Social Perception, Social Stereotypes, and Teacher Expectations: Accuracy and the Quest for the Powerful Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

Advances in Experimental Social Psychology

Volumn 28, Issue C, 1996, Pages 281-388

  Jussim, Lee ^a   Eccles, Jacquelynne ^a   Madon, Stephanie ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77956757085     PISSN: 00652601     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60240-3     Document Type: Article

References (198)

1. Adorno T., Frenkel-Brunswick E., Levinson D., and Sanford R.N. The authoritarian personality (1950), Harper, New York
2. Allington R. Teacher interruption behavior during primary grade oral reading. Journal of Educational Psychology 72 (1980) 371-377
3. Allport F.H. Theories of perception and the concept of structure (1955), Wiley, New York
4. Allport G. The nature of prejudice (1954), Addison-Wesley, Cambridge, MA
5. Alwin D., and Mauser R.M. The decomposition of effects in path analysis. American Sociological Review 40 (1975) 37-47
6. Ambady N., and Rosenthal R. Thin slices of expressive behavior as predictors of interpersonal consequences: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin 111 (1992) 256-274
7. American Association of University Women (AAUW). (1992). How schools shortchange girls. American Association of University Women Education Foundation.
8. American Psychological Association. In the Supreme Court of the United States: Price Waterhouse v. Ann B. Hopkins (Amicus curiae brief). American Psychologist 46 (1991) 1061-1070
9. Andersen S.M., and Bem S.L. Sex typing and androgeny in dyadic interaction: Individual differences in responsiveness to physical attractiveness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 41 (1981) 74-86
10. Archer D., and Akert R.M. Words and everything else: Verbal and nonverbal cues in social interpretation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 35 (1977) 443-449
11. Ashmore R.D., and Del Boca F.K. Conceptual appraoches to stereotypes and stereotyping. In: Hamilton D.L. (Ed). Cognitive processes in stereotyping and intergroup behavior (1981), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ 1-35
12. Ashmore R.D., and Longo L.C. The accuracy of stereotypes: Considerations suggested by research on physical attractiveness. In: Lee Y.T., Jussim L., and McCauley C.R. (Eds). Stereotype accuracy: Toward appreciating group differences (1995), American Psychological Association, Washington, DC 63-86
13. Babad E., Inbar J., and Rosenthal R. Pygmalion, Galatea, and the Golem: Investigations of biased and unbiased teachers. Journal of Educational Psychology 74 (1982) 459-474
14. Bandura A. Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Bulletin 84 (1977) 191-215
15. Baron R.M., Albright L., and Malloy T.E. The effects of behavioral and social class information on social judgment. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 21 (1995) 308-315
16. Beckett N.E., and Park B. Use of category versus individuating information: Making base rates salient. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 21 (1995) 21-31
17. Berman J.S. Social bases of psychotherapy: Expectancy, attraction, and the outcome of treatment. (Doctoral disertation, Harvard University). Dissertation Abstracts International 40 (1979) 5800B
18. Bodenhausen G.V. Stereotypic biases in social decision making and memory: Testing process models of stereotype use. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 55 (1988) 726-737
19. Borkenau P., and Liebler A. Trait inferences: Sources of validity at zero acquaintance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 62 (1992) 645-657
20. Braddock J.H., and McPartland J.M. How minorities continue to be excluded from equal employment opportunities: Research on labor market and institutional barriers. Journal of Social Issues 43 (1987) 5-40
21. Brattesani K.A., Weinstein R.S., and Marshall H.H. Student perceptions of differential teacher treatment as moderators of teacher expectation effects. Journal of Educational Psychology 76 (1984) 236-247
22. Brewer M.B. In-group bias in the minimal group situation: A cognitive motivational analysis. Psychological Bulletin 86 (1979) 307-324
23. Brewer M.B. A dual-process model of impression formation. In: Wyer Jr. R.S., and Srull T.K. (Eds). Advances in social cognition (1988), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ 1-36
24. Brigham J.C. Ethnic stereotypes. Psychological Bulletin 76 (1971) 15-38
25. Brophy J. Research on the self-fulfilling prophecy and teacher expectations. Journal of Educational Psychology 75 (1983) 631-661
26. Brophy J., and Good T. Teacher-student relationships: Causes and consequences (1974), Holt, Rinehart and Winston., New York
27. Bruner J.S. Going beyond the information given. In: Gruber H., Hammond K.R., and Jessor R. (Eds). Contemporary approaches to cognition (1957), Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA
28. Bye, L. (1994). Referral of elementary age students for social skill training: Student and teacher characteristics. Doctoral dissertation, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ.
