UNDERMINING PARTNERSHIPS BETWEEN AFRICAN AMERICAN FAMILIES AND SCHOOLS: LEGACIES OF DISCRIMINATION AND INEQUALITIES

African American Children and Mental Health: Volume 1: Development and Context: Volume 2 Prevention and Social Policy

Volumn 1, Issue , 2011, Pages V1-199-V1-230

  Hill, Nancy E ^a,b  

^a HARVARD GRADUATE SCHOOL OF EDUCATION   (United States)

^b HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84925870376     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (110)

1. 107th Congress.(2002). Public Law 107-110, The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001. Retrieved from http://www.ed.gov/policy/elsec/leg/esea02/107-110.pdf.
2. Abdul-Adil, J. K., & Farmer, A. D. (2006). Inner-city African American parental involvement in elementary schools: Getting beyond urban legends of apathy. School Psychology Quarterly, 21 (1), 1-1.
3. Adams, K. S., & Christenson, S. L.(2000). Trust and the family-school relationship examination of parent-teacher differences in elementary and secondary grades. Journal of School Psychology, 38 (5), 5-477.
4. Alexander, K. L., Entwisle, D. R., & Thompson, M. S.(1987). School performance, status relations, and the structure of sentiment: Bringing the teacher back in. American Sociological Review, 52, 665-682.
5. Anderson, J. D.(1988). The education of Blacks in the South 1860-1935. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
6. Baker, A. J. L., Kessler-Sklar, S., Piotrkowski, C. S., & Parker, F. L.(1999). Kindergarten and first-grade teachers’ reported knowledge of parents’ involvement in their children’s education. The Elementary School Journal, 99 (4), 4-367.
7. Beard, K. S., & Brown, K. M.(2008). “Trusting” schools to meet the academic needs of African American students? Suburban mothers’ perspectives. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 21 (5), 5-471.
8. Boethel, M.(2003). Diversity: School, family, and community connections. Retrieved from http://www.sedl.org/connections/resources/diversity-synthesis.pdf
9. Bourdieu, P.(1973). Cultural reproduction and social reproduction. In R. Brown (Ed.), Knowledge, education, and cultural change (pp. 56-68). London: Tavistock.
10. Bourdieu, P.(1977). Cultural reproduction and social reproduction: A model. In J. Karabel & A. H. Halsey (Eds.), Power and ideology in education (pp. 485-511). New York: Oxford University Press.
11. Bradley, R. H., Corwyn, R. F., Burchinal, M., McAdoo, H. P., & Garcia Coll, C.(2001). The home environments of children in the United States Part II: Relations with behavioral development through age thirteen. Child Development, 72 (6), 6-1868.
12. Brody, G. H., & Flor, D. L.(1998). Maternal resources, parenting practices, and child competence in rural, single parent African American families. Child Development, 69, 803-816.
13. Brooks-Gunn, J., Duncan, G. J., & Aber, J. L.(1997). Neighborhood poverty: Context and consequences for children, vol. 1. New York: Russell Sage.
14. Brooks-Gunn, J., Klebanov, P. K., & Duncan, G. J.(1996). Ethnic differences in children’s intelligence test scores: Role of economic deprivation, home environment, and maternal characteristics. Child Development, 67 (2), 2-396.
15. Brophy, J.(1983). Research on the self-fulfilling prophecy and teacher expectations. Journal of Educational Psychology, 75, 631-661.
16. Bryk, A. S., & Schneider, B. H.(2002). Trust in schools: A core resource for school improvement. New York: Russell Sage.
17. Carlson, M. J., & Corcoran, M. E.(2001). Family structure and children’s behavioral and cognitive outcomes. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 63 (3), 3-779.
18. Chao, R. K., & Hill, N. E.(2009). Recommendations for developmentally appropriate strategies for parental involvement during adolescence. In N. E. Hill & R. K. Chao (Eds.), Families, schools, and the adolescent: Connecting research, policy, and practice (pp. 195-207). New York: Teachers College Press.
19. Chavkin, N. F., & Williams, D. L.(1989). Low income parents’ attitudes toward parental involvement in education. Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare, 16 (3), 3-17.
20. Clark, R. M.(1983). Family life and school achievement: Why poor Black children succeed or fail. Chicago: University of Chicago press.
