-
1
-
-
0009125616
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-
In China the 60+ population in 2050 may number around half a billion people, about the number worldwide today (Table 1). To keep the proportion over 60 to a quarter that size, population size would have to rise from 1.25 to 2 billion [J. W. Vaupel and Y. Zeng, Policy Sci. 24, 389 (1991); Y. Zeng, J. W. Vaupel, Z. Wang, Math. Pop. Stud. 6, 187 (1997)]. More generally, see J. W. Vaupel and A. E. Gowan, Am. J. Public Health 76, 430 (1986) and D. A. Wise, Ed., Advances in the Economics of Aging (Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, 1996).
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(1991)
Policy Sci.
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, pp. 389
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Vaupel, J.W.1
Zeng, Y.2
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2
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0031449565
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In China the 60+ population in 2050 may number around half a billion people, about the number worldwide today (Table 1). To keep the proportion over 60 to a quarter that size, population size would have to rise from 1.25 to 2 billion [J. W. Vaupel and Y. Zeng, Policy Sci. 24, 389 (1991); Y. Zeng, J. W. Vaupel, Z. Wang, Math. Pop. Stud. 6, 187 (1997)]. More generally, see J. W. Vaupel and A. E. Gowan, Am. J. Public Health 76, 430 (1986) and D. A. Wise, Ed., Advances in the Economics of Aging (Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, 1996).
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Math. Pop. Stud.
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Zeng, Y.1
Vaupel, J.W.2
Wang, Z.3
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3
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0022703911
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In China the 60+ population in 2050 may number around half a billion people, about the number worldwide today (Table 1). To keep the proportion over 60 to a quarter that size, population size would have to rise from 1.25 to 2 billion [J. W. Vaupel and Y. Zeng, Policy Sci. 24, 389 (1991); Y. Zeng, J. W. Vaupel, Z. Wang, Math. Pop. Stud. 6, 187 (1997)]. More generally, see J. W. Vaupel and A. E. Gowan, Am. J. Public Health 76, 430 (1986) and D. A. Wise, Ed., Advances in the Economics of Aging (Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, 1996).
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(1986)
Am. J. Public Health
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Vaupel, J.W.1
Gowan, A.E.2
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4
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0009125616
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Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL
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In China the 60+ population in 2050 may number around half a billion people, about the number worldwide today (Table 1). To keep the proportion over 60 to a quarter that size, population size would have to rise from 1.25 to 2 billion [J. W. Vaupel and Y. Zeng, Policy Sci. 24, 389 (1991); Y. Zeng, J. W. Vaupel, Z. Wang, Math. Pop. Stud. 6, 187 (1997)]. More generally, see J. W. Vaupel and A. E. Gowan, Am. J. Public Health 76, 430 (1986) and D. A. Wise, Ed., Advances in the Economics of Aging (Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, 1996).
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Advances in the Economics of Aging
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Wise, D.A.1
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V. Kannisto, J. Lauritsen, A. R. Thatcher, J. W. Vaupel, Pop. Dev. Rev. 20, 987 (1994); V. Kannisto, Development of Oldest-Old Mortality 7950-7990 (Odense Univ. Press, Odense, Denmark, 1994); V. Kannisto, The Advancing Frontier of Survival (Odense Univ. Press, Odense, Denmark, 1996); J. R. Wilmoth in (5), p. 38.
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Odense Univ. Press, Odense, Denmark
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V. Kannisto, J. Lauritsen, A. R. Thatcher, J. W. Vaupel, Pop. Dev. Rev. 20, 987 (1994); V. Kannisto, Development of Oldest-Old Mortality 7950-7990 (Odense Univ. Press, Odense, Denmark, 1994); V. Kannisto, The Advancing Frontier of Survival (Odense Univ. Press, Odense, Denmark, 1996); J. R. Wilmoth in (5), p. 38.
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V. Kannisto, J. Lauritsen, A. R. Thatcher, J. W. Vaupel, Pop. Dev. Rev. 20, 987 (1994); V. Kannisto, Development of Oldest-Old Mortality 7950-7990 (Odense Univ. Press, Odense, Denmark, 1994); V. Kannisto, The Advancing Frontier of Survival (Odense Univ. Press, Odense, Denmark, 1996); J. R. Wilmoth in (5), p. 38.
