Predictability of tropical intraseasonal variability

Predictability of Weather and Climate

Volumn 9780521848824, Issue , 2006, Pages 275-305

  Waliser, Duane E ^a  

^a CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE; CLIMATOLOGY; OCEANOGRAPHY; SURFACE WATERS; TROPICS;

INTERANNUAL FORECASTING; NUMERICAL WEATHER FORECASTING; SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE ANOMALIES; SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; THEORETICAL LIMITS; TROPICAL INTRASEASONAL VARIABILITY; TROPICAL PACIFIC OCEAN; WEATHER FORECAST MODELS;

WEATHER FORECASTING;

EID: 84926968677     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511617652.012     Document Type: Chapter

References (129)

1. Annamalai, H., J. M. Slingo, K. R. Sperber and K. Hodges (1999). The mean evolution and variability of the Asian summer monsoon: Comparison of ECMWF and NCEPNCAR reanalyses. Mon. Weather Rev., 127, 1157-86.
2. Baldwin, M. P., D. B. Stephenson, D. W. J. Thompson, et al.(2003). Stratospheric memory and skill of extended-range weather forecasts. Science, 301, 636-40.
3. Barlow, M., M. Wheeler, B. Lyon and H. Cullen (2005). Modulation of daily precipitation over Southwest Asia by the Madden-Julian Oscillation. Mon. Weather Rev., 133, in press.
4. Barnston, A. G., M. H. Glantz and Y. X. He (1999). Predictive skill of statistical and dynamical climate models in SST forecasts during the 1997-98 El Niño episode and the 1998 La Niña onset. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 80, 217-43.
5. Berbery, E. H. and J. Noguespaegle (1993). Intraseasonal interactions between the tropics and extratropics in the Southern-Hemisphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 1950-65.
6. Bond, N. A. and G. A. Vecchi (2003). The influence of the Madden-Julian oscillation on precipitation in Oregon and Washington. Weather Forecast., 18, 600-13.
7. Cai, M., E. Kalnay and Z. Toth (2003). Bred vectors of the Zebiak-Cane model and their potential application to ENSO predictions. J. Climate, 16, 40-56.
8. Cane, M. A., S. E. Zebiak and S. C. Dolan (1986). Experimental forecasts of El-Niño. Nature, 321, 827-32.
9. Chang, C.-P. (2004). East Asian Monsoon. World Scientific.
10. Chen, S. S., R. A. Houze and B. E. Mapes (1996). Multiscale variability of deep convection in relation to large-scale circulation in TOGA COARE. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 1380-409.
11. Chen, T. C. and J. C. Alpert (1990). Systematic-errors in the annual and intraseasonal variations of the planetary-scale divergent circulation in NMC medium-range forecasts. Mon. Weather Rev., 118, 2607-23.
12. ECMWF (2004). ECMWF/CLIVAR Workshop on Simulation and Prediction of Intra-Seasonal Variability with Emphasis on the MJO, 3-6 November 2003. ECMWF, Reading, UK.
13. Ferranti, L., T. N. Palmer, F. Molteni and K. Klinker (1990). Tropical-extratropical interaction associated with the 30-60-day oscillation and its impact on medium and extended range prediction. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 2177-99.
14. Ferranti, L., J. M. Slingo, T. N. Palmer and B. J. Hoskins (1997). Relations between interannual and intraseasonal monsoon variability as diagnosed from AMIP integrations. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 123, 1323-57.
15. Fu, X. H. and B. Wang (2004). Differences of boreal summer intraseasonal oscillations simulated in an atmosphere-ocean coupled model and an atmosphere-only model. J. Climate, 17, 1263-71.
16. Fu, X., B. Wang, T. Li and J. McCreary (2003). Coupling between northward-propagating boreal summer ISO and Indian Ocean SST: revealed in an atmosphere-ocean coupled model. J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 1733-53.
17. Gadgil, S. (2003). The Indian monsoon and its variability. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 31, 429-67.
18. Gill, A. E. (1980). Some simple solutions for heat-induced tropical circulation. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 106, 447-62.