21. Comer, J. P.(1995). School power: Implications of an intervention project. New York: Free Press.
22. Cooper, C. E., & Crosnoe, R.(2007). The engagement in schooling of economically disadvantaged parents and children. Youth and Society, 38 (3), 372-391.
23. Cooper, C. E., Crosnoe, R., Suizzo, M.-A., & Pituch, K. A. (2010). Poverty, race, and parental involvement during the transition to elementary school. Journal of Family Issues, 31 (7), 7-859.
24. Cross, W. E.(2003). Tracing the historical origins of youth delinquency and violence: Myths and realities about black culture. Journal of Social Issues, 59 (1), 1-67.
25. Crozier, G.(1998). Parents and schools: Partnership or surveillance? Journal of Education Policy, 13 (1), 1-125.
26. Dearing, E., Kreider, H., Simpkins, S., & Weiss, H. B.(2006). Familyinvolvement in school and low-income children’s literacy: Longitudinal association between and within families. Journal of Educational Psychology, 98 (4), 4-653.
27. Deater-Deckard, K., & Dodge, K. A.(1997). Externalizing behavior problems and discipline revisited: Nonlinear effects and variations by culture, context, and gender. Psychological Inquiry, 8, 161-175.
28. DeGarmo, D. S., Forgatch, M. S., & Martinez, C. R.(1999). Parenting of divorced mothers as a link between social status and boys’ academic outcomes: Unpacking the effects of socioeconomic status. Child Development, 70 (5), 1231-1245.
29. DeNavas-Walt, C., Proctor, B. D., & Smith, J. C.(2009). Income, poverty, and health insurance coverage in the United States, 2008 (No. P60-236,). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Census Bureau.
30. Desimone, L.(1999). Community influences on the relation of family status to adolescent school performance: Differences between African Americans and non-Hispanic Whites. American Journal of Education, 99 (4), 4-543.
31. Du Bois, W. E. B.(1935). Black reconstruction in America, 1860-1880. New York: Free Press.
32. Edwards, C. P., Knoche, L., Aukrust, V., Kumru, A., & Kim, M.(2006). Parental ethnotheories of child development: Looking beyond independence and individualism in American belief systems. In U. Kim, K.-S. Yang, & K. Hwang (Eds.), Indigenous and cultural psychology: Understanding people in context (pp. 141-162). New York: Springer Science + Business Media.
33. Englund, M. M., Luckner, A. E., Whaley, G. J. L., & Engeland, B.(2004). Children’s academic achievement in early elementary school: Longitudinal effects of parental involvement, expectations, and quality of assistance. Journal of Educational Psychology, 96 (4), 4-723.
34. Entwisle, D. R., & Alexander, K. L.(1988). Factors affecting achievement test scores and marks of Black and White first graders. Elementary School Journal, 88, 449-471.
35. Epstein, J. L., & Sanders, M. G.(2002). Family, school, and community partnerships. In M. H. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of parenting, vol. 5: Practical issues in parenting (pp. 407-437). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
36. Evans, G. W.(2004). The environment of childhood poverty. American Psychologist, 59 (2), 2-77.
37. Fan, X., & Chen, M.(2001). Parental involvement and students’ academic achievement: A meta-analysis. Educational Psychology Review, 13(1), 1-22.
38. Fennimore, B. S.(2005). Brown and the failure of civic responsibility. Teachers College Record, 107 (9), 1909-1932.
39. Ferguson, R. F.(1998). Teachers’ perceptions and expectations and the BlackWhite test score gap. In C. Jencks & M. Phillips (Eds.), The Black-White test score gap (pp. 273-317). Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.
40. Ford, D. Y.(1995). Desegregating gifted education: A need unmet. Journal of Negro Education, 64 (1), 1-52.
41. Furstenberg, F. F., Belzer, A., Davis, C., Levine, J. A., Morrow, K., & Washington, M.(1993). How families manage risk and opportunity in dangerous neighborhoods. In W. J. Wilson (Ed.), Sociology and the public agenda (pp. 231-258). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
42. Garcia Coll, C. T., Lamberty, G., Jenkins, R., McAdoo, H. P., Crnic, K., Wasik, B., & Garcia, H. V.(1996). An integrative model for the study of developmental competencies in minority children. Child Development, 67, 1891-1914.
