Biomarkers of selenium status

Nutrients

Volumn 7, Issue 4, 2015, Pages 2209-2236

  Combs, Gerald F ^a  

^a GRAND FORKS HUMAN NUTRITION RESEARCH CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Antitumorigenesis; Biomarker; Glutathione peroxidase; Methylselenol; Selenium; Selenoprotein; Selenoprotein P; Selenosugar; Status; Toxicity

Indexed keywords

ALBUMIN; CYANOCOBALAMIN; DIMETHYL SELENIDE; FOLIC ACID; GLUCOSE; GLUTATHIONE; GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE; GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE 1; GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE 3; GLUTATHIONE REDUCTASE; HEMOGLOBIN A1C; INSULIN; LIOTHYRONINE; MESSENGER RNA; PROTEIN P53; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; S ADENOSYLMETHIONINE; SELENIUM; SELENOMETHIONINE; SELENOPROTEIN; SELENOPROTEIN P; SELENOPROTEIN W; THIOREDOXIN; THIOREDOXIN REDUCTASE; THYROXINE; THYROXINE DEIODINASE; TRANSFER RNA; BIOLOGICAL MARKER;

ACUTE RESPIRATORY FAILURE; ARCHAEON; ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY; CANCER RISK; CARCINOGENESIS; DIGESTION; FOOD INTAKE; GENETIC VARIABILITY; GLYCEMIC CONTROL; HEART INFARCTION; HUMAN; HYPERGLYCEMIA; IMMUNOSURVEILLANCE; KIDNEY FAILURE; LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; MASS SPECTROMETRY; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCY; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; REVIEW; SELENOSIS; X RAY FLUORESCENCE; ANIMAL; BLOOD; DISEASE MODEL; NUTRITIONAL STATUS;

ANIMALIA;

ANIMALS; BIOMARKERS; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE; HUMANS; NUTRITIONAL STATUS; SELENIUM; SELENOPROTEINS;

EID: 84927939045     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20726643     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/nu7042209     Document Type: Review

References (147)

1. Painter, E.P. The chemistry and toxicity of selenium compounds, with special reference to the selenium problem. Chem. Rev. 1941, 28, 179-187.
2. Schwarz, K.; Foltz, C.M. Selenium as an integral part of factor 3 against dietary necrotic liver degeneration. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1957, 79, 3292-3293.
3. Schwarz, K.; Bieri, J.G.; Briggs, G.M.; Scott, M.L. Prevention of exudative diathesis in chicks by factor 3 and selenium. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1957, 95, 621-629.
4. Patterson, E.L.; Milstrey, R.; Stokstad, E.L.R. Effect of selenium in preventing exudative diathesis in chicks. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1957, 95, 617-625.
5. Ge, K.; Xue, A.; Bai, J.; Wang, S. Keshan Disease-An endemic cardiomyopathy in China. Virchow Arch. 1983, 410, 1-12.
6. Keshan Disease Research Group. Observations of the effect of sodium selenite in prevention of Keshan Disease. Chin. Med. J. 1979, 1, 75-82.
7. Combs, G.F., Jr.; Lu, J. Selenium as a cancer preventative agent, Chapter 22. In Selenium: Its Molecular Biology and Role in Human Health; Hatfield, D.L., Berry, M.J., Gladyshev, V.N., Eds.; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 2006; pp. 249-264.
8. Yan, L.;DeMars, L.C. Dietary supplementation with methylseleninic acid, but not selenomethionine, reduces spontaneous metastasis of Lewis lung carcinoma in mice. Int. J. Cancer 2012, 131, 1260-1266.
9. Yan, L.; Combs, G.F., Jr. Consumption of a high-fat diet abrogates inhibitory effects of methylseleninic acid on spontaneous metastasis of Lewis lung carcinoma in mice. Carcinogenesis 2014, 35, 2308-2313.
10. Yu, S.Y.; Zhu, Y.J.; Li, W.G. Protective role of selenium against hepatitis B virus and primary liver cancer in Qidong. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 1997, 56, 117-124.
11. Yu, S.Y.; Zhu, Y.J.; Huang, Q.S.; Wang, G.Z.; Zhang, Q.N. A preliminary report on the intervention trials of primary liver cancer in high-risk populations with nutritional supplementation of selenium in China. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 1991, 29, 289-294.
12. Taylor, P.R.; Li, B.; Dawsey, S.M.; Li, J.Y.; Yang, C.S.; Guo, W.; Blot, W.J. Prevention of esophageal cancer: The nutrition intervention trials in Linxian, China. Linxian Nutrition Intervention Trials Study Group. Cancer Res. 1994, 54, 2029s-2031s.
13. Blot, W.J.; Li, J.Y.; Taylor, P.R.; Guo, W.; Dawsey, S.M.; Li, B. The Linxian trials: Mortality rates by vitamin-mineral intervention group. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1995, 62, 1424S-1426S.
