Gang change and evolutionary theory

Crime, Law and Social Change

Volumn 56, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 1-26

  Ayling, Julie ^a  

^a AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 79953274608     PISSN: 09254994     EISSN: 15730751     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10611-011-9301-x     Document Type: Article

References (126)

1. Adamson, C. (2000). Defensive Localism in white and black: A comparative history of European-American and African-American youth gangs. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 23(2), 272-298.
2. Aldrich, H. E., & Ruef, M. (2006). Organizations evolving (2nd ed.). London: Sage Publications.
3. Aldridge, J., & Medina, J. (2008). Youth gangs in an English City: Social exclusion, drugs and violence. Full Research Report ESRC End of Award Report, RES-000-23-0615. Swindon UK: ESRC.
4. Arana, A. (2005). How the street gangs took Central America. Foreign Affairs, May/June.
5. Ayling, J. (2009). Criminal organizations and resilience. International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice, 37(4), 182-196.
6. Beaver, K. M., DeLisi, M., Vaughn, M. G., & Barnes, J. C. (2010). Monoamine oxidase A genotype is associated with gang membership and weapon use. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 51(2), 130-134.
7. Benson, J. S., & Decker, S. H. (2010). The organizational structure of international drug smuggling. Journal of Criminal Justice, 38(2), 130-138.
8. Björk, M. (2008). Wolves and sheepdogs: On migration, ethnic relations and gang-police interactions in Sweden. In F. van Gemert, D. Peterson, & I.-L. Lien (Eds.), Street gangs, migration and ethnicity. Cullompton: Willan Publishing.
9. Bjørgo, T. (1999). How gangs fall apart: Processes of transformation and disintegration of gangs. Paper presented at the 51st Annual Meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Toronto, Canada, 17-20 November. http://www. hawaii. edu/. Accessed 28 March 2011.
10. Bouchard, M., & Spindler, A. (2010). Groups, gangs, and delinquency: Does organization matter? Journal of Criminal Justice, 38(5), 921-933.
11. Bradshaw, P. (2005). Terrors and young teams: Youth gangs and delinquency in Edinburgh. In S. M. Decker & F. M. Weerman (Eds.), European street gangs and troublesome youth groups. Lanham: AltaMira.
12. Braithwaite, J., & Drahos, P. (2000). Global business regulation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
13. Brands, H. (2009). Third-generation gangs and criminal insurgency in Latin America. Small Wars Journal, July. http://smallwarsjournal. com/blog/2009/07/thirdgeneration-gangs-and-crim/. Accessed 28 March 2011.
14. Brehm, J. W. (1966). A theory of psychological reactance. New York: Academic.
15. Brehm, S. S., & Brehm, J. W. (1981). Psychological reactance: A theory of freedom and control. New York: Academic.
16. Broadhurst, R., & Lee, K. W. (2009). The transformation of Triad 'Dark Societies' in Hong Kong: The impact of law enforcement, socio-economic and political change. Security Challenges, 5(4), 1-38.
17. Brotherton, D. C., & Barrios, L. (2004). The Almighty Latin King and Queen Nation: Street politics and the transformation of a New York City gang. New York: Columbia University Press.
18. Bursik, R. J., Jr. (2002). The systemic model of gang behaviour: A reconsideration. In C. R. Huff (Ed.), Gangs in America (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
19. Bursik, R. J., Jr., & Grasmick, H. G. (1993). Neighborhoods and crime: The dimensions of effective community control. New York: Lexington Books.
20. Campbell, H. (2010). Jamaican dons like Christopher 'Dudus' Coke are considered role models. The Guardian, 25 May.
21. Chesney, K. (1970). The Victorian underworld. London: Temple Smith.
22. Chicago Crimes Scene Project (2009). El Rukn Temple, 31 January. http://chicagocrimescenes. blogspot. com/2009/01/el-rukn-temple. html. Accessed 28 March 2011.
