The developing brain in a multitasking world

Developmental Review

Volumn 35, Issue , 2015, Pages 42-63

  Rothbart, Mary K ^a   Posner, Michael I ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OREGON   (United States)

Author keywords

Alerting; Attention; Effortful control; Executive attention network; Multitasking; Orienting; Self regulation

Indexed keywords

EID: 84925343282     PISSN: 02732297     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2014.12.006     Document Type: Review

References (131)

1. Allen M., Dietz M., Blair K.S., van Beek M., Rees G., Vestergaard-Paulsen P., et al. Cognitive-affective neural plasticity following active-controlled mindfulness intervention. Journal of Neuroscience 2012, 32:15601-15610.
2. Baddeley A.D. Working memory, thought and action 2007, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
3. Bailey K., West R., Anderson C.A. A negative association between video game performance and proactive cognitive control. Psychophysiology 2010, 47:34-42.
4. Baldwin D.A. Infants' contribution to the achievement of joint reference. Child Development 1991, 62:875-890.
5. Bavelier D., Achtman R.L., Mani M., Focker J. Neural basis of selective attention in action video games. Vision Research 2012, 61:132-143.
6. Bavelier D., Green C.S., Pouget A., Schrater P. Brain plasticity through the life span: Learning to learn and action video games. Annual Review of Neuroscience 2012, 35:391-416.
7. Belsky J., Pluess M. Beyond diathesis stress: Differential susceptibility to environmental stress. Psychological Bulletin 2009, 135:895-908.
8. Berger A., Tzur G., Posner M.I. Infant brains detect arithmetic errors. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2006, 103:12649-12653.
9. Block J.J. Issues for DSM-V: Internet addiction. American Journal of Psychiatry 2008, 165:306-307.
10. Bruya B. Effortless attention 2010, MIT Press, Cambridge MA.
11. Buschkuehl M., Jaeggi S.M., Jonides J. Neuronal effects following working memory training. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience 2012, 15(Suppl. 1):S167-S179.
12. Bush G., Luu P., Posner M.I. Cognitive and emotional influences in the anterior cingulate cortex. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2000, 4:215-222.
13. Cain M.S., Landau A.N., Shimamura A.P. Action video game experience reduces the cost of switching tasks. Attention Perception & Psychophysics 2012, 74:641-647.
14. Carbonell J.G. Subjective understanding: Computer models of belief systems 1981, UMI Research Press, Ann Arbor, MI.
15. Casey B.J., Somerville L.H., Gotlib I.H., Ayduk O., Franklin N.T., Askren M.K., et al. Behavioral and neural correlates of delay of gratification 40 years later. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2011, 108:14998-15003.
16. Checa P., Castellanos M.V., Abundis-Gutierrez A., Rueda M.R. Development of neural mechanisms of conflict and error processing during childhood: Implications for self-regulation. Frontiers in Psychology 2014, 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00326.
17. Chiappe D., Conger M., Liao J., Caldwell J.L., Vu K.-P.L. Improving multi-tasking ability through action videogames. Applied Ergonomics 2013, 44:278-284.
18. Clohessy A.B., Posner M.I., Rothbart M.K. Development of the functional visual field. Acta Psychologica 2001, 106:51-68.
19. Corbetta M., Shulman G.L. Control of goal-directed and stimulus-driven attention in the brain. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience 2002, 3:201-215.
20. Courage M.L., Bakhtiar A., Fitzpatrick C., Kenny S., Brandeau K. Growing up multitasking: The costs and benefits for cognitive development. Developmental Review 2015, 35:5-41.
21. Csikszentmihalyi M. Flow 1990, Harper & Row, New York.
22. Deco G., Jirsa V.K., McIntosh A.R. Emerging concepts for the dynamical organization of resting-state activity in the brain. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience 2011, 12:43-56.
23. Dehaene S., Posner M.I., Tucker D.M. Localization of a neural system for error detection and compensation. Psychological Science 1994, 5:303-305.
24. Diamond A. Development of the ability to use recall to guide action as indicated by infants' performance on A-not-B. Child Development 1985, 56:868-883.
25. Diamond A., Barnett W.S., Thomas J., Monroe S. Preschool program improves cognitive control. Science 2007, 318:1387-1388.
26. Diamond A., Lee K. Interventions shown to aid executive function development in children 4 to 12 years old. Science 2012, 333:959-964.
27. Dien J., Spencer K.M., Donchin E. Localization of the event-related potential novelty response as defined by principal components analysis. Cognitive Brain Research 2003, 17:637-650.
28. Donchin E. Surprise! . . .. Surprise?. Psychophysiology 1981, 18:493-515.
29. Dosenbach N.U.F., Fair D.A., Miezin F.M., Cohen A.L., Wenger K.K., Dosenbach R.A.T., et al. Distinct brain networks for adaptive and stable task control in humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2007, 104:11073-11078.
