Criminal and Routine Activities in Online Settings: Gangs, Offenders, and the Internet

Justice Quarterly

Volumn 32, Issue 3, 2015, Pages 471-499

  Pyrooz, David C ^a   Decker, Scott H ^b   Moule, Richard K ^b  

^a SAM HOUSTON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

crime and deviance; gangs; the Internet

Indexed keywords

EID: 84926256555     PISSN: 07418825     EISSN: 17459109     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/07418825.2013.778326     Document Type: Article

References (101)

1. Agnew, R. (2010). A general strain theory of terrorism. Theoretical Criminology, 14, 131–153.
2. Ayling, J. (2011). Gang change and evolutionary theory. Crime, Law, and Social Change, 56, 1–26.
3. Bjorgo, T. & Horgan, J. (2009). Introduction. In T. Bjorgo & J. Horgan (Eds.), Leaving terrorism behind: Individual and collective disengagement (pp. 1–13). New York, NY: Routledge.
4. Blevins, K. R. & Holt, T. J. (2009). Examining the virtual subculture of johns. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 38, 619–648.
5. Burris, V., Smith, E., & Strahm, A. (2000). White supremacist networks on the Internet. Sociological Focus, 33, 215–234.
6. Corb, A. (2011). Into the minds of mayhem: White supremacy, recruitment, and the Internet. Cambridge: Google Ideas.
7. Cormode, G., & Krishnamurthy, B. (2008). Key differences between Web 1.0 and Web 2.0. Firzst Monday, 13.
8. Curry, G. D. (2010). Gangs, crime and terrorism. In B. Forst, J. R. Greene, & J. P. Lynch (Eds.), Criminologists on Terrorism and Homeland Security (pp. 97–112). New York, NY: Cambridge.
9. Curry, G. D., Decker, S. H., & Pyrooz, D. C. (2013). Confronting gangs: Crime and community (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Oxford.
10. Daniels, J. (2009). Cyber racism: White supremacy online and the new attack on civil rights. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
11. Dawson, L. L. (2009). The study of new religious movements and the process of radicalization in terrorist groups. Ottawa: Defense Research and Development Canada, Centre for Security Science.
12. Dawson, L. L. & Hennebry, J. (1999). New religions and the Internet: Recruiting in a new public space. Journal of Contemporary Religion, 14, 17–39.
13. Decary-Hetu, D. & Morselli, C. (2011). Gang presence in social network sites. International Journal of Cyber Criminology, 5, 876–890.
14. Decker, S. H. (1996). Collective and normative features of gang violence. Justice Quarterly, 13, 243–264.
15. Decker, S. H., & Pyrooz, D. C. (2011). Gangs, terrorism, and radicalization. Journal of Strategic Security, 4, 151-166.
16. Decker, S. H., Melde, C., & Pyrooz, D. C. (2012). What do we know about gangs and gang members and where to we go from here? Justice Quarterly. Online first. DOI:10.1080/07418825.2012.732101.
17. Decker, S. H. & Pyrooz, D. C. (2013). Gangs: Another form of organized crime? In L. Paoli (Ed.), Oxford handbook of organized crime. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
18. Decker, S. H., van Gemert, F., & Pyrooz, D. C. (2009). Gangs, migration, and crime: The changing landscape in Europe and the United States. Journal of International Migration and Integration, 10, 393–408.
19. Decker, S. H. & Van Winkle, B. (1996). Life in the gang: Family, friends, and violence. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
20. Densley, J. A. (2012). Street gang recruitment. Social Problems, 59, 301–321.
21. DiMaggio, P., Hargittai, E., Celeste, C., & Shafer, S. (2004). Digital inequality: From unequal access to differentiated use. In K. Neckerman (Ed.), Social inequality (pp. 355–400). New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
22. Durkin, K. F., Forsyth, C. J., & Quinn, J. F. (2006). Pathological Internet communities: A new research direction for sexual deviance research in a post modern era. Sociological Spectrum, 26, 595–606.
23. Esbensen, F.-A., Winfree, L. T., Jr, He, N., & Taylor, T. J. (2001). Youth gangs and definitional issues: When is a gang a gang, and why does it matter? Crime & Delinquency, 47, 105–130.
24. Farrington, D. P. (1986). Age and crime. Crime and Justice, 7, 189–250.
