Invariant visual object recognition and shape processing in rats

Behavioural Brain Research

Volumn 285, Issue , 2015, Pages 10-33

  Zoccolan, Davide ^a  

^a SISSA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Invariant recognition; Pattern vision; Rat; Rodent; Shape processing

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; PATTERN RECOGNITION; PHOTOSTIMULATION; PHYSIOLOGY; PROCEDURES; PSYCHOLOGY; RAT; RECOGNITION;

ANIMALS; PATTERN RECOGNITION, VISUAL; PHOTIC STIMULATION; RATS; RECOGNITION (PSYCHOLOGY);

EID: 84925455982     PISSN: 01664328     EISSN: 18727549     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.12.053     Document Type: Review

References (231)

1. Cox D.D. Do we understand high-level vision?. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2014, 25:187-193. 10.1016/j.conb.2014.01.016.
2. Rust N.C., Stocker A.A. Ambiguity and invariance: two fundamental challenges for visual processing. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2010, 20:382-388. 10.1016/j.conb.2010.04.013.
3. Ullman S. High level vision 1996, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
4. DiCarlo J.J., Zoccolan D., Rust N.C. How does the brain solve visual object recognition?. Neuron 2012, 73:415-434. 10.1016/j.neuron.2012.01.010.
5. DiCarlo J.J., Cox D.D. Untangling invariant object recognition. Trends Cogn Sci 2007, 11:333-341.
6. Logothetis N.K., Sheinberg D.L. Visual object recognition. Ann Rev Neurosci 1996, 19:577-621.
7. Brincat S.L., Connor C.E. Underlying principles of visual shape selectivity in posterior inferotemporal cortex. Nat Neurosci 2004, 7:880-886.
8. Yamane Y., Carlson E.T., Bowman K.C., Wang Z., Connor C.E. A neural code for three-dimensional object shape in macaque inferotemporal cortex. Nat Neurosci 2008, 11(11):1352-1360. 10.1038/nn.2202.
9. Pasupathy A., Connor C.E. Responses to contour features in macaque area V4. J Neurophysiol 1999, 82:2490-2502.
10. Pasupathy A., Connor C.E. Population coding of shape in area V4. Nat Neurosci 2002, 5:1332-1338. 10.1038/nn972.
11. Riesenhuber M., Poggio T. Hierarchical models of object recognition in cortex. Nat Neurosci 1999, 2:1019-1025.
12. Serre T., Oliva A., Poggio T. A feedforward architecture accounts for rapid categorization. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2007, 104:6424-6429. 10.1073/pnas.0700622104.
13. Pinto N., Doukhan D., DiCarlo J.J., Cox D.D. A high-throughput screening approach to discovering good forms of biologically inspired visual representation. PLoS Comput Biol 2009, 5:e1000579. 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000579.
14. Ullman S. Object recognition and segmentation by a fragment-based hierarchy. Trends Cogn Sci 2007, 11:58-64. 10.1016/j.tics.2006.11.009.
15. Ullman S., Vidal-Naquet M., Sali E. Visual features of intermediate complexity and their use in classification. Nat Neurosci 2002, 5:682-687.
16. Baldassi C., Alemi-Neissi A., Pagan M., DiCarlo J.J., Zecchina R., Zoccolan D. Shape similarity, better than semantic membership, accounts for the structure of visual object representations in a population of monkey inferotemporal neurons. PLoS Comput Biol 2013, 9:e1003167. 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003167.
17. Riesenhuber M., Poggio T. Models of object recognition. Nat Neurosci 2000, 3 Suppl.:1199-1204.
18. Pinto N., Cox D.D., DiCarlo J.J. Why is real-world visual object recognition hard?. PLoS Comput Biol 2008, 4:e27.
19. Biederman I. Recognition-by-components: a theory of human image understanding. Psychol Rev 1987, 94:115-147.
20. Potter M.C. Short-term conceptual memory for pictures. J Exp Psychol Hum Learn 1976, 2:509-522.
21. Thorpe S.J., Fize D., Marlot C. Speed of processing in the human visual system. Nature 1996, 381:520-522.
22. Tanaka K. Inferotemporal cortex and object vision. Annu Rev Neurosci 1996, 19:109-139.
23. Rolls E.T. Functions of the primate temporal lobe cortical visual areas in invariant visual object and face recognition. Neuron 2000, 27:205-218.
24. Rousselet G.A., Thorpe S.J., Fabre-Thorpe M. How parallel is visual processing in the ventral pathway?. Trends Cogn Sci 2004, 8:363-370.
25. Kourtzi Z., Connor C.E. Neural representations for object perception: structure, category, and adaptive coding. Annu Rev Neurosci 2011, 34:45-67. 10.1146/annurev-neuro-060909-153218.
26. Hung C.P., Kreiman G., Poggio T., DiCarlo J.J. Fast readout of object identity from macaque inferior temporal cortex. Science 2005, 310:863-866.
27. Li N., Cox D.D., Zoccolan D., DiCarlo J.J. What response properties do individual neurons need to underlie position and clutter "invariant" object recognition?. J Neurophysiol 2009, 102:360-376. 10.1152/jn.90745.2008.
28. Rust N.C., DiCarlo J.J. Selectivity and tolerance ("invariance") both increase as visual information propagates from cortical area V4 to IT. J Neurosci 2010, 30:12978-12995. 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0179-10.2010.
29. Felleman D.J., Van Essen D.C. Distributed hierarchical processing in the primate cerebral cortex. Cereb Cortex 1991, 1:1-47.
