Longitudinal perspectives on adolescent street gangs

The Long View of Crime: A Synthesis of Longitudinal Research

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 128-160

  Krohn, Marvin D ^a   Thornberry, Terence P ^b  

^a STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 70149123254     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-71165-2_4     Document Type: Chapter

References (102)

1. Akers, R. L. (1998). Social learning and social structure: A general theory of crime and deviance. Boston: Northeastern University Press.
2. Baltes, P. B. (1987). Theoretical propositions of life-span developmental psychology: On the dynamics between growth and decline. Developmental Psychology, 23, 611-626.
3. Baltes, P. B., & Brim, O. G. (1982). Life span development and behavior (Vol. 4). New York: Academic Press.
4. Battin-Pearson, S. R., Thornberry, T. P., Hawkins, J. D., & Krohn, M. D. (1998). Gang membership, delinquent peers, and delinquent behavior. OJJDP Juvenile Justice Bulletin (Vol. NCJ 171119).
5. Bendixen, M., Endresen, I. M., & Olweus, D. (2006). Joining and leaving gangs: Selection and facilitation effects on self-reported antisocial behaviour in early adolescence. European Journal of Criminology, 3, 85-114.
6. Bjerregaard, B., & Lizotte, A. J. (1995). Gun ownership and gang membership. The Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology, 86, 37-58.
7. Bjerregaard, B., & Smith, C. A. (1993). Gender differences in gang participation, delinquency, and substance use. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 9, 329-355.
8. Bursik, R. J., Jr., & Grasmick, H. G. (1995). The collection of data for gang research. In M. W. Klein, C. L. Maxson, & J. Miller (Eds.), The modern gang reader (pp. 154-157). Los Angeles, CA: Roxbury.
9. Caspi, A., Wright, B. R. E., Moffitt, T. E., & Silva, P. A. (1998). Early failure in the labor market: Childhood and adolescent predictors of unemployment in the transition to adulthood. American Sociological Review, 63, 424-451.
10. Cloward, R. A., & Ohlin, L. E. (1960). Delinquency and opportunity. Glencoe: Free Press.
11. Cohen, A. K. (1955). Delinquent boys. Glencoe: Free Press.
12. Craig, W. M., Vitaro, F., Gagnon, C., & Tremblay, R. E. (2002). The road to gang membership: Characteristics of male gang and non-gang members from ages 10-14. Social Development, 11, 53-68.
13. Curry, D. G. (2000). Self-reported gang involvement and officially recorded delinquency. Criminology, 38, 1253-1274.
14. Curry, D. G., Ball, R. E., & Decker, S. H. (1996). Estimating the national scope of gang crime from law enforcement data. National Institute of Justice Research in Brief (Vol. NCJ 161477).
15. Decker, S., & Lauritsen, J. (1996). Breaking the bonds of membership: Leaving the gang. In C. R. Huff (Ed.), Gangs in America (2nd ed., pp. 103-122). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
16. Eitle, D., Gunkel, S., & Van Gundy, K. (2004). Cumulative exposure to stressful life events and male gang membership. Journal of Criminal Justice, 32, 95-111.
17. Elliott, D. S., & Mihalic, S. (2004). Blueprints for violence prevention. Boulder, CO: University of Colorado, Institute of Behavioral Science, Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence.
18. Esbensen, F. A., & Huizinga, D. (1993). Gangs, drugs, and delinquency in a survey of urban youth. Criminology, 31, 565-590.
19. Esbensen, F. A., Huizinga, D., & Weiher, A. W. (1993). Gang and non-gang youth: Differences in explanatory factors. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 9, 94-116.
20. Esbensen, F. A., & Osgood, D. W. (1997). National evaluation of G. R. E. A. T. National Institute of Justice Research in Brief (Vol. NCJ 167264).
21. Esbensen, F. A., & Winfree, L. T. (1998). Race and gender differences between gang and non-gang youths: Results from a multisite survey. Justice Quarterly, 15, 505-526.
22. Fagan, J., & Pabon, E. (1990). Contributions of delinquency and substance use to school dropout among inner-city youths. Youth and Society, 21, 306-354.
23. Farrington, D. P. (2005). Conclusions about developmental and life-course theories. In D. P. Farrington (Ed.), Integrated development and life-course theories of offending (pp. 247-256). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
24. Farrington, D. P., Ohlin, L. E., & Wilson, J. (1986). Understanding and controlling crime: Toward a new research strategy. New York: Springer-Verlag.