25. Felson, M. (2006). Crime and nature. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
26. Fox, K. A., Nobles, M. R., & Akers, R. L. (2010). Is stalking a learned phenomenon? An empirical test of social learning theory. Journal of Criminal Justice, 39, 39–47.
27. Gerstenfeld, P., Grant, D. R., & Chiang, C.-P. (2003). Hate online: A content analysis of extremist Internet sites. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 3, 29–44.
28. Gogolak, E. (2012). Inside the weird world of tracking gangs on social media. The Atlantic Cities. Retrieved from http://www.theatlanticcities.com/neighborhoods/2012/07/inside-weird-world-tracking-gangs-social-media/2734/#.UBMZTf8X1F8.email
29. Gottfredson, M. R. & Hirschi, T. (1990). A general theory of crime. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
30. Hanser, R. D. (2011). Gang-related cyber and computer crimes: Legal aspects and practical points of consideration in investigations. International Review of Law, Computers, and Technology, 25, 47–55.
31. Holt, T. J. (2007). Subcultural evolution? Examining the influence of on- and off-line experiences on deviant subcultures. Deviant Behavior, 28, 171–198.
32. Holt, T. J. (2012). Exploring the intersections of technology, crime, and terror. Terrorism and Political Violence, 24, 337–354.
33. Holt, T. J., Blevins, K. R., & Burkert, N. (2010). Considering the pedophile subculture online. Sexual Abuse, 22, 3–24.
34. Holt, T. J. & Bossler, A. M. (2009). Examining the applicability of lifestyle-routine activities theory for cybercrime victimization. Deviant Behavior, 30, 1–25.
35. Holtfreter, K., Reisig, M. D., & Pratt, T. C. (2008). Low self-control, routine activities, and fraud victimization. Criminology, 46, 189–220.
36. Howell, J. C. (2007). Menacing or mimicking? Realities of youth gangs. Juvenile and Family Court Journal, 58, 39–50.
37. Hughes, L. A. & Short, J. F., Jr (2005). Disputes involving youth street gang members: Micro-social contexts. Criminology, 43, 43–76.
38. Internet World Stats. (2012). World Internet users and population stats. Retrieved from http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm
39. Jackson, B. A. (2001). Technology acquisition by terrorist groups: Threat assessment informed by lessons from private sector technology adoption. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 24, 183–213.
40. Katz, J. (1988). The seductions of crime. New York, NY: Basic Books.
41. Katz, C. M., Webb, V. J., & Decker, S. H. (2005). Using the Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) program to further understand the relationship between drug use and gang membership. Justice Quarterly, 22, 58–88.
42. King, J. E., Walpole, C. E., & Lamon, K. (2007). Surf and turf wars online—growing implications of internet gang violence. Journal of Adolescent Health, 41, 66–68.
43. Klein, M. W. (1971). Street gangs and street workers. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
44. Klein, M. W. & Maxson, C. L. (2006). Street gang patterns and policies. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
45. Knox, G. (2011). Gang members on Facebook: Should we look the other way? Retrieved from http://www.ngcrc.com/gangface.html
46. Krohn, M. D. & Thornberry, T. P. (2008). Longitudinal perspectives on adolescent street gangs. In A. M. Liberman (Ed.), The long view of crime: A synthesis of longitudinal research (pp. 128–160). Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.
47. Lafree, G., Dugan, L., & Korte, R. (2009). The impact of British counterterrorist strategies on political violence in Northern Ireland: Comparing deterrence and backlash models. Criminology, 39, 17–45.
48. Lauritsen, J. L., Heimer, K., & Lynch, J. P. (2009). Trends in the gender gap in violent offending: New evidence from the National Crime Victimization Survey. Criminology, 47, 361–399.
49. Maratea, R. J. & Kavanaugh, P. K. (2012). Deviant identity in online contexts: New directives in the study of a classic concept. Sociological Compass, 6, 102–112.
50. Marcum, C. D., Higgins, G. E., & Ricketts, M. L. (2010). Potential factors of online victimization of youth: An examination of adolescent online behaviors utilizing routine activity theory. Deviant Behavior, 31, 381–410.