30. Nassi J.J., Callaway E.M. Parallel processing strategies of the primate visual system. Nat Rev Neurosci 2009, 10:360-372. 10.1038/nrn2619.
31. Orban G.A. Higher order visual processing in macaque extrastriate cortex. Physiol Rev 2008, 88:59.
32. Wang Q., Gao E., Burkhalter A. Gateways of ventral and dorsal streams in mouse visual cortex. J Neurosci 2011, 31:1905-1918. 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3488-10.2011.
33. Wang Q., Sporns O., Burkhalter A. Network analysis of corticocortical connections reveals ventral and dorsal processing streams in mouse visual cortex. J Neurosci 2012, 32:4386-4399. 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6063-11.2012.
34. Dean P. Sensory cortex: visual perceptual functions. The cerebral cortex of the rat 1990, 275-307. The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. B. Kolb, R.C. Tees (Eds.).
35. Coogan T.A., Burkhalter A. Hierarchical organization of areas in rat visual cortex. J Neurosci 1993, 13:3749-3772.
36. Burn C.C. What is it like to be a rat? Rat sensory perception and its implications for experimental design and rat welfare. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2008, 112:1-32. 10.1016/j.applanim.2008.02.007.
37. Werner J.S., Chalupa L.M. The visual neurosciences 2004, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
38. Werner J.S., Chalupa L.M. The new visual neurosciences 2014, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
39. Prusky G.T., Harker K.T., Douglas R.M., Whishaw I.Q. Variation in visual acuity within pigmented, and between pigmented and albino rat strains. Behav Brain Res 2002, 136:339-348.
40. Prusky G.T., West P.W., Douglas R.M. Behavioral assessment of visual acuity in mice and rats. Vis Res 2000, 40:2201-2209.
41. Birch D., Jacobs G.H. Spatial contrast sensitivity in albino and pigmented rats. Vis Res 1979, 19:933-937.
42. Keller J., Strasburger H., Cerutti D.T., Sabel B.A. Assessing spatial vision - automated measurement of the contrast-sensitivity function in the hooded rat. J Neurosci Methods 2000, 97:103-110.
43. Lashley K.S. The mechanisms of vision: III. The comparative visual acuity of pigmented and albino rats. J Genet Psychol 1930, 37:481-484.
44. Wiesenfeld Z., Branchek T. Refractive state and visual acuity in the hooded rat. Vis Res 1976, 16:823-827.
45. Dean P. Visual pathways and acuity hooded rats. Behav Brain Res 1981, 3:239-271.
46. Dean P. Grating detection and visual acuity after lesions of striate cortex in hooded rats. Exp Brain Res 1981, 43:145-153. 10.1007/BF00237758.
47. Campbell F.W., Green D.G. Optical and retinal factors affecting visual resolution. J Physiol 1965, 181:576-593.
48. Campbell F.W., Gubisch R.W. Optical quality of the human eye. J Physiol 1966, 186:558-578.
49. Curcio C.A., Sloan K.R., Kalina R.E., Hendrickson A.E. Human photoreceptor topography. J Comp Neurol 1990, 292:497-523. 10.1002/cne.902920402.
50. Hirsch J., Curcio C.A. The spatial resolution capacity of human foveal retina. Vision Res 1989, 29:1095-1101. 10.1016/0042-6989(89)90058-8.
51. Miller M., Pasik P., Pasik T. Extrageniculostriate vision in the monkey. VII. Contrast sensitivity functions. J Neurophysiol 1980, 43:1510-1526.
52. Merigan W.H., Katz L.M. Spatial resolution across the macaque retina. Vision Res 1990, 30:985-991. 10.1016/0042-6989(90)90107-V.
53. De Valois R.L., Morgan H., Snodderly D.M. Psychophysical studies of monkey Vision-III. Spatial luminance contrast sensitivity tests of macaque and human observers. Vision Res 1974, 14:75-81. 10.1016/0042-6989(74)90118-7.
54. Diamond M.E., von Heimendahl M., Knutsen P.M., Kleinfeld D., Ahissar E. "Where" and "what" in the whisker sensorimotor system. Nat Rev Neurosci 2008, 9:601-612.
55. Diamond M.E., von Heimendahl M., Arabzadeh E. Whisker-mediated texture discrimination. PLoS Biol 2008, 6:e220.
56. Diamond M.E., Arabzadeh E. Whisker sensory system - from receptor to decision. Prog Neurobiol 2013, 103:28-40. 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.05.013.
57. Uchida N., Mainen Z.F. Speed and accuracy of olfactory discrimination in the rat. Nat Neurosci 2003, 6:1224-1229.
58. Rubin B.D., Katz L.C. Spatial coding of enantiomers in the rat olfactory bulb. Nat Neurosci 2001, 4:355-356.
59. Mainen Z.F. Behavioral analysis of olfactory coding and computation in rodents. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2006, 16:429-434. 10.1016/j.conb.2006.06.003.
60. Linster C., Johnson B.A., Morse A., Yue E., Leon M. Spontaneous versus reinforced olfactory discriminations. J Neurosci 2002, 22:6842-6845.
61. Wallace D.G., Gorny B., Whishaw I.Q. Rats can track odors, other rats, and themselves: implications for the study of spatial behavior. Behav Brain Res 2002, 131:185-192. 10.1016/S0166-4328(01)00384-9.
62. Girman S.V., Sauve Y., Lund R.D. Receptive field properties of single neurons in rat primary visual cortex. J Neurophysiol 1999, 82:301-311.