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The Advancing Frontier of Survival
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Kannisto, V.1
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2642624127
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J. W. Vaupel and B. Jeune, in (3), p. 109
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J. W. Vaupel and B. Jeune, in (3), p. 109.
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13
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2642637376
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Remaining life expectancy at age 65 for Paleolithic populations may have been about 7 years [R. E. Lee, in (5), p. 212]. For Swedish females in 1900, 1950, and 1995 it was 12.9, 14.3, and 19.8 years, and for Japanese females in 1995 it was over 20.8 years, triple the Paleolithic level. Remaining life expectancy at age 50 from the stone age through the middle ages may have varied from 10 to 16 years [J. R. Wilmoth in (3), p. 125], compared with values of 23.8, 26.4, and 33.0 for Swedish females in 1900, 1950, and 1995
-
Remaining life expectancy at age 65 for Paleolithic populations may have been about 7 years [R. E. Lee, in (5), p. 212]. For Swedish females in 1900, 1950, and 1995 it was 12.9, 14.3, and 19.8 years, and for Japanese females in 1995 it was over 20.8 years, triple the Paleolithic level. Remaining life expectancy at age 50 from the stone age through the middle ages may have varied from 10 to 16 years [J. R. Wilmoth in (3), p. 125], compared with values of 23.8, 26.4, and 33.0 for Swedish females in 1900, 1950, and 1995.
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14
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C. E. Finch, Longevity, Senescence, and the Genome (Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, 1990).
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P. B. Medawar, An Unsolved Problem in Biology (Lewis, London, 1952); G. C. Williams, Evolution 11, 398 (1957); W. D. Hamilton, J. Theor. Biol. 12, 12 (1966); B. Charlesworth, Evolution in Age-Structured Populations (Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 1994); P. Abrams and D. Ludwig, Evolution 49, 1055 (1995); L. Partridge in (5), p. 78. For discussion of the mixed empirical support for this theory, see (13); J. W. Curtsinger, P. M. Service, T. Prout, Am. Nat. 144, 210 (1994); D. E. L. Promislow, M. Tatar, A. A. Khazaeli, J. W. Curtsinger, Genetics 143, 839 (1996).
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(1952)
An Unsolved Problem in Biology
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P. B. Medawar, An Unsolved Problem in Biology (Lewis, London, 1952); G. C. Williams, Evolution 11, 398 (1957); W. D. Hamilton, J. Theor. Biol. 12, 12 (1966); B. Charlesworth, Evolution in Age-Structured Populations (Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 1994); P. Abrams and D. Ludwig, Evolution 49, 1055 (1995); L. Partridge in (5), p. 78. For discussion of the mixed empirical support for this theory, see (13); J. W. Curtsinger, P. M. Service, T. Prout, Am. Nat. 144, 210 (1994); D. E. L. Promislow, M. Tatar, A. A. Khazaeli, J. W. Curtsinger, Genetics 143, 839 (1996).
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P. B. Medawar, An Unsolved Problem in Biology (Lewis, London, 1952); G. C. Williams, Evolution 11, 398 (1957); W. D. Hamilton, J. Theor. Biol. 12, 12 (1966); B. Charlesworth, Evolution in Age-Structured Populations (Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 1994); P. Abrams and D. Ludwig, Evolution 49, 1055 (1995); L. Partridge in (5), p. 78. For discussion of the mixed empirical support for this theory, see (13); J. W. Curtsinger, P. M. Service, T. Prout, Am. Nat. 144, 210 (1994); D. E. L. Promislow, M. Tatar, A. A. Khazaeli, J. W. Curtsinger, Genetics 143, 839 (1996).
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P. B. Medawar, An Unsolved Problem in Biology (Lewis, London, 1952); G. C. Williams, Evolution 11, 398 (1957); W. D. Hamilton, J. Theor. Biol. 12, 12 (1966); B. Charlesworth, Evolution in Age-Structured Populations (Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 1994); P. Abrams and D. Ludwig, Evolution 49, 1055 (1995); L. Partridge in (5), p. 78. For discussion of the mixed empirical support for this theory, see (13); J. W. Curtsinger, P. M. Service, T. Prout, Am. Nat. 144, 210 (1994); D. E. L. Promislow, M. Tatar, A. A. Khazaeli, J. W. Curtsinger, Genetics 143, 839 (1996).
