A mitochondrial bioenergetic basis of depression

Journal of Bioenergetics and Biomembranes

Volumn 47, Issue 1-2, 2015, Pages 155-171

  Klinedinst, N Jennifer ^a   Regenold, William T ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND SCHOOL OF NURSING   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Bioenergetics; Depression; Genetics; Mitochondria; Oxidative stress

Indexed keywords

ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT;

AUTOPSY; BIOENERGY; DISORDERS OF MITOCHONDRIAL FUNCTIONS; DRUG USE; GENOMICS; HEREDITY; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; MAJOR DEPRESSION; NERVE CELL PLASTICITY; NEUROIMAGING; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; SEX DIFFERENCE; ANIMAL; ENERGY METABOLISM; GENETICS; METABOLISM; MITOCHONDRION; PATHOLOGY;

ANIMALS; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MAJOR; ENERGY METABOLISM; HUMANS; MITOCHONDRIA; MITOCHONDRIAL DISEASES;

EID: 84925500623     PISSN: 0145479X     EISSN: 15736881     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10863-014-9584-6     Document Type: Review

References (145)

1. Aboul-Fotouh S (2013a) Coenzyme Q10 displays antidepressant-like activity with reduction of hippocampal oxidative/nitrosative DNA damage in chronically stressed rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 104(Journal Article):105–112. doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2012.12.027
2. Aboul-Fotouh S (2013b) Chronic treatment with coenzyme Q10 reverses restraint stress-induced anhedonia and enhances brain mitochondrial respiratory chain and creatine kinase activities in rats. Behav Pharmacol 24(7):552–560
3. Aguiar AS Jr, Stragier E, da Luz Scheffer D, Remor AP, Oliveira PA, Prediger RD et al (2014) Effects of exercise on mitochondrial function, neuroplasticity and anxio-depressive behavior of mice. Neuroscience 271(Journal Article):56–63. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.04.027
4. Allen PJ (2012) Creatine metabolism and psychiatric disorders: does creatine supplementation have therapeutic value? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 36(5):1442–1462. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.03.005
5. Altar CA, Jurata LW, Charles V, Lemire A, Liu P, Bukhman Y et al (2005) Deficient hippocampal neuron expression of proteasome, ubiquitin, and mitochondrial genes in multiple schizophrenia cohorts. Biol Psychiatry 58(2):85–96. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.03.031
6. American Psychiatric Association (2013) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th edn. American Psychiatric Publishing, Arlington
7. Ames A 3rd (2000) CNS energy metabolism as related to function. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 34(1–2):42–68
8. Andreazza AC, Shao L, Wang JF, Young LT (2010) Mitochondrial complex I activity and oxidative damage to mitochondrial proteins in the prefrontal cortex of patients with bipolar disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 67(4):360–368. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.22
9. Angelini C, Bello L, Spinazzi M, Ferrati C (2009) Mitochondrial disorders of the nuclear genome. Acta Myol 28(1):16–23
10. Anglin RE, Mazurek MF, Tarnopolsky MA, Rosebush PI (2012a) The mitochondrial genome and psychiatric illness. Am J Med Genet Part B Neuropsychiatr Genet Off Publ Int Soc Psychiatr Genet 159B(7):749–759. doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.32086
11. Anglin RE, Garside SL, Tarnopolsky MA, Mazurek MF, Rosebush PI (2012b) The psychiatric manifestations of mitochondrial disorders: a case and review of the literature. J Clin Psychiatr 73(4):506–512. doi:10.4088/JCP.11r07237
12. Beasley CL, Pennington K, Behan A, Wait R, Dunn MJ, Cotter D (2006) Proteomic analysis of the anterior cingulate cortex in the major psychiatric disorders: evidence for disease-associated changes. Proteomics 6(11):3414–3425. doi:10.1002/pmic.200500069
13. Behr GA, Moreira JC, Frey BN (2012a) Preclinical and clinical evidence of antioxidant effects of antidepressant agents: implications for the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder. Oxidative Med Cell Longev 2012:609421. doi:10.1155/2012/609421
