-
1
-
-
0345068559
-
-
note
-
The ENSO cycle is an irregular oscillation of the climate system with a period of roughly 3 to 4 years. It consists of a warm phase, El Niño, and a cold phase, La Niña.
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
0040987504
-
-
National Academy Press, Washington, DC
-
National Research Council, Accomplishments and Legacies of the TOGA Program (National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1996); M. J. McPhaden et al., J. Geophys. Res. 103, 14169 (1998).
-
(1996)
Accomplishments and Legacies of the TOGA Program
-
-
-
3
-
-
0000101471
-
-
National Research Council, Accomplishments and Legacies of the TOGA Program (National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1996); M. J. McPhaden et al., J. Geophys. Res. 103, 14169 (1998).
-
(1998)
J. Geophys. Res.
, vol.103
, pp. 14169
-
-
McPhaden, M.J.1
-
4
-
-
0032562755
-
-
R. A. Kerr, Science 280, 522 (1998).
-
(1998)
Science
, vol.280
, pp. 522
-
-
Kerr, R.A.1
-
7
-
-
0345068558
-
-
note
-
At some locations along the Peru coast, surface temperature anomalies peaked at 8° to 9°C above normal between December 1997 and March 1998 (Climate Analysis Center, U.S. Department of Commerce, Climate Diagnostics Bulletin, May 1998, Washington, DC).
-
-
-
-
8
-
-
0000107799
-
-
R. A. Madden and P. R. Julian, J. Atmos. Sci. 29, 1109 (1972); K.-M. Lau and P. H. Chan, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 67, 533 (1986); C. Jones, D. E. Waliser, C. Gautier, J. Clim. 11, 1057 (1998).
-
(1972)
J. Atmos. Sci.
, vol.29
, pp. 1109
-
-
Madden, R.A.1
Julian, P.R.2
-
9
-
-
0022841460
-
-
R. A. Madden and P. R. Julian, J. Atmos. Sci. 29, 1109 (1972); K.-M. Lau and P. H. Chan, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 67, 533 (1986); C. Jones, D. E. Waliser, C. Gautier, J. Clim. 11, 1057 (1998).
-
(1986)
Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc.
, vol.67
, pp. 533
-
-
Lau, K.-M.1
Chan, P.H.2
-
10
-
-
0031683681
-
-
R. A. Madden and P. R. Julian, J. Atmos. Sci. 29, 1109 (1972); K.-M. Lau and P. H. Chan, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 67, 533 (1986); C. Jones, D. E. Waliser, C. Gautier, J. Clim. 11, 1057 (1998).
-
(1998)
J. Clim.
, vol.11
, pp. 1057
-
-
Jones, C.1
Waliser, D.E.2
Gautier, C.3
-
13
-
-
0025627817
-
-
Advection of the eastern edge of the warm pool was also an important feature of previous El Niño events [M. J. McPhaden and J. Picaut, Science 250, 1385 (1990); J. Picaut and T. Delcroix, J. Geophys. Res. 100, 18393 (1995); J. Picaut, M. Ioualalen, C. Menkes, T. Delcroix, M. J. McPhaden, Science 274, 1486 (1996)]. Details of how high-frequency wind forcing can rectify into low-frequency eastward expansion of the warm pool were described in W. S. Kessler, M. J. McPhaden, and K. M. Weickmann [J. Geophys. Res. 100, 10613 (1995)].
-
(1990)
Science
, vol.250
, pp. 1385
-
-
McPhaden, M.J.1
Picaut, J.2
-
14
-
-
0029475902
-
-
Advection of the eastern edge of the warm pool was also an important feature of previous El Niño events [M. J. McPhaden and J. Picaut, Science 250, 1385 (1990); J. Picaut and T. Delcroix, J. Geophys. Res. 100, 18393 (1995); J. Picaut, M. Ioualalen, C. Menkes, T. Delcroix, M. J. McPhaden, Science 274, 1486 (1996)]. Details of how high-frequency wind forcing can rectify into low-frequency eastward expansion of the warm pool were described in W. S. Kessler, M. J. McPhaden, and K. M. Weickmann [J. Geophys. Res. 100, 10613 (1995)].