63. Burne R.A., Parnavelas J.G., Lin C.S. Response properties of neurons in the visual cortex of the rat. Exp Brain Res 1984, 53:374-383.
64. Parnavelas J.G., Burne R.A., Lin C.S. Receptive field properties of neurons in the visual cortex of the rat. Neurosci Lett 1981, 27:291-296.
65. Parnavelas J.G., Burne R.A., Lin C.S. Distribution and morphology of functionally identified neurons in the visual cortex of the rat. Brain Res 1983, 261:21-29.
66. Shaw C., Yinon U., Auerbach E. Receptive fields and response properties of neurons in the rat visual cortex. Vision Res 1975, 15:203-208. 10.1016/0042-6989(75)90208-4.
67. Heimel J.A., Van Hooser S.D., Nelson S.B. Laminar organization of response properties in primary visual cortex of the gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis). J Neurophysiol 2005, 94:3538-3554.
68. Van Hooser S.D., Heimel J.A., Chung S., Nelson S.B., Toth L.J. Orientation selectivity without orientation maps in visual cortex of a highly visual mammal. J Neurosci 2005, 25:19-28.
69. Van Hooser S.D., Nelson S.B. The squirrel as a rodent model of the human visual system. Vis Neurosci 2006, 23:765-778.
70. Dräger U.C. Receptive fields of single cells and topography in mouse visual cortex. J Comp Neurol 1975, 160:269-289. 10.1002/cne.901600302.
71. Métin C., Godement P., Imbert M. The primary visual cortex in the mouse: receptive field properties and functional organization. Exp Brain Res 1988, 69:594-612. 10.1007/BF00247312.
72. Niell C.M., Stryker M.P. Highly selective receptive fields in mouse visual cortex. J Neurosci 2008, 28:7520-7536.
73. Bonin V., Histed M.H., Yurgenson S., Reid R.C. Local diversity and fine-scale organization of receptive fields in mouse visual cortex. J Neurosci 2011, 31:18506-18521. 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2974-11.2011.
74. Wiesenfeld Z., Kornel E.E. Receptive fields of single cells in the visual cortex of the hooded rat. Brain Res 1975, 94:401-412.
75. Ohki K., Chung S., Ch'ng Y.H., Kara P., Reid R.C. Functional imaging with cellular resolution reveals precise micro-architecture in visual cortex. Nature 2005, 433:597-603.
76. Espinosa J.S., Stryker M.P. Development and plasticity of the primary visual cortex. Neuron 2012, 75:230-249. 10.1016/j.neuron.2012.06.009.
77. Berardi N., Pizzorusso T., Maffei L. Critical periods during sensory development. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2000, 10:138-145. 10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00047-1.
78. Spolidoro M., Sale A., Berardi N., Maffei L. Plasticity in the adult brain: lessons from the visual system. Exp Brain Res 2009, 192:335-341. 10.1007/s00221-008-1509-3.
79. Sale A., Berardi N., Maffei L. Environment and brain plasticity: towards an endogenous pharmacotherapy. Physiol Rev 2014, 94:189-234. 10.1152/physrev.00036.2012.
80. Berardi N., Pizzorusso T., Ratto G.M., Maffei L. Molecular basis of plasticity in the visual cortex. Trends Neurosci 2003, 26:369-378. 10.1016/S0166-2236(03)00168-1.
81. Brown M.W., Aggleton J.P. Recognition memory: what are the roles of the perirhinal cortex and hippocampus?. Nat Rev Neurosci 2001, 2:51-61.
82. Bussey T., Saksida L. Memory, perception, and the ventral visual-perirhinal-hippocampal stream: thinking outside of the boxes. Hippocampus 2007, 17:898-908.
83. Murray E.A., Bussey T., Saksida L. Visual perception and memory: a new view of medial temporal lobe function in primates and rodents. Annu Rev Neurosci 2007, 30:99-122.
84. Bussey T., Saksida L. Object memory and perception in the medial temporal lobe: an alternative approach. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2005, 15:730-737.
85. Squire L.R., Wixted J.T., Clark R.E. Recognition memory and the medial temporal lobe: a new perspective. Nat Rev Neurosci 2007, 8:872-883. 10.1038/nrn2154.
86. Barnett S.A. The rat: a study in behavior 2007, AldineTransaction, New Brunswick, NJ.
87. Whishaw I.Q., Mittleman G. Visits to starts, routes, and places by rats (Rattus norvegicus) in swimming pool navigation tasks. J Comp Psychol 1986, 100:422-431. 10.1037/0735-7036.100.4.422.
88. Morris R.G.M. Spatial localization does not require the presence of local cues. Learn Motiv 1981, 12:239-260. 10.1016/0023-9690(81)90020-5.
89. Sutherland R.J., Dyck R.H. Place navigation by rats in a swimming pool. Can J Psychol Can Psychol 1984, 38:322-347. 10.1037/h0080832.
90. Schenk F. Development of place navigation in rats from weaning to puberty. Behav Neural Biol 1985, 43:69-85. 10.1016/S0163-1047(85)91510-9.
91. Maaswinkel H., Whishaw I.Q. Homing with locale, taxon, and dead reckoning strategies by foraging rats: sensory hierarchy in spatial navigation. Behav Brain Res 1999, 99:143-152. 10.1016/S0166-4328(98)00100-4.
92. Zoladek L., Roberts W.A. The sensory basis of spatial memory in the rat. Anim Learn Behav 1978, 6:77-81. 10.3758/BF03212006.
