Principles of biodemography with special reference to human longevity

Population

Volumn 13, Issue 1, 2001, Pages

  Carey, James R ^a   Judge, Debra S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CERATITIS CAPITATA; PRIMATES; VERTEBRATA;

EID: 84925856681     PISSN: 16342941     EISSN: 19589190     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (150)

1. ABBOTT J. H, ABBEY H., BOLLING D. R., MURPHY E. A., 1978, "The familial component in longevity - as study of offspring of nonagenarians: III. Intrafamilial studies", Amer. J. Med. Genetics, no 2, p. 105-120.
2. ABERNETHY J. D., 1979, "The exponential increase in mortality rate with age attributed to wearing-out of biological components", J. Theor. Biol., no 80, p. 333-354.
3. ABRAMOVITZ M., 1989, "Manpower, capital, and technology", Thinking About Growth. And other essays on economic growth and welfare, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, p. 173-186.
4. AMES B. N., SHIGENAGA M. K., HAGEN T. M., 1993, "Oxidants, antioxidants, and the degenerative diseases of aging", Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., no 90, p. 7915-7922.
5. AUDESIRK T., AUDESIRK G., 1996, Biology Life on Earth, 4th Edition., Saddle River, New Jersey, Prentice Hall.
6. AUSTAD S., 1997, Why We Age, New York, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
7. AUSTAD S. N., FISCHER K. E., 1991, "Mammalian aging, metabolism, and ecology: Evidence from the Bats and Marsupials", J. Gerontol.: Biological Sciences, no 46B, p. 47-53.
8. AUSTAD S. N., FISCHER K. E., 1992, "Primate longevity: its place in the mammalian scheme", Amer. J. Primatology, no 28, p. 251-261.
9. BAKER D. J. P., 1994, Mothers, Babies, and Disease in Later Life. London, BMJ Publishing.
10. BARRETT J. C., 1985, "The mortality of centenarians in England and Wales", Arch. Gerontol. Geriatrics, no 4, p. 211-218.
11. BELL G., KOUFOPANOU V., 1986, "The cost of reproduction", in Dawkins, R. Ridley, M. (eds.), Oxford Surveys in Evolutionary Biology, no 3, p. 83-131. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
12. BELL F. C., WADE A. C., GOSS S. C., 1992, Life tables for the United States Social Security Area, 1900-2080, Actuarial Study no 107,U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Social Security Administration, Office of the Actuary, Washington, DC.
13. BERKMAN L. S., SYME S. L., 1979, "Social networks, host resistance, and mortality: a nine year follow-up study of Alameda County residents", Amer. J. Epidemiol., no 109, p. 186.
14. BERTALANFFY L. VON., 1960, "Principles and theory of growth", in W. N. Nowinske (ed.), Fundamental Aspects of Normal and Malignant Growth. Amsterdam, Elsevier. p. 137-259.
15. BLOOM D. E., CANNING, D., 2000, "The health and wealth of nations", Science, no 287, p. 1207-9.
16. BOCQUET-APPEL J.-.P, JAKOBI L., 1990, "Familial transmission of longevity", Ann. Human Biol., no 17, p. 81-95.
17. BOGIN B., 1990, "The evolution of human childhood", BioScience, no 40, p. 16-25.
18. BOGIN B., 1997, "Evolutionary hypotheses for human childhood", Yearbook of Phys. Anthro., no 40, p. 63-89.
19. BOGIN B., SMITH B. H., 1996, "Evolution of the human life cycle", Amer. J. Human Biol., no 8, p. 703-716.
20. BOURGEOIS-PICHAT J., 1967, "Social and biological determinants of human fertility in non-industrial societies", Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., no 111, p. 160-163.
21. BUCHNER D. M., BERESFORD S. A. A., LARSON E. B., LACROIX A. Z., WAGNER E. H., 1992, "Effects of physical activity on health status in older adults II. Intervention studies", Ann. Rev. Public Health, no 13, p. 469-488.
22. CALDER W. A., 1996, Size, Function, and Life History. Mineola, New York, Dover Publications.
23. CAREY J. R., 1993, Applied Demography for Biologists. New York, Oxford University Press.
24. CAREY J. R., 1997, "What demographers can learn from fruit fly actuarial models and biology", Demography, no 34, p. 17-30.
25. CAREY J. R., 1999, "Population study of mortality and longevity with Gompertzian analysis", in B. P. Yu (ed.), Methods in Aging Research., Boco Raton, Florida, CRC Press, p. 3-24.
