gangeri, M.; Perathoner, S.; Caudo, S.; Centi, G.; Amadou, J.; Bégon, D.; Pham-Huu, C.; Ledoux, M.J.; Tessonier, J.P.; Su, D.S.; et al. Fe and Pt Carbon Nanotubes for the Electrocatalytic Conversion of Carbon Dioxide to Oxygenates. Catal. Today 2009, 143, 57-63.
343. Grabow, L.C.; Mavrikakis, M. Mechanism of Methanol Synthesis on Cu through CO2 and CO Hydrogenation. ACS Catal. 2011, 1, 365-384.
344. Cheng, D.; Negreiros, F.R.; Aprà, E.; Fortunelli. A. Computational Approaches to the Chemical Conversion of Carbon Dioxide. ChemSusChem 2013, 6, 944-965.
345. Lazo, N.D.; Murray, D.K.; Kieke, M.L.; Haw, J.F. In-Situ C-13 Solid-State NMR Study of the Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 Methanol Synthesis Catalyst. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 8552-8559.
346. Idriss, H.; Kim, K.S.; Barteau, M.A. Surface-Dependent Pathways for Formaldehyde Oxidation and Reduction on TiO2(001). Surf. Sci. 1992, 262, 113-127.
347. Busca, G.; Lamotte, J.; Lavalley, J.C.; Lorenzelli, V. FTIR Study of the Adsorption and Transformation of Formaldehyde on Oxide Surfaces. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1987, 109, 5197-5202.
348. Rzepa, H.S.; Miller, J. An MNDO SCF-MO Study of the Mechanism of the Cannizzaro Reaction. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. II 1985, 717-723, doi:10.1039/P29850000717.
349. Harriman, A. Prospects for Conversion of Solar Energy into Chemical Fuels: The Concept of a Solar Fuels Industry. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A 2013, 371, 20110415.
350. Thomas, J.M. Reflections on the Topic of Solar Fuels. Energy Environ. Sci. 2014, 7, 19-20.
351. Malato, S.; Fernández-Ibáñez, P.; Maldonado, M.I.; Oller, I.; Polo-López, M.I. Solar Photocatalytic Pilot Plants: Commercially Available Reactors. In Photocatalysis and Water Purification: From Fundamentals to Recent Applications; Pichat, P., Ed.; Wiley-VCH Verlag: Weinheim, Germany, 2013; Chapter 15.
352. Villa, K.; Domènech, X.; Malato, S.; Maldonado, M.I.; Peral, J. Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Hydrogen Generation in a Solar Pilot Plant. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 2013, 38, 12718-12724.
353. James, B.D.; Baum, G.N.; Perez, J.; Baum, K.N. Technoeconomic Analysis of Photoelectrochemical (PEC) Hydrogen Production; Directed Technologies Inc.: Arlington, VA, USA, 2009; US DOE Contract no. GS-10F-009.
354. Döscher, H.; Geisz, J.F.; Deutsch, T.G.; Turner, J.A. Sunlight Absorption in Water - Efficiency and Design Implications for Photoelectrochemical Devices. Energy Environ. Sci. 2014, 7, 2951-2956.
355. Seitz, L.C.; Chen, Z.; Forman, A.J.; Pinaud, B.A.; Benck, J.D.; Jaramillo, T.F. Modeling Practical Performance Limits of Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting Based on the Current State of Materials Research. ChemSusChem 2014, 7, 1372-1385.
356. Haussener, S.; Xiang, C.; Spurgeon, J.M.; Ardo, S.; Lewis, N.S.; Weber, A.Z. Modeling, Simulation, and Design Criteria for Photoelectrochemical Water-Splitting Systems. Energy Environ. Sci. 2012, 5, 9922-9935.
357. Rodriguez, C.A.; Modestino, M.A.; Psaltis, D.; Moser, C. Design and Cost Considerations for Practical Solar-Hydrogen Generators. Energy Environ. Sci. 2014, 7, 3828-3835.
358. Chandross, E.A. Shining a Light on Solar Water Splitting. Science 2014, 344, 469.
359. Turner, J.A. Response to Chandross. Science 2014, 344, 469-470.
360. Chen, Y.; Xiang, C.; Hu, C.; Lewis, N.S. Modeling the Performance of an Integrated Photoelectrolysis System with 10x Solar Concentrators. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2014, 161, F1101-F1110.
361. Khamooshi, M.; Salati, H.; Egelioglu, F.; Faghiri, A.H.; Tarabishi, J.; Babadi, S. A Review of Solar Photovoltaic Concentrators. Int. J. Photoenergy 2014, doi:10.1155/2014/958521.
362. Swanson, R.M. The Promise of Concentrators. Prog. Photovolt. Res. Appl. 2000, 8, 93-111.
363. Hoffmann, M.R.; Martin, S.T.; Choi, W.; Bahnemann, D.W. Environmental Applications of Semiconductor Photocatalysis. Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 69-96.
364. Khaselev, O.; Turner, J.A. A Monolithic Photovoltaic-Photoelectrochemical Device for Hydrogen Production via Water Splitting. Science 1998, 280, 425-427.
365. Joo, O.S.; Jung, K.D.; Jung, Y.S. CAMERE Process for Methanol Synthesis from CO2 Hydrogenation. In Carbon Dioxide Utilization for Global Sustainability; Park, S.E., Chang, J.S., Lee, K.W., Eds.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2004; Volume 153, pp. 67-72.
366. Ikeue, K.; Nozaki, S.; Ogawa, M.; Anpo, M. Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2 with H2O on Ti-Containing Porous Silica Thin-Film Photocatalysts. Catal. Lett. 2002, 80, 111-114.
367. Lackner, K.S. A Guide to CO2 Sequestration. Science 2003, 300, 1677-1678.
368. Gerdemann, S.J.; O'Connor, W.K.; Dahlin, D.C.; Penner, L.R.; Rush, H. Ex Situ Aqueous Mineral Carbonation. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007, 41, 2587-2593.
369. Khoo, H.H.; Sharratt, P.N.; Bu, J.; Yeo, T.Y.; Borgna, A.; Highfield, J.G.; Björklöf, T.G.; Zevenhoven, R. Carbon Capture and Mineralization in Singapore: Preliminary Environmental Impacts and Costs via LCA. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2011, 50, 11350-11357.
370. Zevenhoven, R.; Fagerlund, J.; Nduagu, E.; Romão, I.; Bu, J.; Highfield, J. Carbon Storage by Mineralisation (CSM): Serpentinite Rock Carbonation via Mg(OH)2 Reaction Intermediate without CO2 Pre-Separation [GHGT-11]. Energy Proced. 2013, 37, 5945-5954.
371. Sanna, A.; Uibu, M.; Caramanna, G.; Kuusik, R.; Maroto-Valer, M.M. A Review of Mineral Carbonation Technologies to Sequester CO2 Chem. Soc. Rev. 2014, 43, 8049-8080.