93. Suzuki S., Augerinos G., Black A.H. Stimulus control of spatial behavior on the eight-arm maze in rats. Learn Motiv 1980, 11:1-18. 10.1016/0023-9690(80)90018-1.
94. O'Keefe J., Speakman A. Single unit activity in the rat hippocampus during a spatial memory task. Exp Brain Res 1987, 68:1-27. 10.1007/BF00255230.
95. O'Keefe J., Conway D.H. Hippocampal place units in the freely moving rat: why they fire where they fire. Exp Brain Res 1978, 31:573-590. 10.1007/BF00239813.
96. Muller R.U., Kubie J.L. The effects of changes in the environment on the spatial firing of hippocampal complex-spike cells. J Neurosci 1987, 7:1951-1968.
97. Gothard K.M., Skaggs W.E., McNaughton B.L. Dynamics of mismatch correction in the hippocampal ensemble code for space: interaction between path integration and environmental cues. J Neurosci 1996, 16:8027-8040.
98. Lee I., Yoganarasimha D., Rao G., Knierim J.J. Comparison of population coherence of place cells in hippocampal subfields CA1 and CA3. Nature 2004, 430:456-459. 10.1038/nature02739.
99. Jezek K., Henriksen E.J., Treves A., Moser E.I., Moser M.-B. Theta-paced flickering between place-cell maps in the hippocampus. Nature 2011, 478:246-249. 10.1038/nature10439.
100. Deisseroth K. Optogenetics. Nat Methods 2011, 8:26-29. 10.1038/nmeth.f.324.
101. Fenno L., Yizhar O., Deisseroth K. The development and application of optogenetics. Annu Rev Neurosci 2011, 34:389-412. 10.1146/annurev-neuro-061010-113817.
102. Tye K.M., Deisseroth K. Optogenetic investigation of neural circuits underlying brain disease in animal models. Nat Rev Neurosci 2012, 13:251-266. 10.1038/nrn3171.
103. Greenberg D.S., Houweling A.R., Kerr J.N.D. Population imaging of ongoing neuronal activity in the visual cortex of awake rats. Nat Neurosci 2008, 11:749-751. 10.1038/nn.2140.
104. Luo L., Callaway E.M., Svoboda K. Genetic dissection of neural circuits. Neuron 2008, 57:634-660. 10.1016/j.neuron.2008.01.002.
105. Abbott A. Neuroscience: the rat pack. Nat News 2010, 465:282-283. 10.1038/465282a.
106. Carandini M., Churchland A.K. Probing perceptual decisions in rodents. Nat Neurosci 2013, 16:824-831. 10.1038/nn.3410.
107. Brunton B.W., Botvinick M.M., Brody C.D. Rats and humans can optimally accumulate evidence for decision-making. Science 2013, 340:95-98. 10.1126/science.1233912.
108. Murphy R.A., Mondragón E., Murphy V.A. Rule learning by rats. Science 2008, 319:1849-1851. 10.1126/science.1151564.
109. Fassihi A., Akrami A., Esmaeili V., Diamond M.E. Tactile perception and working memory in rats and humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2014, 201315171. 10.1073/pnas.1315171111.
110. Andermann M.L., Kerlin A.M., Roumis D.K., Glickfeld L.L., Reid R.C. Functional specialization of mouse higher visual cortical areas. Neuron 2011, 72:1025-1039. 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.11.013.
111. Marshel J.H., Garrett M.E., Nauhaus I., Callaway E.M. Functional specialization of seven mouse visual cortical areas. Neuron 2011, 72:1040-1054. 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.12.004.
112. Gao E., DeAngelis G.C., Burkhalter A. Parallel input channels to mouse primary visual cortex. J Neurosci 2010, 30:5912-5926. 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6456-09.2010.
113. Niell C.M., Stryker M.P. Modulation of visual responses by behavioral state in mouse visual cortex. Neuron 2010, 65:472-479.
114. Ayaz A., Saleem A.B., Schölvinck M.L., Carandini M. Locomotion controls spatial integration in mouse visual cortex. Curr Biol 2013, 23:890-894. 10.1016/j.cub.2013.04.012.
115. Saleem A.B., Ayaz A., Jeffery K.J., Harris K.D., Carandini M. Integration of visual motion and locomotion in mouse visual cortex. Nat Neurosci 2013, 16:1864-1869. 10.1038/nn.3567.
116. Bhattacharjee Y. A vision of how mouse vision can reveal consciousness' secrets. Science 2012, 335:1426-1427. 10.1126/science.335.6075.1426.
117. Koch C., Reid R.C. Neuroscience: observatories of the mind. Nature 2012, 483:397-398. 10.1038/483397a.
118. Zoccolan D., Oertelt N., DiCarlo J.J., Cox D.D. A rodent model for the study of invariant visual object recognition. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009, 106:8748-8753.
119. Tafazoli S., Di Filippo A., Zoccolan D. Transformation-tolerant object recognition in rats revealed by visual priming. J Neurosci 2012, 32:21-34. 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3932-11.2012.
120. Alemi-Neissi A., Rosselli F.B., Zoccolan D. Multifeatural shape processing in rats engaged in invariant visual object recognition. J Neurosci 2013, 33:5939-5956. 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3629-12.2013.
121. Vermaercke B., Op de Beeck H.P. A multivariate approach reveals the behavioral templates underlying visual discrimination in rats. Curr Biol 2012, 22:50-55. 10.1016/j.cub.2011.11.041.