30. Fair D.A., Cohen A.L., Power J.D., Dosenbach N.U.F., Church J.A., Miezin F.M., et al. Functional brain networks develop from a "local to distributed" organization. PLoS Computational Biology 2009, 5:1-13.
31. Fan J., Fossella J.A., Summer T., Wu Y., Posner M.I. Mapping the genetic variation of executive attention onto brain activity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 2003, 100:7406-7411.
32. Fan J., Gu X., Guise K.G., Liu X., Fossella J., Wang H., et al. Testing the behavior interaction and integration of attentional networks. Brain and Cognition 2009, 70:209-220.
33. Fan J., McCandliss B.D., Sommer T., Raz M., Posner M.I. Testing the efficiency and independence of attentional networks. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 2002, 3:340-347.
34. Farooqui A.A., Mitchell D.M., Thompson R., Duncan J. Hierarchical organization of cognition reflected in distributed fronto-parietal activity. Journal of Neuroscience 2012, 32:17373-17381.
35. Fjell A.M., Walhovd K., Brown T., Kuperman J., Chung Y., Hagler D., et al. Multi-modal imaging of the self-regulating brain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2012, 109:19620-19625.
36. Fossella J., Posner M.I., Fan J., Swanson J.M., Pfaff D.M. Attentional phenotypes for the analysis of higher mental function. The Scientific World Journal 2002, 2:217-223.
37. Gao W., Gilmore J.H., Shen D., Smith J.K., Zhu H., Lin W. The synchronization within and interaction between the default and dorsal attention networks in early infancy. Cerebral Cortex 2013, 23:594-603.
38. Gao W., Zhu H., Giovanello K.S., Smith J.K., Shen D., Gilmore J.H., et al. Evidence on the emergence of the brain's default network from 2-week-old to 2-year-old healthy pediatric subjects. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2009, 106:6790-6795.
39. Gerardi-Caulton G. Sensitivity to spatial conflict and the development of self-regulation in children 24-36 months of age. Developmental Science 2000, 397-404.
40. Goldstein R.Z., Volkow N.D. Drug addiction and its underlying neurological basis: Neuroimaging evidence for the involvement of the frontal cortex. American Journal of Psychiatry 2002, 159:1642-1652.
41. Green A.E., Munafo M.R., DeYoung C.G., Fossella J.A., Fan J., Gray J.R. Using genetic data in cognitive neuroscience: From growing pains to genuine insights. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience 2008, 9:710-720.
42. Green C.S., Bavelier D. Action video games modify visual selective attention. Nature 2003, 423:534-537.
43. Green C.S., Sugarman M.A., Medford K., Klobusicky E., Bavelier D. The effect of action video game experience on task-switching. Computers in Human Behavior 2012, 28:984-994.
44. Gusnard D.A., Raichle M.E. Searching for a baseline: Functional imaging and the resting human brain. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience 2001, 2:685-689.
45. Haith M.M., Hazan C., Goodman G.S. Expectations and anticipations of dynamic visual events by 3.5-month-old babies. Child Development 1988, 59:467-469.
46. Harman C., Rothbart M.K., Posner M.I. Distress and attention interactions in early infancy. Motivation and Emotion 1997, 21:27-43.
47. Hayashi T., Ko J.H., Strafella A.P., Dagher A. Dorsolateral prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortex interactions during self-control of cigarette craving. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2013, 110:4422-4427.
48. Hebb D.O. Organization of behavior 1949, Wiley, New York.
49. Hölzel B.K., Lazar S.K., Gard T., Schuman-Olivier Z., Vago D.R., Ott U. How does mindfulness meditation work?. Proposing mechanisms of action from a conceptual and neural perspective. Perspectives on Psychological Science 2011, 6:537-559.
50. Hong S.-B., Kim J.-W., Choi E.-J., Kim H.-H., Suh J.-E., Kim C.-D., et al. Reduced orbitofrontal cortical thickness in male adolescents with internet addiction. Behavioral and Brain Function 2013, 9:11.
51. Isaacowitz D.M. Mood regulation in real time: Age differences in the role of looking. Current Directions in Psychological Science 2012, 21:237-242.
52. Jaeggi S.M., Buschkuehl M., Jonides J., Perrig W.J. Improving fluid intelligence with training on working memory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2008, 105:6829-6833.
53. Jeong S., Fishbein M. Predictors of multi-media use and multitasking with media: Media factors and audience. Media Psychology 2007, 10:364-384.
54. Jones L.B., Rothbart M.K., Posner M.I. Development of executive attention in preschool children. Developmental Science 2003, 6:498-504.
55. Jost K.K., Mayr U., Rosler F. Is task switching nothing but cue priming? Evidence for ERPs. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience 2008, 8:74-84.