29. Carlson R. What's social about social psychology? Where's the person in personality research?. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 47 (1984) 1304-1309
30. Cooper H. Pygmalion grows up: A model for teacher expectation, communication, and performance influence. Review of Educational Research 49 (1979) 389-410
31. Cooper H., and Hazelrigg P. Personality moderators of interpersonal expectancy effects: An integrative research review. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 55 (1988) 937-949
32. Covington M.V., and Omelich C.L. Effort: The double-edged sword in school achievement. Journal of Educational Psychology 71 (1979) 169-182
33. Crocker J., and Major B. Social stigma and self-esteem: The self-protective properties of stigma. Psychological Review 96 (1989) 608-630
34. Cronbach L.J. Processes affecting scores on "understanding of others" and "assumed similarity.". Psychological Bulletin 52 (1955) 177-193
35. Darley J., and Fazio R.H. Expectancy-confirmation processes arising in the social interaction sequence. American Psychologist 35 (1980) 867-881
36. Darley J., and Gross P.H. A hypothesis-confirming bias in labeling effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 44 (1983) 20-33
37. Deaux K., and Major B. Putting gender into context: An interactive model of genderrelated behavior. Psychological Review 94 (1987) 369-389
38. DeParle, J. (1994, June 19). Welfare as we've known it. The New York Times (The Week in Review), p. 4.
39. Devine P. Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 56 (1989) 5-18
40. Dornbusch, S. (1994, February). Off the track. Presidential address at the biennial meeting of the Society for Research on Adolescence, San Diego, CA.
41. Doyle W.J., Hancock G., and Kifer E. Teachers' perceptions: Do they make a difference?. Journal of the Association for the Study of Perception 7 (1972) 21-30
42. Duncan B.L. Differential social perception and attribution of intergroup violence: Testing the lower limits of stereotyping of blacks. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 34 (1976) 590-598
43. Dusek J., and Joseph G. The bases of teacher expectancies: A meta-analysis. Journal of Educational Psychology 75 (1983) 327-346
44. Eagly A.H. The science and politics of comparing women and men. American Psychologist 50 (1995) 145-158
45. Eagly A.H., Makhijani M.G., Ashmore R.D., and Longo L.C. What is beautiful is good, but.: A meta-analytic review of research on the physical attractiveness stereotype. Psychological Bulletin 110 (1991) 109-128
46. Eagly A.H., and Mladinic A. Gender stereotypes and attitudes toward men and women. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 15 (1989) 543-558
47. Eccles Parsons J., et al. Expectancies, values and academic behaviors. In: Spence J. (Ed). Achievement and achievement motivation (1983), W. H. Freeman., San Francisco 75-146
48. Eccles, J. (1988). Achievement beliefs and environment. Final report to National Institute of Child Health and Development.