14. Behr GA, Moreira JC, & Frey BN (2012) Preclinical and clinical evidence of antioxidant effects of antidepressant agents: Implications for the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2012(Journal Article), 609421, doi: 10.1155/2012/609421
15. Ben-Shachar D, Karry R (2008) Neuroanatomical pattern of mitochondrial complex I pathology varies between schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depression. PLoS ONE 3(11):e3676. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003676
16. Bergemann ER, Boles RG (2010) Maternal inheritance in recurrent early-onset depression. Psychiatr Genet 20(1):31–34. doi:10.1097/YPG.0b013e3283351153
17. Berger SL, Kouzarides T, Shiekhattar R, Shilatifard A (2009) An operational definition of epigenetics. Genes Dev 23(7):781–783. doi:10.1101/gad.1787609
18. Berk M, Copolov DL, Dean O, Lu K, Jeavons S, Schapkaitz I et al (2008) N-acetyl cysteine for depressive symptoms in bipolar disorder—a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial. Biol Psychiatry 64(6):468–475
19. Billups B, Forsythe ID (2002) Presynaptic mitochondrial calcium sequestration influences transmission at mammalian central synapses. J Neurosci 22(14):5840–5847
20. Boles RG, Burnett BB, Gleditsch K, Wong S, Guedalia A, Kaariainen A et al (2005) A high predisposition to depression and anxiety in mothers and other matrilineal relatives of children with presumed maternally inherited mitochondrial disorders. Am J Med Genet Part B Neuropsychiatr Genet Off Publ Int Soc Psychiatricr Genet 137B(1):20–24. doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30199
21. Bowling AC, Beal MF (1995) Bioenergetic and oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases. Life Sci 56(14):1151–1171
22. Brebner K, Hayley S, Zacharko R, Merali Z, Anisman H (2000) Synergistic effects of interleukin-1[beta], interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-[alpha]: central monoamine, corticosterone, and behavioral variations. Neuropsychopharmacology 22(6):566–580
23. Burnett BB, Gardner A, Boles RG (2005) Mitochondrial inheritance in depression, dysmotility and migraine? J Affect Disord 88(1):109–116
24. Capuron L, Gumnick JF, Musselman DL, Lawson DH, Reemsnyder A, Nemeroff CB et al (2001) Neurobehavioral effects of interferon-α in cancer patients: Phenomenology and paroxetine responsiveness of symptom dimensions
25. Capuron L, Gumnick JF, Musselman DL, Lawson DH, Reemsnyder A, Nemeroff CB et al (2002) Neurobehavioral effects of interferon-alpha in cancer patients: phenomenology and paroxetine responsiveness of symptom dimensions. Neuropsychopharmacology: Off Publ Am Coll Neuropsychopharmacology 26(5):643–652
26. Carlson PJ, Singh JB, Zarate CA Jr, Drevets WC, Manji HK (2006) Neural circuitry and neuroplasticity in mood disorders: insights for novel therapeutic targets. NeuroRx 3(1):22–41. doi:10.1016/j.nurx.2005.12.009
27. Chen HY, Cheng IC, Pan YJ, Chiu YL, Hsu SP, Pai MF et al (2011) Cognitive-behavioral therapy for sleep disturbance decreases inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 80(4):415–422. doi:10.1038/ki.2011.151
28. Chen F, Wegener G, Madsen TM, Nyengaard JR (2013) Mitochondrial plasticity of the hippocampus in a genetic rat model of depression after antidepressant treatment. Synapse (New York, NY) 67(3):127–134. doi:10.1002/syn.21622
29. Cheng A, Hou Y, & Mattson MP (2010) Mitochondria and neuroplasticity. ASN neuro, 2(5), AN20100019
30. Cui H, Kong Y, Zhang H (2012) Oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and aging. J Signal Transduct 2012:646354. doi:10.1155/2012/646354
31. Danielson SR, Carelli V, Tan G, Martinuzzi A, Schapira AH, Savontaus ML et al (2005) Isolation of transcriptomal changes attributable to LHON mutations and the cybridization process. Brain 128(Pt 5):1026–1037. doi:10.1093/brain/awh447
32. da-Silva WS, Gomez-Puyou A, de Gomez-Puyou MT, Moreno-Sanchez R, De Felice FG, de Meis L et al (2004) Mitochondrial bound hexokinase activity as a preventive antioxidant defense: steady-state ADP formation as a regulatory mechanism of membrane potential and reactive oxygen species generation in mitochondria. J Biol Chem 279(38):39846–39855. doi:10.1074/jbc.M403835200
33. Dechent P, Pouwels PJ, Wilken B, Hanefeld F, Frahm J (1999) Increase of total creatine in human brain after oral supplementation of creatine-monohydrate. Am J Physiol 277(3 Pt 2):R698–R704