-
(1995)
J. Geophys. Res.
, vol.100
, pp. 18393
-
-
Picaut, J.1
Delcroix, T.2
-
15
-
-
0029660116
-
-
Advection of the eastern edge of the warm pool was also an important feature of previous El Niño events [M. J. McPhaden and J. Picaut, Science 250, 1385 (1990); J. Picaut and T. Delcroix, J. Geophys. Res. 100, 18393 (1995); J. Picaut, M. Ioualalen, C. Menkes, T. Delcroix, M. J. McPhaden, Science 274, 1486 (1996)]. Details of how high-frequency wind forcing can rectify into low-frequency eastward expansion of the warm pool were described in W. S. Kessler, M. J. McPhaden, and K. M. Weickmann [J. Geophys. Res. 100, 10613 (1995)].
-
(1996)
Science
, vol.274
, pp. 1486
-
-
Picaut, J.1
Ioualalen, M.2
Menkes, C.3
Delcroix, T.4
McPhaden, M.J.5
-
16
-
-
0029527360
-
-
Advection of the eastern edge of the warm pool was also an important feature of previous El Niño events [M. J. McPhaden and J. Picaut, Science 250, 1385 (1990); J. Picaut and T. Delcroix, J. Geophys. Res. 100, 18393 (1995); J. Picaut, M. Ioualalen, C. Menkes, T. Delcroix, M. J. McPhaden, Science 274, 1486 (1996)]. Details of how high-frequency wind forcing can rectify into low-frequency eastward expansion of the warm pool were described in W. S. Kessler, M. J. McPhaden, and K. M. Weickmann [J. Geophys. Res. 100, 10613 (1995)].
-
(1995)
J. Geophys. Res.
, vol.100
, pp. 10613
-
-
Kessler, W.S.1
McPhaden, M.J.2
Weickmann, K.M.3
-
17
-
-
0029527511
-
-
W. S. Kessler and M. J. McPhaden, Deep-Sea Res. Part 2 42, 295 (1995); T. P. Barnett, M. Latif, E. Kirk, E. Roeckner, J. Clim. 4, 487 (1991).
-
(1995)
Deep-Sea Res.
, vol.42
, Issue.PART 2
, pp. 295
-
-
Kessler, W.S.1
McPhaden, M.J.2
-
18
-
-
0029527511
-
-
W. S. Kessler and M. J. McPhaden, Deep-Sea Res. Part 2 42, 295 (1995); T. P. Barnett, M. Latif, E. Kirk, E. Roeckner, J. Clim. 4, 487 (1991).
-
(1991)
J. Clim.
, vol.4
, pp. 487
-
-
Barnett, T.P.1
Latif, M.2
Kirk, E.3
Roeckner, E.4
-
20
-
-
0030515286
-
-
R. A. Weller and S. P. Anderson, J. Clim. 9, 1959 (1996); M. Cronin and M. J. McPhaden, J. Geophys. Res. 102, 8533 (1997); K. E. Brainerd and M. C. Gregg, ibid., p. 10437; J. S. Godfrey et al., ibid. 103, 14395 (1998).
-
(1996)
J. Clim.
, vol.9
, pp. 1959
-
-
Weller, R.A.1
Anderson, S.P.2
-
21
-
-
0030812791
-
-
R. A. Weller and S. P. Anderson, J. Clim. 9, 1959 (1996); M. Cronin and M. J. McPhaden, J. Geophys. Res. 102, 8533 (1997); K. E. Brainerd and M. C. Gregg, ibid., p. 10437; J. S. Godfrey et al., ibid. 103, 14395 (1998).
-
(1997)
J. Geophys. Res.
, vol.102
, pp. 8533
-
-
Cronin, M.1
McPhaden, M.J.2
-
22
-
-
0030515286
-
-
R. A. Weller and S. P. Anderson, J. Clim. 9, 1959 (1996); M. Cronin and M. J. McPhaden, J. Geophys. Res. 102, 8533 (1997); K. E. Brainerd and M. C. Gregg, ibid., p. 10437; J. S. Godfrey et al., ibid. 103, 14395 (1998).