49. Eccles(Parsons) J. Sex differences in mathematics participation. In: Maehr M.L., and Steinkamp M.W. (Eds). Women in science, Vol. 2, Advances in motivation and achievement (1984), JAI Press, Greenwich, CT 93-137
50. Eccles (Parsons) J., Adler T., and Meece J.L. Sex differences in achievement: A test of alternate theories. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 46 (1984) 26-43
51. Eccles J., and Blumenfeld P. Classroom experiences and student gender: Are there differences and do they matter?. In: Wilkinson L.C., and Marett C. (Eds). Gender influences in classroom interaction (1985), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ 79-114
52. Eccles J.S., et al. School and family effects on the ontogeny of children's interests, selfperceptions, and activity choices. In: Dienstbier R., and Jacobs J.E. (Eds). Developmental perspectives on motivation (1993), University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln 145-208 (Vol. 40 of the Nebraska Symposium on Motivation)
53. Eccles J., and Harold R.D. Gender differences in sports involvement: Applying the Eccles' expectancy-value model. Journal of Applied Sports Psychology 3 (1991) 7-35
54. Eccles J., and Harold R.D. Gender differences in educational and occupational patterns among the gifted. In: Colangelo N., Assouline S.G., and Ambroson D.L. (Eds). Talent development: Proceedings from the 1991 Henry B. and Jocelyn Wallace National Research Symposium on Talent Development (1992), Trillium Press, Unionville, NY 3-29
55. Eccles J., and Hoffman L.W. Socialization and the maintenance of a sex-segregated labor market. In: Stevenson H.W., and Siegel A.E. (Eds). Research in child development and social policy 1 (1984), University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1-367
56. Eccles J., and Jacobs J.E. Social forces shape math attitudes and performance. Signs 11 (1986) 367-380
57. Eccles-Parsons J., Kaczala C.M., and Meece J.L. Socialization of achievement attitudes and beliefs: Classroom influences. Child Development 53 (1982) 322-339
58. Eccles J., and Wigfield A. Teacher expectations and student motivation. In: Dusek J. (Ed). Teacher expectancies (1985), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ 185-226
59. Eccles J.S., Wigfield A., Flanagan C.A., Miller C., Reuman D., and Yee D. Self-concepts, domain values, and self-esteem: Relations and changes at early adolescence. Journal of Personality 57 (1989) 283-310
60. Eden D. Self-fulfilling prophecy as a management tool: Harnessing Pygmalion. Academy of Management Review 9 (1984) 64-73
61. Eden D. OD and self-fulfilling prophecy: Boosting productivity by raising expectations. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science 22 (1986) 1-13
62. Eden D., and Shani A.B. Pygmalion goes to boot camp: Expectancy, leadership, and trainee performance. Journal of Applied Psychology 67 (1982) 194-199
63. Elashoff J.D., and Snow R.E. Pygmalion reconsidered (1971), Charles A. Jones, Worthington, OH
64. Esses V.M., Haddock G., and Zanna M.P. Values, stereotypes, and emotions as determinants of intergroup attitudes. In: Mackie D., and Hamilton D.L. (Eds). Affect, cognition, and stereotyping: Interactive processes in group perception (1993), Academic Press, San Diego 137-166
65. Evertson C. Differences in instructional activities in higher and lower achieving junior high English and math classes. Elementary School Journal 82 (1982) 329-350
66. Farina A., Allen J.G., and Saul B.B.B. The role of the stigmatized person in affecting social relationships. Journal of Personality 36 (1968) 169-182
67. Farina A., Gliha D., Boudreau L.A., Allen J.G., and Sherman M. Mental illness and the impact of believing others know about it. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 77 (1971) 1-5
68. Feingold A. Good-looking people are not what we think. Psychological Bulletin 111 (1992) 304-341
69. Fine M., and Gordon S.M. Feminist transformations of/despite psychology. In: Crawford M. (Ed). Gender and thought (1989), Springer-Verlag, New York 146-174
70. Finn J. Expectations and the educational environment. Review of Educational Research 42 (1972) 387-410