122. Meier P., Flister E., Reinagel P. Collinear features impair visual detection by rats. J Vis 2011, 11. 10.1167/11.3.22.
123. Brooks D.I., Ng K.H., Buss E.W., Marshall A.T., Freeman J.H., Wasserman E.A. Categorization of photographic images by rats using shape-based image dimensions. J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process 2013, 39:85-92. 10.1037/a0030404.
124. Petruno S.K., Clark R.E., Reinagel P. Evidence that primary visual cortex is required for image, orientation, and motion discrimination by rats. PLOS ONE 2013, 8:e56543. 10.1371/journal.pone.0056543.
125. Reinagel P. Speed and accuracy of visual motion discrimination by rats. PLOS ONE 2013, 8:e68505. 10.1371/journal.pone.0068505.
126. Meier P.M., Reinagel P. Rats and humans differ in processing collinear visual features. Front Neural Circuits 2013, 7:197. 10.3389/fncir.2013.00197.
127. Meier P., Reinagel P. Rat performance on visual detection task modeled with divisive normalization and adaptive decision thresholds. J Vis 2011, 11:1. 10.1167/11.9.1.
128. Vinken K., Vermaercke B., de Beeck H.P.O. Visual categorization of natural movies by rats. J Neurosci 2014, 34:10645-10658. 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3663-13.2014.
129. Huberman A.D., Niell C.M. What can mice tell us about how vision works?. Trends Neurosci 2011, 34:464-473. 10.1016/j.tins.2011.07.002.
130. Niell C.M. Exploring the next frontier of mouse vision. Neuron 2011, 72:889-892. 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.12.011.
131. Niell C.M. Vision: more than expected in the early visual system. Curr Biol 2013, 23:R681-R684. 10.1016/j.cub.2013.07.049.
132. Lashley K.S. Visual discrimination of size and form in the albino rat. J Anim Behav 1912, 2:310-331. 10.1037/h0071033.
133. Munn N.L. Concerning visual form discrimination in the white rat. Pedagog Semin J Genet Psychol 1929, 36:291-302. 10.1080/08856559.1929.10533087.
134. Munn N.L. Visual pattern discrimination in the white rat. J Comp Psychol 1930, 10:145-166. 10.1037/h0071307.
135. Fields P.E. The white rats' use of visual stimuli in the discrimination of geometrical figures. J Comp Psychol 1929, 9:107-122. 10.1037/h0073390.
136. Fields P.E. Form discrimination in the white rat. J Comp Psychol 1928, 8:143-158. 10.1037/h0069909.
137. Lashley K.S. The mechanisms of vison. I. A method for rapid analysis of pattern-vision in the rat. J Genet Psychol 1930, 37:453-460.
138. Lashley K.S. The mechanisms of vision: XV. Preliminary studies of the rat's capacity for detail vision. J Gen Psychol 1938, 18:123-193.
139. Munn N.L. A note on Lashley's method for studying vision in the rat. Pedagog Semin J Genet Psychol 1930, 37:528-530.
140. Fields P.E. Studies in concept formation. I. The development of the concept of triangularity by the white rat. Comp Psychol Monogr 1932, 9:1-70.
141. Fields P.E. Studies in concept formation. II. A new multiple stimulus jumping apparatus for visual figure discrimination. J Comp Psychol 1935, 20:183-203. 10.1037/h0058216.
142. Hebb D.O. The innate organization of visual activity: I. Perception of figures by rats reared in total darkness. Pedagog Semin J Genet Psychol 1937, 51:101-126. 10.1080/08856559.1937.10534307.
143. Krechevsky I. An experimental investigation of the principle of proximity in the visual perception of the rat. J Exp Psychol 1938, 22:497-523. 10.1037/h0058982.
144. Krechevsky I. A note on the perception of linear Gestalten in the rat. Pedagog Semin J Genet Psychol 1938, 52:241-246. 10.1080/08856559.1938.10532526.
145. Fields P.E. Studies in concept formation. III. A note on the retention of visual figure discriminations. J Comp Psychol 1936, 21:131-136. 10.1037/h0057560.
146. Minini L., Jeffery K.J. Do rats use shape to solve "shape discriminations"?. Learn Mem 2006, 13:287-297.
147. Simpson E.L., Gaffan E.A. Scene and object vision in rats. Q J Exp Psychol B 1999, 52:1-29.
148. Dodwell P.C. Anomalous transfer effects after pattern discrimination training in rats and squirrels. J Comp Physiol Psychol 1970, 71:42-51. 10.1037/h0028971.
149. Dodwell P.C., Niemi R.R., Ferguson H.B. Anomalous transfer in rats: a "macropattern" phenomenon. Bull Psychon Soc 1976, 7:157-159. 10.3758/BF03337150.
150. Dodwell P.C., Ferguson H.B., Niemi R.R. Anomalous transfer in rats: pattern element separation and discriminability. Bull Psychon Soc 1976, 7:154-156. 10.3758/BF03337149.
151. Kurylo D.D., Van Nest J., Knepper B. Characteristics of perceptual grouping in rats. J Comp Psychol 1997, 111:126-134. 10.1037/0735-7036.111.2.126.
152. Kurylo D.D., Gazes Y. Effects of ketamine on perceptual grouping in rats. Physiol Behav 2008, 95:152-156. 10.1016/j.physbeh.2008.05.012.
153. Kurylo D.D. Effects of visual cortex lesions on perceptual grouping in rats. Behav Brain Res 2008, 190:182-188. 10.1016/j.bbr.2008.02.026.