19. Goswami, B. N. (2005). South Asian Summer Monsoon. In Intraseasonal Variability of the Atmosphere-Ocean Climate System, ed. W. K. M. Lau and D. E. Waliser. Springer.
20. Goswami, B. N. and P. Xavier (2003). Potential predictability and extended range prediction of Indian summer monsoon breaks. Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1966, doi:10.1029/2003GL017,810.
21. Goswami, B. N., R. S. Ajayamohan, P. K. Xavier and D. Sengupta (2003). Clustering of synoptic activity by Indian summer monsoon intraseasonal oscillations. Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, art. no. 1431.
22. Graham, N. E. and T. P. Barnett (1995). Enso and Enso-related predictability. 2: Northern-Hemisphere 700-Mb height predictions based on a hybrid coupled Enso model. J. Climate, 8, 544-9.
23. Gualdi, S., A. Navarra and G. Tinarelli (1999). The interannual variability of the Madden-Julian Oscillation in an ensemble of GCM simulations. Clim. Dynam., 15, 643-58.
24. Hendon, H. H. (2000). Impact of air-sea coupling on the Madden-Julian oscillation in a general circulation model. J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 3939-52.
25. Hendon, H. H. and M. L. Salby (1994). The life-cycle of the Madden-Julian Oscillation. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 2225-37.
26. Hendon, H. H., C. D. Zhang and J. D. Glick (1999). Interannual variation of the Madden-Julian oscillation during austral summer. J. Climate, 12, 2538-50.
27. Hendon, H. H., B. Liebmann, M. Newman, J. D. Glick and J. E. Schemm (2000). Medium-range forecast errors associated with active episodes of the Madden-Julian oscillation. Mon. Weather Rev., 128, 69-86.
28. Higgins, R. W., J. K. E. Schemm, W. Shi and A. Leetmaa (2000). Extreme precipitation events in the western United States related to tropical forcing. J. Climate, 13, 793-820.
29. Hsu, H. H. (2005). East Asian monsoon. In Intraseasonal Variability of the Atmosphere-Ocean Climate System, ed. W. K. M. Lau and D. E. Waliser. Springer.
30. Inness, P. M., J. M. Slingo, E. Guilyardi and J. Cole (2003). Simulation of the Madden-Julian oscillation in a coupled general circulation model. II: The role of the basic state. J. Climate, 16, 365-82.
31. Jiang, X. N., T. Li and B. Wang (2004). Structures and mechanisms of the northward propagating boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation. J. Climate, 17, 1022-39.
32. Jones, C. (2000). Occurrence of extreme precipitation events in California and relationships with the Madden-Julian oscillation. J. Climate, 13, 3576-87.
33. Jones, C., D. E. Waliser, J. K. E. Schemm and W. K. M. Lau (2000). Prediction skill of the Madden and Julian Oscillation in dynamical extended range forecasts. Clim. Dynam., 16, 273-89.
34. Jones, C., D. E. Waliser, K. M. Lau and W. Stern (2004a). The Madden-Julian oscillation and its impact on Northern Hemisphere weather predictability. Mon. Weather Rev., 132, 1462-71.
35. Jones, C., L. M. V. Carvalho, R. W. Higgins, D. E. Waliser and J.-K. E. Schemm (2004b). Climatology of tropical intraseasonal convective anomalies: 1979-2002. J. Climate, 17, 523-39.
36. Jones, C., L. M. V. Carvalho, R. W. Higgins, D. E. Waliser and J.-K. E. Schemm (2004c). A statistical forecast model of tropical intraseasonal convective anomalies. J. Climate, 17, 2078-95.
37. Kalnay, E., R. Balgovind, W. Chao, et al.(1983). Documentation of the GLAS Fourth Order General Circulation Model, Volume 1. NASA Tech. Memo. No. 86064. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD.
38. Kalnay, E., M. Kanamitsu, R. Kistler, et al.(1996). The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 77, 437-71.
39. Kemball-Cook, S and B. Wang (2001). Equatorial waves and air-sea interaction in the Boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation. J. Climate, 14, 2923-42.