71. Fiske S.T., and Neuberg S.L. A continuum of impression formation, from categorybased to individuating processes: Influences of information and motivation on attention and interpretation. In: Zanna M.P. (Ed). Advances in experimental social psychology 23 (1990), Academic Press, New York 1-74
72. Fiske S.T., and Taylor S.E. Social cognition (1984), Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA
73. Fiske S.T., and Taylor S.E. Social cognition. 2nd ed. (1991), McGraw-Hill., New York
74. Fordham S., and Ogbu J.U. Black students' school success: Coping with the burden of "acting White.". The Urban Review 18 (1986) 176-206
75. Fox R. Prejudice and the unfinished mind: A new look at an old failing. Psychological Inquiry 3 (1991) 137-152
76. Frieze I.H., Olson J.E., and Russell J. Attractiveness and income for men and women in management. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 21 (1991) 1039-1057
77. Funder D.C. Errors and mistakes: Evaluatinig the accuracy of social judgment. Psychological Bulletin 101 (1987) 75-90
78. Funder D.C. Stereotypes, base rates, and the fundamental evaluation mistake: A content-based approach to judgmental accuracy. In: Lee Y.T., Jussim L., and McCauley C.R. (Eds). Stereotype accuracy: Toward appreciating group differences (1995), American Psychological Association, Washington, DC 141-156
79. Funder D.C., and Colvin C.R. Friends and strangers: Acquaintanceship, agreement, and the accuracy of personality judgments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 55 (1988) 149-158
80. Gage N.L., and Cronbach L.J. Conceptual and methodological problems in interpersonal perception. Psychological Review 62 (1955) 411-422
81. Gibson J.J. The ecological approach to visual perception (1979), Houghton Mifflin., Boston
82. Gilbert D.T., and Malone P.S. The correspondence bias. Psychological Bulletin 117 (1995) 21-38
83. Gilbert D.T., and Osborne R.E. Thinking backward: Some curable and incurable consequences of cognitive busyness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 57 (1989) 940-949
84. Goldman W., and Lewis P. Beautiful is good: Evidence that the physically attractive are more socially skillful. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 13 (1977) 125-130
85. Gordon R.A. Issues in multiple regression. American Journal of Sociology 73 (1968) 592-616
86. Graham S. "Most of the subjects were White and middle class": Trends in published research on African Americans in selected APA journals, 1970-1989. American Psychologist 47 (1992) 629-639
87. Greenwald A.G., and Banaji M.R. Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychological Review 102 (1995) 4-27
88. Haddock G., Zanna M.P., and Esses V.M. Assessing the structure of prejudicial attitudes: The case of attitudes toward homosexuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 65 (1993) 1105-1118
89. Hamilton D.L., Sherman S.J., and Ruvolo C.M. Stereotype-based expectancies: Effects on information processing and social behavior. Journal of Social Issues 46 (1990) 35-60
90. Harris M.J. Personality moderators of expectancy effects: Replication of Harris and Rosenthal (1986). Journal of Research in Personality 23 (1989) 381-387
91. Harris M.J., Milich R., Corbitt E.M., Hoover D.W., and Brady M. Self-fulfilling effects of stigmatizing information on children's social interactions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 63 (1992) 41-50
92. Harris M.J., and Rosenthal R. Mediation of interpersonal expectancy effects: 31 metaanalyses. Psychological Bulletin 97 (1985) 363-386
93. Harter S., and Connell J.P. A model of the relationship among children's academic achievement and their self-perceptions of competence, control, and motivational orientation. In: Nicholls J.G. (Ed). Advances in motivation and achievement (1984), JAI Press, Greenwich, CT 219-250
94. Heilman M.E., Simon M.C., and Repper D.P. Intentionally favored, unintentionally harmed? The impact of gender-based preferential selection on self-perceptions and self-evaluations. Journal of Applied Psychology 72 (1987) 62-68
95. Herrnstein R.J., and Murray C. The bell curve (1994), The Free Press, New York
96. Higgins, E. T., & Bargh, J. A. (1987. Social cognition and social perception. M. R. Rosenzweig & L. W. Porter (Eds.), Annual Review of Psychology, 38, 369-425.