-
J. Geophys. Res.
, pp. 10437
-
-
Brainerd, K.E.1
Gregg, M.C.2
-
23
-
-
0032577960
-
-
R. A. Weller and S. P. Anderson, J. Clim. 9, 1959 (1996); M. Cronin and M. J. McPhaden, J. Geophys. Res. 102, 8533 (1997); K. E. Brainerd and M. C. Gregg, ibid., p. 10437; J. S. Godfrey et al., ibid. 103, 14395 (1998).
-
(1998)
J. Geophys. Res.
, vol.103
, pp. 14395
-
-
Godfrey, J.S.1
-
24
-
-
0024189014
-
-
D. Battisti, J. Atmos. Sci. 45, 2889 (1988); M. J. Suarez and P. S. Schopf, ibid., p. 3283; P. S. Schopf and M. J. Suarez, ibid., p. 549.
-
(1988)
J. Atmos. Sci.
, vol.45
, pp. 2889
-
-
Battisti, D.1
-
25
-
-
0024189014
-
-
D. Battisti, J. Atmos. Sci. 45, 2889 (1988); M. J. Suarez and P. S. Schopf, ibid., p. 3283; P. S. Schopf and M. J. Suarez, ibid., p. 549.
-
J. Atmos. Sci.
, pp. 3283
-
-
Suarez, M.J.1
Schopf, P.S.2
-
26
-
-
0024189014
-
-
D. Battisti, J. Atmos. Sci. 45, 2889 (1988); M. J. Suarez and P. S. Schopf, ibid., p. 3283; P. S. Schopf and M. J. Suarez, ibid., p. 549.
-
J. Atmos. Sci.
, pp. 549
-
-
Schopf, P.S.1
Suarez, M.J.2
-
27
-
-
0000753313
-
-
This aspect of delayed oscillator theory was anticipated by K. Wyrtki [J. Phys. Oceanogr. 5, 572 (1975)].
-
(1975)
J. Phys. Oceanogr.
, vol.5
, pp. 572
-
-
Wyrtki, K.1
-
35
-
-
0032468665
-
-
have shown theoretically how the MJO can amplify over warm surface water through ocean-atmosphere interactions
-
B. Wang and X. Xie [J. Clim. 11, 2116 (1998)] have shown theoretically how the MJO can amplify over warm surface water through ocean-atmosphere interactions. L. Yu and M. M. Reinecker [Geopbys. Res. Lett. 25, 3537 (1998)] also present evidence that cold air outbreaks from East Asia and the western North Pacific contributed to the intensification of the MJO at the beginning of the 1997-98 El Niño.
-
(1998)
J. Clim.
, vol.11
, pp. 2116
-
-
Wang, B.1
Xie, X.2
-
36
-
-
0032531333
-
-
also present evidence that cold air outbreaks from East Asia and the western North Pacific contributed to the intensification of the MJO at the beginning of the 1997-98 El Niño
-
B. Wang and X. Xie [J. Clim. 11, 2116 (1998)] have shown theoretically how the MJO can amplify over warm surface water through ocean-atmosphere interactions. L. Yu and M. M. Reinecker [Geopbys. Res. Lett. 25, 3537 (1998)] also present evidence that cold air outbreaks from East Asia and the western North Pacific contributed to the intensification of the MJO at the beginning of the 1997-98 El Niño.
-
(1998)
Geopbys. Res. Lett.
, vol.25
, pp. 3537
-
-
Yu, L.1
Reinecker, M.M.2
-
37
-
-
0040393466
-
-
Dallas, TX, 10 to 15 January 1999 American Meteorological Society, Boston, MA, use a wind-forced model to compare boundary versus wind-forced Kelvin wave amplitudes during the onset and termination phase of the 1997-98 El Niño. During the onset phase, directly wind-forced downwelling Kelvin waves were about 10 times larger than those generated at the western boundary by reflecting Rossby waves. During the termination phase, boundary versus wind-forced upwelling Kelvin waves were of similar amplitudes
-
M. J. McPhaden and X. Yu [Proceedings of the Second Hayes Symposium on Seasonal-to-Interannual Climate Variability-1997/1998 ENSO Cycle, Dallas, TX, 10 to 15 January 1999 (American Meteorological Society, Boston, MA, 1999), pp. 38-42] use a wind-forced model to compare boundary versus wind-forced Kelvin wave amplitudes during the onset and termination phase of the 1997-98 El Niño. During the onset phase, directly wind-forced downwelling Kelvin waves were about 10 times larger than those generated at the western boundary by reflecting Rossby waves. During the termination phase, boundary versus wind-forced upwelling Kelvin waves were of similar amplitudes.