14. Blot, W.J.; Li, J.Y.; Taylor, P.R.; Guo, W.; Dawsey, A.; Wang, G.Q.; Yang, C.S.; Zheng, S.F.; Gail, M.; Li, G.Y.; et al. Nutrition intervention trials in Linxian, China: Supplementation with specific vitamin/mineral combinations, cancer incidence, and disease-specific mortality in the general population. J. Nat. Cancer Inst. 1993, 85, 1483-1492.
15. Clark, L.C.; Combs, G.F., Jr.; Turnbull, B.W.; Slate, E.H.; Chalker, D.K.; Chow, J.; Davis, L.S.; Glover, R.A.; Graham, G.F. Effects of selenium supplementation for cancer prevention in patients with carcinoma of the skin: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1996, 276, 1957-1963.
16. Lippman, S.M.; Klein, E.A.; Goodman, P.J.; Lucia, M.S.; Thompson, I.M.; Ford, L.G.; Parnes, H.L.; Minasian, L.M.; Gaziano, J.M.; Hartline, J.A.; et al. Effect of selenium and vitamin E on risk of prostate cancer and other cancers: The Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT). JAMA 2009, 301, 39-51.
17. Combs, G.F., Jr.; Clark, L.C.; Turnbull, B.W. An analysis of cancer prevention by selenium. BioFactors 2001, 14, 153-159.
18. Duffield-Lillico, A.J.; Dalkin, B.L.; Reid, M.E.; Turnbull, B.W.; Slate, E.H.; Marshall, J.R.; Clark, L.C. Selenium supplementation, baseline plasma selenium status and incidence of prostate cancer: An analysis of the complete treatment period of the Nutritional Prevention of Cancer Trial. Br. J. Urol. 2003, 91, 608-612.
19. Combs, G.F., Jr.; Combs, S. The Role of Selenium in Nutrition; Academic Press: New York, NY, USA, 1986, p. 525.
20. Ip, C.; Ganther, H.E. Activity of methylated forms of selenium in cancer prevention. Cancer Res. 1990, 50, 1206-1211.
21. Ip, C. Lessons from basic research in selenium and cancer prevention. J. Nutr. 1998, 128, 1845-1854.
22. Combs, G.F., Jr.; Combs, S. The Role of Selenium in Nutrition; Academic Press: New York, NY, USA, 1986; pp. 465-486.
23. Combs, G.F., Jr. Selenium in global food systems. Br. J. Nutr. 2001, 85, 517-547.
24. Hurst, R.; Collings, R.; Harvey, L.J.; King, M.; Hooper, L.; Bouwman, J.; Gurinovic, M.; Fairweather-Taite, S.J. EURRECA-Estimatign selenium requirements for deriving dietary reference values. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 2013, 53, 1077-1096.
25. Schubert, A.; Holden, J.; Wolf, W.R. Selenium content of a core group of foods based on a critical evaluation of published analytical data. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 1987, 87, 285-299.
26. Wolfram, A.S.; Arduser, F.; Sharrer, E. In vivo intestinal absorption of selenate and selenite by rats. J. Nutr. 1985, 115, 454-459.
27. Turner, J.C.; Osborn, P.J.; McVeagh, S.M. Studies on selenate and selenite absorption by sheep ileum using an everted sac method and an isolate, vascularly perfused system. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A Comp. Physiol. 1990, 95, 297-301.
28. Van Dael, P.; Davidsson, L.; Ziegler, E.E.; Laurent, B.F.; Barclay, D. Comparison of selenite and selenate apparent absorption and retention in infants using stable isotope methodology. Pediat. Res. 2002, 1, 71-75.
29. Wastney, M.E.; Combs, G.F., Jr.; Canfield, W.K.; Taylor, P.R.; Patterson, K.Y.; Hill, A.D.; Moler, J.E.; Patterson, B.H. A human model of selenium that integrates metabolism from selenite and selenomethionine. J. Nutr. 2011, 141, 708-717.
30. Thomson, C.D.; Robinson, M.F. Urinary and fecal excretions and absorption of a large supplement of selenium: Superiority of selenate over selenite. Am J. Clin. Nutr. 1986, 445, 659-663.
31. Thavarajah, D.; Vandenberg, A.; George, G.N.; Pickering, I.J. Chemical form of selenium in naturally selenium-rich lentils (Lens culinaris L.) from Saskatchewan. J. Agr. Food Chem. 2007, 55, 7337-7341.
32. Xia, Y.; Hill, K.E.; Byrne, D.W.; Xu, J.; Burk, R.F. Effectiveness of selenium supplements in a low-selenium area of China. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2005, 81, 829-834.
33. Duffield, A.J.; Thomson, C.D.; Hill, C.E.; Williams, S. An estimation of selenium requirements for New Zealanders. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1999, 70, 896-903.
