Current progress towards the metabolic engineering of plant seed oil for hydroxy fatty acids production

Plant Cell Reports

Volumn 34, Issue 4, 2015, Pages 603-615

  Lee, Kyeong Ryeol ^a   Chen, Grace Q ^b   Kim, Hyun Uk ^a  

^a National Institute of Animal Science   (South Korea)

^b WESTERN REGIONAL RESEARCH CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Arabidopsis; Castor; Hydroxy fatty acid; Industrial fatty acid; Lesquerella; Transgenic oilseed crop

Indexed keywords

ARABIDOPSIS; PHYSARIA (ANGIOSPERM);

FATTY ACID; VEGETABLE OIL;

BIOSYNTHESIS; HYDROXYLATION; METABOLIC ENGINEERING; METABOLISM; PLANT SEED; PROCEDURES;

BIOSYNTHETIC PATHWAYS; FATTY ACIDS; HYDROXYLATION; METABOLIC ENGINEERING; PLANT OILS; SEEDS;

EID: 84925817372     PISSN: 07217714     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00299-015-1736-6     Document Type: Review

References (127)

1. Amri IN (2011) The Lauric (Coconut and Palm Kernel) Oils. In: Gunstone FD (ed) Vegetable oils in food technology: composition, properties and uses, 2nd edn. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, pp 169–198
2. Andre C, Haslam RP, Shanklin J (2012) Feedback regulation of plastidic acetyl-CoA carboxylase by 18:1-acyl carrier protein in Brassica napus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109:10107–10112
3. Armougom R, Grondin I, Smadja J (1998) Fatty acid composition of lipid extracts of some tropical cucurbit seeds. Ocl Ol Corps Gras Lipids 5:323–328
4. Arroyo-Caro JM, Chileh T, Alonso DL, García-Maroto F (2013a) Molecular characterization of a lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase gene belonging to the MBOAT family in Ricinus communis L. Lipids 48:663–674
5. Arroyo-Caro JM, Chileh T, Kazachkov M, Zou J, Alonso DL, García-Maroto F (2013b) The multigene family of lysophosphatidate acyltransferase (LPAT)-related enzymes in Ricinus communis. Cloning and molecular characterization of two LPAT genes that are expressed in castor seeds. Plant Sci 199–200:29–40
6. Badami RC, Patil KB (1980) Structure and occurrence of unusual fatty acids in minor seed oils. Prog Lipid Res 19:119–153
7. Bafor M, Smith MA, Jonsson L, Stobart K, Stymne S (1991) Ricinoleic acid biosynthesis and triacylglycerol assembly in microsomal preparations from developing castor-bean (Ricinus communis) endosperm. Biochem J 280:507–514
8. Banas A, Johansson I, Stymne S (1992) Plant microsomal phospholipases exhibit preference for phosphatidylcholine with oxygenated acyl groups. Plant Sci 84:137–144
9. Banas A, Dahlqvist A, Ståhl U, Lenman M, Stymne S (2000) The involvement of phospholipid: diacylglycerol acyltransferases in triacylglycerol production. Biochem Soc Trans 28:703–705
10. Bao XM, Katz S, Pollard M, Ohlrogge J (2002) Carbocyclic fatty acids in plants: biochemical and molecular genetic characterization of cyclopropane fatty acid synthesis of Sterculia foetida. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:7172–7177
11. Bates PD, Browse J (2011) The pathway of triacylglycerol synthesis through phosphatidylcholine in Arabidopsis produces a bottleneck for the accumulation of unusual FAs in transgenic seeds. Plant J 68:387–399
12. Bates PD, Browse J (2012) The significance of different diacylgycerol synthesis pathways on plant oil composition and bioengineering. Front Plant Sci. 2(3):147. doi:10.3389/fpls.2012.00147
13. Bates PD, Durrett TP, Ohlrogge JB, Pollard M (2009) Analysis of acyl fluxes through multiple pathways of triacylglycerol synthesis in developing soybean embryos. Plant Physiol 150:55–72
14. Bates PD, Fatihi A, Snapp AR, Carlsson AS, Browse J, Lu C (2012) Acyl editing and headgroup exchange are the major mechanisms that direct polyunsaturated fatty acid flux into triacylglycerols. Plant Physiol 160:1530–1539