34. Dowlati Y, Herrmann N, Swardfager W, Liu H, Sham L, Reim EK et al (2010) A meta-analysis of cytokines in major depression. Biol Psychiatry 67(5):446–457. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.09.033
35. Fattal O, Link J, Quinn K, Cohen BH, Franco K (2007) Psychiatric comorbidity in 36 adults with mitochondrial cytopathies. CNS Spectr 12(6):429–438
36. Fava M, Targum SD, Nierenberg AA, Bleicher LS, Carter TA, Wedel PC et al (2012). An exploratory study of combination buspirone and melatonin SR in major depressive disorder (MDD): a possible role for neurogenesis in drug discovery. J Psychiatr Res 46(12):1553–1563, doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.08.013
37. Federico A, Cardaioli E, Da Pozzo P, Formichi P, Gallus GN, Radi E (2012) Mitochondria, oxidative stress and neurodegeneration. J Neurol Sci 322(1–2):254–262. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2012.05.030
38. Finsterer J (2001) Cerebrospinal-fluid lactate in adult mitochondriopathy with and without encephalopathy. Acta Med Austriaca 28(5):152–155
39. Fišar Z, Hroudová J, Raboch J (2010) Inhibition of monoamine oxidase activity by antidepressants and mood stabilizers. Neuroendocrinol Lett 31(5):645
40. Forester BP, Harper DG, Jensen JE, Ravichandran C, Jordan B, Renshaw PF et al (2009) 31Phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy study of tissue specific changes in high energy phosphates before and after sertraline treatment of geriatric depression. Int J Geriatr Psychiatr 24(8):788–797. doi:10.1002/gps.2230
41. Gardner A, & Boles RG (2008) Symptoms of somatization as a rapid screening tool for mitochondrial dysfunction in depression. BioPsychoSocial Medicine, 2(Journal Article)
42. Gardner A, Boles RG (2011) Beyond the serotonin hypothesis: mitochondria, inflammation and neurodegeneration in major depression and affective spectrum disorders. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 35(3):730–743. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.07.030
43. Gardner A, Johansson A, Wibom R, Nennesmo I, von Döbeln U, Hagenfeldt L et al (2003) Alterations of mitochondrial function and correlations with personality traits in selected major depressive disorder patients. J Affect Disord 76(1–3):55–68
44. Garzya G, Corallo D, Fiore A, Lecciso G, Petrelli G, Zotti C (1990) Evaluation of the effects of L-acetylcarnitine on senile patients suffering from depression. Drugs Exp Clin Res 16(2):101–106
45. Gero D, Szoleczky P, Suzuki K, Modis K, Olah G, Coletta C et al (2013) Cell-based screening identifies paroxetine as an inhibitor of diabetic endothelial dysfunction. Diabetes 62(3):953–964, doi: 910.2337/db2312-0789. Epub 2012 Dec 2337
46. Gong Y, Chai Y, Ding JH, Sun XL, Hu G (2011) Chronic mild stress damages mitochondrial ultrastructure and function in mouse brain. Neurosci Lett 488(1):76–80. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2010.11.006
47. Gonzalez-Gronow M, Cuchacovich M, Francos R, Cuchacovich S, Fernandez Mdel P, Blanco A et al (2010) Antibodies against the voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) and its protective ligand hexokinase-I in children with autism. J Neuroimmunol 227(1–2):153–161. doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2010.06.001
48. Hasler G (2010) Pathophysiology of depression: do we have any solid eveidence of interest to clinicians? World Psychiatry 9(3):155–161. doi:10.1002/j.2051-5545.2010.tb00298.x
49. He Y, Tang J, Li Z, Li H, Liao Y, Tang Y et al (2014) Leukocyte mitochondrial DNA copy number in blood is not associated with major depressive disorder in young adults. PLoS ONE 9(5):e96869. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0096869
50. Hestad KA, Tønseth S, Støen CD, Ueland T, Aukrust P (2003) Raised plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor [alpha] in patients with depression: normalization during electroconvulsive therapy. J ECT 19(4):183–188
51. Hroudová J, Fišar Z, Kitzlerová E, Zvěřová M, Raboch J (2013) Mitochondrial respiration in blood platelets of depressive patients. Mitochondrion 13(6):795–800. doi:10.1016/j.mito.2013.05.005
52. Inczedy-Farkas G, Remenyi V, Gal A, Varga Z, Balla P, Udvardy-Meszaros A et al (2012) Psychiatric symptoms of patients with primary mitochondrial DNA disorders. Behav Brain Funct 8:9. doi:10.1186/1744-9081-8-9