34. Broome, C.S.; McArdle, F.; Kyle, J.A.; Andrews, F.; Lowe, N.M.; Hart, C.A.; Arthur, J.R.; Jackson, M.J. An increase in selenium intake improves immune function and poliovirus handling in adults with marginal selenium status. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2004, 80, 154-162.
35. Burk, R.F.; Norsworthy, B.K.; Hill, K.E.; Motley, A.K.; Byrne, D.W. Effects of chemical form of selenium on plasma biomarkers in a high-dose human supplementation trial. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. 2006, 15, 804-810.
36. Ravn-Haren, G.; Krath, B.N.; Overvad, K.; Cold, S.; Moesgaard, S.; Larsen, E.H.; Dragsted, L.O. Effect of long-term selenium yeast intervention on activity and gene expression of antioxidant and xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes in healthy volunteers from the Danish Prevention of Cancer by Intervention by Selenium (PRECISE) pilot study. Br. J. Nutr. 2008, 99, 1190-1198.
37. Wu, J.; Salisbury, C.; Graham, R.; Lyons, G.; Fenech, M. Increased consumption of wheat biofortified with selenium does not modify biomarkers of cancer risk, oxidative stress, or immune function in healthy Australian males. Environ. Molec. Mutagen. 2009, 50, 489-501.
38. Hurst, R.; Armah, C.N.; Daintry, J.R.; Hart, D.J.; Teucher, B.; Goldson, A.J.; Broadley, M.R.; Motley, A.K.; Fairweather-Tait, S.J. Establishing optimal selenium status: Results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2010, 91, 923-931.
39. Combs, G.F., Jr.; Jackson, M.; Watts, J.C.; Johnson, L.K.; Zeng, H.; Idso, J.; Schomburg, L.; Hoeg, A.; Chiang, E.; Waters, D.J.; et al. Differential responses to selenomethionine supplementation by sex and genotype in healthy adults. Br. J. Nutr. 2011, 107, 1514-1525.
40. Thomson, C.D.; Robinson, M.F.; Campbell, D.R.; Rea, H.M. Effect of prolonged supplementation with daily supplements of selenomethionine and sodium selenite on glutathione peroxidase activity in blood of New Zealand residents. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1982, 36, 24-31.
41. Levander, O.A.; Alfthan, G.; Arvilommi, H.; Gref, C.G.; Huttunen, J.K.; Kataja, M.; Koivistoinen, P.; Pikkarainen, J. Bioavailability of selenium to Finnish men as assessed by platelet glutathione peroxidase activity and other blood parameters. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1983, 37, 887-897.
42. Thomson, C.D.; Robinson, M.F.; Bulter, J.A.; Whanger, P.D. Loing-term supplementation with selenate and selenomethionine: Selenium and glutathione peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.9) in blood components of New Zealand women. Br. J. Nutr. 1993, 69, 577-588.
43. Robinson, M.F.; Thomson, C.D.; Jenkinson, C.P.; Luzhen, G.; Whanger, P.D. Long-term supplementation with selenate and selenomethionine: Urinary excretion by New Zealand women. Br. J. Nutr. 1997, 77, 551-563.
44. Alfthan, G.; Xu, G.L.; Tan, W.H.; Aro, A.; Wu, J.; Yang, Y.X.; Liang, W.S.; Xue, W.L.; Kong, L.H. Selenium supplementation of children in a selenium-deficient area in China: Blood selenium levels and glutathione peroxidase activities. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 2000, 73, 113-125.
45. Burk, R.F.; Hill, K.E. Selenoprotein P-Expression, functions and roles in mammals. Biochem. Biophys. Acta 2009, 1790, 1441-1447.
46. Pedrosa, L.F.C.; Motley, A.K.; Stevenson, T.D.; Hill, K.E.; Burk, R.F. Fecal selenium excretion is regulated by dietary selenium intake 1. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 2012, 149, 377-381.
47. Gammelgaard, B.; Madsen, K.B.; Bjerrum, J.; Bendahl, L.; Jøns, O.; Olsen, J.; Sidenius, U. Separation, purification and identification of the major selenium metabolite from human urine by multi-dimensional HPLC-ICP-MS and APCI-MS. J. Anal. Atom. Spectrom. 2003, 1, 65-70.
48. Ogra, Y.; Ishiwata, K.; Takayama, H.; Aimi, N.; Suzuki, K.T. Identification of a novel selenium metabolite, Se-methyl-N-acetylselenohexosamine, in rat urine by high-performance liquid chromatography-Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and-Electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci. 2002, 767, 301-312.
49. Kobayashi, Y.; Ogra, Y.; Ishiwata, K.; Takayama, H.; Aimi, N.; Suzuki, T. Selenosugars are key and urinary metabolites for selenium excretion with the required to low-toxic range. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 2002, 99, 15932-15936.