-
(1999)
Proceedings of the Second Hayes Symposium on Seasonal-to-Interannual Climate Variability-1997/1998 ENSO Cycle
, pp. 38-42
-
-
McPhaden, M.J.1
Yu, X.2
-
40
-
-
0032529795
-
-
R. H. Weisberg and C. Wang, Geophys. Res. Lett. 24, 779 (1997); D. A. Mayer and R. H. Weisberg, J. Geophys. Res. 103, 18635 (1998).
-
(1998)
J. Geophys. Res.
, vol.103
, pp. 18635
-
-
Mayer, D.A.1
Weisberg, R.H.2
-
41
-
-
0030868606
-
-
J. Picaut, F. Masia, and Y. du Penhoat [Science 277, 663 (1997)] have suggested that zonal advection associated with eastern boundary-generated Rossby waves may be important in producing ENSO SST anomalies. These Rossby waves result from the reflection of incoming equatorial Kelvin waves along the coast of South America. For the 1997-98 event, eastern boundary reflections appear to be of secondary importance during the onset phase, given the strength of direct wind forcing along the equator. Similarly, termination of the El Niño was related more to the sudden trade wind-driven upwelling of cold water from below the surface rather than wave-related zonal advection of cool water from the east. Zonal advection due to boundary-generated Rossby waves would have brought warmer rather than colder water from the east in early 1998, because the normal east-west SST gradient along the equator was reversed at that time. Once the surface cooling was underway, however, wave-related zonal advection from eastern boundary reflections may have contributed to the westward spreading of cold SST anomalies evident in Fig. 2.
-
(1997)
Science
, vol.277
, pp. 663
-
-
Picaut, J.1
Masia, F.2
Penhoat, Y.D.3
-
45
-
-
0028315201
-
-
M. Latif et al., Clim. Dyn. 9, 167 (1994); A. J. Busalacchi, in Modem Approaches to Data Assimilation in Ocean Modeling (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1996), pp. 235-270; M. Ji and A. Leetmaa, Mon. Weather Rev. 125, 742 (1997).
-
(1994)
Clim. Dyn.
, vol.9
, pp. 167
-
-
Latif, M.1
-
46
-
-
0030435174
-
-
Elsevier, Amsterdam
-
M. Latif et al., Clim. Dyn. 9, 167 (1994); A. J. Busalacchi, in Modem Approaches to Data Assimilation in Ocean Modeling (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1996), pp. 235-270; M. Ji and A. Leetmaa, Mon. Weather Rev. 125, 742 (1997).
-
(1996)
Modem Approaches to Data Assimilation in Ocean Modeling
, pp. 235-270
-
-
Busalacchi, A.J.1
-
47
-
-
0001098341
-
-
M. Latif et al., Clim. Dyn. 9, 167 (1994); A. J. Busalacchi, in Modem Approaches to Data Assimilation in Ocean Modeling (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1996), pp. 235-270; M. Ji and A. Leetmaa, Mon. Weather Rev. 125, 742 (1997).
-
(1997)
Mon. Weather Rev.
, vol.125
, pp. 742
-
-
Ji, M.1
Leetmaa, A.2
-
48
-
-
0029434671
-
-
M. A Balmaseda, M. K. Davey, D. L. T. Anderson, J. Clim. 8, 2705 (1995); D. Chen, S. E. Zebiak, A. J. Busalacchi, M. A. Cane, Science 269, 1699 (1995).
-
(1995)
J. Clim.
, vol.8
, pp. 2705
-
-
Balmaseda, M.A.1
Davey, M.K.2
Anderson, D.L.T.3
-
49
-
-
0029475787
-
-
M. A Balmaseda, M. K. Davey, D. L. T. Anderson, J. Clim. 8, 2705 (1995); D. Chen, S. E. Zebiak, A. J. Busalacchi, M. A. Cane, Science 269, 1699 (1995).