25. Gatti, U., Tremblay, R. E., Vitaro, F., & McDuff, P. (2005). Youth gangs, delinquency and drug use: A test of the selection, facilitation, and enhancement hypotheses. Journal of Child Psychology, 46, 1178-1190.
26. Gatti, U., Vitaro, F., Tremblay, R. E., & McDuff, P. (2002). Youth gangs and violent behavior: Results from the Montreal Longitudinal Experimental Study. Paper presented at the XV World Meeting of the International Society for Research on Aggression, Montreal, Canada.
27. Gordon, R. A., Lahey, B. B., Kawai, E., Loeber, R., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., & Farrington, D. P. (2004). Antisocial behavior and youth gang membership: Selection and socialization. Criminology, 42, 55-87.
28. Gottfredson, M. R., & Hirschi, T. (1990). A general theory of crime. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
29. Hagedorn, J. H. (1998). People and folks: Gangs, crime, and the underclass in a rustbelt city. Chicago: Lakeview Press.
30. Hall, G. P., Thornberry, T. P., & Lizotte, A. J. (2006). The gang facilitation effect and neighborhood risk: Do gangs have a stronger influence on delinquency in disadvantaged areas? In J. F. Short, Jr. & L. A. Hughes (Eds.), Studying youth gangs (pp. 47-61). New York: AltaMira Press.
31. Haviland, A. M., & Nagin, D. S. (2005). Causal inferences with group based trajectory models. Psychometrika, 70, 1-22.
32. Hill, K. G., Chung, I. J., Guo, J., & Hawkins, J. D. (2002). The impact of gang membership on adolescent violence trajectories. Paper presented at the International Society for Research on Aggression, Montreal, Canada.
33. Hill, K. G., Hawkins, J. D., Catalano, R. F., Kosterman, R., Abbott, R. D., & Edwards, T. (1996, November). The longitudinal dynamics of gang membership and problem behavior: A replication and extension of the Denver and Rochester gang studies in Seattle. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Chicago.
34. Hill, K. G., Hawkins, J. D., Catalano, R. F., Maguin, E., & Kosterman, R. (1995, November). The role of gang membership in delinquency, substance use, and violent offending. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Boston.
35. Hill, K. G., Howell, J. C., Hawkins, J. D., & Battin-Pearson, S. R. (1999). Childhood risk factors for adolescent gang membership: Results from the Seattle Social Development Project. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 36, 300-322.
36. Hirschi, T. (1969). Causes of delinquency. Berkley, CA: University of California Press.
37. Howell, J. C. (1998). Promising programs for youth gang violence prevention and intervention. In R. Loeber & D. P. Farrington (Eds.), Serious and violent juvenile offenders: Risk factors and successful interventions (pp. 284-312). Thousands Oaks, CA: Sage.
38. Howell, J. C. (2000). Youth gang programs and strategies. Washington, DC: U. S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, OJJDP.
39. Howell, J. C., & Egley, A., Jr., (2005). Moving risk factors into developmental theories of gang membership. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 3, 334-354.
40. Huff, C. R. (1996). Gangs in America. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
41. Hughes, L. A. (2005). Studying youth gangs: Alternative methods and conclusions. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 21, 98-119.
42. Huizinga, D., Weiher, A. W., Espiritu, R., & Esbensen, F. A. (2003). Delinquency and crime: Some highlights from the Denver Youth Survey. In T. P. Thornberry & M. D. Krohn (Eds.), Taking stock: An overview of findings from contemporary longitudinal studies. New York, NY: Plenum Press.
43. Huizinga, D., Weiher, A. W., Menard, S., Espiritu, R., & Esbensen, F. A. (1988). Some not so boring findings from the Denver Youth Survey. Unpublished manuscript. Boulder: Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado.
44. Kandel, D. B., Chen, K., & Gill, A. (1995). The impact of drug use on earnings: A life span perspective. Social Forces, 74, 243-270.
45. Kandel, D. B., Davies, M., Karus, D., & Yamaguchi, K. (1986). The consequences in young adulthood of adolescent drug involvement. Archives of General Psychiatry, 43, 746-754.
46. Kaplan, H. B., & Liu, X. (1994). A longitudinal analysis of mediating variables in the drug usedropping out relationship. Criminology, 32, 415-439.
47. Katz, J., & Jackson-Jacobs, C. (2004). The criminologist's gang. In C. Summer (Ed.), The Blackwell companion to criminology (pp. 91-124). Malden, MA: Blackwell.
48. Kennedy, D. M., Piehl, A. M., & Braga, A. A. (1996). Youth violence in Boston: Gun markets, serious youth offenders, and a use-reduction strategy. Law and Contemporary Problems, 59, 147-196.