26. CAREY J. R., GRUENFELDER C., 1997, "Population biology of the elderly", in Between Zeus and the Salmon: The Biodemography of Longevity, K. Wachter and C. Finch (eds.), National Academy Press, Washington, DC., p. 127-160.
27. CAREY J. R., JUDGE D. S., 2000a, "Mortality dynamics of aging", Generations, 24, p. 19-24.
28. CAREY J. R., JUDGE D. S., 2000b, Longevity Records: Life Spans of Mammals, Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish. Odense, Odense University Press.
29. CAREY J. R., LIEDO P., 1995a, "Sex-specific life table aging rates in large medfly cohorts", Exp. Gerontol., no 30, p. 315-325.
30. CAREY J. R., LIEDO P., 1995b, "Sex mortality differentials and selective survival in medfly cohorts: implications for human sex mortality differentials", Gerontologist, no 35, p. 588-596.
31. CAREY J. R., LIEDO P., 1999, "Mortality dynamics of insects: some general principles derived from aging research on the Mediterranean fruit fly", Amer. Entomol., no 45, p. 49-55.
32. CAREY J. R., LIEDO P., OROZCO D., VAUPEL J. W., 1992, "Slowing of mortality rates at older ages in large medfly cohorts", Science, (Wash. D.C.) no 258, p. 457-461.
33. CAREY J. R., LIEDO P., OROZCO D., TATAR M., VAUPEL J. W., 1995a, "A male-female longevity paradox in medfly cohorts", J. Anim. Ecol., no 64, p. 107-116.
34. CAREY J. R., LIEDO P., VAUPEL J.W., 1995b, "Mortality dynamics of density in the Mediterranean fruit fly", Exp. Gerontol., no 30, p. 605-629.
35. CAREY J. R., LIEDO P., MÜLLER H.-G., WANG J.-L., VAUPEL J. W., 1998a, "Dual modes of aging in Mediterranean fruit fly females", Science, (Wash. D.C.) no 281, p. 396-398.
36. CAREY J. R., LIEDO P., MÜLLER H.-G., WANG J.-L., VAUPEL J. W., 1998b, "A simple graphical technique for displaying individual fertility data and cohort survival: case study of 1,000 Mediterranean fruit fly females", Funct. Ecol., no 12, p. 359-363.
37. CAREY J. R., LIEDO P., MÜLLER H.-G., WANG J.-L., 1998c. "Relationship of age patterns of fecundity to mortality, longevity, and lifetime reproduction in a large cohort of Mediterranean fruit fly females", J. Gerontol.: Biological Sciences, no 53A, p. B245-B251.
38. CAREY J. R., LIEDO P., 1999, "Measuring mortality and reproduction in large cohorts of the Mediterranean fruit fly", in H. Sternberg, P. S. Timiras (eds.), Studies of Aging. Springer Laboratory Manual., New York, Springer.
39. CAREY J. R., LIEDO P., MÜLLER H.-G., WANG J.-L., LOVE B., Harshman L., PARTRIDGE L., 2001, "Female sensitivity to diet and irradiation treatments underlies sex-mortality differentials in the Mediterranean fruit fly", J. Gerontol.: Biological Sciences, 56A:B1-B5.
40. CARNES B. A., OLSHANSKY J. S., 1993, "Evolutionary perspectives on human senescence", Pop. Dev. Rev., no 19, p. 793-806.
41. CASPER R. C, 1995, "Nutrition and its relationship to aging", Exp. Gerontol., no 30, p. 299-314.
42. CHARNOV E. L., 1993, Life History Invariants: Some explorations of symmetry in evolutionary ecology, Oxford, Oxford Univ. Press.
43. CHIANG C. L., 1984, The Life Table and its Application, Malabar, Florida, Robert E. Krieger.
44. CHRISTENSEN K., VAUPEL J. W., 1996, "Determinants of longevity: genetic, environmental and medical factors", J. Int. Med., no 240, p. 333-341.
45. CLARK A. G., GUADALUPE R. N., 1995, "Probing the evolution of senescence in Drosophila melanogaster with P-element tagging", Genetica, no 96, p. 225-234.
46. CURTSINGER J. W., FUKUI H. H., TOWNSEND D. R., VAUPEL J. W., 1992, "Demography of genotypes: failure of the limited life-span paradigm in Drosophila melanogaster", Science, (Wash. D.C.) no 258, p. 461-463.