40. Kemball-Cook, S, B. Wang and X. H. Fu (2002). Simulation of the intraseasonal oscillation in the ECHAM-4 model: the impact of coupling with an ocean model. J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 1433-53.
41. Kessler, W. (2005). The oceans. In Intraseasonal Variability of the Atmosphere-Ocean Climate System, ed. W. K. M. Lau and D. E. Waliser. Springer.
42. Kessler, W. S. (2001). EOF representations of the Madden-Julian oscillation and its connection with ENSO. J. Climate, 14, 3055-61.
43. Kessler, W. S. and R. Kleeman (2000). Rectification of the Madden-Julian oscillation into the ENSO cycle. J. Climate, 13, 3560-75.
44. Kirtman, B. P., J. Shukla, B. H. Huang, Z. X. Zhu and E. K. Schneider (1997). Multiseasonal predictions with a coupled tropical ocean-global atmosphere system. Mon. Weather Rev., 125, 789-808.
45. Kirtman, B. P., D. A. Paolino, J. L. Kinter and D. M. Straus (2001). Impact of tropical subseasonal SST variability on seasonal mean climate simulations. Mon. Weather Rev., 129, 853-68.
46. Koster, R., M. J. Suarez, P. Liu, et al.(2004). Realistic initialization of land surface states: impacts on subseasonal forecast skill. J. Hydrometeorol., 5, 1049-63.
47. Krishnamurti, T. N., M. Subramaniam, D. K. Oosterhof and G. Daughenbaugh (1990). Predictability of low-frequency modes. Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 44, 63-83.
48. Krishnamurti, T. N., M. Subramaniam, G. Daughenbaugh, D. Oosterhof and J. H. Xue (1992). One-month forecasts of wet and dry spells of the monsoon. Mon. Weather Rev., 120, 1191-223.
49. Krishnamurti, T. N., S. O. Han and V. Misra (1995). Prediction of the dry and wet spell of the Australian monsoon. Int. J. Climatol., 15, 753-71.
50. Lau, K. M. and P. H. Chan (1986). Aspects of the 40-50 day oscillation during the northern summer as inferred from outgoing longwave radiation. Mon. Weather Rev., 114, 1354-67.
51. Lau, K. M. and F. C. Chang (1992). Tropical intraseasonal oscillation and its prediction by the NMC operational model. J. Climate, 5, 1365-78.
52. Lau, K. M. and T. J. Phillips (1986). Coherent fluctuations of extratropical geopotential height and tropical convection in intraseasonal timescales. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 1164-81.
53. Lau, W. K. M. and D. E. Waliser (eds.) (2005). Intraseasonal Variability of the Atmosphere-Ocean Climate System. Springer.
54. Lau, K. M., T. Nakazawa and C. H. Sui (1991). Observations of cloud cluster hierarchies over the tropical Western Pacific. J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 96, 3197-208.
55. Lawrence, D. M. and P. J. Webster (2001). Interannual variations of the intraseasonal oscillation in the south Asian summer monsoon region. J. Climate, 14, 2910-22.
56. Lawrence, D. M. and P. J. Webster (2002). The boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation: relationship between northward and eastward movement of convection. J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 1593-606.
57. Li, T. M. and B. Wang (1994). The influence of sea-surface temperature on the tropical intraseasonal oscillation-a numerical study. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 2349-62.
58. Liebmann, B. and D. L. Hartmann (1984). An observational study of tropical midlatitude interaction on intraseasonal timescales during winter. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 3333-50.
59. Liess, S. and L. Bengtsson (2004). The intraseasonal oscillation in ECHAM4. II: Sensitivity studies. Clim. Dyn., 22, 671-88.
60. Liess, S., D. E. Waliser and S. Schubert (2005). Predictability studies of the intraseasonal oscillation with the ECHAM5 GCM. J. Atmos. Sci., 62(9), 3326-36.
61. Lo, F. and H. H. Hendon (2000). Empirical extended-range prediction of the Madden-Julian oscillation. Mon. Weather Rev., 128, 2528-43.