154. Sutherland N.S. Visual discrimination of horizontal and vertical rectangles by rats on a new discrimination training apparatus. Q J Exp Psychol 1961, 13:117-121. 10.1080/17470216108416482.
155. Sutherland N.S., Carr A.E., Mackintosh J.A. Visual discrimination of open and closed shapes by Rats. I. Training. Q J Exp Psychol 1962, 14:129-139. 10.1080/17470216208416528.
156. Sutherland N.S., Carr A.E. Visual discrimination of open and closed shapes by Rats. II. Transfer tests. Q J Exp Psychol 1962, 14:140-156. 10.1080/17470216208416529.
157. Sutherland N.S., Williams C. Discrimination of checkerboard patterns by rats. Q J Exp Psychol 1969, 21:77-84. 10.1080/14640746908400199.
158. Gaffan E.A., Eacott M.J. A computer-controlled maze environment for testing visual memory in the rat. J Neurosci Methods 1995, 60:23-37. 10.1016/0165-0270(94)00216-4.
159. Gaffan E.A., Woolmore A.L. Complex visual learning by rats. Learn Motiv 1996, 27:375-399. 10.1006/lmot.1996.0022.
160. Gaffan E., Eacott M., Simpson E. Perirhinal cortex ablation in rats selectively impairs object identification in a simultaneous visual comparison task. Behav Neurosci 2000, 114:18-31.
161. Eacott M.J., Machin P.E., Gaffan E.A. Elemental and configural visual discrimination learning following lesions to perirhinal cortex in the rat. Behav Brain Res 2001, 124:55-70.
162. Gaffan E.A., Bannerman D.M., Warburton E.C., Aggleton J.P. Rats' processing of visual scenes: effects of lesions to fornix, anterior thalamus, mamillary nuclei or the retrohippocampal region. Behav Brain Res 2001, 121:103-117.
163. Eacott M.J., Norman G., Gaffan E.A. The role of perirhinal cortex in visual discrimination learning for visual secondary reinforcement in rats. Behav Neurosci 2003, 117:1318-1325.
164. Gaffan E.A., Healey A.N., Eacott M.J. Objects and positions in visual scenes: effects of perirhinal and postrhinal cortex lesions in the rat. Behav Neurosci 2004, 118:992-1010.
165. Winters B.D., Forwood S., Cowell R.A., Saksida L., Bussey T. Double dissociation between the effects of peri-postrhinal cortex and hippocampal lesions on tests of object recognition and spatial memory: heterogeneity of function within the temporal lobe. J Neurosci 2004, 24:5901-5908.
166. Winters B.D., Bussey T. Transient inactivation of perirhinal cortex disrupts encoding, retrieval, and consolidation of object recognition memory. J Neurosci 2005, 25:52-61.
167. Winters B.D., Bussey T. Glutamate receptors in perirhinal cortex mediate encoding, retrieval, and consolidation of object recognition memory. J Neurosci 2005, 25:4243-4251.
168. Huston A.E., Aggleton J.P. The effects of cholinergic drugs upon recognition memory in rats. Q J Exp Psychol Sect B 1987, 39:297-314. 10.1080/14640748708402272.
169. Astur R.S., Klein R.L., Mumby D.G., Protz D.K., Sutherland R.J., Martin G.M. A role for olfaction in object recognition by normal and hippocampal-damaged rats. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2002, 78:186-191. 10.1006/nlme.2001.4038.
170. Prusky G.T., Douglas R.M., Nelson L., Shabanpoor A., Sutherland R.J. Visual memory task for rats reveals an essential role for hippocampus and perirhinal cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004, 101:5064-5068.
171. Driscoll I., Howard S.R., Prusky G.T., Rudy J.W., Sutherland R.J. Seahorse wins all races: hippocampus participates in both linear and non-linear visual discrimination learning. Behav Brain Res 2005, 164:29-35. 10.1016/j.bbr.2005.05.006.
172. Davies M., Machin P., Sanderson D., Pearce J., Aggleton J. Neurotoxic lesions of the rat perirhinal and postrhinal cortices and their impact on biconditional visual discrimination tasks. Behav Brain Res 2007, 176:274-283.
173. Bussey T., Padain T., Skillings E., Winters B., Morton A., Saksida L. The touchscreen cognitive testing method for rodents: how to get the best out of your rat. Learn Mem 2008, 15:516-523.
174. Cook R.G., Geller A.I., Zhang G.-R., Gowda R. Touchscreen-enhanced visual learning in rats. Behav Res Methods Instrum Comput 2004, 36:101-106. 10.3758/BF03195555.
175. Horner A.E., Heath C.J., Hvoslef-Eide M., Kent B.A., Kim C.H., Nilsson S.R.O., et al. The touchscreen operant platform for testing learning and memory in rats and mice. Nat Protoc 2013, 8:1961-1984. 10.1038/nprot.2013.122.
176. Bussey T.J., Muir J.L., Everitt B.J., Robbins T.W. Triple dissociation of anterior cingulate, posterior cingulate, and medial frontal cortices on visual discrimination tasks using a touchscreen testing procedure for the rat. Behav Neurosci 1997, 111:920-936. 10.1037/0735-7044.111.5.920.
177. Bussey T.J., Everitt B.J., Robbins T.W. Dissociable effects of cingulate and medial frontal cortex lesions on stimulus-reward learning using a novel Pavlovian autoshaping procedure for the rat: implications for the neurobiology of emotion. Behav Neurosci 1997, 111:908-919. 10.1037/0735-7044.111.5.908.