97. Hilton J., and Darley J. Constructing other persons: A limit on the effect. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 21 (1985) 1-18
98. Hilton J.L., and Darley J.M. The effects of interaction goals on person perception. In: Zanna M.P. (Ed). Advances in experimental social psychology 24 (1991), Academic Press, New York 24-235
99. Jacobs J.E., and Eccles J.S. Gender differences in math ability: The impact of media reports on parents. Educational Researcher 14 (1985) 20-25
100. Jacobs J.E., and Eccles J.S. The impact of mothers' gender-role stereotypic beliefs on mothers' and children's ability perceptions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 63 (1992) 932-944
101. Jones E.E. Interpreting interpersonal behavior: The effects of expectancies. Science 234 (1986) 41-46
102. Jones E.E. Interpersonal perception (1990), W H. Freeman., New York
103. Jones R.A. Self-fulfilling prophecies: Social, psychological, and physiological effects of expectancies (1977), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ
104. Judd C.M., and McClelland G.H. Data analysis: A model-comparison approach (1989), Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Orlando, FL
105. Judd C.M., and Park B. Definition and assessment of accuracy in social stereotypes. Psychological Review 100 (1993) 109-128
106. Jussim L. Self-fulfilling prophecies: A theoretical and integrative review. Psychological Review 93 (1986) 429-445
107. Jussim L. Interpersonal expectations in social interaction: Self-fulfilling prophecies, confirmatory biases, and accuracy. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Michigan). Dissertation Abstracts International 48 (1987) 1845B
108. Jussim L. Teacher expectations: Self-fulfilling prophecies, perceptual biases, and accuracy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 57 (1989) 469-480
109. Jussim L. Social reality and social problems: The role of expectancies. Journal of Social Issues 46 (1990) 9-34
110. Jussim L. Social perception and social reality: A reflection-construction model. Psychological Review 98 (1991) 54-73
111. Jussim L. Accuracy in interpersonal expectations: A reflection-construction analysis of current and classic research. Journal of Personality 61 (1993) 637-668
112. Jussim L., Coleman L., and Lerch L. The nature of stereotypes: A comparison and integration of three theories. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 52 (1987) 536-546
113. Jussim L., and Eccles J. Teacher expectations II: Construction and reflection of student achievement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 63 (1992) 947-961
114. Jussim L., and Eccles J. Naturalistic studies of interpersonal expectancies. Review of Personality and Social Psychology 15 (1995) 74-108
115. Jussim L., and Eccles J. Are teacher expectations biased by students' gender, social class, or ethnicity?. In: Lee Y.T., Jussim L., and McCauley C.R. (Eds). Stereotype accuracy: Toward appreciating group differences (1995), American Psychological Association, Washington, DC 245-271
116. Jussim, L., & Fleming, C. (in press) Self-fulfilling prophecies and the maintenance of social stereotypes: The role of dyadic interactions and social forces N. Macrae, M. Hewstone, & C. Stangor (Eds.), The foundations of stereotypes and stereotyping. Guilford: New York.