15. Bates PD, Johnson SR, Cao X, Li J, Nam J-W, Jaworski JG, Ohlrogge JB, Browse J (2014) FA synthesis is inhibited by inefficient utilization of unusual FAs for glycerolipid assembly. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 111:1204–1209
16. Beisson F, Li Y, Bonaventure G, Pollard M, Ohlrogge JB (2007) The acyltransferase GPAT5 is required for the synthesis of suberin in seed coat and root of Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 19:351–368
17. Broun P, Somerville C (1997) Accumulation of ricinoleic, lesquerolic, and densipolic acids in seeds of transgenic Arabidopsis plants that express a fatty acyl hydroxylase cDNA from castor bean. Plant Physiol 113:933–942
18. Broun P, Boddupalli S, Somerville C (1998) A bifunctional oleate 12-hydroxylase: desaturase from Lesquerella fendleri. Plant J 13:201–210
19. Brown AP, Kroon JTM, Swarbreck D, Febrer M, Larson TR, Graham IA, Caccamo M, Slabas AR (2012) Tissue-specific whole transcriptome sequencing in castor, directed at understanding triacylglycerol lipid biosynthetic pathways. PLoS One 7:e30100
20. Burgal J, Shockey J, Lu C, Dyer J, Larson T, Graham I, Browse J (2008) Metabolic engineering of hydroxy fatty acid production in plants: RcDGAT2 drives dramatic increases in ricinoleate levels in seed oil. Plant Biotechnol J 6:819–831
21. 12-oleic acid desaturase. J Biol Chem 279:12495–12502
22. Cahoon EB, Carlson TJ, Ripp KG, Schweiger BJ, Cook GA, Hall SE, Kinney AJ (1999) Biosynthetic origin of conjugated double bonds: production of fatty acid components of high-value drying oils in transgenic soybean embryos. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:12935–12940
23. 12-oleic acid desaturase-related enzymes. J Biol Chem 276:2637–2643
24. Cahoon EB, Schnurr JA, Huffman EA, Minto RE (2003) Fungal responsive fatty acid acetylenases occur widely in evolutionarily distant plant families. Plant J 34:671–683
25. Cahoon EB, Dietrich CR, Meyer K, Damude HG, Dyer JM, Kinney AJ (2006) Conjugated fatty acids accumulate to high levels in phospholipids of metabolically engineered soybean and Arabidopsis seeds. Phytochemistry 67:1166–1176
26. Caupin HJ (1997) Products from castor oil: Past, present, and future. In: Gunstone FD, Padley FB (eds) Lipid technologies and applications. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 787–795
27. Chapman KD, Ohlrogge JB (2012) Compartmentation of triacylglycerol accumulation in plants. J Biol Chem 287:2288–2294
28. Chen GQ (2011) Effective reduction of chimeric tissue in transgenics for the stable genetic transformation of Lesquerella fendleri. HortScience 46:86–90
29. Chen G, Greer MS, Lager I, Lindberg Yilmaz J, Mietkiewska E, Carlsson AS, Stymne S, Weselake RJ (2012) Identification and characterization of an LCAT-like Arabidopsis thaliana gene encoding a novel phospholipase A. FEBS Lett 586:373–377
30. Chen G, Tian B, Greer MS, Caldo KM, Singer S, Mietkiewska E, Dyer J, Smith M, Qiu X, Stymne S, Weselake RJ (2014) Characterization of a LCAT-like phospholipase A from hydroxy-fatty acid producing Lesquerella fendleri. In: 21st international symposium on plant lipids. Guelph, Ontario, Canada, pp 24
31. Dahlqvist A, Ståhl U, Lenman M, Banas A, Lee M, Sandager L, Ronne H, Stymne S (2000) Phospholipid: diacylglycerol acyltransferase: an enzyme that catalyzes the acyl-CoA-independent formation of triacylglycerol in yeast and plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:6487–6492
32. Dauk M, Lam P, Kunst L, Smith MA (2007) A FAD2 homologue from Lesquerella lindheimeri has predominantly fatty acid hydroxylase activity. Plant Sci 173:43–49