47. DALY M., WILSON M., 1983, Sex, Evolution and Behavior, Belmont, California, Wadsworth Publ.
48. DIAMOND J., 1992, The Third Chimpanzee, New York, Harper Perennial.
49. DOLL R., 1999, "Risk from tobacco and potentials for health gain", Int. J. Tubercul. Lung Disease, no 3, p. 90-99.
50. ELLISON C. G., 1991, "Religious involvement and subjective well-being", J. Health Social Behav., no 32, p. 80-99.
51. FINCH C., 1990, Longevity, Senescence, and the Genome. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
52. FINCH C., TANZI R., 1997, "Genetics of aging", Science, no 278, p. 407-411.
53. FOGEL R. W., 1994, "Economic growth, population theory, and physiology: the bearing of long-term processes on the making of economic policy", Amer. Econ. Rev., no 84, p. 369-395.
54. FOGEL R. W., COSTA D. L., 1997, "A theory of technophysio evolution, with some implications for forecasting population, health care costs, and pension costs", Demography, no 34, p. 49-66.
55. FRIEDLAND R. B., 1998, "Life expectancy in the future: a summary of a discussion among experts", North Amer. Actuarial J., no 2, p. 48-63.
56. FUKUI H. H., XIU L., CURTSINGER J. W., 1993, "Slowing of age-specific mortality rates in Drosophila melanogaster", Exp. Gerontol., no 28, p. 585-599.
57. FUTYUMA 1998, Evolutionary Biology, Sunderland. Massachusetts, Sinauer Associates, Inc.
58. GAESSER G. A., 1999, "Thinness and weight loss: beneficial or detrimental to longevity?" Med. Sci. Sports Exercise, no 31, p. 1118-1128.
59. GAVRILOV L. A., GAVRILOVA N. S., 1991, The Biology of Life Span: A Quantitative Approach. Harwood, Chur, Switzerland.
60. GLASSER M., 1981, "Is longevity inherited", J. Chronic Disease, no 34, p. 439-444.
61. GOMPERTZ B., 1825, "On the nature of the function expressive of the law of human mortality, and on a new mode of determining the value of life contingencies", Phil. Os. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., no 115, p. 513.
62. GRAUNT J., 1662, Bills of Mortality, London, Republished in 1964, J. Inst. Actuaries no 90, p. 1-61.
63. HAKEEM A., SANDOVAL R., JONES M., ALLMAN J., 1996, "Brain and Life Span in Primates", in Handbook of the Psychology of Aging, J. Birren (ed.), New York, Academic Press, p. 78-104.
64. HAMMER M., FOLEY R., 1996, "Longevity, life history and allometry: how long did hominids live?", Human Evol., no 11, p. 61-66.
65. HAUSER P. M., DUNCAN O. D., 1959, "The nature of demography", in The Study of Population, P. M. Hauser and O. D. Duncan (eds.). Chicago, University of Chicago Press, p. 29-44.
66. HAWKES K., O'CONNELL J. F., BLURTON JONES N. G., ALVAREZ H., CHARNOV E. L., 1998, "Grandmothering, menopause, and the evolution of human life histories", Proc. Nat. Acad. Sciences, USA no 953, p. 1336-1339.
67. HARVEY P., READ A., PROMISLOW D. E. L., 1989, "Life history variation in placental mammals: unifying the data with theory", Oxford Surv. Evol. Biol., no 6, p. 13-31.
68. HAYFLICK L., 1994, How and Why We Age, New York, Ballantine Books.
69. HERSKIND A. M., MCGUE M., HOLM N. V., SORENSEN T. I. A., HARVALD B., VAUPEL J. W., 1996, "The heritability of human longevity: a population-based study of 2,872 Danish twin pairs born 1870-1900", Human Genetics, no 97, p. 319-323.
70. HIRSHFIELD A. N., FLAWS J. A., 1999, "Reproductive senescence, nonhuman mammals", in Encyclopedia of Reproduction, Vol. 4, E. Knobil, J. D. Neill (eds), San Diego Academic Press, p. 239-244.
71. HOLLIDAY R., 1997, "Understanding ageing", Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B., no 352, p. 1793-1797.
72. HORIUCHI S., WILMOTH J., 1998, "Deceleration in the age pattern of mortality at older ages", Demography, no 35, p. 391-412.
73. HOYERT D. L., KOCHANEK K. D., MURPHY S. L., 1999, "Deaths: final data for 1997", National Vital Statistics Reports. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, no 47, p. 1-105.
