Global Precipitation: A 17-Year Monthly Analysis Based on Gauge Observations, Satellite Estimates, and Numerical Model Outputs

Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society

Volumn 78, Issue 11, 1997, Pages 2539-2558

  Xie, Pingping ^a   Arkin, Phillip A ^a  

^a NOAA EARTH SYSTEM RESEARCH LABORATORY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

PRECIPITATION DATA (1979-1995); RAINGAUGE; SATELLITE MEASUREMENT;

EID: 0031403103     PISSN: 00030007     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/1520-0477(1997)078<2539:GPAYMA>2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. Adler, R. F., A. J. Negri, P. R. Keehn, and I. M. Hakkarinen, 1993: Estimation of monthly rainfall over Japan and surrounding waters from a combination of low-orbit microwave and geosynchronous IR data. J. Appl. Meteor., 32, 335-356.
2. _, G. J. Huffman, and P. R. Keehn, 1994: Global rain estimates from microwave adjusted geosynchronous IR data. Remote Sens. Rev., 11, 125-152.
3. _, C. Kidd, M. Goodman, G. Petty, and M. Morrissey, 1996: PIP-3 intercomparison results. PIP-3 Workshop, College Park, MD, NASA, 20 pp.
4. Arkin, P. A., 1979: The relationship between fractional coverage of high cloud and rainfall accumulations during GATE over the B-scale array. Mon. Wea. Rev., 107, 1382-1387.
5. _, and B. N. Meisner, 1987: The relationship between large-scale convective rainfall and cold cloud over the western hemisphere during 1982-84. Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 51-74.
6. _, and P. E. Ardanuy, 1989: Estimating climatic-scale precipitation from space: A review. J. Climate, 2, 1229-1238.
7. _, and P. Xie, 1994: The Global Precipitation Climatology Project: First Algorithm Intercomparison Project. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 75, 401-pages.
8. _, R. Joyce, and J. E. Janowiak, 1994: IR techniques: GOES Precipitation Index. Remote Sens. Rev., 11, 107-pages.
9. Arpe, K., 1991: The hydrological cycle in the ECMWF short-range forecasts. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 16, 33-60.
10. Barrett, E. C., and D. W. Martin, 1981: The Use of Satellite Data in Rainfall Monitoring. Academic Press, 340 pp.
11. Chang, A. T., L. S. Chiu, and G. Yang, 1995: Diurnal cycles of oceanic precipitation from SSM/I data. Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 3371-3380.
12. Chiu, L. S., A. Chang, and J. E. Janowiak, 1993: Comparison of monthly rain rates derived from GPI and SSM/I using probability distribution functions. J. Appl. Meteor., 32, 323-334.
13. Daly, C., R. P. Neilson, and D. L. Phillips, 1994: A statistical-topographic model for mapping climatological precipitation over mountainous terrain. J. Appl. Meteor., 33, 140-158.
14. Dodge, J., 1994: The WetNet Project. Remote Sens. Rev., 11, 5-21.
15. Ferraro, R. R., N. C. Grody, and G. F. Marks, 1994: Effects of surface conditions on rain identification using SSM/I. Remote Sens. Rev., 11, 195-209.
16. _, and G. F. Marks, 1995: The development of SSM/I rain rate retrieval algorithms using ground-based radar measurements. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 12, 755-770.
17. Gates, W. L., 1992: The Atmospheric-Model Intercomparison Project. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 73, 1962-1970.
18. Grody, N. C., 1991: Classification of snow cover and precipitation using the Special Sensor Microwave Imager. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 7423-7435.
19. Huffman, G. J., 1997: Simple estimates of root-mean-square random error for finite samples of estimated precipitation. J. Appl. Meteor., in press.
20. _, G. J., R. F. Adler, B. R. Rudolf, U. Schneider, and P. R. Keehn, 1995: Global precipitation estimates based on a technique for combining satellite-based estimates, rain gauge analysis, and NWP model precipitation information. J. Climate, 8, 1284-1295.
21. _, and Coauthors, 1996: The Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) combined precipitation dataset. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 77, 5-20.
22. Jaeger, L., 1976: Monatskarten des Niederschiags fur die ganze Erde. Berichte des Deutscher Wetterdienstes, Offenbach, 33 pp. and plates.
23. Janowiak, J. E., 1992: Tropical rainfall: A comparison of satellite derived rainfall estimates with model precipitation forecasts, climatologies, and observations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 120, 448-462.