178. Baker C.I., Behrmann M., Olson C.R. Impact of learning on representation of parts and wholes in monkey inferotemporal cortex. Nat Neurosci 2002, 5:1210-1216.
179. Cox D.D., DiCarlo J.J. Does learned shape selectivity in inferior temporal cortex automatically generalize across retinal position?. J Neurosci 2008, 28:10045-10055. 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2142-08.2008.
180. Nielsen K.J., Logothetis N.K., Rainer G. Discrimination strategies of humans and rhesus monkeys for complex visual displays. Curr Biol 2006, 16:814-820.
181. Carandini M., Heeger D.J. Normalization as a canonical neural computation. Nat Rev Neurosci 2012, 13:51-62. 10.1038/nrn3136.
182. Schwartz O., Simoncelli E.P. Natural signal statistics and sensory gain control. Nat Neurosci 2001, 4:819-825.
183. Biederman I., Cooper E.E. Size invariance in visual object priming. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 1992, 18:121-133. 10.1037/0096-1523.18.1.121.
184. Suzuki S., Cavanagh P. A shape-contrast effect for briefly presented stimuli. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 1998, 24:1315-1341. 10.1037/0096-1523.24.5.1315.
185. Bar M., Biederman I. Subliminal visual priming. Psychol Sci 1998, 9:464-468. 10.1111/1467-9280.00086.
186. Leopold D.A., O'Toole A.J., Vetter T., Blanz V. Prototype-referenced shape encoding revealed by high-level aftereffects. Nat Neurosci 2001, 4:89-94.
187. Afraz S.-R., Cavanagh P. Retinotopy of the face aftereffect. Vis Res 2008, 48:42-54.
188. Kravitz D.J., Kriegeskorte N., Baker C.I. High-level visual object representations are constrained by position. Cereb Cortex 2010, 20:2916-2925. 10.1093/cercor/bhq042.
189. Lawson R. Achieving visual object constancy across plane rotation and depth rotation. Acta Psychol (Amst) 1999, 102:221-245.
190. Logothetis N.K., Pauls J., Bulthoff H.H., Poggio T. View-dependent object recognition by monkeys. Curr Biol 1994, 4:401-414.
191. Bülthoff H.H., Edelman S.Y., Tarr M.J. How are three-dimensional objects represented in the brain?. Cereb Cortex (New York, N.Y.: 1991) 1995, 5:247-260.
192. Tarr M.J., Bülthoff H.H. Image-based object recognition in man, monkey and machine. Cognition 1998, 67:1-20. 10.1016/S0010-0277(98)00026-2.
193. Kravitz D.J., Vinson L.D., Baker C.I. How position dependent is visual object recognition?. Trends Cogn Sci 2008, 12:114-122. 10.1016/j.tics.2007.12.006.
194. Poggio T., Edelman S. A network that learns to recognize three-dimensional objects. Nature 1990, 343:263-266. 10.1038/343263a0.
195. Ullman S., Soloviev S. Computation of pattern invariance in brain-like structures. Neural Netw 1999, 12:1021-1036. 10.1016/S0893-6080(99)00048-9.
196. Murray R.F. Classification images: a review. J Vis 2011, 11. 10.1167/11.5.2.
197. Gosselin F., Schyns P.G. Bubbles: a technique to reveal the use of information in recognition tasks. Vis Res 2001, 41:2261-2271.
198. Schyns P., Bonnar L., Gosselin F. Show me the features! Understanding recognition from the use of visual information. Psychol Sci 2002, 13:402-409.
199. Butler S., Blais C., Gosselin F., Bub D., Fiset D. Recognizing famous people. Atten Percept Psychophys 2010, 72:1444-1449. 10.3758/APP.72.6.1444.
200. Nielsen K.J., Logothetis N.K., Rainer G. Object features used by humans and monkeys to identify rotated shapes. J Vis 2008, 8:9.1-9.15.
201. Gibson B.M., Wasserman E.A., Gosselin F., Schyns P.G. Applying bubbles to localize features that control pigeons' visual discrimination behavior. J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process 2005, 31:376-382.
202. Gibson B.M., Lazareva O.F., Gosselin F., Schyns P.G., Wasserman E.A. Nonaccidental properties underlie shape recognition in mammalian and nonmammalian vision. Curr Biol 2007, 17:336-340. 10.1016/j.cub.2006.12.025.
203. Serre T., Wolf L., Bileschi S., Riesenhuber M., Poggio T. Robust object recognition with cortex-like mechanisms. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 2007, 29:411-426.
204. Yamins D.L.K., Hong H., Cadieu C.F., Solomon E.A., Seibert D., DiCarlo J.J. Performance-optimized hierarchical models predict neural responses in higher visual cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2014, 111:8619-8624. 10.1073/pnas.1403112111.
205. Vermaercke B., Gerich F.J., Ytebrouck E., Arckens L., de Beeck H.P.O., den Bergh G.V. Functional specialization in rat occipital and temporal visual cortex. J Neurophysiol 2014, 112:1963-1983. 10.1152/jn.00737.2013.
206. Lee A.K., Manns I.D., Sakmann B., Brecht M. Whole-cell recordings in freely moving rats. Neuron 2006, 51:399-407.
207. Margrie T.W., Brecht M., Sakmann B. In vivo, low-resistance, whole-cell recordings from neurons in the anaesthetized and awake mammalian brain. Pflugers Arch 2002, 444:491-498.