62. Lorenz, E. N. (1965). A study of the predictability of a 28-variable atmospheric model. Tellus, 17, 321-33.
63. Lorenz, E. N. (1982). Atmospheric predictability experiments with a large numerical-model. Tellus, 34, 505-13.
64. Madden, R. and P. Julian (2005). Historical perspective. In Intraseasonal Variability of the Atmosphere-Ocean Climate System, ed. W. K. M. Lau and D. E. Waliser. Springer.
65. Madden, R. A. and P. R. Julian (1971). Detection of a 40-50 day oscillation in the zonal wind in the tropical Pacific. J. Atmos. Sci., 28, 702-8.
66. Madden, R. A. and P. R. Julian (1994). Observations of the 40-50-day tropical oscillation-a review. Mon. Weather Rev., 122, 814-37.
67. Maloney, E. D. (2002). An intraseasonal oscillation composite life cycle in the NCAR CCM3.6 with modified convection. J. Climate, 15, 964-82.
68. Maloney, E. D. and D. L. Hartmann (2000a). Modulation of eastern North Pacific hurricanes by the Madden-Julian oscillation. J. Climate, 13, 1451-60.
69. Maloney, E. D. and D. L. Hartmann (2000b). Modulation of hurricane activity in the Gulf of Mexico by the Madden-Julian oscillation. Science, 287, 2002-4.
70. Matsuno, T. (1966). Quasi-geostrophic motions in the Equatorial area. J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 44, 25-43.
71. Matthews, A. J. (2004). Intraseasonal variability over tropical Africa during northern summer. J. Climate, 17, 2427-40.
72. McPhaden, M. J. (1999). Climate oscillations: genesis and evolution of the 1997-98 El Niño. Science, 283, 950-4.
73. Mo, K. and J. Paegle (2005). Pan America. In Intraseasonal Variability of the Atmosphere-Ocean Climate System, ed. W. K. M. Lau and D. E. Waliser. Springer.
74. Mo, K. C. (1999). Alternating wet and dry episodes over California and intraseasonal oscillations. Mon. Weather Rev., 127, 2759-76.
75. Mo, K. C. (2000). The association between intraseasonal oscillations and tropical storms in the Atlantic basin. Mon. Weather Rev., 128, 4097-107.
76. Mo, K. C. (2001). Adaptive filtering and prediction of intraseasonal oscillations. Mon. Weather Rev., 129, 802-17.
77. Moore, A. M. and R. Kleeman (1999). Stochastic forcing of ENSO by the intraseasonal oscillation. J. Climate, 12, 1199-220.
78. Nakazawa, T. (1988). Tropical super clusters within intraseasonal variations over the western Pacific. J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 66, 823-39.
79. Newman, M., P. D. Sardeshmukh, C. R. Winkler and J. S. Whitaker (2003). A study of subseasonal predictability. Mon. Weather Rev., 131, 1715-32.
80. Sardeshmukh, P. D. and B. J. Hoskins (1988). The generation of global rotational flow by steady idealized tropical divergence. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 1228-51.
81. Schubert, S., R. Dole, H. v. d. Dool, M. Suarez and D. Waliser (2002). Proceedings from a workshop on “Prospects for improved forecasts of weather and short-term climate variability on subseasonal (2 week to 2 month) timescales”, 16-18 April 2002, Mitchellville, MD. NASA/TM 2002-104606, vol. 23.
82. Shukla, J. (1985). Predictability. Adv. Geophys., 28B, 87-122.
83. Slingo, J. M., K. R. Sperber, J. S. Boyle, et al.(1996). Intraseasonal oscillations in 15 atmospheric general circulation models: results from an AMIP diagnostic subproject. Clim. Dyn., 12, 325-57.
84. Slingo, J. M., D. P. Rowell, K. R. Sperber and E. Nortley (1999). On the predictability of the interannual behaviour of the Madden-Julian Oscillation and its relationship with El Niño. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 125, 583-609.
85. Slingo, J., P. Inness and K. Sperber (2005). Modeling. In Intraseasonal Variability of the Atmosphere-Ocean Climate System, ed. W. K. M. Lau and D. E. Waliser. Springer.
86. Sperber, K. R., J. M. Slingo, P. M. Inness and W. K. M. Lau (1997). On the maintenance and initiation of the intraseasonal oscillation in the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis and in the GLA and UKMO AMIP simulations. Clim. Dyn., 13, 769-95.