23. Curry, G. D., & Decker, S. H. (2003). Confronting gangs (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
24. Dawley, D. (1992/1973). A nation of Lords: The autobiography of the Vice Lords (2nd ed.). Long Grove: Waveland.
25. Dawkins, R. (1983). Universal Darwinism. In D. S. Bendall (Ed.), Evolution from molecules to man. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
26. Decker, S. H. (2001). The Impact of organizational features on gang activities and relationships. In M. W. Klein, H.-J. Kerner, C. L. Maxson, & E. G. M. Weitekamp (Eds.), The Eurogang paradox: Street gangs and youth groups in the U. S. and Europe. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
27. Decker, S. H. & Pyrooz, D. C. (2010). Gang violence worldwide: Context, Culture, and Country. In Small Arms Survey 2010: Gangs, groups, and guns. http://www. smallarmssurvey. org/armed-actors/gangs. html. Accessed 28 March 2011.
28. Decker, S. H., & Pyrooz, D. C. (2011). Gangs: Another form of organized crime? In Oxford handbook of organized crime. New York: Oxford University Press. (Forthcoming).
29. Decker, S. H., & van Winkle, B. (1996). Life in the gang: Family, friends, and violence. New York: Cambridge University Press.
30. Decker, S. H., Bynum, T., & Weisel, D. (1998). A tale of two cities: Gangs as organized crime groups. Justice Quarterly, 15(3), 395-425.
31. Decker, S. H., van Gemert, F., & Pyrooz, D. C. (2009). Gangs, migration, and crime: The changing landscape in Europe and the USA. Journal of International Migration and Integration, 10(4), 393-408.
32. Federal Bureau of Investigation (2008). The MS-13 threat: A National Assessment. http://www. fbi. gov/page2/jan08/ms13_011408. html. Accessed 28 March 2011.
33. Felson, M. (2006). Crime and nature. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
34. Felson, M. (2009). The natural history of extended co-offending. Trends in Organized Crime, 12(2), 159-165.
35. Fishel, J. T., & Grizzard, M. (2005). Countering ideological support to terrorism in the Circum-Caribbean. Conflict Studies Research Centre, Defence Academy of the United Kingdom. http://www. isn. ethz. ch/isn/Digital-Library/Publications/Detail/?ots591=0C54E3B3-1E9C-BE1E-2C24-A6A8C7060233& lng=en& id=44053. Accessed 28 March 2011.
36. Foster, J., & Metcalfe, J. S. (2001). Modern evolutionary economic perspectives: an overview. In J. Foster & J. S. Metcalfe (Eds.), Frontiers of evolutionary economics: Competition, self-organization and innovation policy. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
37. Garzón, J. C. (2008). Mafia & Co.: The criminal networks in Mexico, Brazil, and Colombia. Tr. K. Ogle. Washington DC: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars.
38. Gatti, U., Angelini, F., Marengo, G., Melchiorre, N., & Sasso, M. (2005). An old-fashioned youth gang in Genoa. In S. H. Decker & F. M. Weerman (Eds.), European street gangs and troublesome youth groups. Lanham: AltaMira.
39. Global National (2007). Violent hispanic gang spreading in Canada. Global National News, 2 May.
40. Greene, J., & Pranis, K. (2007). Gang wars: The failure of enforcement tactics and the need for effective public safety strategies. Report. Washington DC: Justice Policy Institute. http://www. justicepolicy. org/content-hmID=1811& smID=1581& ssmID=22. htm. Accessed 28 March 2011.
41. Grogger, J. (2005). What we know about gang injunctions. Criminology and Public Policy, 4(3), 637-642.
42. Hagedorn, J. (2001). Globalization, gangs, and collaborative research. In M. W. Klein, H.-J. Kerner, C. L. Maxson, & E. G. M. Weitekamp (Eds.), The Eurogang paradox: Street gangs and youth groups in the U. S. and Europe. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
43. Hagedorn, J. (2002). Gangs and the informal economy. In C. R. Huff (Ed.), Gangs in America (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
44. Hagedorn, J. (2005). The global impact of gangs. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 21(2), 153-169.
45. Hagedorn, J. (2005). Gangs and politics. In L. R. Sherrod (Ed.), Youth activism: An international encyclopedia. Westport: Greenwood.
46. Hagedorn, J. (2008). A world of gangs: Armed young men and gangsta culture. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
47. Hodgson, G. M. (2002). Introduction. In G. M. Hodgson (Ed.), A modern reader in institutional and evolutionary economics. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
48. Hoffman, B. (2004). The changing face of Al Qaeda and the global war on terrorism. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 27, 549-560.
49. Howell, J. C., & Decker, S. H. (1999). The youth gangs, drugs, and violence connection. Juvenile justice bulletin, January. Washington D. C: U. S. Department of Justice.