208. Egger R., Narayanan R.T., Helmstaedter M., de Kock C.P.J., Oberlaender M. 3D reconstruction and standardization of the rat vibrissal cortex for precise registration of single neuron morphology. PLoS Comput Biol 2012, 8:e1002837. 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002837.
209. Meyer H.S., Egger R., Guest J.M., Foerster R., Reissl S., Oberlaender M. Cellular organization of cortical barrel columns is whisker-specific. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2013, 110:19113-19118. 10.1073/pnas.1312691110.
210. Pecka M., Han Y., Sader E., Mrsic-Flogel T.D. Experience-dependent specialization of receptive field surround for selective coding of natural scenes. Neuron 2014, 84:457-469. 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.09.010.
211. Kimura R., Safari M.-S., Mirnajafi-Zadeh J., Kimura R., Ebina T., Yanagawa Y., et al. Curtailing effect of awakening on visual responses of cortical neurons by cholinergic activation of inhibitory circuits. J Neurosci 2014, 34:10122-10133. 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0863-14.2014.
212. Vaiceliunaite A., Erisken S., Franzen F., Katzner S., Busse L. Spatial integration in mouse primary visual cortex. J Neurophysiol 2013, 110:964-972. 10.1152/jn.00138.2013.
213. Adesnik H., Bruns W., Taniguchi H., Huang Z.J., Scanziani M. A neural circuit for spatial summation in visual cortex. Nature 2012, 490:226-231. 10.1038/nature11526.
214. Froudarakis E., Berens P., Ecker A.S., Cotton R.J., Sinz F.H., Yatsenko D., et al. Population code in mouse V1 facilitates readout of natural scenes through increased sparseness. Nat Neurosci 2014, 17:851-857. 10.1038/nn.3707.
215. Miller J.K., Ayzenshtat I., Carrillo-Reid L., Yuste R. Visual stimuli recruit intrinsically generated cortical ensembles. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2014, 111:E4053-E4061. 10.1073/pnas.1406077111.
216. Bennett C., Arroyo S., Hestrin S. Subthreshold mechanisms underlying state-dependent modulation of visual responses. Neuron 2013, 80:350-357. 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.08.007.
217. Raposo D., Sheppard J.P., Schrater P.R., Churchland A.K. Multisensory decision-making in rats and humans. J Neurosci 2012, 32:3726-3735. 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4998-11.2012.
218. Sheppard J.P., Raposo D., Churchland A.K. Dynamic weighting of multisensory stimuli shapes decision-making in rats and humans. J Vis 2013, 13:4. 10.1167/13.6.4.
219. Iurilli G., Ghezzi D., Olcese U., Lassi G., Nazzaro C., Tonini R., et al. Sound-driven synaptic inhibition in primary visual cortex. Neuron 2012, 73:814-828. 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.12.026.
220. Sieben K., Röder B., Hanganu-Opatz I.L. Oscillatory entrainment of primary somatosensory cortex encodes visual control of tactile processing. J Neurosci 2013, 33:5736-5749. 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4432-12.2013.
221. Vasconcelos N., Pantoja J., Belchior H., Caixeta F.V., Faber J., Freire M.A.M., et al. Cross-modal responses in the primary visual cortex encode complex objects and correlate with tactile discrimination. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2011, 108:15408-15413. 10.1073/pnas.1102780108.
222. Pinto L.H., Enroth-Cugell C. Tests of the mouse visual system. Mamm Genome 2000, 11:531-536. 10.1007/s003350010102.
223. Prusky G.T., Douglas R.M. Characterization of mouse cortical spatial vision. Vis Res 2004, 44:3411-3418.
224. Histed M.H., Carvalho L.A., Maunsell J.H.R. Psychophysical measurement of contrast sensitivity in the behaving mouse. J Neurophysiol 2012, 107:758-765. 10.1152/jn.00609.2011.
225. Busse L., Ayaz A., Dhruv N.T., Katzner S., Saleem A.B., Schölvinck M.L., et al. The detection of visual contrast in the behaving mouse. J Neurosci 2011, 31:11351-11361. 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6689-10.2011.
226. Wong A.A., Brown R.E. Visual detection, pattern discrimination and visual acuity in 14 strains of mice. Genes Brain Behav 2006, 5:389-403. 10.1111/j.1601-183X.2005.00173.x.
227. Nithianantharajah J., Komiyama N.H., McKechanie A., Johnstone M., Blackwood D.H., Clair D.S., et al. Synaptic scaffold evolution generated components of vertebrate cognitive complexity. Nat Neurosci 2013, 16:16-24. 10.1038/nn.3276.
228. Espinoza S.G., Thomas H.C. Retinotopic organization of striate and extrastriate visual cortex in the hooded rat. Brain Res 1983, 272:137-144.
229. Wallace D.J., Greenberg D.S., Sawinski J., Rulla S., Notaro G., Kerr J.N.D. Rats maintain an overhead binocular field at the expense of constant fusion. Nature 2013, 498:65-69. 10.1038/nature12153.
230. Zoccolan D., Graham B.J., Cox D.D. A self-calibrating, camera-based eye tracker for the recording of rodent eye movements. Front Neurosci 2010, 4:193. 10.3389/fnins.2010.00193.
231. Chelazzi L., Rossi F., Tempia F., Ghirardi M., Strata P. Saccadic eye movements and gaze holding in the head-restrained pigmented rat. Eur J Neurosci 1989, 1:639-646.