33. Demirbas A (2009) Political, economic and environmental impacts of biofuels: a review. Appl Energy 86:S108–S117
34. Dewey RE, Wilson RF, Novitzky WP, Goode JH (1994) The AAPT1 gene of soybean complements a cholinephosphotransferase-deficient mutant of yeast. Plant Cell 6:1495–1507
35. Dierig DA, Thompson AE, Nakayama FS (1993) Lesquerella commercialization efforts in the United States. Ind Crop Prod 1:289–293
36. Dierig DA, Dahlquist GH, Tomasi PM (2006) Registration of WCL-LO3 high oil Lesquerella fendleri germplasm. Crop Sci 46:1832–1833
37. Dierig DA, Wang G, McCloskey WB, Thorp KR, Isbell TA, Ray DT, Foster MA (2011) Lesquerella: new crop development and commercialization in the U.S. Ind Crop Prod 34:1381–1385
38. Dyer JM, Chapital DC, Kuan JC, Mullen RT, Turner C, McKeon TA, Pepperman AB (2002) Molecular analysis of a bifunctional fatty acid conjugase/desaturase from tung. Implications for the evolution of plant fatty acid diversity. Plant Physiol 130:2027–2038
39. Eccleston VS, Ohlrogge JB (1998) Expression of lauroyl-acyl carrier protein thioesterase in Brassica napus seeds induces pathways for both FA oxidation and biosynthesis and implies a set point for triacylglycerol accumulation. Plant Cell 10:613–621
40. Engeseth N, Stymne S (1996) Desaturation of oxygenated fatty acids in Lesquerella and other oil seeds. Planta 198:238–245
41. Enikeev AG, Mishutina UO (2005) Physiological effects of rapeseed transformation with the acb gene as affected by the genetic vector structure. Rus J Plant Physiol 52:668–671
42. Fairley P (2011) Next generation biofuels. Nature 474:S2–S5
43. Frentzen M (1998) Acyltransferases from basic science to modified seed oils. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 100:161–166
44. Fulda M, Shockey J, Werber M, Wolter FP, Heinz E (2002) Two long-chain acyl-CoA synthetases from Arabidopsis thaliana involved in peroxisomal fatty acid beta-oxidation. Plant J 32:93–103
45. Galliard T, Stumpf PK (1966) Fat metabolism in higher plants. 30 Enzymatic synthesis of ricinoleic acid by a microsomal preparation from developing Ricinus communis seeds. J Biol Chem 241:5806–5812
46. Gidda SK, Shockey JM, Rothstein SJ, Dyer JM, Mullen RT (2009) Arabidopsis thaliana GPAT8 and GPAT9 are localized to the ER and possess distinct ER retrieval signals: functional divergence of the dilysine ER retrieval motif in plant cells. Plant Physiol Biochem 47:867–879
47. Gidda SK, Shockey JM, Falcone M, Kim PK, Rothstein SJ, Andrews DW, Dyer JM, Mullen RT (2011) Hydrophobic-domain-dependent protein–protein interactions mediate the localization of GPAT enzymes to ER subdomains. Traffic 12:452–472
48. Gunstone FD (2008) Disappearance. Lipid Technol 20:48
49. Gunstone FD, Hamilton RJ (2001) Oleochemical manufacture and applications. Sheffield Academic Press, UK
50. Guo Y, Mietkiewska L, Francis T, Katavic V, Brost JM, Giblin M, Barton DL, Taylor DC (2009) Increase in nervonic acid content in transformed yeast and transgenic plants by introduction of a Lunaria annua L. 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase (KCS) gene. Plant Mol Biol 69:565–575
51. Hayes DG, Kleiman R (1996) A detailed triglyceride analysis of Lesquerella fendleri oil: column chromatographic fractionation followed by supercritical fluid chromatography. J Am Oil Chem Soc 73:267–269
52. Hettiarachchi D, Liu Y, Fox J, Sunderland B (2010) Western Australian sandalwood seed oil: new opportunities. Lipid Technology 22:27–29
53. Holic R, Yazawa H, Kumagai H, Uemura H (2012) Engineered high content of ricinoleic acid in fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 95:179–187
54. Hu Z, Ren Z, Lu C (2012) The phosphatidylcholine diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase is required for efficient hydroxy fatty acid accumulation in transgenic Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 158:1944–1954