50. Johnson, K. (2010). Drug cartels unite rival gangs to work for common bad. USA Today, 15 March. http://www. usatoday. com/news/nation/2010-03-15-rival-gangs-drug-wars_N. htm: Accessed 28 March 2011.
51. Jütersonke, O., Muggah, R., & Rodgers, D. (2009). Gangs, urban violence, and security interventions in Central America. Security Dialogue, 40(4-5), 373-397.
52. Kaplan, D. E., & Dubro, A. (2003). Yakuza: Japan's criminal underworld. Expanded edition. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
53. Karstedt, S. (2002). Durkheim, Tarde and beyond: The global travel of crime policies. Criminology and Criminal Justice, 2(2), 111-123.
54. Katz, C. M., & Webb, V. J. (2006). Policing gangs in America. New York: Cambridge University Press.
55. Katz, J., & Jackson-Jacobs, C. (2004). The criminologists' gang. In C. Sumner (Ed.), The Blackwell companion to criminology. London: Blackwell.
56. Kelly, K., & Caputo, T. (2005). The linkages between street gangs and organized crime: The Canadian experience. Journal of Gang Research, 13(1), 17-31.
57. Kenney, M. (2007). From Pablo to Osama: Trafficking and terrorist networks, government bureaucracies, and competitive adaptation. University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press.
58. Kinnes, I. (2000). From urban street gangs to criminal empires: The changing face of gangs in the Western Cape. Monograph No 48, June, Institute for Security Studies, South Africa. http://www. iss. co. za/Pubs/Monographs/No48/Contents. html. Accessed 28 March 2011.
59. Kleemans, E. R. (2007). Organized crime, transit crime, and racketeering. In M. Tonry (Ed.), Crime and justice: A review of research, volume 35. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
60. Kleemans, E. R., & de Poot, C. J. (2008). Criminal careers in organized crime and social opportunity structure. European Journal of Criminology, 5(1), 69-98.
61. Klein, M. W. (1995). The American street gang. New York: Oxford University Press.
62. Klein, M. W. (2007). Chasing after street gangs: A forty-year journey. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Prentice Hall.
63. Klein, M. W., & Maxson, C. L. (2006). Street gang patterns and policies. New York: Oxford University Press.
64. Klein, M. W., Maxson, C. L., & Cunningham, L. C. (1991). Crack, street gangs, and violence. Criminology, 29(4), 623-650.
65. Klein, M. W., Weerman, F. M., & Thornberry, T. P. (2006). Street gang violence in Europe. European Journal of Criminology, 3(4), 413-437.
66. Knox, G. W. (2008). The Vice Lords: Aspects of and formal and informal social organizational life in a gang. Chicago: National Gang Crime Center. http://www. ngcrc. com/ngcrc/viceprof. htm. Accessed 28 March 2011.
67. Kobrin, S. (1951). The conflict of values in delinquency areas. American Sociological Review, 16(1), 653-661.
68. Krugman, P. (1996). What economists can learn from evolutionary theorists. A talk given to the European Association for Evolutionary Political Economy. http://www. mit. edu/~krugman/evolute. html. Accessed 28 March 2011.
69. Lien, I.-L. (2005). The role of crime acts in constituting the gang's mentality. In S. H. Decker & F. M. Weerman (Eds.), European street gangs and troublesome youth groups. Lanham: AltaMira.
70. Lien, I-L. (2005). Criminal gangs and their connections: Metaphors, definitions, and structures. In S. H. Decker & F. M. Weerman (Eds.), European street gangs and troublesome youth groups. Lanham: AltaMira.
71. Lintner, B. (2002). Blood brothers: Crime, business and politics in Asia. Sydney: Allen & Unwin.
72. Maxson, C. L., & Klein, M. W. (1995). Investigating gang structures. Journal of Gang Research, 3(1), 33-40.
73. Maxson, C. L., Hennigan, K. M., & Sloane, D. C. (2005). "It's getting crazy out there": Can a civil gang injunction change a community? Criminology & Public Policy, 4(3), 577-606.
74. McGlade, J., & Garnsey, E. (2006). The nature of complexity. In E. Garnsey & J. McGlade (Eds.), Complexity and co-evolution: Continuity and change in socio-economic systems. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
75. McGlade, J., Murray, R., Baldwin, J., Ridgway, K., & Winder, B. (2006). Industrial resilience and decline: A co-evolutionary framework. In E. Garnsey & J. McGlade (Eds.), Complexity and co-evolution: Continuity and change in socio-economic systems. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
76. Morselli, C., & Petit, K. (2007). Law-enforcement disruption of a drug importation network. Global Crime, 8(2), 109-130.