56. Klingberg T., Forssberg H., Westerberg H. Training of Working Memory in Children with ADHD. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 2002, 24(6):781-791.
57. Ko C.H., Yen J.-Y., Yen C.-F., Chen C.-S., Chen C.-C. The association between internet addiction and psychiatric disorder: A review of the literature. European Psychiatry 2010, 27:1-8.
58. Kochanska G., Murray K.T., Harlan E.T. Effortful control in early childhood: Continuity and change, antecedents and implications for social development. Developmental Psychology 2000, 36:220-232.
59. Kramer A.F., Erickson K.I. Capitalizing on cortical plasticity: Influence of physical activity on cognition and brain function. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2007, 11:342-348.
60. Kuhl P.K. Brain mechanisms in early language acquisition. Neuron 2010, 67:713-727.
61. Lane R.D., Wager T.D. The new field of brain-body medicine: what have we learned and where are we headed?. Neuroimage 2009, 47:1135-1140.
62. Leiberg S., Klimecki O., Singer T. Short-term compassion training increases prosocial behavior in a newly developed prosocial game. PLoS ONE 2011, 6:e17798.
63. Lewkowicz D.J., Hansen-Taft A.M. Infants deploy selective attention to the mouth of a talking face when learning speech. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2012, 109:1431-1436.
64. Lin L. Breadth-biased versus focused cognitive control in media multitasking. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2009, 106:15521-15522.
65. Luria A.R. The working brain 1973, Basic Books, New York.
66. Mantyla T. Gender differences in multitasking reflect spatial ability. Psychological Science 2013, 24:514-520.
67. Markett S.A., Montag C., Reuter M. The association between dopamine DRD2 polymorphisms and working memory capacity is modulated by a functional polymorphism on the nicotinic receptor gene CHRNA4. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 2010, 22:1944-1954.
68. Miller A.J., Jaroszewski A.C., Chamarthi H., Pizzagalli D.A. Behavioral and electrophysiological correlates of training-induced cognitive control improvements. Neuroimage 2012, 63:742-753.
69. Minear M., Brasher M., McCurdy M., Lewis J., Younggren A. Working memory, fluid intelligence, and impulsiveness in heavy media multitaskers. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 2013, 20:1274-1281.
70. Mishra J., Zinni M., Bavelier D., Hillyard S.A. Neural basis of superior performance of action videogame players in an attention-demanding task. Journal of Neuroscience 2011, 31:992-998.
71. Moffitt T.E., Arseneault L., Belsky D., Dickson N., Hancox R.J., Harrington H.L., et al. A gradient of childhood self-control predicts health, wealth and public safety. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2011, 108:72693-72698.
72. Monsell S. Task switching. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2002, 7:137-140.
73. Moruzzi G., Magoun H.W. Brain stem reticular formation and activation of the EEG. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 1949, 1:455-473.
74. NICHD Early Child Care Research Network. (1993). The NICHD Study of Early Child Care: A comprehensive longitudinal study of young children's lives. ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED3530870.
75. Olesen P.J., Westerberg H., Klingberg T. Increased prefrontal and parietal activity after training of working memory. Nature Neuroscience 2004, 7:75-79.
76. Ophir E., Nass C., Wagner A.D. Cognitive control in media multitaskers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2009, 106:15583-15587.
77. Pace S. Play and flow: Implications for on-line learning. Studies in Learning, Evaluation, Innovation, and Development 2007, 4:67-78.
78. Petersen S.E., Posner M.I. The attention system of the human brain: 20 years after. Annual Review of Neuroscience 2012, 35:71-89.
79. Posner M.I. Attention in a social world 2012, Oxford University Press, New York.
80. Posner M.I., Rothbart M.K. Educating the human brain 2007, American Psychological Association, Washington, DC.
81. Posner M.I., Rothbart M.K. Research on attention networks as a model for the integration of psychological science. Annual Review of Psychology 2007, 58:1-23.
82. Posner M.I., Rothbart M.K., Sheese B.E., Voelker P. Control networks and neuromodulators of early development. Developmental Psychology 2012, 48:827-835.
83. Powers K.L., Brooks P.J., Aldrich N.J., Palladion M.A., Alfieri L. Effects of video-game play on information processing: A meta-analytic investigation. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review 2013, 20:1055-1079.
84. Pumprla J., Howorka K., Groves D., Chester M., Nolan J. Functional assessment of heart rate variability: Physiological basis and practical applications. International Journal of Cardiology 2002, 84:1-14.
85. Raichle M.E. A paradigm shift in functional imaging. Journal of Neuroscience 2009, 29:12729-12734.
86. Raichle M.E. Two views of brain function. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2010, 14:180-190.