55. Huang C-Y, Chung C-I, Lin Y-C, Hsing Y-IC, Huang AHC (2009) Oil bodies and oleosins in Physcomitrella possess characteristics representative of early trends in evolution. Plant Physiol 150:1192–1203
56. Ichihara K, Takahashi T, Fujii S (1988) Diacylglycerol acyltransferase in maturing safflower seeds: its influences on the fatty acid composition of triacylglycerol and on the rate of triacylglycerol synthesis. Biochim Biophys Acta 958:125–129
57. Isbell TA, Mund MS, Evangelista RL, Dierig DA (2008) Method for analysis of fatty acid distribution and oil content on a single Lesquerella fendleri seed. Ind Crop Prod 28:231–236
58. Jako C, Kumar A, Wei Y, Zou J, Barton DL, Giblin EM, Covello PS, Taylor DC (2001) Seed-specific over-expression of an Arabidopsis cDNA encoding a diacylglycerol acyltransferase enhances seed oil content and seed weight. Plant Physiol 126:861–874
59. Jenderek MM, Dierig DA, Isbell TA (2009) Fatty-acid profile of Lesquerella germplasm in the National Plant Germplasm System collection. Ind Crops Prod 29:154–164
60. Kim HU, Li Y, Huang AH (2005) Ubiquitous and endoplasmic reticulum-located lysophosphatidyl acyltransferase, LPAT2, is essential for female but not male gametophyte development in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 17:1073–1089
61. Kim HU, Lee K-R, Go YS, Jung JH, Suh M-C, Kim JB (2011) Endoplasmic reticulum-located PDAT1-2 from castor bean enhances hydroxy fatty acid accumulation in transgenic plants. Plant Cell Physiol 52:983–993
62. Kleiman R (1990) Chemistry of new industrial oilseed crops. In: Janick J, Simon JE (eds) Advances in new crops. Timber Press, Portland, pp 196–203
63. Kroon JT, Wei W, Simon WJ, Slabas AR (2006) Identification and functional expression of a type 2 acyl-CoA:diacylglcerol acyltransferase (DGAT2) in developing castor bean seeds which has high homology to the major triglyceride biosynthetic enzyme of fungi and animals. Phytochemistry 67:2541–2549
64. Kumar R, Wallis JG, Skidmore C, Browse J (2006) A mutation in Arabidopsis cytochrome b5 reductase identified by high-throughput screening differentially affects hydroxylation and desaturation. Plant J 48:920–932
65. Lager I, Yilmaz JL, Zhou XR, Jasieniecka K, Kazachkov M, Wang P, Zou J, Weselake R, Smith MA, Bayon S, Dyer JM, Shockey JM, Heinz E, Green A, Banas A, Stymne S (2013) Plant acyl-CoA:lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferases (LPCATs) have different specificities in their forward and reverse reactions. J Biol Chem 288:36902–36914
66. Lands WE (1965) Lipid metabolism. Ann Rev Biochem 34:313–346
67. Lardizabal KD, Mai JT, Wagner NW, Wyrick A, Voelker T, Hawkins DJ (2001) DGAT2 is a new diacylglycerol acyltransferase gene family: purification, cloning, and expression in insect cell of two polypeptides from Mortierella ramanniana with diacylglycerol acyltransferase activity. J Biol Chem 276:38862–38869
68. Lee M, Lenman M, Banas A, Bafor M, Singh S, Schweizer M, Nilsson R, Liljenberg C, Dahlqvist A, Gummeson P, Sjödahl S, Green A, Stymne S (1998) Identification of non-heme diiron proteins that catalyze triple bond and epoxy group formation. Science 280:915–918
69. Li Y, Beisson F, Koo AJK, Molina I, Pollard M, Ohlrogge J (2007) Identification of acyltransferases required for cutin biosynthesis and production of cutin with suberin-like monomers. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:18339–18344
70. Li R, Yu K, Wu Y, Tateno M, Hatanaka T, Hildebrand DF (2012) Vernonia DGATs can complement the disrupted oil and protein metabolism in epoxygenase-expressing soybean seeds. Metab Eng 14:29–38