50. Combs, G.F., Jr.; Watts, J.C.; Jackson, M.; Johnson, L.K.; Zeng, H.; Scheet, A.J.; Uthus, E.J.; Schomburg, L.; Hoeg, A.; Hoefig, C.A.; et al. Determinants of selenium status in healthy adults. Nutr. J. 2011, 10, 75-82.
51. Jackson, M.I.; Lunoe, K.; Gabel-Jensen, C.; Gammelgaard, B.; Combs, G.F., Jr. Metabolism of selenite to selenosugar and trimethylselenonium in vivo: Tissue dependency and requirement for S-adenosylmethioine-dependent methylation. J. Nutr. Biochem. 2013, 24, 2023-2030.
52. Stoeder, M.; Renko, K.; Hög, A.; Schomburg, L. Selenium controls the sex-specific immune response and selenoprotein expression during the acute-phase response in mice. Biochem. J. 2010, 429, 43-51.
53. Combs, G.F., Jr.; Hyun, T.; Gray, W.P. Nonprotein bound selenium in plasma: Relevance in assessing selenium status. In Metal Ions in Biology and Medicine; Centeno, J., Collery, P., Vernet, G., Finkelman, R., Gibb, H., Eteinne, J., Eds.; John Libbey Eurotext: Paris, France, 2000; Volume 6, pp. 237-240.
54. Yang, G.; Zhou, R.; Yin, S.; Gu, L.; Yan, B.; Liu, Y.; Li, X. Studies of safe maximal daily dietary selenium intake in a seleniferous area in China. I. Selenium intake and tissue selenium levels of the inhabitants. J. Trace Elem. Electrolytes Health Dis. 1989, 3, 77-87.
55. Longnecker, M.P.; Stram, D.O.; Taylor, P.R.; Levander, O.A.; Howe, M.; Veillon, C.; McAdam, P.A.; Patterson, K.Y.; Holden, J.M.; Morris, J.S.; et al. Use of selenium concentration in whole blood, serum, toenails, or urine as a surrogate of selenium intake. Epidemiology 1996, 7, 384-390.
56. Combs, G.F., Jr.; Combs, S.B. The Role of Selenium in Nutrition; Academic Press: Boca Raton, Florida, 1986; pp. 145-148, 196-199.
57. Clausen, J.; Nielsen, S.A. Comparison of whole blood selenium values and erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase activities of normal individuals on supplementation with selenite, selenite, L-selenomethionine, and high selenium yeast. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 1998, 15, 125-138.
58. Czuban, M.; Blasig, S.; Schomburg, L. Analysis of selenium status from dried blood spots by total-reflection X-ray fluorescence analysis. Perspect. Sci. 2014. Available online: http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/j.pisc.2014.11.021 (accessed on 15 March 2015).
59. Carlson, B.A.; Xu, X.M.; Shrimali, R.; Sengupta, A.; Yoo, M.H.; Irons, R.; Zhong, N.; Hatfield, D.L.; Lee, B.J.; Lobanov, A.V.; et al. Mammallian and othe eurkaryotic selenocysteine tRNAs, Chapter 3. In Selenium: Its Molecular Biology and Role in Human Health; Hatfield, D.L., Berry, M.J., Gladyshev, V.N., Eds.; Springer Science+Business Media: New York, NY, USA, 2006; pp. 29-38.
60. Yang, J.G.; Morrison-Plummer, J.; Burk, R.F. Purification and quantitation of a rat plasma selenoprotein distinct from glutathione peroxidase using monoclonal antibodies. J. Biol. Chem. 1987, 262, 13372-13375.
61. Hollenbach, B.; Morgenthaler, N.G.; Struck, J.; Alonso, C.; Bergmann, A.; Köhrle, J.; Schomburg, L. New assay for the measurement of selenoprotein P as a sepsis biomarker from serum. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol. 2008, 22, 24-32.
62. Tanaka, M.; Saito, Y.; Misu, H.; Kato, S.; Kita, Y.; Takeshita, Y.; Kanamori, T.; Nagano, T.; Nakagen, M.; Urabe, T.; et al. Development of a Sol particle homogeneous immunoassay for measuring full-length selenoprotein P in human serum. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 2014, doi:10.1002/jcla.21824.
63. Lawrence, R.A.; Burk, R.F. Glutathione peroxidase activity in selenium-deficient rat liver. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1976, 71, 952-958.
64. Broderick, D.J.; Deagen, J.T.; Whanger, P.D. Properties of glutathione peroxidase isolated from human plasma. J. Inorg. Biochem. 1987, 30, 299-308.
65. Reeves, P.G.; Gregoire, B.R.; Garvin, D.F.; Hareland, G.A.; Lindlauf, J.E.; Johnson, L.K.; Finley, J.F. Determination of selenium bioavailability from wheat mill fractions in rats by using the slope-ratio assay and a modified Torula yeast-based diet. J. Agri. Food Chem. 2007, 55, 516-522.