87. Sperber, K. R., J. M. Slingo, P. M. Inness, et al.(2003). The Madden-Julian Oscillation in GCMs. In Research Activities in Atmospheric and Oceanic Modelling, Report No. 33, WMO/TD-No. 1161, p. 09-010.
88. Sud, Y. C. and G. K. Walker (1992). A review of recent research on improvement of physical parameterizations in the GLA GCM. In Physical Processes in Atmospheric Models, ed. D. R. Sikka and S. S. Singh, pp. 422-79. Wiley Eastern Ltd.
89. Teng, H. Y. and B. Wang (2003). Interannual variations of the boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation in the Asian-Pacific region. J. Climate, 16, 3572-84.
90. Thompson, D. W. J. and J. M. Wallace (2001). Regional climate impacts of the Northern Hemisphere annular mode. Science, 293, 85-9.
91. Thompson, P. D. (1957). Uncertainty of initial state as a factor in the predictability of large scale atmospheric flow patterns. Tellus, 9, 275-95.
92. Toth, Z. and E. Kalnay (1993). Ensemble forecasting at NMC: the generation of perturbations. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 74, 2330-71.
93. van den Dool, H. M. and J. Qin (1996). An efficient and accurate method of continuous time interpolation of large-scale atmospheric fields. Mon. Weather Rev., 124, 964-71.
94. van den Dool, H. M. and S. Saha (2002). Analysis of propagating modes in the tropics in short AMIP runs. In AMIP II workshop, Toulouse, November 12-15, 2002. WMO.
95. Vecchi, G. A. and N. A. Bond (2004). The Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) and northern high latitude wintertime surface air temperatures. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31.
96. von Neumann, J. (1955). Some remarks on the problem of forecasting climate fluctuations. In Dynamics of Climate: The Proceedings of a Conference on the Application of Numerical Integration Techniques to the Problem of the General Circulation p. 137. Pergamon Press.
97. von Storch, H. and J. Xu (1990). Principal oscillation pattern analysis of the 30-to 60-day oscillation in the tropical troposphere. Clim. Dynam., 4, 175-90.
98. Waliser, D. E. (2005). Predictability and forecasting. In Intraseasonal Variability of the Atmosphere-Ocean Climate System, ed. W. K. M. Lau and D. E. Waliser. Springer.
99. Waliser, D. E. (2006). Intraseasonal variability. In The Asian Monsoon, ed. B. Wang. Springer Praxis.
100. Waliser, D. E., K. M. Lau and J. H. Kim (1999a). The influence of coupled sea surface temperatures on the Madden-Julian oscillation: a model perturbation experiment. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 333-58.
101. Waliser, D. E., C. Jones, J. K. E. Schemm and N. E. Graham (1999b). A statistical extended-range tropical forecast model based on the slow evolution of the Madden-Julian oscillation. J. Climate, 12, 1918-39.
102. Waliser, D., Z. Zhang, K. M. Lau and J. H. Kim (2001). Interannual sea surface temperature variability and the predictability of tropical intraseasonal variability. J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 2595-14.
103. Waliser, D., S. Schubert, A. Kumar, K. Weickmann and R. Dole (2003a). Proceedings from a workshop on “Modeling, Simulation and Forecasting of Subseasonal Variability”, 4-5 June 2003, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland. NASA/TM 2003-104606, vol. 25.
104. Waliser, D. E., K. M. Lau, W. Stern and C. Jones (2003b). Potential Predictability of the Madden-Julian Oscillation. Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc., 84, 33-50.
105. Waliser, D. E., W. Stern, S. Schubert and K. M. Lau (2003c). Dynamic predictability of intraseasonal variability associated with the Asian summer monsoon. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 129, 2897-925.
106. Waliser, D. E., K. Jin, I. S. Kang, et al.(2003d). AGCM simulations of intraseasonal variability associated with the Asian summer monsoon. Clim. Dynam., 21, 423-46.