51. May, D. C., Bossler, A. M., & Holt, T. J. (2011). Low self-control, deviant peer associations, and juvenile cyberdeviance. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 37, 378–395.
52. McKenna, K. Y. A. & Bargh, J. A. (1999). Causes and consequences of social interaction on the Internet: A conceptual framework. Media Psychology, 1, 249–269.
53. McKenna, K. Y. A. & Bargh, J. A. (2000). Plan 9 from cyberspace: The implications of the Internet for personality and social psychology. Personality and Psychology Review, 4, 57–75.
54. Mehra, B., Merkel, C., & Bishop, A. P. (2004). The Internet for empowerment of minority and marginalized users. New Media and Society, 6, 781–802.
55. Melde, C. & Esbensen, F.-A. (2011). Gang membership as a turning point in the life course. Criminology, 49, 513–552.
56. Melde, C., & Esbensen, F.-A. (2012). Gangs and violence: Disentangling the impact of 30 gang membership on the level and nature of offending. Journal of Quantitative Criminology. Online first. doi: 10.1007/s10940-012-9164-z.
57. Miller, W. B. (2011). City Gangs. Retrieved from http://gangresearch.asu.edu/walter_miller_library/walter-b.-miller-book/city-gangs-book
58. Morselli, C., & Décary-Hétu, D. (2012). Crime facilitation purposes of social networking sites: A review and analysis of the “cyberbanging” phenomenon. Small Wars and Insurgencies, 23, Volume 24, PP: 152-170.
59. Mossberger, K., Kaplan, D., & Gilbert, M. A. (2008). Going online without easy access: A tale of three cities. Journal of Urban Affairs, 30, 469–488.
60. Moule, R. K., Jr, Decker, S. H., & Pyrooz, D. C. (2013). Social capital, the life-course, and gangs. In Gibson & M. Krohn (Eds.), Handbook of life-course criminology (pp. 143–158). New York, NY: Springer.
61. Newman, G. R. & Clarke, R. V. (2003). Superhighway robbery: Preventing e-commerce crime. Devon, UK: Willan.
62. NGIC. (2011). 2011 National gang threat assessment—Emerging trends. National Gang Intelligence Center. Retrieved from http://www.fbi.gov/stats-services/publications/2011-national-gang-threat-assessment
63. NTIA. (2011). Digital nation: Expanding Internet usage. National Telecommunications and Information Administration. Retrieved from http://www.ntia.doc.gov/files/ntia/publications/ntia_internet_use_report_february_2011.pdf
64. O'Deane, Matthew (2011). Combating gangsters online. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 80, 1–9.
65. O’Reilly, T. (2007). What is web 2.0: Design patterns and business models for the next generation of software. Communications and Strategy, 65, 17–37.
66. Osgood, D. W., McMorris, B. J., & Potenza, M. T. (2002). Analyzing multiple-item measures of crime and deviance I: Item response theory scaling. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 18, 267–296.
67. Papachristos, A. V. (2005). Gang world. Foreign Policy, March/April, 48-55.
68. Pasek, J., More, E., & Romer, D. (2008). Realizing the social Internet? Online social networking meets offline civic engagement. Journal of Information Technology and Politics, 6, 197–215.
69. Pew. (2012). Demographics of Internet users. Retrieved from http://pewinternet.org/Trend-Data-%28Adults%29/Whos-Online.aspx
70. Pratt, T. C., Holtfreter, K., & Reisig, M. D. (2010). Routine online activity and internet fraud targeting: Extending the generality of routine activity theory. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 47, 267–296.
71. Pyrooz, D. C., & Decker, S. H. (2012). Delinquent behavior, gangs and violence in China. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, online first. doi: 10.1007/s10940-012-9178-6.
72. Pyrooz, D. C., Decker, S. H., & Webb, V. J. (2010). The ties that bind: Desistance from gangs. Crime and Delinquency. Online First. doi: 10.1177/0011128710372191.
73. Quinn, J. F. & Forsyth, C. J. (2005). Describing sexual behavior in the era of the Internet: A typology for empirical research. Deviant Behavior, 26, 191–207.
74. Raudenbush, S. W., Johnson, C., & Sampson, R. J. (2003). A multivariate, multilevel Rasch model with application to self-reported criminal behavior. Sociological Methodology, 33, 169–211.