71. Li-Beisson Y, Shorrosh B, Beisson F, Andersson MX, Arondel V, Bates PD, Baud S, Bird D, Debono A, Durrett TP, Franke RB, Graham IA, Katayama K, Kelly AA, Larson T, Markham JE, Miquel M, Molina I, Nishida I, Rowland O, Samuels L, Schmid KM, Wada H, Welti R, Xu C, Zallot R, Ohlrogge J (2013) Acyl-lipid metabolism. Arabidopsis Book 2013(11):e0161. doi:10.1199/tab.0161
72. Lin JT, Turner C, Liao LP, McKeon TA (2003) Identification and quantification of the molecular species of acylglycerols in castor oil by HPLC using ELSD. J Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies 26:773–780
73. Lu C, Kang J (2008) Generation of transgenic plants of a potential oilseed crop Camelina sativa by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Plant Cell Rep 27:273–278
74. Lu C, Fulda M, Wallis J, Browse J (2006) A high-throughput screen for genes from castor that boost hydroxy fatty acid accumulation in seed oils of transgenic Arabidopsis. Plant J 45:847–856
75. Lu C, Xin Z, Ren Z, Miquel M, Browse J (2009) An enzyme regulating triacylglycerol composition is encoded by the ROD1 gene of Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106:18837–18842
76. Lü S, Song T, Kosma DK, Parsons EP, Rowland O, Jenks MA (2009) Arabidopsis CER8 encodes LONG-CHAIN ACYL-COA SYNTHETASE 1 (LACS1) that has overlapping functions with LACS2 in plant wax and cutin synthesis. Plant J 59:553–564
77. Malathi B, Ramesh S, Venkateswara Rao K, Dashavantha Reddy V (2006) Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation and production of semilooper resistant transgenic castor (Ricinus communis L.). Euphytica 147:441–449
78. Mantle PG, Nisbet LJ (1976) Differentiation of Claviceps purpurea in axenic culture. J Gen Microbiol 93:321–334
79. Meesapyodsuk D, Qiu X (2008) An oleate hydroxylase from the fungus Claviceps purpurea: cloning, functional analysis, and expression in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 147:1325–1333
80. Metzger JO (2009) Fats and oils as renewable feedstock for chemistry. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 111:865–876
81. Millar AA, Smith MA, Kunst L (2000) All FAs are not equal: discrimination in plant membrane lipids. Trends Plant Sci 5:95–101
82. Moire L, Rezzonico E, Goepfert S, Poirier Y (2004) Impact of unusual fatty acid synthesis on futile cycling through beta-oxidation and on gene expression in transgenic plants. Plant Physio 134:432–442
83. Moon H, Smith MA, Kunst L (2001) A condensing enzyme from the seeds of Lesquerella fendleri that specifically elongates hydroxyl fatty acids. Plant Physiol 127:1635–1643
84. Moreau RA, Stumpf PK (1981) Recent studies of the enzymic synthesis of ricinoleic acid by developing castor beans. Plant Physiol 67:672–676
85. Nishida I, Tasaka Y, Shiraishi H, Murata N (1993) The gene and the RNA for the precursor to the plastid-located glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Mol Biol 21:267–277
86. Ohlrogge JB, Pollard MR, Stumpf PK (1978) Studies on biosynthesis of waxes by developing jojoba seed tissues. Lipids 13:203–210
87. Okuley J, Lightner J, Feldmann K, Yadav N, Lark E, Browse J (1994) Arabidopsis FAD2 gene encodes the enzyme that is essential for polyunsaturated lipid synthesis. Plant Cell 6:147–158
88. Princen LH, Rothfus JA (1984) Development of new crops for industrial raw materials. J Am Oil Chem Soc 61:281–289
89. Ramadan MF, Morsel JT (2002) Oil composition of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) fruit-seeds. Eur Food Res Technol 215:204–209
90. Reed DW, Taylor DC, Covello PS (1997) Metabolism of hydroxy fatty acids in developing seeds in the genera Lesquerella (Brassicaceae) and Linum (Linaceae). Plant Physiol 114:63–68