66. Lloyd, B.; Lloyd, R.S.; Clayton, B.E. Effect of smoking, alcohol and other factors on the selenium status of a healthy population. J. Epidemiol. Commun. Health 1983, 37, 213-217.
67. Mathias, P.M.; Jackson, A.A. Selenium deficiency in kwashiorkor. Lancet 1982, 1, 1312-1313.
68. Maehira, F.; Luyo, G.A.; Miyagi, I.; Oshiro, M.; Yamane, N.; Kuba, M.; Nakazato, Y. Alterations of serum selenium concentrations in the acute phase of pathological conditions. Clin. Chim. Acta 2002, 316, 137-146.
69. Huang, Z.; Rose, A.H.; Hoffmann, P.R. The role of selenium in inflammation and immunity: From molecular mechanisms to therapeutic opportunities. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 2012, 16, 705-743.
70. Hargreaves, M.K.; Liu, J.; Buchowski, M.S.; Patel, K.A.; Larason, C.O.; Schlundt, D.G.; Kenerson, D.M.; Hill, K.E.; Burk, R.F.; Blot, W.J. Plasma selenium biomarkers in low income black and white Americans from the southeastern United States. PLoS ONE 2014, 9, 1-9.
71. U.S. Department of Agriculture; Agricultural Research Service. USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 27. Nutrient Data Laboratory Home Page, 2014. Available online: http:www.ars.usda.gov/ba/bhnrc/ndl (accessed on 15 March 2015).
72. O'Callaghan, N.; Bull, C.; Palmer, L.; Lyons, G.; Graham, R.; Fenech, M. Buccal cells: Anon-invasive measurement of selenium, zinc and magnesium status, and telomere length. Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr. 2008, 17, S19.
73. Kryukov, G.V.; Castellano, S.; Novoselov, S.V.; Lobanov, A.V.; Zehtab, O.; Guigo, R.; Gladyshev, V.N. Characterization of mammalian selenoproteins. Science 2013, 300, 1439-1443.
74. Hawkes, W.C.; Alkan, Z. Regulation of redox signaling by selenoproteins. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 2010, 134, 235-251.
75. Flohé, L.; Brigelius-Flohé, R. Selenoproteins of the glutathione system, Chapter 15. In Selenium: Its Molecular Biology and Role in Human Health; Hatfield, D.L., Berry, M.J., Gladyshev, V.N., Eds.; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 2006; pp. 161-172.
76. Tamura, T.; Stadtman, T.C. A new selenoprotein from human lung adenocarcinoma cells: Purification, properties and thioredoxin reductase activity. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 1996, 93, 1006-1011.
77. Köhrle, J. Selenium and the thyroid. Curr. Opin. Endocrinol. Diabetes Obes. 2013, 20, 441-448.
78. Sunde, R.A. Molecular biology of selenoproteins. Ann. Rev. Nutr. 1990, 10, 451-474.
79. Sunde, R.A.; Raines, A.M. Selenium regulation of the selenoprotein and nonselenoprotein transcriptomes in rodents. Adv Nutr. 2011, 2, 138-150.
80. Yang, J.G.; Hill, K.E.; Burk, R.F. Dietary selenium intake controls rat plasma selenoprotein P concentration. J. Nutr. 1989, 119, 1010-1012.
81. Hawkes, W.C.; Wang, T.T.Y.; Alkan, Z.; Richter, B.D.; Dawson, K. Selenoprotein W modulates control of cell cycle entry. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 2009, 131, 229-244.
82. Rotruck, J.T.; Pope, A.L.; Ganther, H.E.; Swanson, A.B.; Hafeman, D.G.; Hoekstra, W.G. Selenium: Biochemical role as a component of glutathione peroxidase. Science 1973, 179, 588-590.
83. Steinbrenner, H.; Alili, L.; Stuhlmann, D.; Sies, H.; Brenneisen, P. Post-translational processing of selenoprotein P: Implications of glycosylation for its utilisation by target cells. Biol. Chem. 2007, 388, 1043-1051.
84. Méplan, C.; Nicol, F.; Burtle, B.; Crosley, L.; Arthur, J.; Mathers, J.; Hesketh, J. Relative abundance of selenoprotein P isoforms in human plasma depends on genotype, Se intake, and cancer status. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 2009, 11, 2631-2640.
85. Chittum, H.S.; Himeno, S.; Hill., K.E.; Burk, R.F. Multiple forms of selenoprotein P in rat plasma. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1996, 325, 124-128.
86. Hill, K.E.; Lloyd, R.S.; Burk, R.F. Conserved nucleotide sequences in the open reading frame and 3' untranslated region of selenoprotein P mRNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1993, 90, 537-541.
87. Saito, Y.; Sato, N.; Hirashima, M.; Takebe, G.; Nagasawa, S.; Takahshi, K. Domain structure of bifunctional seleoprotein P. Biochem. J. 2014, 381, 841-846.