53. Iosifescu DV, Bolo NR, Nierenberg AA, Jensen JE, Fava M, Renshaw PF (2008) Brain bioenergetics and response to triiodothyronine augmentation in major depressive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 63(12):1127–1134. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.11.020
54. Jones LL, McDonald DA, Borum PR (2010) Acylcarnitines: role in brain. Prog Lipid Res 49(1):61–75. doi:10.1016/j.plipres.2009.08.004
55. Jose da Rocha A, Tulio Braga F, Carlos Martins Maia A Jr, Jorge da Silva C, Toyama C, Pereira Pinto Gama H et al (2008) Lactate detection by MRS in mitochondrial encephalopathy: optimization of technical parameters. J Neuroimaging 18(1):1–8. doi:10.1111/j.1552-6569.2007.00205.x
56. Karabatsiakis A, Böck C, Salinas-Manrique J, Kolassa S, Calzia E, Dietrich DE et al (2014) Mitochondrial respiration in peripheral blood mononuclearcells correlates with depressive subsymptoms and severity of major depression. Transl Psychiatr 4:e397. doi:10.1038/tp.2014.44
57. Kaster MP, Gadotti VM, Calixto JB, Santos ARS, Rodrigues ALS (2012) Depressive-like behavior induced by tumor necrosis factor-α in mice. Neuropharmacology 62(1):419–426. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.08.018
58. Kendler KS, Karkowski LM, Prescott CA (1999) Causal relationship between stressful life events and the onset of major depression. Am J Psychiatr 156(6):837–841
59. Kendler KS, Gatz M, Gardner CO, Pedersen NL (2006) A Swedish national twin study of lifetime major depression. Am J Psychiatry 163(1):109–114
60. Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Koretz D, Merikangas KR et al (2003) The epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the national comorbidity survey replication (NCS-R). JAMA: J Am Med Assoc 289(23):3095–3105
61. Kessler RC, Chiu WT, Demler O, Walters EE (2005) Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry 62(6):617–627
62. Kim MY, Lee JW, Kang HC, Kim E, Lee DC (2011) Leukocyte mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content is associated with depression in old women. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 53(2):e218–e221. doi:10.1016/j.archger.2010.11.019
63. Knapp LT, Klann E (2002) Role of reactive oxygen species in hippocampal long-term potentiation: contributory or inhibitory? J Neurosci Res 70(1):1–7. doi:10.1002/jnr.10371
64. Koene S, Kozicz TL, Rodenburg RJ, Verhaak CM, de Vries MC, Wortmann S et al (2009) Major depression in adolescent children consecutively diagnosed with mitochondrial disorder. J Affect Disord 114(1–3):327–332. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2008.06.023
65. Kondo DG, Sung YH, Hellem TL, Fiedler KK, Shi X, Jeong EK et al (2011) Open-label adjunctive creatine for female adolescents with SSRI-resistant major depressive disorder: a 31-phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. J Affect Disord 135(1–3):354–361. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.07.010
66. Korkmaz A, Reiter RJ, Topal T, Manchester LC, Oter S, Tan DX (2009) Melatonin: an established antioxidant worthy of use in clinical trials. Mol Med 15(1–2):43–50. doi:10.2119/molmed.2008.00117
67. Krishnan V, Nestler EJ (2011) Animal models of depression: molecular perspectives. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 7:121–147. doi:10.1007/7854_2010_108
68. Kumar P, Kalonia H, Kumar A (2010) Nitric oxide mechanism in the protective effect of antidepressants against 3-nitropropionic acid-induced cognitive deficit, glutathione and mitochondrial alterations in animal model of Huntington’s disease. Behav Pharmacol 21(3):217–230, 210.1097/FBP.1090b1013e32833a32835bf32834
69. Leon J, Acuna-Castroviejo D, Sainz RM, Mayo JC, Tan DX, Reiter RJ (2004) Melatonin and mitochondrial function. Life Sci 75(7):765–790. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2004.03.003
70. Leonard BE (2014) Impact of inflammation on neurotransmitter changes in major depression: an insight into the action of antidepressants. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 48(Journal Article):261–267
71. Leonard B, Maes M (2012) Mechanistic explanations how cell-mediated immune activation, inflammation and oxidative and nitrosative stress pathways and their sequels and concomitants play a role in the pathophysiology of unipolar depression. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 36(2):764–785. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.12.005