43. Gareau, M., & Sawatsky, D.(1995). Parents and schools working together: A qualitative study of parent-school collaboration. The Alberta Journal of Educational Research, 41 (4), 4-462.
44. Gill, S., & Reynolds, A. J.(1999). Educational expectations and school achievement of urban African American children. Journal of School Psychology, 37, 403-424.
45. Grolnick, W. S., & Slowiaczek, M. L.(1994). Parents’ involvement in children’s schooling: A multidimensional conceptualization and motivation model. Child Development, 65, 237-252.
46. Gutman, L. M., & McLoyd, V. C.(2000). Parents’ management of their children’s education within the home, at school, and in the community: An examination of African American families living in poverty. The Urban Review, 32 (1), 1-1.
47. Gutman, L. M., & Midgley, C.(2000). The role of protective factors in supporting the academic achievement of poor African American students during the middle school transition. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 29 (2), 2-223.
48. Halle, T. G., Kurtz-Costes, B., & Mahoney, J. L.(1997). Family influences on school achievement in low-income African American children. Journal of Educational Psychology, 89, 527-537.
49. Hampton, F. M., Mumford, D. A., & Bond, L.(1998). Parental involvement in inner city schools: The project FAST extended family approach to success. Urban Education, 33 (3), 3-410.
50. Hamre, B. K., & Pianta, R. C.(2001). Early teacher-child relationships and the trajectory of children’s school outcomes through eighth grade. Child Development, 72, 625-638.
51. Harry, B., Allen, N., & McLaughlin, M.(1995). Communication versus compliance: African American parents’ involvement in special education. Exceptional Children, 61 (4), 4-364.
52. Hill, N. E.(2001). Parenting and academic socialization as they relate to school readiness: The roles of ethnicity and family income. Journal of Educational Psychology, 93, 686-697.
53. Hill, N. E.(2006). Disentangling ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and parenting: Interactions, influences, and meaning. Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies, 1 (1), 1-114.
54. Hill, N. E.(2009). Culturally-based world views, family processes, and family school interactions. In S. L. Christenson & A. Reschly (Eds.), The handbook on school-family partnerships for promoting student competence (pp. 101-127). New York: Routledge.
55. Hill, N. E. (In press). Parent-child and child-peer close relationships: Understanding parental influences on peer relations from a cultural context. In T. J. Loving & L. Cambell (Eds.), Close relationships across the lifespan. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.
56. Hill, N. E., & Bromell, L.(2008). Ethnic and SES differences in the corroboration of teachers’ and parents’ reports of child behavior across early elementary school. Unpublished manuscript. Durham, NC.
57. Hill, N. E., Castellino, D. R., Lansford, J. E., Nowlin, P., Dodge, K. A., Bates, J. E., & Pettit, G. E.(2004). Parent academic involvement as related to school behavior, achievement, and aspirations: Demographic variations across adolescence. Child Development, 75 (5), 5-1491.
58. Hill, N. E., & Chao, R. K. (Eds.).(2009). Families, schools and the adolescent: Connecting research, policy, and practice. New York: Teachers College Press.
59. Hill, N. E., & Craft, S. A. (2003). Parent-school involvement and school performance: Mediated pathways among socioeconomically comparable African American and European American families. Journal of Educational Psychology, 95 (1), 1-74.
60. Hill, N. E., & Tyson, D. F.(2009). Parental involvement in middle school: A meta-analytic assessment of strategies that promote achievement. Developmental Psychology, 45 (3), 3-740.
61. Ho, E. S. C., & Willms, J. D.(1996). The effects of parental involvement on eighth grade achievement. Sociology of Education, 69, 126-141.
62. Hoff, E.(2003). The specificity of environmental influence: Socioeconomic status affects early vocabulary development via maternal speech. Child Development, 74 (5), 5-1368.
63. Hoff, E., Laursen, B., & Tardif, T.(2002). Socioeconomic status and parenting. In M. H. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of Parenting, vol. 2 (pp. 231-252). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
64. Hoover-Dempsey, K. V., Ice, C., & Whitaker, M.(2009). “We’re way past reading together”: Why and how parental involvement in adolescence makes sense. In N. E. Hill & R. K. Chao (Eds.), Families, schools, and the adolescent: Connecting research, policy, and practice (pp. 19-36). New York: Teacher College Press.