88. Yang, G.Q.; Zhu, L.Z.; Liu, S.J.; Gu, L.Z.; Qian, P.C.; Huang, J.H.; Lu, M.D. Human selenium requirements in China. In Selenium in Biology and Medicine; Combs, G.F., Jr., Levander, O.A., Spallholz, J.E., Oldfield, J.E., Eds.; AVI Publishing Co.: Eastport, CO, USA, 1987; pp. 589-607.
89. Xia, Y.; Hill, K.E.; Burk, R.F. Biochemical studies of a selenium-deficient population in China: Measurement of selenium, glutathione peroxidase and other oxidant defense indices in blood. J. Nutr. 1989, 119, 1318-1326.
90. Xia, Y.; Hill, K.E.; Li, P.; Xu, J.; Zhou, D.; Motley, A.K.; Wang, L.; Byrne, D.W.; Burk, R.F. Optimization of selenoprotein P and other plasma selenium biomarkers for the assessment of the selenium nutritional requirement: A placebo-controlled, double-blind study of selenomethionine supplementation in selenium-deficient Chinese subjects. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2010, 92, 525-531.
91. Hill, K.E.; Xia, Y.; Akesson, B.; Boeglin, M.E.; Burk, R. Selenoprotein P concentration in plasma as an index of selenium status in selenium-deficient and selenium-supplemented Chinese subjects. J. Nutr. 1996, 126, 138-145.
92. Nève, J. Human selenium supplementation as assessed by changes in plasma selenium concentration and glutathione peroxidase activity. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol. 1995, 9, 65-73.
93. Meplan, C.; Crosley, L.K.; Nicol, F.; Beckett, G.J.; Howie, A.F.; Kill, K.E.; Horgan, G.; Mathers, J.C.; Arthur, J.R.; Hesketh, J.E. Genetic polymorphisms in the human selenoprotein P gene determine the response of selenoprotein biomarkers to selenium supplementation in a gende3r-specific manner (the SELGEN study). FASEB J. 2007, 21, 3063-3074.
94. Dreher, I.; Jakobs, T.C.; Korhle, J. Cloning and characterization of the human selenoprotein P promoter. Response of selenoprotein P expression to cytokines in liver cells. J. Biol. Chem. 1997, 272, 29364-29371.
95. Speckmann, B.; Walter, P.L.; Alili, L.; Reinehr, R.; Sies, H.; Klotz, L.O.; Steinbrenner, H. Selenoprotein P expression is controlled through interaction of the coactivator PGC-1alpha with FoxO1a and hepatocyte nuclear factor 4alpha transcription factors. Hepatology 2008, 48, 1998-2006.
96. Speckmann, B.; Sies, H.; Steinbrenner, H. Attenuation of hepatic expression and secretion of selenoprotein P by metformin. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2009, 387, 158-163.
97. Vanderpas, J.; Contempré, B.; Duale, N.L.; Goossens, W.; Bebe, N.; Thorpe, R.; Ntambue, K.; Dumont, J.; Thilly, C.H.; Diplock, A.T. Iodine and selenium deficiency associated with cretinism in Northern Zaire. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1990, 52, 1087-1093.
98. Vanderpas, J.; Contempre, B.; Duale, M.; Deckx, H.; Beebe, N.; Longombe, A.O.; Thilly, C.H.; Diplock, A.T.; Dumont, J.E. Selenium deficiency mitigates hypothyroxinemia in iodine-deficient subjects. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1993, 57, 271S-275S.
99. Ratnasinghe, D.; Tangrea, J.A.; Andersen, M.R.; Barrett, M.J.; Virtamo, J.; Taylor, P.R.; Albanes, D. Glutathione peroxidase codon 198 polymorphism variant increases lung cancer risk. Cancer Res. 2000, 60, 6381-6383.
100. Hu, Y.J.; Diamond, A.M. Role of glutathione peroxidase 1 in breast cancer: Loss of heterozygosity and allelic differences in the response to selenium. Cancer Res. 2003, 63, 3347-3351.
101. Kasaikina, M.V.; Kravtsova, M.A.; Lee, B.C.; Seravalli, J.; Peterson, D.A.; Walter, J.; Legge, R.; Benson, A.K.; Hatfield, D.L.; Gladyshev, V.N. Dietary selenium affects host proteome expression by influencing the gut microbiota. FASEB J. 2011, 25, 2492-2499.
102. Krittapol, W.; McDowell, A.; Thomson, C.D.; Mikov, M.; Fawcett, J.P. Biotranformation of L-selenomethionine and selenite in rat gut contents. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 2011, 139, 188-196.
103. Taussig, D.; Combs, G.F., Jr. USDA-ARS, ND, USA. Unpublished work, 2015.
104. Kryukov, G.V.; Gladyshev, V.N. The prokaryotic selenoproteome. EMBO Rep. 2004, 5, 538-543.
105. Foster, C.B. Selenoproteins and the metabolic features of the archaeal ancestor of eukaryotes. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2005, 22, 383-386.