72. Lépine J-P, Briley M (2011) The increasing burden of depression. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 7(Suppl 1):3–7. doi:10.2147/ndt.s19617
73. Li Z, Okamoto K-I, Hayashi Y, Sheng M (2004) The importance of dendritic mitochondria in the morphogenesis and plasticity of spines and synapses. Cell 119(6):873–887
74. Li Y, Couch L, Higuchi M, Fang J-L, Guo L (2012) Mitochondrial dysfunction induced by sertraline, an antidepressant agent. Toxicol Sci. doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfs100
75. Liu W, Zhou C (2012) Corticosterone reduces brain mitochondrial function and expression of mitofusin, BDNF in depression-like rodents regardless of exercise preconditioning. Psychoneuroendocrinology 37(7):1057–1070. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.12.003
76. Luca M, Luca A, Calandra C (2013) Accelerated aging in major depression: the role of nitro-oxidative stress. Oxidative Med Cell Longev 2013:230797. doi:10.1155/2013/230797
77. Lucca G, Comim CM, Valvassori SS, Reus GZ, Vuolo F, Petronilho F et al (2009) Increased oxidative stress in submitochondrial particles into the brain of rats submitted to the chronic mild stress paradigm. J Psychiatr Res 43(9):864–869. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2008.11.002
78. Lyoo IK, Kong SW, Sung SM, Hirashima F, Parow A, Hennen J et al (2003) Multinuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of high-energy phosphate metabolites in human brain following oral supplementation of creatine-monohydrate. Psychiatry Res 123(2):87–100
79. Lyoo IK, Yoon S, Kim TS, Hwang J, Kim JE, Won W et al (2012) A randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial of oral creatine monohydrate augmentation for enhanced response to a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor in women with major depressive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 169(9):937–945. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12010009
80. Maes M, Galecki P, Chang YS, Berk M (2011) A review on the oxidative and nitrosative stress (O&NS) pathways in major depression and their possible contribution to the (neuro)degenerative processes in that illness. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 35(3):676–692. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.05.004
81. Manji H, Kato T, Di Prospero NA, Ness S, Beal MF, Krams M et al (2012) Impaired mitochondrial function in psychiatric disorders. Nat Rev Neurosci 13(5):293–307. doi:10.1038/nrn3229
82. Markham A, Cameron I, Franklin P, Spedding M (2004) BDNF increases rat brain mitochondrial respiratory coupling at complex I, but not complex II. Eur J Neurosci 20(5):1189–1196. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03578.x
83. Matsushita M, Kumano-Go T, Suganuma N, Adachi H, Yamanura S, Morishima H et al (2010) Do depressive symptoms correlate with oxidative stress in a sample of healthy college students? Eur J Psychiatr 24(2):63–69
84. Mattson MP, Gleichmann M, Cheng A (2008) Mitochondria in neuroplasticity and neurological disorders. Neuron 60(5):748–766. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2008.10.010
85. McFarquhar M, Elliott R, McKie S, Thomas E, Downey D, Mekli K et al (2014) TOMM40 rs2075650 may represent a new candidate gene for vulnerability to major depressive disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 39(7):1743–1753
86. Merikangas KR, He JP, Brody D, Fisher PW, Bourdon K, Koretz DS (2010) Prevalence and treatment of mental disorders among US children in the 2001–2004 NHANES. Pediatrics 125(1):75–81. doi:10.1542/peds.2008-2598
87. Michel TM, Frangou S, Thiemeyer D, Camara S, Jecel J, Nara K et al (2007) Evidence for oxidative stress in the frontal cortex in patients with recurrent depressive disorder–a postmortem study. Psychiatry Res 151(1–2):145–150. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2006.04.013
88. Mill J, Petronis A (2007) Molecular studies of major depressive disorder: the epigenetic perspective. Mol Psychiatry 12(9):799–814
89. Miller AH, Maletic V, Raison CL (2009) Inflammation and its discontents: the role of cytokines in the pathophysiology of major depression. Biol Psychiatry 65(9):732–741