65. Hudley, C. A.(1993). Comparing teacher and peer perceptions of aggression: An ecological approach. Journal of Educational Psychology, 85, 377-384.
66. Hughes, J. N., Gleason, K. A., & Zhang, D.(2005). Relationship influences on teachers’ perceptions of academic competence in academically at-risk minority and majority first grade students. Journal of School Psychology, 43 (4), 4-303.
67. Hughes, J. N., & Kwok, O.-m.(2007). Influence of student-teacher and parentteacher relationships on lower achieving readers’ engagement and achievement in the primary grades. Journal of Educational Psychology, 99 (1), 1-39.
68. Hughes, J. N., & Wong, S. W.(2006). Ethnicity and language contributions to dimensions of parental involvement. School Psychology Review, 35 (4), 4-645.
69. Iruka, I. U., Barbarin, O., Neville, H. A., Tynes, B. M., & Utsey, S. O.(2009). African American children’s early learning and development: Examining parenting, schools, and neighborhood. In H. A. Neville, B. M. Tynes, & S. O. Utsey (Eds.), Handbook of African American Psychology (pp. 175-186). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
70. Jussim, L.(1989). Teacher expectations: Self-fulfilling prophecies, perceptual biases, and accuracy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 469-490.
71. Jussim, L., Eccles, J. S., & Madon, S.(1996). Social perception, social stereotypes, and teacher expectations: Accuracy and the quest for the powerful self-fulfilling prophecy. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 28, 281-388.
72. Jussim, L., & Harber, K. D.(2005). Teacher expectations and self-fulfilling prophecies: Knowns and unknowns, resolved and unresolved controversies. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 9, 131-155.
73. Kohl, G. O., Lengua, L. J., & McMahon, R. J.(2000). Parent involvement in school: Conceptualizing multiple dimensions and their relations with family and demographic risk factors. Journal of School Psychology, 38 (6), 6-501.
74. Kuklinski, M. R., & Weinstein, R. S.(2001). Classroom and developmental differences in a path model of teacher expectancy effects. Child Development, 72, 1554-1578.
75. Ladd, G. W., Birch, S. H., & Buhs, E. S.(1999). Children’s social and scholastic lives in kindergarten: Related spheres of influence. Child Development, 70 (6), 6-1373.
76. Ladd, H. F., Clotfelter, C., & Vigdor, J.(2005). Who teaches whom? Race and the distribution of novice teachers. Economics of Education Review, 24, 377-392.
77. Ladd, H. F., Clotfelter, C., & Vigdor, J. (n.d.). The academic achievement gap in grades 3 to 8. Review of Economics and Statistics. (Forthcoming.)
78. Lareau, A.(1987). Social class differences in family-school relationships: The importance of cultural capital. Sociology of Education, 60, 73-85.
79. Lareau, A.(1989). Home advantage: Social class and personal intervention in elementary education. London: Falmer.
80. Lareau, A., & Horvat, E. M.(1999). Moments of social inclusion and exclusion: Race, class and cultural capital in family-school relationships. Sociology of Education, 72 (1), 1-37.
81. Lasky, S.(2000). The cultural and emotional politics of teacher-parent interactions. Teaching and Teacher Education, 16, 843-860.
82. Lawrence-Lightfoot, S.(1978). Worlds apart. New York: Basic Books.
83. Lawrence-Lightfoot, S.(2003). The essential conversation: What parents and teachers can learn from each other. New York: Random House.
84. Lee, V. E., & Burkam, D. T.(2002). Inequality at the starting gate: Social background differences in achievement as children begin school. Washington, D.C.: Economic Policy Institute.
85. Magnuson, K. A., & Duncan, G. J.(2005). Can family socioeconomic resources account for racial and ethnic test score gaps? The Future of Children, 15 (1), 1-35.
86. Marcon, R. A.(1999). Positive relationships between parent school involvement and public school inner-city preschoolers’ development and academic performance. School Psychology Review, 28, 395-412.
87. Mariñ ez-Lora, A. M., & Quintana, S. M.(2009). Low-income urban African American and Latino parents’ school involvement: Testing a theoretical model. School Mental Health, 1 (4), 4-212.
88. Martiñez-Cosio, M.(2010). Parents’ roles in mediating and buffering the implementation of an urban school reform. Education and Urban Society, 42 (3), 3-283.