75. Redmon, D. (2003). Playful deviance as an urban leisure activity: Secret selves, self-validation, and entering performances. Deviant Behavior, 24, 27–51.
76. Reid, E. & Chen, H. (2002). Internet-savvy US and Middle Eastern extremist groups. Mobilization: An International Quarterly Review, 12, 177–192.
77. Rogers, E. (2005). The diffusion of innovation (5th ed.). New York, NY: Simon and Schuster.
78. Rosenfeld, R. (2004). Terrorism and criminology. In M. Deflem (Ed.), Terrorism and counter-terrorism: Criminological perspectives (pp. 19–32). London: Elsevier.
79. Schafer, J. (2002). Spinning the web of hate: Web-based hate propaganda by extremist organizations. Journal of Criminal Justice and Popular Culture, 9, 69–88.
80. Sela-Shayovitz, R. (2012a). Gangs and the web: Gang members’ online behavior. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice. Online first. doi:10.1177/1043986212458191.
81. Sela-Shayovitz, R. (2012b). The impact of globalization, migration, and social group processes on neo-nazi youth gangs. In F.-A. Esbensen & C. L. Maxson (Eds.), Youth gangs in international perspective: Results from the Eurogang program of research (pp. 211–224). New York, NY: Springer.
82. Selepak, A. (2010). Skinhead super mario brothers: An examination of racist and violent games on White supremacist web sites. Journal of Criminal Justice and Popular Culture, 17, 1–47.
83. Short, J. F., & Strodtbeck, F. L. (1965). Group process and gang delinquency. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
84. Short, J. F., Jr (1985). The level of explanation problem. In R. Meier (Ed.), Theoretical methods in criminology (pp. 51–74). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
85. Skinner, W. F. & Fream, A. M. (1997). A social learning theory analysis of computer crime among college students. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 34, 495–518.
86. Smith, M. A. & Kollock, P. (1999). Communities in cyberspace. London: Routledge.
87. Spaaij, R. (2010). The enigma of lone wolf terrorism: An assessment. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 33, 854–870.
88. Sweeten, G. (2012). Scaling criminal offending. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 28, 533–557.
89. Sweeten, G., Pyrooz, D. C., & Piquero, A. R. (2012). Disengaging from gangs and desisting from crime. Justice Quarterly. Online first. doi: 10.1080/07418825.2012.723033.
90. Thornberry, T. P., Krohn, M. D., Lizotte, A. J., Smith, C. A., & Tobin, K. (2003). Gangs and delinquency in developmental perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
91. Tita, G. E., Cohen, J., & Engberg, J. (2005). An ecological study of the location of gang ‘set space’. Social Problems, 52, 272–299.
92. Tyler, T. R. (2002). Is the Internet changing social life? It seems the more things change, the more they stay the same. Journal of Social Issues, 58, 195–205.
93. van Dijk, J. A. G. M. (2006). Digital divide research, achievements, and shortcomings. Poetics, 34, 221–235.
94. Waskul, D. D. (2003). Self-games and body-play: Personhood in online chat and cybersex. New York, NY: Peter Lang.
95. Waskul, D. D. & Martin, J. A. (2010). Now the orgy is over. Symbolic Interaction, 33, 297–318.
96. Weimann, G. (2004). www.terror.net: How modern terrorism uses the Internet. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace.
97. Weimann, G. (2006). Virtual disputes: The use of the Internet for terrorist debates. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 29, 623–639.
98. Wellman, B., Haase, A. Q., Witte, J., & Hampton, K. (2001). Does the Internet increase, decrease, or supplement social capital? Social networks, participation, and community commitment. American Behavioral Scientist, 45, 436–455.
99. Wolfe, S. E., Higgins, G. E., & Marcum, C. A. (2007). Deterrence and digital piracy: A preliminary examination of the role of viruses. Social Science Computer Review, 26, 317–333.
100. Womer, S. & Bunker, R. J. (2010). Surenos gangs and Mexican cartel use of social networking sites. Small Wars and Insurgencies, 21, 81–94.
101. Zhou, Y., Reid, E., Qin, J., Chen, H., & Lai, G. (2005). US domestic extremist groups on the web: Link and content analysis. IEEE Intelligent Systems, 20, 44–51.