-
(1995)
Science
, vol.269
, pp. 1699
-
-
Chen, D.1
Zebiak, S.E.2
Busalacchi, A.J.3
Cane, M.A.4
-
51
-
-
0020930753
-
-
D. S. Luther, D. E. Harrison, R. A. Knox, Science 222, 327 (1983); D. E. Harrison and B. S. Geise, J. Geophys. Res. 96, 3221 (1991); M. J. McPhaden and S. P. Hayes, ibid. 95, 13195 (1990); S. Verbickas, Weather 53, 282 (1998).
-
(1983)
Science
, vol.222
, pp. 327
-
-
Luther, D.S.1
Harrison, D.E.2
Knox, R.A.3
-
52
-
-
0026274074
-
-
D. S. Luther, D. E. Harrison, R. A. Knox, Science 222, 327 (1983); D. E. Harrison and B. S. Geise, J. Geophys. Res. 96, 3221 (1991); M. J. McPhaden and S. P. Hayes, ibid. 95, 13195 (1990); S. Verbickas, Weather 53, 282 (1998).
-
(1991)
J. Geophys. Res.
, vol.96
, pp. 3221
-
-
Harrison, D.E.1
Geise, B.S.2
-
53
-
-
0020930753
-
-
D. S. Luther, D. E. Harrison, R. A. Knox, Science 222, 327 (1983); D. E. Harrison and B. S. Geise, J. Geophys. Res. 96, 3221 (1991); M. J. McPhaden and S. P. Hayes, ibid. 95, 13195 (1990); S. Verbickas, Weather 53, 282 (1998).
-
(1990)
J. Geophys. Res.
, vol.95
, pp. 13195
-
-
McPhaden, M.J.1
Hayes, S.P.2
-
54
-
-
0002832020
-
-
D. S. Luther, D. E. Harrison, R. A. Knox, Science 222, 327 (1983); D. E. Harrison and B. S. Geise, J. Geophys. Res. 96, 3221 (1991); M. J. McPhaden and S. P. Hayes, ibid. 95, 13195 (1990); S. Verbickas, Weather 53, 282 (1998).
-
(1998)
Weather
, vol.53
, pp. 282
-
-
Verbickas, S.1
-
55
-
-
0029506155
-
-
C. Penland and P. D. Sardashmuk, J. Clim. 8, 1999 (1995); B. Blanke, J. D. Neelin, D. Gutzler, ibid. 10, 1473 (1997); Y.-Q. Chen, D. S. Battisti, T. N. Palmer, J. Barsugli, E. S. Sarachik, Mon. Weather Rev. 125, 831 (1997).
-
(1995)
J. Clim.
, vol.8
, pp. 1999
-
-
Penland, C.1
Sardashmuk, P.D.2
-
56
-
-
0031176640
-
-
C. Penland and P. D. Sardashmuk, J. Clim. 8, 1999 (1995); B. Blanke, J. D. Neelin, D. Gutzler, ibid. 10, 1473 (1997); Y.-Q. Chen, D. S. Battisti, T. N. Palmer, J. Barsugli, E. S. Sarachik, Mon. Weather Rev. 125, 831 (1997).
-
(1997)
J. Clim.
, vol.10
, pp. 1473
-
-
Blanke, B.1
Neelin, J.D.2
Gutzler, D.3
-
57
-
-
0001564397
-
-
C. Penland and P. D. Sardashmuk, J. Clim. 8, 1999 (1995); B. Blanke, J. D. Neelin, D. Gutzler, ibid. 10, 1473 (1997); Y.-Q. Chen, D. S. Battisti, T. N. Palmer, J. Barsugli, E. S. Sarachik, Mon. Weather Rev. 125, 831 (1997).
-
(1997)
Mon. Weather Rev.
, vol.125
, pp. 831
-
-
Chen, Y.-Q.1
Battisti, D.S.2
Palmer, T.N.3
Barsugli, J.4
Sarachik, E.S.5
-
59
-
-
0028184125
-
-
Another interpretation of irregularity in the ENSO cycle invokes chaos theory and nonlinear interactions of ENSO with the mean seasonal cycle [E. Tziperman, L. Stone, H. Jarosh, M. A. Cane, Science 264, 72 (1994); F.-F. Jin, J. D. Neelin, M. Ghil, ibid., p. 70 (1994); P. Chang, L. Ji, B. Wang, T. Li, J. Atmos. Sci. 52, 2353 (1995)].