91. Rossak M, Smith M, Kunst L (2001) Expression of the FAE1 gene and FAE1 promoter activity in developing seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Mol Biol 46:717–725
92. Sailaja M, Tarakeswari M, Sujatha M (2008) Stable genetic transformation of castor (Ricinus communis L.) via particle gun-mediated gene transfer using embryo axes from mature seeds. Plant Cell Rep 27:1509–1519
93. Schnurr JA, Shockey JM, de Boer G-J, Browse JA (2002) Fatty acid export from the chloroplast. Molecular characterization of a major plastidial acyl-coenzyme A synthetase from Arabidopsis. 129:1700–1709
94. Schnurr J, Shockey J, Browse J (2004) The Acyl-CoA synthetase encoded by LACS2 is essential for normal cuticle development in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 16:629–642
95. Shanklin J, Cahoon EB (1998) Desaturation and related modifications of fatty acids. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 49:611–641
96. Shintani DK, Ohlrogge JB (1995) Feedback inhibition of fatty-acid synthesis in tobacco suspension cells. Plant J 7:577–587
97. Shockey JM, Fulda MS, Browse JA (2002) Arabidopsis contains nine long-chain acyl-coenzyme A synthetase genes that participate in fatty acid and glycerolipid metabolism. Plant Physiol 129:1710–1722
98. Shockey JM, Gidda SK, Chapital DC, Kuan JC, Dhanoa PK, Bland JM, Rothstein SJ, Mullen RT, Dyer JM (2006) Tung tree DGAT1 and DGAT2 have nonredundant functions in triacylglycerol biosynthesis and are localized to different subdomains of the endoplasmic reticulum. Plant Cell 18:2294–2313
99. Singh S, Thomaeus S, Lee M, Stymne S, Green A (2001) Transgenic expression of a delta 12-epoxygenase gene in Arabidopsis seeds inhibits accumulation of linoleic acid. Planta 212:872–879
100. Slack CR, Campbell LC, Browse JA, Roughan PG (1983) Some evidence for the reversibility of the cholinephosphotransferase catalysed reaction in developing linseed cotyledons in vivo. Biochim Biophys Acta 754:10–20
101. Slack CR, Roughan PG, Browse JA, Gardiner SE (1985) Some properties of cholinephosphotransferase from developing safflower cotyledons. Biochim Biophys Acta 833:438–448
102. Smith CR Jr (1971) Occurrence of unusual fatty acids in plants. Prog Chem Fats Other Lipids 11:137–177
103. Smith CR Jr, Wilson TL, Melvin EH, Wolff IA (1960) Dimorphecolic Acid—a unique hydroxydienoid fatty acid. J Am Chem Soc 82:1417–1421
104. Smith MA, Moon H, Chowrira G, Kunst L (2003) Heterologous expression of a fatty acid hydroxylase gene in developing seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana. Planta 217:507–516
105. Snapp AR, Kang J, Qi X, Lu C (2014) A fatty acid condensing enzyme from Physaria fendleri increases hydroxy fatty acid accumulation in transgenic oilseeds of Camelina sativa. Planta 240:599–610
106. Somerville CR, Browse J, Jaworski J, Ohlrogge J (2000) Lipids. In: Buchanan BB, Gruissem W, Jones RL (eds) Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants, Chap 10. (Rockville, MD: American Society of Plant Physioloists), pp 456–526
107. Sorda G, Banse M, Kemfert C (2010) An overview of biofuel policies across the world. Energy Policy 38:6977–6988
108. Ståhl U, Banas A, Stymne S (1995) Plant microsomal phospholipid acyl hydrolases have selectivities for uncommon fatty-acids. Plant Physiol 107:953–962
109. Stålberg K, Ståhl U, Stymne S, Ohlrogge J (2009) Characterization of two Arabidopsis thaliana acyltransferases with preference for lysophosphatidylethanolamine. BMC Plant Biol 9:60
110. Stymne S, Stobart AK (1984) Evidence for the reversibility of the acyl-CoA: lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase in microsomal preparations from developing safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) cotyledons and rat liver. Biochem J 223:305–314