90. Moore CM, Christensen JD, Lafer B, Fava M, Renshaw PF (1997) Lower levels of nucleoside triphosphate in the basal ganglia of depressed subjects: a phosphorous-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Am J Psychiatry 154(1):116–118
91. Morava E, Kozicz T (2013) Mitochondria and the economy of stress (mal)adaptation. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 37(4):668–680. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.02.005
92. Morava E, Gardeitchik T, Kozicz T, de Boer L, Koene S, de Vries MC et al (2010) Depressive behaviour in children diagnosed with a mitochondrial disorder. Mitochondrion 10(5):528–533. doi:10.1016/j.mito.2010.05.011
93. Moreno J, Gaspar E, López-Bello G, Juárez E, Alcázar-Leyva S, González-Trujano E et al (2013) Increase in nitric oxide levels and mitochondrial membrane potential in platelets of untreated patients with major depression. Psychiatry Res 209(3):447–452. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.12.024
94. Munakata K, Iwamoto K, Bundo M, Kato T (2005) Mitochondrial DNA 3243A>G mutation and increased expression of LARS2 gene in the brains of patients with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 57(5):525–532
95. Munakata K, Fujii K, Nanko S, Kunugi H, Kato T (2007) Sequence and functional analyses of mtDNA in a maternally inherited family with bipolar disorder and depression. Mutat Res 617(1–2):119–124
96. Murrough JW, Mao X, Collins KA, Kelly C, Andrade G, Nestadt P et al (2010) Increased ventricular lactate in chronic fatigue syndrome measured by 1H MRS imaging at 3.0 T. II: comparison with major depressive disorder. NMR Biomed 23(6):643–650. doi:10.1002/nbm.1512
97. Musselman DL, Lawson DH, Gumnick JF, Manatunga AK, Penna S, Goodkin RS et al (2001) Paroxetine for the prevention of depression induced by high-dose interferon alfa. New Engl J Med 344(13):961–966
98. Nahon E, Israelson A, Abu-Hamad S, Shoshan-Barmatz V (2005) Fluoxetine (Prozac) interaction with the mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channel and protection against apoptotic cell death. FEBS Lett 579(22):5105–5110. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2005.08.020
99. Nemets B, Levine J (2013) A pilot dose-finding clinical trial of creatine monohydrate augmentation to SSRIs/SNRIs/NASA antidepressant treatment in major depression. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 28(3):127–133. doi:10.1097/YIC.0b013e32835ff20f
100. Nierenberg AA, Kansky C, Brennan BP, Shelton RC, Perlis R, Iosifescu DV (2013) Mitochondrial modulators for bipolar disorder: a pathophysiologically informed paradigm for new drug development. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 47(1):26–42
101. Normann C, Schmitz D, Fürmaier A, Döing C, Bach M (2007) Long-term plasticity of visually evoked potentials in humans is altered in major depression. Biol Psychiatry 62(5):373–380. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.10.006
102. Pettegrew JW, Levine J, Gershon S, Stanley JA, Servan-Schreiber D, Panchalingam K et al (2002) 31P-MRS study of acetyl-L-carnitine treatment in geriatric depression: preliminary results. Bipolar Disord 4(1):61–66
103. Player MJ, Taylor JL, Weickert CS, Alonzo A, Sachdev P, Martin D et al (2013) Neuroplasticity in depressed individuals compared with healthy controls. Neuropsychopharmacology 38(11):2101–2108
104. Raison CL, Capuron L, Miller AH (2006) Cytokines sing the blues: inflammation and the pathogenesis of depression. Trends Immunol 27(1):24–31
105. Regenold WT, Pratt M, Nekkalapu S, Shapiro PS, Kristian T, Fiskum G (2012) Mitochondrial detachment of hexokinase 1 in mood and psychotic disorders: implications for brain energy metabolism and neurotrophic signaling. J Psychiatr Res 46(1):95–104
106. Reichenberg A, Gorman JM, Dieterich DT (2005) Interferon-induced depression and cognitive impairment in hepatitis C virus patients: a 72 week prospective study. AIDS 19:S174–S178
107. Renshaw PF, Parow AM, Hirashima F, Ke Y, Moore CM, Frederick Bde B et al (2001) Multinuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies of brain purines in major depression. Am J Psychiatry 158(12):2048–2055