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P. B. Medawar, An Unsolved Problem in Biology (Lewis, London, 1952); G. C. Williams, Evolution 11, 398 (1957); W. D. Hamilton, J. Theor. Biol. 12, 12 (1966); B. Charlesworth, Evolution in Age-Structured Populations (Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 1994); P. Abrams and D. Ludwig, Evolution 49, 1055 (1995); L. Partridge in (5), p. 78. For discussion of the mixed empirical support for this theory, see (13); J. W. Curtsinger, P. M. Service, T. Prout, Am. Nat. 144, 210 (1994); D. E. L. Promislow, M. Tatar, A. A. Khazaeli, J. W. Curtsinger, Genetics 143, 839 (1996).
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Evolution
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P. B. Medawar, An Unsolved Problem in Biology (Lewis, London, 1952); G. C. Williams, Evolution 11, 398 (1957); W. D. Hamilton, J. Theor. Biol. 12, 12 (1966); B. Charlesworth, Evolution in Age-Structured Populations (Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 1994); P. Abrams and D. Ludwig, Evolution 49, 1055 (1995); L. Partridge in (5), p. 78. For discussion of the mixed empirical support for this theory, see (13); J. W. Curtsinger, P. M. Service, T. Prout, Am. Nat. 144, 210 (1994); D. E. L. Promislow, M. Tatar, A. A. Khazaeli, J. W. Curtsinger, Genetics 143, 839 (1996).
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Am. Nat.
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P. B. Medawar, An Unsolved Problem in Biology (Lewis, London, 1952); G. C. Williams, Evolution 11, 398 (1957); W. D. Hamilton, J. Theor. Biol. 12, 12 (1966); B. Charlesworth, Evolution in Age-Structured Populations (Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 1994); P. Abrams and D. Ludwig, Evolution 49, 1055 (1995); L. Partridge in (5), p. 78. For discussion of the mixed empirical support for this theory, see (13); J. W. Curtsinger, P. M. Service, T. Prout, Am. Nat. 144, 210 (1994); D. E. L. Promislow, M. Tatar, A. A. Khazaeli, J. W. Curtsinger, Genetics 143, 839 (1996).
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Genetics
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J. W. Curtsinger, Genetica 96, 187 (1995); S. Tuljapurkar, in (5), p. 65.
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The quote, from (12, p. R441), pertains to L. D. Mueller and M. R. Rose, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93, 15249 (1996); also see S. D. Pletcher and J. W. Curtsinger, Evolution, in press.
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(1979)
Demography
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J. W. Vaupel, K. G. Manton, E. Stallard, ibid. 16, 439 (1979); J. W. Curtsinger, H. H. Fukui, D. R. Townsend, J. W. Vaupel, Science 258, 461 (1992); J. W. Vaupel and J. R. Carey, ibid. 260, 1666 (1993); A. I. Yashin, J. W. Vaupel, I. A. Iachine, Mech. Aging Dev. 74, 1 (1994).
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Science
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J. W. Vaupel, K. G. Manton, E. Stallard, ibid. 16, 439 (1979); J. W. Curtsinger, H. H. Fukui, D. R. Townsend, J. W. Vaupel, Science 258, 461 (1992); J. W. Vaupel and J. R. Carey, ibid. 260, 1666 (1993); A. I. Yashin, J. W. Vaupel, I. A. Iachine, Mech. Aging Dev. 74, 1 (1994).
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Science
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Mech. Aging Dev.
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J. R. Carey, P. Liedo, J. W. Vaupel, Exp. Gerontol. 30, 605 (1995); A.A. Khazaeli, L. Xiu, J. W. Curtsinger, J. Gerontol. 52, 48 (1995); A. A. Khazaeli, L. Xiu, J. W. Curtsinger, Genetica 98, 21 (1996). In our nematode experiments, the volume of the container was reduced as worms died, to keep density constant.