107. Waliser, D. E., K. Jin, I. S. Kang, et al.(2003e). AGCM simulations of intraseasonal variability associated with the Asian summer monsoon. Clim. Dynam., 21, 423-46.
108. Waliser, D., K. Weickmann, R. Dole, et al.(2006). The Experimental MJO Prediction Project. Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc., in press.
109. Wang, B. (2005). Theories. In Intraseasonal Variability of the Atmosphere-Ocean Climate System, ed. W. K. M. Lau and D. E. Waliser. Springer.
110. Wang, B. and H. Rui (1990). Synoptic climatology of transient tropical intraseasonal convection anomalies: 1975-1985. Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 44, 43-61.
111. Wang, B. and X. S. Xie (1996). Low-frequency equatorial waves in vertically sheared zonal flow. 1: Stable waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 449-67.
112. Wang, B. and X. S. Xie (1997). A model for the boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 72-86.
113. Wang, B. and X. H. Xu (1997). Northern hemisphere summer monsoon singularities and climatological intraseasonal oscillation. J. Climate, 10, 1071-85.
114. Webster, P. J. and C. Hoyos (2004). Forecasting monsoon rainfall and river discharge variability on 20-25 day timescales. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 85, 1745-65.
115. Weickmann, K. M. (1983). Intraseasonal circulation and outgoing longwave radiation modes during Northern Hemisphere winter. Mon. Weather Rev., 111, 1838-58.
116. Weickmann, K. M., G. R. Lussky and J. E. Kutzbach (1985). Intraseasonal (30-60 day) fluctuations of outgoing longwave radiation and 250-Mb stream-function during northern winter. Mon. Weather Rev., 113, 941-61.
117. Wheeler, M. and G. N. Kiladis (1999). Convectively coupled equatorial waves: analysis of clouds and temperature in the wavenumber-frequency domain. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 374-99.
118. Wheeler, M. and K. M. Weickmann (2001). Real-time monitoring and prediction of modes of coherent synoptic to intraseasonal tropical variability. Mon. Weather Rev., 129, 2677-94.
119. Wheeler, M. and H. Hendon (2004). An all-season real-time multivariate MJO Index: development of an index for monitoring and prediction. Mon. Weather Rev., 132, 1917-32.
120. Wheeler, M. C. and J. L. McBride (2005). Australian-Indonesian monsoon region. In Intraseasonal Variability of the Atmosphere-Ocean Climate System, ed. W. K. M. Lau and D. E. Waliser. Springer.
121. Whitaker, J. S. and K. M. Weickmann (2001). Subseasonal variations of tropical convection and week-2 prediction of wintertime western North American rainfall. J. Climate, 14, 3279-88.
122. Winkler, C. R., M. Newman and P. D. Sardeshmukh (2001). A linear model of wintertime low-frequency variability. I: Formulation and forecast skill. J. Climate, 14, 4474-94.
123. Wu, M. L. C., S. Schubert, I. S. Kang and D. E. Waliser (2002). Forced and free intra-seasonal variability over the South Asian monsoon region simulated by 10 AGCMs. J. Climate, 15, 2862-80.
124. Xie, P. P. and P. A. Arkin (1997). Global precipitation: a 17-year monthly analysis based on gauge observations, satellite estimates, and numerical model outputs. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 78, 2539-58.
125. Yasunari, T. (1979). Cloudiness fluctuations associated with the Northern Hemisphere summer monsoon. J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 57, 227-42.
126. Zhang, C. (2005). Madden Julian Oscillation. Rev. Geophys., 43, RG2003, doi:10.1029/2004 RG000158.
127. Zhang, C., H. H. Hendon, W. S. Kessler and A. Rosati (2001). A workshop on the MJO and ENSO. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 82, 971-6.
128. Zheng, Y., D. E. Waliser, W. F. Stern and C. Jones (2004). The role of coupled sea surface temperatures in the simulation of the tropical intraseasonal oscillation. J. Climate, 17, 4109-34.
129. Zveryaev, I. (2002). Interdecadal changes in the zonal wind and the intensity of intraseasonal oscillations during boreal summer Asian monsoon. Tellus Ser. A-Dyn. Meteorol. Oceanol., 54, 288-98.