74. HUMMER R. A., ROGERS R. G., NAM C. B., ELLISON C. G., 1999, "Religious involvement and U.S. adult mortality", Demography, no 36, p. 273-285.
75. JOHNSON T. E., 1990, "Increased life-span of age-1 mutants in Caenorhabditis elegans and lower Gompertz rate of aging", Science, 249, p. 908-912.
76. JUDGE D. S., 1999, Reproduction and post-menopausal longevity. Abstract of presentation at the Human Behavior and Evolution Society annual meetings, Salt Lake City, Utah, June 2-6, 1999.
77. JUDGE D. S., CAREY J. R., 2000, "Post reproductive life predicted by primate patterns", J. Gerontol.: Biological Sciences., no 55A, p. B201-B209.
78. KANNISTO V., 1988, "On the survival of centenarians and the span of life", Pop. Studies, no 42, p. 389-406.
79. KANNISTO V., 1991, "Frailty and survival", Genus, no 47, p. 101-118.
80. KAPLAN H., 1997, "The evolution of the human life course", in Between Zeus and the Salmon: The Biodemography of Longevity, K. Wachter, C. Finch (es), National Academy Press. Washington, D.C. p. 175-211.
81. KEYFITZ N., 1982, "Choice of function for mortality analysis: effective forecasting depends on a minimum parameter representation", Theor. Popul. Biol., no 21, p. 329-352.
82. KEYFITZ N., 1985, Applied Mathematical Demography. New York, Springer-Verlag.
83. KINZEY W.G., 1997. New World Primates: Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, New York, Aldine de Gruyter.
84. KIRKWOOD T. B. L., 1977, "Evolution of aging", Nature, no 270, p. 301-304.
85. KIRKWOOD T. B. L., HOLLIDAY R., 1979, "The evolution of ageing and longevity", Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B., no 205, p. 531-546.
86. KIRKWOOD T. B. L., ROSE M., 1991, "Evolution of senescence: late survival sacrificed for reproduction", Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B., no 332, p. 15-24.
87. KIRKWOOD T. B. L., 1997, "The origins of human ageing", Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B., no 352, p. 1765-1772.
88. KLEMERA P., DOUBAL S., 1992, "Human mortality at very advanced age might be constant", Mech. Age. Dev., no 98, p. 167-176.
89. LANDES D. S., 1998, The Wealth and Poverty of Nations, New York, W. W. Norton & Company.
90. LE BOURG E. L., THON B., LÉGARÉ J., DESJARDINS B., CHARBONNEAU H., 1993, Reproductive life of French-Canadians in the 17-18th centuries: a search for a trade-off between early fecundity and longevity, Exp. Gerontol., no 28, p.21 7-232.
91. LEE E. T., 1992, Statistical Methods for Survival Data Analysis, New York, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
92. LEE C.-K., KLOPP R. G., WEINDRUCH R., PROLLA T. A., 1999, "Gene expression profile of aging and its retardation by caloric restriction", Science, no 285, p. 1390-1393.
93. LJUNGQUIST B., BERG S. LANKE J., MCCLEARN G. E., PEDERSEN N. L., 1998, "The effect of genetic factors for longevity: a comparison of identical and fraternal twins in the Swedish twin registry, J. Geronol.: Biological Sciences, no 53A, p. M441-M446.
94. LOTKA A. J., 1928, "The progeny of a population element", Amer. J. Hygiene, no 8, p. 875-901.
95. MCGUE M., VAUPEL J. W., HOLM N, HARVALD B., 1993, "Longevity is moderately heritable in a sample of Danish twins born 1870-1880", J. Geront.: Biological Sciences, no 48, p. B237-B244.
96. MANTON K. G., STALLARD E., 1996, "Longevity in the United States: age and sex-specific evidence on life span limits from mortality patterns, 1960-1990", J. Geront.: Biological Sciences, no 51A, p. B362-B375.
97. MANTON K. G., STALLARD E., TOLLEY H. D., 1991, Limits to human life expectancy: evidence, prospects, and implications, Pop. Dev. Rev., no 17, p. 603-637.
98. MASORO E. J., 1988, "Minireview: food restriction in rodents: an evaluation of its role in the study of aging", J. Geront.: Biological Sciences, no 43, p. B59-B64.
99. MASORO E. J., AUSTAD S. N., 1996, "The evolution of the antiaging action of dietary restriction: a hypothesis", J. Geront.: Biological Sciences, no 51A, p. B387-B391.