108. Rezin GT, Cardoso MR, Goncalves CL, Scaini G, Fraga DB, Riegel RE et al (2008) Inhibition of mitochondrial respiratory chain in brain of rats subjected to an experimental model of depression. Neurochem Int 53(6–8):395–400. doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2008.09.012
109. Rezin GT, Amboni G, Zugno AI, Quevedo J, Streck EL (2009) Mitochondrial dysfunction and psychiatric disorders. Neurochem Res 34(6):1021–1029. doi:10.1007/s11064-008-9865-8
110. Roitman S, Green T, Osher Y, Karni N, Levine J (2007) Creatine monohydrate in resistant depression: a preliminary study. Bipolar Disord 9(7):754–758. doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2007.00532.x
111. Rollins B, Martin MV, Sequeira PA, Moon EA, Morgan LZ, Watson SJ et al (2009) Mitochondrial variants in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder. PLoS ONE 4(3):e4913. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004913
112. Rose S, Melnyk S, Pavliv O, Bai S, Nick TG, Frye RE et al (2012) Evidence of oxidative damage and inflammation associated with low glutathione redox status in the autism brain. Transl Psychiatr 2:e134. doi:10.1038/tp.2012.61
113. Sabunciyan S, Kirches E, Krause G, Bogerts B, Mawrin C, Llenos I et al (2007a) Quantification of total mitochondrial DNA and mitochondrial common deletion in the frontal cortex of patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. J Neural Transm 114(5):665–674
114. Sabunciyan S, Kirches E, Krause G, Bogerts B, Mawrin C, Llenos IC et al (2007b) Quantification of total mitochondrial DNA and mitochondrial common deletion in the frontal cortex of patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. J Neural Transm 114(5):665–674. doi:10.1007/s00702-006-0581-8
115. Saraiva LM, Seixas da Silva GS, Galina A, da-Silva WS, Klein WL, Ferreira ST et al (2010) Amyloid-beta triggers the release of neuronal hexokinase 1 from mitochondria. PLoS One 5(12):e15230. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0015230
116. Savitz J, Drevets WC (2009) Bipolar and major depressive disorder: neuroimaging the developmental-degenerative divide. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 33(5):699–771
117. Scaini G, Maggi DD, De-Nes BT, Goncalves CL, Ferreira GK, Teodorak BP et al (2011) Activity of mitochondrial respiratory chain is increased by chronic administration of antidepressants. Acta Neuropsychiatrica 23(3):112–118
118. Schildkraut JJ, Kety SS (1967) Biogenic amines and emotion. Science (New York, NY) 156(3771):21–37
119. Schindler A, Foley E (2013) Hexokinase 1 blocks apoptotic signals at the mitochondria. Cell Signal 25(12):2685–2692. doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.08.035
120. Serafini G (2012) Neuroplasticity and major depression, the role of modern antidepressant drugs. World J Psychiatr 2(3):49–57. doi:10.5498/wjp.v2.i3.49
121. Shao L, Martin MV, Watson SJ, Schatzberg A, Akil H, Myers RM et al (2008) Mitochondrial involvement in psychiatric disorders. Ann Med 40(4):281–295. doi:10.1080/07853890801923753
122. Shoshan-Barmatz V, Zakar M, Rosenthal K, Abu-Hamad S (2009) Key regions of VDAC1 functioning in apoptosis induction and regulation by hexokinase. Biochim Biophys Acta 1787(5):421–430. doi:10.1016/j.bbabio.2008.11.009
123. Shungu DC, Weiduschat N, Murrough JW, Mao X, Pillemer S, Dyke JP et al (2012) Increased ventricular lactate in chronic fatigue syndrome. III. Relationships to cortical glutathione and clinical symptoms implicate oxidative stress in disorder pathophysiology. NMR Biomed 25(9):1073–1087. doi:10.1002/nbm.2772
124. Sjövall F, Ehinger JKH, Marelsson SE, Morota S, Åsander Frostner E, Uchino H et al (2013) Mitochondrial respiration in human viable platelets—methodology and influence of gender, age and storage. Mitochondrion 13(1):7–14. doi:10.1016/j.mito.2012.11.001
125. Smits BW, Fermont J, Delnooz CC, Kalkman JS, Bleijenberg G, van Engelen BG (2011) Disease impact in chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia: more than meets the eye. Neuromuscul Disord 21(4):272–278. doi:10.1016/j.nmd.2010.12.008
126. Song C, Halbreich U, Han C, Leonard BE, Luo H (2009) Imbalance between Pro- and Anti-inflammatory cytokines, and between Th1 and Th2 cytokines in depressed patients: the effect of electroacupuncture or fluoxetine treatment. Pharmacopsychiatry 42(05):182–188. doi:10.1055/s-0029-1202263