106. Zhang, Y.; Romero, H.; Salinas, G.; Gladyshev, V.N. Dynamic evolution of selenocysteine utilization in bacteria: A balance between selenoprotein loss and evolution of selenocysteine from redox active cysteine residues. Genome Biol. 2006, 7, R94.
107. Stock, T.; Selzer, M.; Rother, M. In vivo requirement of selenophosphate for selenoprotein synthesis in archaea. Mol. Microbiol. 2010, 75, 149-160.
108. Stock, T.; Rother, M. Selenoproteins in Archaea and Gram-positive bacteria. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2009, 1790, 1520-1532.
109. Kim, J.; Combs, G.F., Jr. Effects of selenium on colonic fermentation in the rat. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 1997, 55, 203-214.
110. Kim, J.; Combs G.F., Jr. Studies on the effects of selenium on rumen microbial fermentation in vitro. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 1997, 55, 215-224.
111. Combs, G.F., Jr.; Gray, W.P. Chemopreventive agents: Selenium. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1998, 79, 179-196.
112. Hawkes, W.C.; Printsev, I.; Alkan, Z. Selenoprotein W depletion induces a p53- and -21-dependenet delay in cell cycle progression in RWPE-1 prostate epithelial cells. J. Cell. Biol. 2013, 113, 61-69.
113. Ip, C.; Hayes, C.; Budnick, R.M.; Ganther, H.E. Chemical form of selenium, critical metabolites, and cancer prevention. Cancer Res. 1991, 51, 595-600.
114. Suzuki, K.T.; Kuraski, K.; Suzuki, N. Selenocysteine β-lyase and methylselenol demthylase in the metabolism of Se-methylated selenocompounds into selenide. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2007, 1770, 1053-1061.
115. Zeng, H.; Cheng, W.H.; Johnson, L.K. Methylselenol, a selenium metabolite, modulates p53 pathway and inhibits the growth of colon cancer xenografts in Balb/c mice. J. Nutr. Biochem. 2013, 24, 776-780.
116. Hagemann-Jensen, M.; Uhlenbrock, F.; Kehlet, S.; Andresen, L.; Gabel-Jensen, C.; Ellgaard, L.; Gammelgaard, B.; Skov, S. The selenium metabolite methylselenol regulates the expression of ligands that trigger immune activation through the lymphocyte receptor NKG2D. J. Biol. Chem. 2014, 289, 31576-31590.
117. Li, G.X.; Lee, H.J.; Wang, Z.; Hu, H.; Liao, J.D.; Watts, J.C.; Combs, G.F.; Lu, J. Superior in vivo inhibitory efficacy of methylseleninic acid against human prostate cancer over selenomethionine or selenite. Carcinogenesis 2008, 29, 1005-1012.
118. Jackson, M.I.; Combs, G.F., Jr. Selenium and anticarcinogenesis: Underlying mechanisms. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr Metab. Care 2008, 11, 718-726.
119. Food and Nutrition Board. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium and Carotenoids; National Academy Press: Washington, DC, USA, 2000; pp. 311-316.
120. Skornjakova, L.V. Al Buchanov and MI Salechov, On the acute manifestations of selenium poisoning. Gig. Truda I. Prof. Sabol. 1969, 11, 45-53.
121. Buchan, R.F. Industrial selenosis. Occup. Med. 1947, 11, 45-53.
122. Carter, F.R. Acute selenium poisoning. Med J. Austral. 1966, 1, 525-533.
123. Franke, K.W.; Moxon, A.L. A comparison of the minimum fatal doses of selenium oxychloride. US Pub. Health Rep. 1938, 53, 94-102.
124. Jiang, S.; Robberecht, H.; van den Berghe, D. Elimination of selenium compounds by mice through formation of different volatile selenides. Experientia 1983, 39, 293-294.
125. Tiwary, A.K.; Painter, K.E.; Stegelmeier, B.L.; James, L.F.; Hall, J.O. Evaluation of the respiratory elimination kinetics of selenium after oral administration in sheep. Am. J. Vet. Res. 2005, 66, 2142-2148.
126. Tandon, S.K.; Magos, L.; Webb, M. The stimulation and inhibition of the exhalation of volatile selenium. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1986, 35, 2763-2766.
127. Yonemoto, J.; Webb, M.; Magos, L. Methylmercury status stimulates the exhalation of volative selenium and potentiates the toxicity of selenite. Toxicol. Lett. 1985, 24, 7-14.
128. Magos, L.; Tandon, S.K.; Webb, M.; Snowden, R. The effects of treatment with selenite before and after the administration of [75Se] on the exhalation of [75Se] dimethylselenide. Toxicol. Lett. 1987, 36, 167-172.
129. Vandhanavikit, S.; Kraus, R.J.; Ganther, H.G. Metabolism of selenocyanate in the rat. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1987, 258, 1-6.