100. MEDAWAR P. B., 1952, An Unsolved Problem of Biology. London, H. K. Lewis.
101. MULLER H.-G., WANG J.-L., CAPRA W. B., LIEDO P., CAREY J. R., 1997, "Early mortality surge in protein-deprived females causes reversal of male-female life expectancy relation in Mediterranean fruit flies", Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S., no 94, p. 2762-2765.
102. OLSHANSKY S. J., CARNES B. A., CASSEL C., 1990, In search of Methuselah: estimating the upper limits to human longevity, Science, no 250, p. 634-639.
103. OLSHANSKY S. J., CARNES B. A., 1997, "Ever since Gompertz", Demography, no 34, p. 1-15.
104. PARTRIDGE L., GREEN A., FOWLER K., 1987, "Effects of egg-production and of exposure to males on female survival", in Drosophila melanogaster. J. Insect Physiol, no 33, p. 745-749.
105. PEARL R., 1931, "Studies on human longevity. IV. The inheritance of longevity. Preliminary report", Human. Biology, no 3, p. 245-269.
106. PERLS T. T., ALPERT L., FRETTS R. C., 1997, "Middle-aged mothers live longer", Nature, no 389, p. 133.
107. PERLS T. T., BUBRICK E., WAGER C G., VIJG J., KRUGLYAK L., 1998, "Siblings of centenarians live longer", Lancet, no 351, p.1560.
108. PRESSAT R., 1985, The Dictionary of Demography, C. Wilson (ed.). Oxford, Blackwell.
109. PRESTON S., 1990, "Sources of variation in vital rates: an overview", Convergent issues in Genetics and Demography, J. Adams, Lam, D. A., Hermalin, A. I., Smouse, P. E. New York, Oxford University Press, p. 335-352.
110. PROMISLOW D., TATAR M., PLETCHER S., CAREY J. R., 1999, "Below-threshold mortality: implications for studies in evolution, ecology and demography", J. Evol. Biology, no 12, p. 314-328.
111. READ A., HARVEY P., 1989, "Life history differences among the Eutherian radiations", J. Zool., no 219, p. 329-353.S
112. REZNICK D., 1985, "Costs of reproduction: An evaluation of the empirical evidence", Oikos, no 44, p. 257-267.
113. RIGGS J. E., MILLECCHIA R. J., 1992, "Mortality among the elderly in the US: 1856-1987. Demonstration of the upper boundary to Gompertzian mortality", Mech. Age. Dev., no 62, p., 191-199.
114. ROBINE J. M., ALLARD M., 1998, "The oldest human", Science, no 279, p. 1834-1835.
115. ROCKSTEIN M., LIEBERMAN H. M., 1959, "A life table for the common house fly, Musca domestica", Gerontologia, no 3, p. 23-36.
116. ROGERS R. G., 1995, "Sociodemographic characteristics of long-lived and healthy individuals", Popul. Dev. Rev., no 21, p. 33-58.
117. ROWE J. W., KAHN R. L., 1998, Successful Aging, New York, Pantheon Books.
118. RYDER N. B., 1959, "Fertility", in The Study of Population, P. M. Hauser, O. D. Duncan, (eds.) Chicago, University of Chicago Press, p. 400-426.
119. SACHER G. A., 1978, "Longevity and aging in vertebrate evolution", BioScience, no 28, p. 497-501.
120. SACHER G. A., 1980, "The constitutional basis for longevity in the Cetacea: do the whales and the terrestrial mammals obey the same laws?", Report of the International Whaling Commission (Special Issue 3), no 3, p. 209-213.
121. SACHER G. A., 1982, "Evolutionary theory in gerontology", Perspectives Biol. Med., no 25, p. 339-353.
122. SIEGEL J. S., TAEUBER C. M., 1986, "Demographic perspectives on the long-lived society", Daedalus, no 115, p. 77-118.
123. SMITH D., KEYFITZ N., 1977, Mathematical Demography. Selected Papers, Berlin, Springer-Verlag.
124. SNOWDON D. A., KANE R. L., BEESON W. L., BURKE G. L., SPRAFKA J. M., POTTER J., ISO H., JACOBS, D. R., PHILLIPS R. L., 1989, "Is early natural menopause a biologic marker of health and aging?", Amer. J. Pub. Health, no 79, p. 709-714.