127. Sprague AH, Khalil RA (2009) Inflammatory cytokines in vascular dysfunction and vascular disease. Biochem Pharmacol 78(6):539–552. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2009.04.029
128. Steptoe A, Hamer M, Chida Y (2007) The effects of acute psychological stress on circulating inflammatory factors in humans: a review and meta-analysis. Brain Behav Immun 21(7):901–912. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2007.03.011
129. Stork C, Renshaw PF (2005) Mitochondrial dysfunction in bipolar disorder: evidence from magnetic resonance spectroscopy research. Mol Psychiatry 10(10):900–919. doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001711
130. Torrell H, Montana E, Abasolo N, Roig B, Gaviria AM, Vilella E et al (2013) Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in brain samples from patients with major psychiatric disorders: gene expression profiles, mtDNA content and presence of the mtDNA common deletion. Am J Med Genet Part B Neuropsychiatr Genet Off Publ Int Soc Psychiatricr Genet 162B(2):213–223. doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.32134
131. Uddin M, Koenen KC, Aiello AE, Wildman DE, de los Santos R, Galea S (2011) Epigenetic and inflammatory marker profiles associated with depression in a community-based epidemiologic sample. Psychol Med 41(05):997–1007. doi:10.1017/S0033291710001674
132. Valko M, Leibfritz D, Moncol J, Cronin MTD, Mazur M, Telser J (2007) Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 39(1):44–84
133. Vawter MP, Tomita H, Meng F, Bolstad B, Li J, Evans S et al (2006) Mitochondrial-related gene expression changes are sensitive to agonal-pH state: Implications for brain disorders. Mol Psychiatry 11(7):615, 663–679
134. Volz HP, Rzanny R, Riehemann S, May S, Hegewald H, Preussler B et al (1998) 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the frontal lobe of major depressed patients. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 248(6):289–295
135. Wallace DC (2013) A mitochondrial bioenergetic etiology of disease. J Clin Invest 123(4):1405–1412. doi:10.1172/jci61398
136. Wallace DC, Fan W (2010) Energetics, epigenetics, mitochondrial genetics. Mitochondrion 10(1):12–31. doi:10.1016/j.mito.2009.09.006
137. Wang PS, Lane M, Olfson M, Pincus HA, Wells KB, Kessler RC (2005) Twelve-month use of mental health services in the United States: results from the national comorbidity survey replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry 62(6):629–640
138. Wang SM, Han C, Lee SJ, Patkar AA, Masand PS, Pae CU (2014) A review of current evidence for acetyl-l-carnitine in the treatment of depression. J Psychiatr Res 53:30–37. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.02.005
139. Wiener C, Rassier GT, Kaster MP, Jansen K, Pinheiro RT, Klamt F et al (2014) Gender-based differences in oxidative stress parameters do not underlie the differences in mood disorders susceptibility between sexes. Eur Psychiatr 29(1):58–63
140. Willner P (2005) Chronic mild stress (CMS) revisited: consistency and behavioural-neurobiological concordance in the effects of CMS. Neuropsychobiology 52(2):90–110. doi:10.1159/000087097
141. World Health Organization (2012). Depression Fact Sheet No 369. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs369/en/. Accessed 16 June 2014.
142. Xu Y, Wang C, Klabnik JJ, O’Donnell JM (2014) Novel therapeutic targets in depression and anxiety: antioxidants as a candidate treatment. Curr Neuropharmacol 12(2):108–119
143. Zhang WH, Wang H, Wang X, Narayanan MV, Stavrovskaya IG, Kristal BS et al (2008) Nortriptyline protects mitochondria and reduces cerebral ischemia/hypoxia injury. Stroke 39(2):455–462, doi: 410.1161/STROKEAHA.1107.496810. Epub 492008 Jan 496813
144. Zhang Q, Raoof M, Chen Y, Sumi Y, Sursal T, Junger W et al (2010) Circulating mitochondrial DAMPs cause inflammatory responses to injury. [10.1038/nature08780]. Nature, 464(7285), 104–107, doi:http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v464/n7285/suppinfo/nature08780_S1.html
145. Zhang C, Wu Z, Hong W, Wang Z, Peng D, Chen J et al (2014) Influence of BCL2 gene in major depression susceptibility and antidepressant treatment outcome. J Affect Disord 155:288–294. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.11.010