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J. R. Carey, P. Liedo, J. W. Vaupel, Exp. Gerontol. 30, 605 (1995); A.A. Khazaeli, L. Xiu, J. W. Curtsinger, J. Gerontol. 52, 48 (1995); A. A. Khazaeli, L. Xiu, J. W. Curtsinger, Genetica 98, 21 (1996). In our nematode experiments, the volume of the container was reduced as worms died, to keep density constant.
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Genetica
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L. Hayflick, How and Why We Age (Ballantine Books, New York, 1994); L. S. Gavrilov and N. S. Gavrilova, The Biology of Life Span (Harwood, Chur, Switzerland, 1991). Contrary to J. F. Fries and L. M. Crapo [Vitality and Aging (Freeman, San Francisco, 1981)] and R. Dawkins [Sci. Am. 273, 80 (November 1995)], reliability engineering constraints make it virtually impossible for organisms to approximate the "one-hoss shay" of Oliver Wendell Holmes, which ran perfectly until one day when all of its pieces fell apart simultaneously.
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L. Hayflick, How and Why We Age (Ballantine Books, New York, 1994); L. S. Gavrilov and N. S. Gavrilova, The Biology of Life Span (Harwood, Chur, Switzerland, 1991). Contrary to J. F. Fries and L. M. Crapo [Vitality and Aging (Freeman, San Francisco, 1981)] and R. Dawkins [Sci. Am. 273, 80 (November 1995)], reliability engineering constraints make it virtually impossible for organisms to approximate the "one-hoss shay" of Oliver Wendell Holmes, which ran perfectly until one day when all of its pieces fell apart simultaneously.
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The Biology of Life Span
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L. Hayflick, How and Why We Age (Ballantine Books, New York, 1994); L. S. Gavrilov and N. S. Gavrilova, The Biology of Life Span (Harwood, Chur, Switzerland, 1991). Contrary to J. F. Fries and L. M. Crapo [Vitality and Aging (Freeman, San Francisco, 1981)] and R. Dawkins [Sci. Am. 273, 80 (November 1995)], reliability engineering constraints make it virtually impossible for organisms to approximate the "one-hoss shay" of Oliver Wendell Holmes, which ran perfectly until one day when all of its pieces fell apart simultaneously.
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(1981)
Vitality and Aging
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L. Hayflick, How and Why We Age (Ballantine Books, New York, 1994); L. S. Gavrilov and N. S. Gavrilova, The Biology of Life Span (Harwood, Chur, Switzerland, 1991). Contrary to J. F. Fries and L. M. Crapo [Vitality and Aging (Freeman, San Francisco, 1981)] and R. Dawkins [Sci. Am. 273, 80 (November 1995)], reliability engineering constraints make it virtually impossible for organisms to approximate the "one-hoss shay" of Oliver Wendell Holmes, which ran perfectly until one day when all of its pieces fell apart simultaneously.
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A promising line of inquiry we are pursuing focuses on lines of medflies (31) and yeast (34) that survive to and reproduce at advanced ages.
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Our research was supported by the U.S. National Institutes of Health (grant AG08761), Danish Research Council, Max Planck Society, Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, and Wellcome Trust. We thank K. Andreev, K. Brehmer, C. E. Finch, L. G. Harshman, B. Jeune, P. Laslett, H. Lundström, M. K. McGue, H.-G. Müller, D. Orozco, C. R. Owens, L. Partridge, S. D. Pletcher, S. H. Preston, D. Roach, R. Suzman, M. Tatar, A. R. Thatcher, S. Tuljapurkar, N. G. Vaupel, K. W. Wachter, J.-L. Wang, J. R. Wilmoth, and the Moscamed Program in Metapa, Mexico
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Our research was supported by the U.S. National Institutes of Health (grant AG08761), Danish Research Council, Max Planck Society, Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, and Wellcome Trust. We thank K. Andreev, K. Brehmer, C. E. Finch, L. G. Harshman, B. Jeune, P. Laslett, H. Lundström, M. K. McGue, H.-G. Müller, D. Orozco, C. R. Owens, L. Partridge, S. D. Pletcher, S. H. Preston, D. Roach, R. Suzman, M. Tatar, A. R. Thatcher, S. Tuljapurkar, N. G. Vaupel, K. W. Wachter, J.-L. Wang, J. R. Wilmoth, and the Moscamed Program in Metapa, Mexico.
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