24. _, P. A. Arkin, P. Xie, M. L. Morrissey, and D. R. Legates, 1995: An examination of the east Pacific ITCZ rainfall distribution. J. Climate, 8, 2810-2823.
25. Joyce, R., and P. A. Arkin, 1997: Improved estimates of tropical and subtropical precipitation using the GOES Precipitation Index. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 14, 997-1011.
26. Kalnay, E., and Coauthors, 1996: The NCEP/NCAR 40-year Reanalysis Project. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 77, 437-472.
27. Legates, D. R., and C. J. Willmott, 1990: Mean seasonal and spatial variability in gauge corrected global precipitation. Int. J. Climatol., 10, 111-127.
28. Morrissey, M. L., and X. Greene, 1991: The Pacific atoll raingage data set. Tech. Rep. Univ. Hawaii, Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii.
29. Oki, R., and A. Sumi, 1994: Sampling simulation of TRMM rainfall estimation using radar-AMeDAS composites. J. Appl. Meteor., 33, 1597-1608.
30. Reynolds, R. W., 1988: A real-time global sea surface temperature analysis. J. Climate, 1, 75-86.
31. Richards, F., and P. A. Arkin, 1981: On the relationship between satellite-observed cloud cover and precipitation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 109, 1081-1093.
32. Ropelewski, C. F., and M. S. Halpert, 1987: Global and regional scale precipitation patterns associated with El Niño/Southern Oscillation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 1606-1626.
33. _, and _, 1989: Precipitation patterns associated with high index phase of the Southern Oscillation. J. Climate, 2, 268-284.
34. _, J. E. Janowiak, and M. S. Halpert, 1985: The analysis and display of real time surface climate data. Mon. Wea. Rev., 113, 1101-1106.
35. Rudolf, B., H. Hauschild, W. Rueth, and U. Schneider, 1994: Terrestrial precipitation analysis: Operational method and required density of point measurements. NATO ASI Series, 126, 173-186.
36. Schubert, S., R. Rood, and J. Pfaendtner, 1993: An assimilated dataset for earth sciences applications. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 74, 2331-2342.
37. Sevruk, B., 1989: Reliability of precipitation measurements. Proc. WMO/IAHS/ETH Workshop on Precipitation Measurements, St. Moritz, Switzerland, WMO, 13-19.
38. Shepard, D., 1968: A two-dimensional interpolation function for irregularly spaced data. 23rd Natl. Conf. of American Computing Machinery, Princeton, NJ.
39. Simpson, J., R. F. Adler, and G. R. North, 1988: A proposed tropical rainfall measuring mission. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 69, 278-295.
40. Spencer, R. W., 1993: Global Oceanic precipitation from the MSU during 1979-91 and comparisons to other climatologies. J. Climate, 6, 1301-1326.
41. Vose, R. S., R. L. Schmoyer, P. M. Steurer, T. C. Peterson, R. Heim, T. R. Karl, and J. K. Eischeid, 1992: The Global Historical Climatology Network: Long-term monthly temperature, precipitation, sea-level pressure, and station pressure data. Rep. ORNL/CDIAC-53, Carbon Dioxide Inf. Anal. Cent., Oak Ridge Natl. Lab., Oak Ridge, TN, 25 pp. [Available from Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6335.]
42. Weng, F.-Z., R. Ferraro, and N. Grody, 1994: Global precipitation evaluation using Defense Meteorological Satellite Program F10 and F11 Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I). J. Geophys, Res., 99, 25 535-25 551.
43. Wilheit, T. J., A. T. C. Chang, and L. S. Chiu, 1991: Retrieval of the monthly rainfall indices from microwave radiometric measurements using probability distribution functions. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 8, 118-136.
44. World Climate Research Programme, 1993: Global observations, analyses and simulation of precipitation. Rep. WCRP-78, WMO/TD 544, World Meteor. Org., Geneva, XX pp.
45. Xie, P., and P. A. Arkin, 1995: An intercomparison of gauge observations and satellite estimates of monthly precipitation. J. Appl. Meteor., 34, 1143-1160.
46. _, and _, 1996: Analyses of global monthly precipitation using gauge observations, satellite estimates, and numerical model predictions. J. Climate, 9, 840-858.
47. _, and _, 1997: Global monthly precipitation estimates from satellite-observed Outgoing Longwave Radiation. J. Climate, in press.
48. _, B. Rudolf, U. Schneider, and P. A. Arkin, 1996: Gauge-based monthly analysis of global land precipitation from 1971-1994. J. Geophys. Res., 101(D14), 19 023-19 034.