125. STEARNS, S. C., 1992, The Evolution of Life Histories. Oxford, Oxford Univ. Press.
126. STREHLER B. L., MILDVAN A. S., 1960, "General theory of mortality and aging", Science, no 132, p. 14-21.
127. STRICKBERGER M. W., 1996, Evolution, 4th Edition, Sudbury, Massachusetts, Jones and Partlet Publishers.
128. SWEDLUND A. C., MEINDL R. S., NYDON J., GRADIE M. I., 1983, "Family patterns in longevity and longevity patterns of the family", Human Biology, no 55, p. 115-129.
129. TATAR M., CAREY J. R., 1994a, "Genetics of mortality in the bean beetle Callosobruchus maculatus", Evolution, no 48, p. 1371-1376.
130. TATAR M., CAREY J. R., 1994b, "Sex mortality differentials in the bean beetle: reframing the question", Amer. Nat., no 144, p. 165-175.
131. THATCHER A. R., 1992, "Trends in numbers and mortality at high ages in England and Wales", Pop. Studies, 46, p. 411-426.
132. THUN M.J., PETO R., LOPEZ A. D., MONACO J. H., HENLEY S. L., HEATH C. W. Jr., DOLL R., 1997, "Alcohol consumption and mortality among middle-aged and elderly U.S. adults", New England J. Med., no 337, p. 1705-14.
133. TIMIRAS P., 1994, "Introduction: aging as a stage in the life cycle", Physiological Basis of Aging and Geriatrics, 2nd Edition, P. Timiras (ed.), Boca Raton, CRC Press, p. 1-5.
134. TROIANO R. P., FRONGILLO J. E. A., SOBAL J., LEVITSKY D. A., 1996, "The relationship between body weight and mortality: a quantitative analysis of combined information from existing studies", Int. J. Obesity, 20, p. 63-75.
135. TULJAPURKAR S., BOE, C., 1998, "Mortality change and forecasting: how much and how little do we know", North Amer. Actuarial J., no 2, p. 13-47.
136. VAUPEL J. W., 1997, "Trajectories of mortality at advanced ages", in Between Zeus and the Salmon: The Biodemography of Longevity, K. Wachter, C. Finch (eds.), National Academy Press, Washington, DC., p. 17-37.
137. VAUPEL J. W., CAREY J. R., 1993, "Compositional interpretations of medfly mortality", Science, (Wash. D.C.) no 260, p. 1666-1667.
138. VAUPEL J. W., CAREY J. R., CHRISTENSEN K., JOHNSON R. E., YASHIN A. I., HOLM N. V., IACHINE E. A., KHAZAELI A. A., LIEDO P., LONGO V. D., and others, 1998, "Biodemographic trajectories of longevity", Science, (Wash. D.C.) no 280, p. 855-890.
139. VAUPEL J. W., MANTON K. G., STALLARD E., 1979, "The impact of heterogeneity in individual frailty on the dynamics of mortality", Demography, no 16, p. 439-454.
140. WACHTER K., FINCH C., 1997, Between Zeus and the Salmon: Biodemography of Aging, Washington, DC, National Academy Press.
141. WACHTER K., 1999, "Evolutionary demographic models for mortality plateaus", Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., no 96, p. 10544-10547.
142. WAITE L. J., 1995, "Does marriage matter?", Demography, no 32, p. 483-507.
143. WASHBURN S. L., 1981, "Longevity in primates", in Aging: Biology and Behavior, J.L. McGaugh and S. B. Kiesler (eds.), New York, Academic Press, p 11-29.
144. WEIBULL W., 1951, "A statistical theory of wide applicability", J. Applied Mech., no 18, p. 293-297.
145. WEST-EBERHARD M. J., 1992, "Adaptation: current usages", in Keywords in Evolutionary Biology, E. F. Keller, Lloyd, E. A. (eds.), Cambridge, Harvard University Press, p. 13-18.
146. WESTENDORP R. G. J., KIRKWOOD T. B. L., 1998, "Human longevity at the cost of reproductive success", Nature, no 396, p. 743-746.
147. WILLIAMS G.C., 1957, "Pleiotropy, natural selection, and the evolution of senescence", Evolution, no 11, p. 398-411.
148. WILMOTH J. R., 1998, "The future of human longevity: a demographer's perspective", Science, (Wash. D.C.) 280, p. 395-397.
149. WILMOTH J. R., Lundstrom H., 1996, "Extreme longevity in five countries", European J. Popul., no 12, p. 63-93.
150. WILSON E. O., 1998, "Consilience", New York, Alfred A. Knopt.