130. Chen, C.L.; Whanger, P.D. Effect of vitamin B12 status on selenium methylation and toxicity in rats: In vivo and in vitro studies. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1993, 118, 65-72.
131. Ohta, Y.; Koyabashi, Y.; Konishi, S.; Hirano, S. Speciation analysis of selenium metabolites in urine and breath by HPLC- and GC-inductively coupled plasma-MS after adminstratin of selenomethionine and methylselenocysteine to rats. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 2009, 22, 1795-1801.
132. Kremer, D.; Ilgen, G.; Feldmann, J. GC-ICP-MS determination of dimethylselenide in human breath after ingestion of 77-Se-enriched selenite: Monitoring of in vitro methylation of selenium. Ann. Bioanal. Chem. 2005, 383, 509-515.
133. Yang, G.Q.; Wang, S.Z.; Zhou, R.H.; Sun, S.Z. Endemic selenium intoxication of humans in China. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1983, 37, 872-881
134. Yang, G.; Yin, S.; Zhou, R.; Gu, L.; Yan, B.; Liu, Y.; Liu, Y. Studies of safe maximal daily dietary Se-intake in a seleniferous area in China. Part II: Relation between Se-intake and the manifestation of clinical signs and certain biochemical alterations in blood and urine. J. Trace Elem. Electrolytes Health Dis. 1989, 3, 123-130.
135. Poirier, K.A. Summary of the derivation of the reference dose for selenium. In Risk Assessment of Essential Elements; Mertz, W., Abernathy, C.O., Olin, S.S., Eds.; ILSI Press: Washington, DC, USA, 1994; pp. 157-166.
136. Bleys, J.; Navas-Acien, A.; Guallar, E. Serum selenium and diabetes in U.S. adults. Diabetes Care 2007, 30, 829-834.
137. Stranges, S.; Marshall, J.R.; Natarajan, R.; Donahue, R.P.; Trevisan, M.; Combs, G.F.; Cappuccio, F.P.; Ceriello, A.; Reid, M.E. Effects of long-term selenium supplementation on the incidence of type 2 diabetes: A randomized trial. Ann. Intern. Med. 2007, 147, 217-223.
138. Rayman, M.R.; Stranges, S. Epidemiology of selenium and type 2 diabetes: Can we make sense of it? Free Rad. Biol. Med. 2013, 65, 1557-1564.
139. Algotar, A.M.; Stratton, M.S.; Stratton, S.P.; Hsu, C.H.; Ahmann, F.R. No effect of selenium supplementation on serum glucose levels in men with prostate cancer. Am. J. Med. 2010, 123, 765-768.
140. Alizadeh, M.; Safaeiyan, A.; Ostradrhimi, A.; Estakhri, R.; Daneghian, S.; Ghaffari, A.; Gargari, B.P. Effect of L-arginine and selenium added to a hypocaloric diet enriched with legumes on cardiovascular disease risk factors in women with central obesity: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann. Nutr. Metab. 2012, 60, 157-168.
141. Zeng, M.S.; Li, X.; Kiu, Y.; Zhao, H.; Zhou, J.C.; Li, K.; Huang, J.Q.; Sun, L.H.; Tang, J.Y.; Xia, X.J.; et al. A high-selenium diet induced insulin resistance in gestating rats and their offspring. Free Rad. Biol. Med. 2012, 52, 1335-1342.
142. Liu, Y.; Zhao, H.; Zhang, Q.; Tang, J.; Xia, X.J.; Wang, K.N.; Li, K.; Lei, X.G. Prolonged dietary selenium deficiency or excess does not globally affect selenoprotein gene expression and/or protein production in various tissues of pigs. J. Nutr. 2012, 142, 1410-1416.
143. Mueller, A.S.; Pallauf, J.; Rafael, J. The chemical form of selenium affects insulinomimetic properties of the trace element: Investigations of type II diabetic dbdb mice. J. Nutr. Biochem. 2003, 14, 637-647.
144. Wang, X.; Zhang, W.; Chen, H.; Liao, N.; Wang, Z.; Zhang, X.; Hai, C. High selenium impairs hepatic insulin sensitivity through opposite regulation of ROS. Toxicol. Letts. 2014, 224, 16-23.
145. Labunskyy, V.M.; Lee, B.C.; Handy, D.E.; Loscalzo, J.; Hatfield, D.L.; Gladyshev, V.N. Both maximal expression of selenoproteins and selenium deficiency can promote development of type-2 diabetes-like phenotype in mice. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 2011, 14, 2327-2336.
146. McClung, J.P.; Roneker, C.A.; Mu, W.; Lisk, D.J.; Langlais, P.; Liu, F.; Lei, X.G. Development of insulin resistance and obesity in mice overexpressing cellular glutathione peroxidase. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 2004, 101, 8852-8857.
147. Steinbrenner, H. Interference of selenium and selenoproteins with the insulin-regulated carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Free Rad. Biol. Med. 2013, 65, 1538-1547.