-
(1994)
Science
, vol.264
, pp. 72
-
-
Tziperman, E.1
Stone, L.2
Jarosh, H.3
Cane, M.A.4
-
60
-
-
0028255253
-
-
Another interpretation of irregularity in the ENSO cycle invokes chaos theory and nonlinear interactions of ENSO with the mean seasonal cycle [E. Tziperman, L. Stone, H. Jarosh, M. A. Cane, Science 264, 72 (1994); F.-F. Jin, J. D. Neelin, M. Ghil, ibid., p. 70 (1994); P. Chang, L. Ji, B. Wang, T. Li, J. Atmos. Sci. 52, 2353 (1995)].
-
(1994)
Science
, pp. 70
-
-
Jin, F.-F.1
Neelin, J.D.2
Ghil, M.3
-
61
-
-
0028184125
-
-
Another interpretation of irregularity in the ENSO cycle invokes chaos theory and nonlinear interactions of ENSO with the mean seasonal cycle [E. Tziperman, L. Stone, H. Jarosh, M. A. Cane, Science 264, 72 (1994); F.-F. Jin, J. D. Neelin, M. Ghil, ibid., p. 70 (1994); P. Chang, L. Ji, B. Wang, T. Li, J. Atmos. Sci. 52, 2353 (1995)].
-
(1995)
J. Atmos. Sci.
, vol.52
, pp. 2353
-
-
Chang, P.1
Ji, L.2
Wang, B.3
Li, T.4
-
65
-
-
0031465646
-
-
N. J. Mantua, S. R. Hare, Y. Zhang, J. M. Wallace, R. C. Francis, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 78, 1069 (1997).
-
(1997)
Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc.
, vol.78
, pp. 1069
-
-
Mantua, N.J.1
Hare, S.R.2
Zhang, Y.3
Wallace, J.M.4
Francis, R.C.5
-
67
-
-
0028012001
-
-
Global mean temperatures generally rise by a few tenths of a degree Celsius following the peak warming of El Niño events, due to losses of heat from the tropical Pacific Ocean to the overlying atmosphere [J. R. Christy and R. T. McNider, Nature 367, 325 (1994); E. K. Schneider, R. S. Lindzen, B. P. Kirtman, J. Atmos. Sci. 54, 1349 (1997)]. The rise in global mean temperatures in 1997-98 was therefore most likely augmented by the occurrence of the extreme 1997-98 El Niño.
-
(1994)
Nature
, vol.367
, pp. 325
-
-
Christy, J.R.1
McNider, R.T.2
-
68
-
-
0031133966
-
-
The rise in global mean temperatures in 1997-98 was therefore most likely augmented by the occurrence of the extreme 1997-98 El Niño
-
Global mean temperatures generally rise by a few tenths of a degree Celsius following the peak warming of El Niño events, due to losses of heat from the tropical Pacific Ocean to the overlying atmosphere [J. R. Christy and R. T. McNider, Nature 367, 325 (1994); E. K. Schneider, R. S. Lindzen, B. P. Kirtman, J. Atmos. Sci. 54, 1349 (1997)]. The rise in global mean temperatures in 1997-98 was therefore most likely augmented by the occurrence of the extreme 1997-98 El Niño.
-
(1997)
J. Atmos. Sci.
, vol.54
, pp. 1349
-
-
Schneider, E.K.1
Lindzen, R.S.2
Kirtman, B.P.3
-
70
-
-
0023116477
-
-
S. D. Woodruff, R. J. Slutz, R. L. Jenne, P. Steurer, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 68, 1239 (1987)
-
(1987)
Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc.
, vol.68
, pp. 1239
-
-
Woodruff, S.D.1
Slutz, R.J.2
Jenne, R.L.3
Steurer, P.4
-
75
-
-
0345068519
-
-
note
-
The TAO Array is maintained through a multinational partnership involving institutions in the United States (NOAA), Japan (Japan Marine Science and Technology Center), Taiwan (National Taiwan University), and France (Institut de Recherche pour le Développment, formerly the Institut Français de Recherche pour le Développment en Coopération). Production of this manuscript was supported by NOAA's Environmental Research Laboratories. This paper is contribution number 2029 from NOAA/Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory and 665 from the University of Washington Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and the Ocean.
-
-
-
|