49. Klein, M. W. (1969). Gang cohesiveness, delinquency, and a street-work program. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 6, 135-166.
50. Klein, M. W. (1971). Street gangs and street workers. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
51. Klein, M. W., Gordon, M. A., & Maxson, C. A. (1986). The impact of police investigation on police reported rates of gang and non-gang homicides. Criminology, 24, 489-512.
52. Klein, M. K., & Maxson, C. L. (2006). Street gang patterns and policies. New York: Oxford University Press.
53. Kobrin, S. (1959). The Chicago area project: A twenty-five year assessment. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 322, 19-29.
54. Kosterman, R., Hawkins, J. D., Hill, K. G., Abbott, R. D., Catalano, R. F., & Guo, J. (1996, November). The developmental dynamics of gang initiation: When and why young people join gangs. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Chicago.
55. Krohn, M. D., Thornberry, T. P, Collins-Hall, L., & Lizotte, A. J. (1995). School dropout, delinquent behavior, and drug use: An examination of the causes and consequences of dropping out of school. In H. B. Kaplan (Ed.), Drugs, crime, and other deviant adaptations: Longitudinal studies (pp. 163-183). New York: Plenum Press.
56. Krohn, M. D., Thornberry, T. P., Rivera, C., & LeBlanc, M. (2001). Later delinquency careers. In R. Loeber & D. P. Farrington (Eds.), Child delinquents: Development, intervention and service needs (pp. 67-93). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
57. Krohn, M. D., Lizotte, A. J., Thornberry, T. P., Hall, G. P., & Chu, R. (2006). The effect of gang membership on life-course transitions and early adult outcomes. Los Angeles, CA: Paper presented at the American Society of Criminology.
58. Lacourse, E., Nagin, D., Tremblay, R. E., Vitaro, F., & Claes, M. (2003). Developmental trajectories of boys' delinquent group membership and facilitation of violent behaviors during adolescence. Development and Psychopathology, 15, 183-197.
59. Lahey, B. B., Gordon, R. A., Loeber, R., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., & Farrington, D. P. (1999). Boys who join gangs: A prospective study of predictors of first gang entry. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 27, 261-276.
60. Levitt, S. D., & Venkatesh, S. A. (2001a). An analysis of the long-run consequences of gang involvement. Paper presented at the 2001 Harvard Inequality Summer Institute, Harvard University.
61. Levitt, S. D., & Venkatesh, S. A. (2001b). Growing up in the projects: The economic lives of a cohort of men who came of age in Chicago public housing. American Economic Review, 91, 79-84.
62. Lizotte, A. J., Tesoriero, J. M., Thornberry, T. P., & Krohn, M. D. (1994). Patterns of adolescent firearms ownership and use. Justice Quarterly, 11, 51-74.
63. Loeber, R., & Farrington, D. P. (2001). Child delinquents: Development, intervention and service needs. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
64. Loeber, R., Farrington, D. P., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., White, H. R., Wei, E. H., & Beyers, J. M. (2003). The development of male offending: Key findings from 14 years of the Pittsburgh Youth Study. In T. P. Thornbery & M. D. Krohn (Eds.), Taking stock of delinquency: An overview of findings from contemporary longitudinal studies (pp. 93-136). New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
65. Mattick, H., & Caplan, N. S. (1962). Chicago youth development project: The Chicago boys' club. Ann Arbor, MI: Institute of Social Research.
66. Maxson, C. L., Whitlock, M. L., & Klein, M. W. (1997). A comparison of the risk factors associated with gang joining, violent behavior, and general delinquency. San Diego, CA: Paper presented at the American Society of Criminology.
67. Mensch, B. S., & Kandel, D. B. (1988). Dropping out of high school and drug involvement. Sociology of Education, 61, 95-113.
68. Miller, W. B. (1958). Lower class culture as a generating milieu of gang delinquency. Journal of Social Issues, 14, 5-19.
69. Miller, W. B. (1962). The impact of a "total community" delinquency control project. Social Problems, 10, 168-191.
70. Miller, W. B. (1975). Violence by youth gangs and youth groups as a crime problem in major American cities. Washington, DC: U. S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
71. Moffitt, T. E. (1993). "Life-course-persistent" and "adolescence-limited" antisocial behavior: A developmental taxonomy. Psychological Review, 100, 674-701.
72. Moore, J. W. (1991). Going down to the barrio: Homeboys and homegirls in change. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
73. Nagin, D. S. (1999). Analyzing developmental trajectories: A semiparametric, group-based approach. Psychological Methods, 4, 139-157.