89. McKay, M. M., Atkins, M. S., Hawkins, T., Brown, C., & Lynn, C. J.(2003). Inner-city African American parental involvement in children’s schooling: Racial socialization and social support from the parent community. American Journal of Community Psychology, 32 (1-2), 107-114.
90. McLoyd, V. C.(1990). The impact of economic hardship on Black families and children: Psychological distress, parenting, and socioemotional development. Child Development, 61, 311-346.
91. McWayne, C., Hampton, B., Fantuzzo, J., Cohen, H. L., & Sekino, Y.(2004). A multivariate examination of parent involvement and the social and academic competencies of urban kindergarten children. Psychology in the Schools, 41, 363-377.
92. Mickelson, R. A.(1990). The attitude-achievement paradox among black adolescents. Sociology of Education, 63, 44-61.
93. Ogbu, J. U.(2003). Black American students in an affluent suburb: A study of academic disengagement. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
94. Overstreet, S., Devine, J., Bevans, K., & Efreom, Y.(2005). Predicting parental involvement in children’s schooling within an economically disadvantaged African American sample. Psychology in the Schools, 42 (1), 1-101.
95. Patrikakou, E. N., & Weissberg, R. P.(2000). Parents’ perceptions of teacher outreach and parent involvement in children’s education. Journal of Prevention and Intervention in the Community, 20, 103-119.
96. Power, T. J., & Bartholomew, K. L.(1987). Family-school relationship patterns: An ecological assessment. School Psychology Review, 16 (4), 4-498.
97. Reynolds, A. J.(1992). Comparing measures of parental involvement and their effects on academic achievement. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 7, 441-462.
98. Rogers, M. A., Wiener, J., Marton, I., & Tannock, R.(2009). Supportive and controlling parental involvement as predictors of children’s academic achievement: Relations to children’s ADHD symptoms and parenting stress. School Mental Health, 1 (2), 2-89.
99. Rosenthal, R., & Jacobson, L. (1968/1992). Pygmalion in the classroom: Teacher expectation and pupils’ intellectual development. New York: Irvington.
100. Scribner, J. D., Young, M. D., & Pedroza, A.(1999). Building collaborative relationships with parents. In P. Reyes, J. D. Scribner, & A. Paredes-Scribner (Eds.), Lessons from high-performing Hispanic schools: Creating learning communities (pp. 36-60). New York: Teachers College Press.
101. Seginer, R.(2006). Parents’ educational involvement: A developmental ecology perspective. Parenting: Science and Practice, 6 (1), 1-1.
102. Shumow, L., Vandell, D. L., & Kang, K.(1996). School choice, family characteristics, and home-school relations: Contributors to school achievement? Journal of Educational Psychology, 88 (3), 3-451.
103. Smalley, S. Y., & Reyes-Blanes, M. E.(2001). Reaching out to African American parents in an urban community: A community-university partnership. Urban Education, 36 (4), 4-518.
104. Smith, E. P., Connell, C. M., Wright, G., Sizer, M., Norman, J. M., Hurley, A., & Walker, S. N.(1997). An ecological model of home, school, and community partnerships: Implications for research and practice. Journal of Educational and Psychological Consultation, 8, 339-360.
105. Stevenson, H. C.(1994). Racial socialization in African American families: The art of balancing intolerance and survival. The Family Journal, 2 (3), 190-198.
106. Suizzo, M.-A., & Stapleton, L. M.(2007). Home-based parental involvement in young children’s education: Examining the effects of maternal education across U.S. ethnic groups. Educational Psychology, 27 (4), 533-556.
107. U.S. Department of Education National Center for Education Statistics.(2010). The Condition of Education 2010. Retrieved from http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2010/2010028.pdf
108. Waanders, C., Mendez, J. L., & Downer, J. T.(2007). Parent characteristics, economic stress and neighborhood context as predictors of parent involvement in preschool children’s education. Journal of School Psychology, 45 (6), 619-636.
109. Wandersman, A., & Nation, M.(1998). Urban neighborhoods and mental health: Psychological contributions to understanding toxicity, resilience, and intervention. American Psychologist, 53 (6), 6-647.
110. Witherspoon, D., Teo, I. L. D., & Hill, N. E.(2010). What keeps me away: Diverse parents’ perceptions of barriers to involvement during the middle school years. Paper presented at the Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research in Adolescence.