117. Jussim L., Madon S., and Chatman C. Teacher expectations and student achievement: Self-fulfilling prophecies, biases, and accuracy. In: Heath L., Tindale R.S., Edwards J., Posavac E.J., Bryant F.B., Henderson-King E., Suarez-Balcazar Y., and Myers J. (Eds). Applications of heuristics and biases to social issues (1994), Plenum, New York 303-334
118. Jussim L., Nelson T., Manis M., and Soffin S. Prejudice, stereotypes, and labeling effects: Sources of bias in person perception. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 68 (1995) 228-246
119. Jussim L., McCauley C.R., and Lee Y.T. Why study stereotype accuracy and inaccuracy?. In: Lee Y.T., Jussim L., and McCauley C.R. (Eds). Stereotype accuracy: Toward appreciating group differences (1995), American Psychological Association, Washington, DC 3-27
120. Kahneman D., and Tversky A. On the psychology of prediction. Psychological Review 80 (1973) 237-251
121. Katz D., and Braly K. Racial stereotypes of one hundred college students. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 28 (1933) 280-290
122. Kenny D.A. Interpersonal perception: A social relations analysis (1994), Guilford, New York
123. Kenny D.A., and Albright L. Accuracy in interpersonal perception: A social relations analysis. Psychological Bulletin 102 (1987) 390-402
124. Kimball M.M. A new perspective on women's math achievement. Psychological Bulletin 105 (1989) 198-214
125. Krueger J., and Rothbart M. Use of categorical and individuating information in making inferences about personality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 55 (1988) 187-195
126. Kunda Z. The case for motivated reasoning. Psychological Bulletin 108 (1990) 480-498
127. LaPiere R.T. Type-rationalizations of group antipathy. Social Forces 15 (1936) 232-237
128. Lareau A. Social-class differences in family-school relationships: The importance of cultural capital. Sociology of Education 60 (1987) 73-85
129. Lee Y.T., and Ottati V. Determinants of in-group and out-group perceptions of heterogeneity. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 24 (1993) 298-318
130. Lerner M. The belief in a just world (1980), Plenum, New York
131. Levesque M.J., and Kenny D.A. Accuracy of behavioral predictions at zero acquaintance: A social relations analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 65 (1993) 1178-1187
132. Linville P. The complexity-extremity effect and age-based stereotyping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 42 (1982) 193-211
133. Linville P., and Jones E.E. Polarized appraisal of out-group members. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 38 (1980) 689-703
134. Locke E.A., and Latham G.P. A theory of goal setting and task performance (1990), Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ
135. Locksley A., Borgida E., Brekke N., and Hepburn C. Sex stereotypes and social judgment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 39 (1980) 821-831
136. Locksley A., Hepburn C., and Ortiz V. Social stereotypes and judgments of individuals: An instance of the base-rate fallacy. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 18 (1982) 23-42
137. McArthur L.Z., and Baron R.M. Toward an ecological theory of social perception. Psychological Review 90 (1983) 215-238
138. Mackie M. Arriving at "truth" by definition: The case of stereotype inaccuracy. Social Problems 20 (1973) 431-447
139. Madon, S., Jussim, L., & Eccles, J. (1995). In search of the powerful self-fulfilling prophecy. Manuscript in preparation.
140. Marger M.N. Race and ethnic relations. 2nd ed. (1991), Wadsworth, Belmont, CA
141. Marger M.N. Race and ethnic relations. 3rd ed. (1994), Wadsworth, Belmont, CA
142. McCauley C. Are stereotypes exaggerated? Looking for perceptual contrast and cognitive miser in beliefs about group differences. In: Lee Y.T., Jussim L., and McCauley C.R. (Eds). Stereotype accuracy: Toward appreciating group differences (1995), American Psychological Association, Washington, DC 215-243
143. McCauley C., Jussim L., and Lee Y.T. The time is now: Stereotype accuracy and intergroup relations. In: Lee Y.T., Jussim L., and McCauley C.R. (Eds). Stereotype accuracy: Toward appreciating group differences (1995), American Psychological Association, Washington, DC 293-312