111. Sujatha M, Sailaja M (2005) Stable genetic transformation of castor (Ricinus communis L.) via Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated gene transfer using embryo axes from mature seeds. Plant Cell Rep 23:803–810
112. Sujatha M, Lakshminarayana M, Tarakeswari M, Singh PK, Tuli R (2009) Expression of the cry1EC gene in castor (Ricinus communis L.) confers field resistance to tobacco caterpillar (Spodoptera litura Fabr) and castor semilooper (Achoea janata L.). Plant Cell Rep 28:935–946
113. Troncoso-Ponce MA, Kilaru A, Cao X, Durrett TP, Fan J, Jensen JK, Thrower NA, Pauly M, Wilkerson C, Ohlrogge JB (2011) Comparative deep transcriptional profiling of four developing oilseeds. Plant J 68:1014–1027
114. United States Department of Agriculture (2014) Oilseeds: world markets and trade. http://apps.fas.usda.gov/psdonline/circulars/oilseeds.pdf
115. van de Loo FJ, Broun P, Turner S, Somerville C (1995) An oleate 12-hydroxylase from Ricinus communis L. is a fatty acyl desaturase homolog. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:6743–6747
116. van Erp H, Bates PD, Burgal J, Shockey J, Browse J (2011) Castor phospholipid: diacylglycerol acyltransferase facilitates efficient metabolism of hydroxy fatty acids in transgenic Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 15:683–693
117. Wang L, Shen W, Kazachkov M, Chen G, Chen Q, Carlsson AS, Stymne S, Weselake RJ, Zou J (2012) Metabolic interactions between the Lands cycle and the Kennedy pathway of glycerolipid synthesis in Arabidopsis developing seeds. Plant Cell 24:4652–4669
118. Weiss SB, Kennedy EP (1956) The enzymatic synthesis of triglycerides. J Am Chem Soc 78:3550
119. Weiss SB, Kennedy EP, Kiyasu JY (1960) The enzymatic synthesis of triglycerides. J Biol Chem 235:40–44
120. Xiao S, Chye M-L (2009) An Arabidopsis family of six acyl-CoA-binding proteins has three cytosolic members. Plant Physio Biochem 47:479–484
121. Xu J, Carlsson AS, Francis T, Zhang M, Hoffman T, Giblin ME, Taylor DC (2012) Triacylglycerol synthesis by PDAT1 in the absence of DGAT1 activity is dependent on re-acylation of LPC by LPCAT2. BMC Plant Biol 12:4
122. Yang W, Pollard M, Li-Beisson Y, Beisson F, Feig M, Ohlrogge J (2010) A distinct type of glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase with sn-2 preference and phosphatase activity producing 2-monoacylglycerol. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107:12040–12045
123. Yurchenko OP, Nykiforuk CL, Moloney MM, Ståhl U, Banaś A, Stymne S, Weselake RJ (2009) A 10-kDa acyl-CoA-binding protein (ACBP) from Brassica napus enhances acyl exchange between acyl-CoA and phosphatidylcholine. Plant Biotechnol J 7:602–610
124. Zhao L, Katavic V, Li F, Haughn GW, Kunst L (2010) Insertional mutant analysis reveals that long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 1 (LACS1), but not LACS8, functionally overlaps with LACS9 in Arabidopsis seed oil biosynthesis. Plant J 64:1048–1058
125. Zheng Z, Xia Q, Dauk M, Shen W, Selvaraj G, Zou J (2003) ArabidopsisAtGPAT1, a member of the membrane-bound glycerol-3-phosphate acytransferase gene family, is essential for tapetum differentiation and male fertility. Plant Cell 15:1872–1887
126. Zheng P, Allen WB, Roesler K, Williams ME, Zhang S, Li J, Glassman K, Ranch J, Nubel D, Solawetz W, Bhattramakki D, Llaca V, Deschamps S, Zhong G-Y, Tarczynski MC, Shen B (2008) A phenylalanine in DGAT is a key determinant of oil content and composition in maize. Nat Genet 40:367–372
127. Zou J, Wei Y, Jako C, Kumar A, Selvaraj G, Taylor DC (1999) The Arabidopsis thaliana TAG1 mutant has a mutation in a diacylglycerol acyltransferase gene. Plant J 19:645–653