77. Nelson, R. (2001). The coevolution of technology and institutions as the driver of economic growth. In J. Foster & J. S. Metcalfe (Eds.), Frontiers of evolutionary economics: Competition, self-organization and innovation policy. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
78. Nelson, R. (2006). Evolutionary social science and universal Darwinism. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 16, 491-510.
79. Northridge East Neighborhood Council (2007). Meeting Minutes 17 January. http://www. northridgeeast. com/Docs/Minutes_Council_Meeting_070122. pdf Accessed 25 February 2009.
80. Padilla, F. M. (1992). The gang as an American enterprise. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
81. Paoli, L. (2002). The paradoxes of organized crime. Crime, Law and Social Change, 37, 51-97.
82. Papachristos, A. (2005). Gang world. Foreign Policy, March/April: 48-55.
83. Park, R. E., Burgess, E. W., & McKenzie, R. D. (1925). The city. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
84. Pih, K. K., De La Rosa, M., Rugh, D., & Mao, K. (2008). Different strokes for different gangs? An analysis of capital among Latino and Asian gang members. Sociological Perspectives, 51(3), 473-494.
85. Pih, K. K., Hirose, A., & Mao, K. (2010). Gangs as contractors: The social organization of American Taiwanese youth gangs in Southern California. Trends in Organized Crime, 13, 115-133.
86. Porteous, S. D. (1998). Organized crime impact study: Highlights. Ottawa: Solicitor-General Canada.
87. Rafter, N. (2008). The criminal brain. New York: New York University Press.
88. Rather, D. (2005). The fight against MS-13. CBS News, 4 December.
89. Reiss, A. J., Jr. (1988). Co-offending and criminal careers. Crime and Justice, 10, 117-170.
90. Rhodes, R. A. W. (2006). The sour laws of network governance. In J. Fleming & J. Wood (Eds.), Fighting crime together: The challenges of policing and security networks. Sydney: University of New South Wales Press.
91. Rodgers, D. (2006). Gangs, violence, and asset building in post-conflict Central America. Conference paper, Brookings/Ford Workshop June 27-28. www. brookings. edu/global/assets06/14rodgers. pdf. Accessed 28 March 2011.
92. Salagaev, A., Shashkin, A., Sherbakova, I., & Touriyanskiy, E. (2005). Contemporary Russian gangs: History, membership, and crime involvement. In S. H. Decker & F. M. Weerman (Eds.), European street gangs and troublesome youth groups. Lanham: AltaMira.
93. Sampson, R. J., Raudenbush, S. W., & Earls, F. (1997). Neighborhoods and violent crime: A multilevel study of collective efficacy. Science, 277, 918-924.
94. Sánchez-Jankowski, M. (1991). Islands in the street: Gangs and American urban society. Berkeley: University of California Press.
95. Sánchez-Jankowski, M. (2003). Gangs and social change. Theoretical Criminology, 7(2), 191-216.
96. Schneider, E. C. (1999). Vampires, dragons and Egyptian kings: Youth gangs in postwar New York. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
97. Shashkin, A. (2008). Origins and development of racist skinheads in Moscow. In F. van Gemert, D. Peterson, & I.-L. Lien (Eds.), Street gangs, migration and ethnicity. Cullompton: Willan Publishing.
98. Shaw, C. R., & McKay, H. D. (1942). Juvenile delinquency in urban areas. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
99. Sherman, L. W. (1993). Defiance, deterrence, and irrelevance: A theory of the criminal sanction. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 30(4), 445-473.
100. Short, J. F., Jr. (1998). The level of explanation problem revisited - The American Society of Criminology 1997 Presidential address. Criminology, 36(1), 3-36.
101. Short, J. F., Jr., & Hughes, L. A. (2006). Moving gang research forward. In J. F. Short Jr. & L. A. Hughes (Eds.), Studying youth gangs. Lanham: AltaMira.
102. Smith, D. J., & Bradshaw, P. (2005). Gang membership and teenage offending. Edinburgh Study of Youth Transitions and Crime Research Digest No. 8.