144. McCauley C., and Stitt C.L. An individual and quantitative measure of stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 36 (1978) 929-940
145. McCauley C., Stitt C.L., and Segal M. Stereotyping: From prejudice to prediction. Psychological Bulletin 87 (1980) 195-208
146. McCauley C.R., and Thangavelu K. Individual differences in sex stereotyping of occupations and personality traits. Social Psychology Quarterly 54 (1991) 267-279
147. Meece J.L., Eccles-Parsons J., Kaczala C.M., Goff S.E., and Futterman R. Sex differences in math achievement: Towards a model of academic choice. Psychological Bulletin 91 (1982) 324-348
148. Merton R.K. The self-fulfilling prophecy. Antioch Review 8 (1948) 193-210
149. Midgley C., Feldlaufer H., and Eccles J.S. Change in teacher efficacy and student self- and task-related beliefs in mathematics during the transition to junior high school. Journal of Educational Psychology 81 (1989) 247-258
150. Miller D.T., and Turnbull W. Expectancies and interpersonal processes. In: Rosenzweig M.R., and Porter L.W. (Eds). Annual Review of Psychology 37 (1986), Annual Reviews, Stanford, CA 37-233
151. Mook D.G. In defense of external invalidity. American Psychologist 38 (1983) 379-387
152. Nelson T.E., Biernat M.R., and Manis M. Everybody base rates (sex stereotypes): Potent and resilient. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 59 (1990) 664-675
153. Neuberg S.L. The goal of forming accurate impressions during social interactions: Attenuating the impact of negative expectancies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 56 (1989) 374-386
154. Neuberg S.L. Expectancy-confirmation processes in stereotype-tinged social encounters: The moderating role of social goals. In: Zanna M.P., and Olson J.M. (Eds). The psychology of prejudice: The Ontario symposium 7 (1994), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ
155. Nisbett R., and Ross L. Human inference: Strategies and shortcomings of social judgment (1980), Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ
156. Oakes P.J., Haslam S.A., and Turner J.C. Stereotyping and social reality (1994), Blackwell, Cambridge, MA
157. Olson, J. M., Roese, N. J., & Zanna, M. P. (in press). Expectancies. In E. T. Higgins & A. W. Kruglanski, (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles. New York: Guilford
158. Ottati V., and Lee Y.T. Accuracy: A neglected component of stereotype research. In: Lee Y.T., Jussim L., and McCauley C.R. (Eds). Stereotype accuracy: Toward appreciating group differences (1995), American Psychological Association, Washington, DC 29-59
159. Palardy J.M. What teachers believe-what children achieve. Elementary School Journal 69 (1969) 370-374
160. Parsons, J. E. (1980). Final Report to the National Institute of Education, Washington, DC (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 186 477).
161. Pedhazur E.J. Multiple regression in behavioral research. 2nd ed. (1982), Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York
162. Pettigrew T.F. The ultimate attribution error: Extending Allport's cognitive analysis of prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 5 (1979) 461-476
163. Pyszczynski T., and Greenberg J. Toward an integration of cognitive and motivational perspectives on social inference: A biased hypothesis-testing model. In: Berkowitz L. (Ed). Advances in experimental social psychology 20 (1987), Academic Press, New York 20-297
164. Raudenbush S.W. Magnitude of teacher expectancy effects on pupil IQ as a function of the credibility of expectancy inductions: A synthesis of findings from 18 experiments. Journal of Educational Psychology 76 (1984) 85-97
165. Rist R. Student social class and teacher expectations: The self-fulfilling prophecy in ghetto education. Harvard Educational Review 40 (1970) 411-451
166. Rosenthal R. On the social psychology of the self-fulfilling prophecy: Further evidence for Pygmalion effects and their mediating mechanisms (1974), MSS Modular Publications, New York
167. Rosenthal, R. (1989, August). Experimenter expectancy, covert comunication, & meta-analytic methods. Invited address at the 97th annual convention of the American Psychological Association, New Orleans, LA.