74. Nagin, D. S., & Land, K. C. (1993). Age, criminal careers, and population heterogeneity: Specification and estimation of a nonparametric, mixed poisson model. Criminology, 31, 327-362.
75. Newcomb, M. D., & Bentler, P. M. (1988). Consequences of adolescent drug use: Impact on the lives of young adults. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
76. Olweus, D. (1993). Bullying at school: What we know and what we can do. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
77. Patterson, G. R., Capaldi, D., & Ban, L. (1991). An early starter model for predicting delinquency. In D. J. Pepler & K. H. Rubin (Eds.), The development and treatment of childhood aggression (pp. 139-168). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
78. Piquero, A. R. (this volume). Taking stock of developmental trajectories of criminal activity over the life course.
79. Rosenbaum, P. (2002). Observational studies (2nd ed.). New York: Springer-Verlag.
80. Rosenbaum, P., & Rubin, D. (1983). The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects. Biometrika, 70, 41-55.
81. Sampson, R. J., & Laub, J. H. (1993). Crime in the making: Pathways and turning points though life. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
82. Siennick, S. E., & Osgood, D. W. (this volume). A review of research on the impact on crime of transitions to adult roles.
83. Shaw, C. R., & McKay, H. D. (1942). Juvenile delinquency and urban areas. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
84. Short, J. F., & Strodtbeck, F. L. (1965). Group processes and gang delinquency. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
85. Small, S. A., & Luster, T. (1994). Adolescent sexual activity: An ecological, risk-factor approach. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 56, 181-192.
86. Smith, C. A. (1997). Factors associated with early sexual activity among urban adolescents. Social Wo r k, 42, 334-346.
87. Thornberry, T. P. (1987). Toward an interactional theory of delinquency. Criminology, 25, 863-891.
88. Thornberry, T. P. (1998). Membership in youth gangs and involvement in serious and violent offending. In R. Loeber & D. P. Farrington (Eds.), Serious & violent juvenile offenders: Risk factors and successful interventions (pp. 147-166). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
89. Thornberry, T. P., & Krohn, M. D. (2003). Taking stock of delinquency: An overview of findings from contemporary longitudinal studies. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
90. Thornberry, T. P., & Krohn, M. D. (2005). Applying interactional theory to the explanation of continuity and change in antisocial behavior. In D. P. Farrington (Ed.), Integrated developmental and life-course theories of offending (pp. 183-209). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
91. Thornberry, T. P., Krohn, M. D., Lizotte, A. J., & Chard-Wierschem, D. (1993). The role of juvenile gangs in facilitating delinquent behavior. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 30, 55-87.
92. Thornberry, T. P., Krohn, M. D., Lizotte, A. J., Smith, C. A., & Tobin, K. (2003). Gangs and delinquency in developmental perspective. New York: Cambridge University Press.
93. Thornberry, T. P., & Porter, P. K. (2001). Advantages of longitudinal research designs in studying gang behavior. In M. W. Klein, H. J. Kerner, C. Maxson, & E. G. M. Weitekamp (Eds.), The eurogang paradox (pp. 59-77). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
94. Thornberry, T. P., Smith, C. A., & Howard, G. J. (1997). Risk factors for teenage fatherhood. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 59, 505-522.
95. Thrasher, F. M. (1927). The gang: A study of 1, 313 gangs in Chicago. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
96. Thrasher, F. M. (1936). The boys' club and juvenile delinquency. American Journal of Sociology, 41, 66-80.
97. Tremblay, R. E., Vitaro, F., Nagin, D., Pagani, L., & Seguin, J. R. (2003). The Montreal Longitudinal and Experimental Study: Rediscovering the power of descriptions. In T. P. Thornberry & M. D. Krohn (Eds.), Taking stock of delinquency: An overview of findings from contemporary longitudinal studies (pp. 205-254). New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
98. Vigil, J. D. (1988). Barrio gangs: Street life and identity in Southern California. Austin: University of Texas Press.
99. Walker-Barnes, C. J., & Mason, C. A. (2001). Ethnic differences in the effect of parenting on gang involvement and gang delinquency: A longitudinal, hierarchical linear modeling perspective. Child Development, 72, 1814-1831.
100. Yablonsky, L. (1962). The violent gang. New York, NY: MacMillan Press.
101. Yarrow, M. R., Campbell J. D., & Burton, R. V. (1970). Recollections of childhood: A study of the retrospective method. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 35, 1-83.
102. Zhang, L., Welte, J. W., & Wieczorek, W. F. (1999). Youth gangs, drug use, and delinquency. Journal of Criminal Justice, 27, 101-109.