103. Spergel, I. A. (1995). The youth gang problem: A community approach. New York: Oxford University Press.
104. Spergel, I. A., & Curry, G. D. (1990). Strategies and perceived agency effectiveness in dealing with the youth gang problem. In C. Ronald Huff (Ed.), Gangs in America. Newbury Park: Sage.
105. Spergel, I., Curry, D., Chance, R., Kane, C., Ross, R., Alexander, A., et al. (1994). Gang suppression and intervention: Problem and response: Research summary. Washington DC: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
106. Sullivan, J. P. (2001). Gangs, hooligans and anarchists - The vanguard of netwar in the streets. In J. Arquilla & D. Ronfeldt (Eds.), Networks and netwars: The future of terror, crime, and militancy. Santa Monica: RAND.
107. Sullivan, J. P. (2006). Maras Morphing: Revisiting third generation gangs. Global Crime, 7(3/4), 487-504.
108. Surette, R. (2002). Self-reported copycat crime among a population of serious and violent juvenile offenders. Crime and Delinquency, 48(1), 46-69.
109. Taylor, C. S. (1990). Gang imperialism. In C. Ronald Huff (Ed.), Gangs in America. Newbury Park: Sage.
110. Thornberry, T. P. (1998). Membership in youth gangs and involvement in serious and violent offending. In R. Loeber & D. P. Farrington (Eds.), Serious and violent offenders: Risk factors and successful interventions. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
111. Thornberry, T. P., Krohn, M. D., Lizotte, A. J., Smith, C. A., & Tobin, K. (2003). Gangs and delinquency in developmental perspective. New York: Cambridge University Press.
112. Thrasher, F. M. (1927/1963). The gang: A study of 1, 313 gangs in Chicago. Abridged edition with introduction by J. F. Short. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press.
113. Townsend, D. (2009). No other life: Gangs, guns, and governance in Trinidad and Tobago. Small Arms Survey, working paper No. 8, December. http://www. smallarmssurvey. org/publications/by-type/working-papers. html. Accessed 28 March 2011.
114. Tweed Daily News (2008). Graffiti Cowards. Tweed Daily News, 18 August.
115. van Gemert, F., Peterson, D., & Lien, I.-L. (Eds.). (2008). Street gangs, migration and ethnicity. Cullompton: Willan Publishing.
116. Venkatesh, S. A. (2006). Off the books: The underground economy of the urban poor. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
117. Vigil, J. D. (1993). The established gang. In S. Cummings & D. J. Monti (Eds.), Gangs: The origins and impact of contemporary youth gangs in the United States. Albany: State University of New York Press.
118. Vigil, J. D. (2002). A rainbow of gangs: Street cultures in the mega-city. Austin: University of Texas Press.
119. von Lampe, K., & Johansen, P. O. (2003). Criminal networks and trust. Paper presented at the Third Annual Meeting of the European Society of Criminology, Helsinki, 29 August.
120. Weisel, D. L. (2002). The evolution of street gangs: An examination of form and variety. In W. L. Reed & S. H. Decker (Eds.), Responding to gangs: Evaluation and research. NCJ 190351. Washington DC: National Institute of Justice.
121. Weitekamp, E. G. M., Reich, K., & Kerner, H.-J. (2005). Why do young male Russians of German descent tend to join or form violent gangs? In S. H. Decker & F. M. Weerman (Eds.), European street gangs and troublesome youth groups. Lanham: AltaMira.
122. White, R. (2008). Weapons are for wimps: The social dynamics of ethnicity and violence in Australian gangs. In F. van Gemert, D. Peterson, & I.-L. Lien (Eds.), Street gangs, migration and ethnicity. Cullompton: Willan Publishing.
123. Williams, P. (2001). Transnational criminal networks. In J. Arquilla & D. Rondeldt (Eds.), Networks and netwars: The future of terror, crime and militancy. Santa Monica: RAND.
124. Wrangham, R. W., & Wilson, M. L. (2004). Comparisons between youths and chimpanzees. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1036, 233-256.
125. Xia, M. (2008). Organizational formations of organized crime in China: Perspectives from the state, markets, and networks. Journal of Contemporary China, 17(54), 1-23.
126. Ziedenberg, J. (2005). Ganging up on communities?: Putting gang crime in context. Policy Brief. Washington DC: Justice Policy Institute. http://www. streetgangs. com/academic/JPIgangreport705. pdf. Accessed 28 March 2011.