168. Rosenthal R., and Jacobson L. Pygmalion in the classroom: Teacher expectations and student intellectual development (1968), Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York
169. Rosenthal R., and Rubin D.B. Interpersonal expectancy effects: The first 345 studies. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3 (1978) 377-386
170. Ryan C. Motivation and group membership: Consequences for stereotype accuracy. In: Jussim L., Lee Y.T., and McCauley C.R. (Eds). Stereotype accuracy: Toward appreciating group differences (1995), American Psychological Association, Washington, DC 189-214
171. Schuman H., Walsh E., Olson C., and Etheridge B. Effort and reward: The assumption that college grades are affected by quantity of study. Social Forces 63 (1985) 945-966
172. Sedikedes C., and Skowronski J.J. The law of cognitive structure activation. Psychological Inquiry 2 (1991) 169-184
173. Skrypnek B.J., and Snyder M. On the self-perpetuating nature of stereotypes about women and men. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 18 (1982) 277-291
174. Snyder M. When belief creates reality. In: Zanna M.P. (Ed). Advances in experimental psychology 18 (1984), Academic Press, Orlando, FL 247-305
175. Snyder M. Motivational foundations of behavioral confirmation. In: Zanna M.P. (Ed). Advances in experimental social psychology 25 (1992), Academic Press, San Diego 25-67
176. Snyder M., Tanke E.D., and Berscheid E. Social perception and interpersonal behavior: On the self-fulfilling nature of social stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 35 (1977) 656-666
177. Stangor C. Content and application inaccuracy in social stereotyping. In: Lee Y.T., Jussim L., and McCauley C.R. (Eds). Stereotype accuracy: Toward appreciating group differences (1995), American Psychological Association, Washington, DC 275-292
178. Steele C.M. Race and the schooling of black Americans. Atlantic Monthly, April (1992) 68-78
179. Stephan W.G., and Stephan C.W. Intergroup anxiety. Journal of Social Issues 41 (1985) 157-175
180. Swann W.B. Quest for accuracy in person perception: A matter of pragmatics. Psychological Review 91 (1984) 457-477
181. Swann Jr. W.B., and Ely R.J. A battle of wills: Self-verification versus behavioral confirmation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 46 (1984) 1287-1302
182. Swim J.K. Perceived versus meta-analytic effect sizes: An assessment of the accuracy of gender stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 66 (1994) 21-36
183. Taft R. The ability to judge people. Psychological Bulletin 52 (1955) 1-23
184. Tuckman, B. W., & Bierman, M. L. (1971). Beyond Pygmalion: Galatea in the schools. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New York City.
185. Vernon P.E. Some characteristics of the good judge of personality. Journal of Social Psychology 4 (1933) 42-58
186. von Baeyer C.L., Sherk D.L., and Zanna M.P. Impression management in the job interview: When the female applicant meets the male (chauvinist) interviewer. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 7 (1981) 45-51
187. von Hippel W., Sekaquaptewa D., and Vargas P. On the role of encoding processes in stereotype maintenance. In: Zanna M.P. (Ed). Advances in experimental social psychology 27 (1995), Academic Press, San Diego 27-177
188. Weber M. The Protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism (1930), Scribner, New York
189. Weiner B. A theory of motivation for some classroom experiences. Journal of Educational Psychology 71 (1979) 3-25
190. Wentzel K.R. Adolescent classroom goals, standard for performance, and academic achievement: An interactionist perspective. Journal of Educational Psychology 81 (1989) 131-142
191. West C., and Anderson T. The question of preponderant causation in teacher expectancy research. Review of Educational Research 46 (1976) 613-630
192. Wigfield A., Eccles J.S., Maclver D., Reuman D., and Midgley C. Transitions at early adolescence: Changes in children's domain-specific self-perceptions and general self-esteem across the transition to junior high school. Developmental Psychology 27 (1991) 552-565
193. Williams T. Teacher prophecies and the inheritance of inequality. Sociology of Education 49 (1976) 223-236
194. Wineburg S.S. The self-fulfillment of the self-fulfilling prophecy. Educational Researcher 16 (1987) 28-37
195. Word C.O., Zanna M.P., and Cooper J. The nonverbal mediation of self-fulfilling prophecies in interracial interaction. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 10 (1974) 109-120
196. Yee D., and Eccles J. Parent perceptions and attributions for children's math achievement. Sex Roles 19 (1988) 317-333
197. Zanna M.P., and Pack S.J. On the self-fulfilling nature of apparent sex differences in behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 11 (1975) 583-591
198. Fairchild Y. Weizmann, & Wyatt Addressing psychology's problems with race. American Psychologist 48 (1993) 1132-1140