87. Raichle M.E., MacLeod A.M., Snyder A.Z., Powers W.J., Gusnard D.A., Shulman G.L. A default mode of brain function. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2001, 98:676-682.
88. Raz A., Buhle J. Typologies of attentional networks. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience 2006, 7:367-379.
89. Reuter M., Ott U., Vaitl D., Hennig J. Impaired executive control is associated with a variation in the promoter region of the tryptophan hydroxylase 2 gene. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 2007, 19:401-408.
90. Rothbart M.K. Becoming who we are: Temperament, personality and development 2011, Guilford Press, New York.
91. Rothbart M.K., Ahadi S.A., Hersey K.L., Fisher P. Investigations of temperament at three to seven years: The child behavior questionnaire. Child Development 2001, 72:1394-1408.
92. Rothbart M.K., Ellis L.K., Rueda M.R., Posner M.I. Developing mechanisms of effortful temperamental control. Journal of Personality 2003, 71:1113-1143.
93. Rothbart M.K., Sheese B.E., Rueda M.R., Posner M.I. Developing mechanisms of self-regulation in early life. Emotion Review 2011, 3:207-213.
94. Rothbart M.K., Ziaie H., O'Boyle C.G. Self-regulation and emotion in infancy. Emotion and its regulation in early development: New directions for child development, No. 55: The Jossey-Bass education series 1992, 7-23. Jossey-Bass Publishers, San Francisco. N. Eisenberg, R.A. Fabes (Eds.).
95. Rueda M.R. Effortful control. Handbook of temperament 2012, 145-167. Guilford Press, New York. M. Zentner, R.L. Shiner (Eds.).
96. Rueda M.R., Checa P., Combita L.M. Enhanced efficiency of the executive attention network after training in preschool children: Immediate and after two month effects. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience 2012, 2(Suppl. 1):S192-S204.
97. Rueda M.R., Fan J., Halparin J., Gruber D., Lercari L.P., McCandliss B.D., et al. Development of attention during childhood. Neuropsychologia 2004, 42:1029-1040.
98. Rueda M.R., Rothbart M.K., McCandliss B.D., Saccomanno L., Posner M.I. Training, maturation and genetic influences on the development of executive attention. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2005, 102:14931-14936.
99. Ruff H.A., Rothbart M.K. Attention in early development 1996, Oxford University Press, New York.
100. Rushworth M.F.S., Hadland K.A., Gaffan D., Passingham R.D. The effect of cingulate cortex lesions on task switching and working memory. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 2003, 15:338-353.
101. Rushworth M.F.S., Passingham R.S., Nobre A.C. Components of switching intentional set. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 2002, 14:1139-1150.
102. Sanbomnatsu D.M., Strayer D.L., Medieros-Ward N., Watson J.M. Who multi-tasks and why? Multi-tasking ability, perceived multi-tasking ability, impulsivity, and sensation seeking. PLoS ONE 2013, 8(1):e54402. 10.1371/journal.pone.0054402.
103. Sheese B.E., Rothbart M.K., Posner M.I., White L.K., Fraundorf S.H. Executive attention and self-regulation in infancy. Infant Behavior and Development 2008, 31:501-510.
104. Sheese B.E., Rothbart M.K., Voelker P., Posner M.I. The dopamine receptor D4 gene 7 repeat allele interacts with parenting quality to predict effortful control in four-year-old children. Child Development Research 2012, 12. Article ID 863242.
105. Sheese B.E., Voelker P.M., Rothbart M.K., Posner M.I. Parenting quality interacts with genetic variation in dopamine receptor DRD4 to influence temperament in early childhood. Developmental Psychopathology 2007, 19:1039-1046.
106. Sheth S.A., Mian M.K., Patel S.R., Asaad W.F., Williams Z.M., Dougherty D.D., et al. Human dorsal anterior cingulate cortex neurons mediate ongoing behavioural adaptation. Nature 2012, 488:218.
107. Shulman G.L., Astafiev S.V., Franke D., Pope D.L.W., Snyder A.Z., McAvoy M.P., et al. Interaction of stimulus-driven reorienting and expectation in ventral and dorsal frontoparietal and basal ganglia-cortical networks. Journal of Neuroscience 2009, 29:4392-4407.
108. Smith H.J., Sheikh H.I., Dyson M.W., Olino T.M., Laptook R.S., Durbin C.E., et al. Parenting and child DRD4 genotype interact to predict children's early emerging effortful control. Child Development 2012, 83:1932-1944.
109. Spector T. Identically different: Why you can change your genes 2012, Orion Publishing, London.
110. Sridharan D., Levitin D.J., Menon V. A critical role of the right fronto-insular cortex in switching between central-executive and default mode networks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2008, 105:12569-12574.
111. Strobach T., Frensch P.A., Schubert T. Video game practice optimizes executive control skills in dual-task and task switching situations. Acta Psychologica 2012, 140(1):13-24.
112. Tang Y.T., Posner M.I. Training brain networks and states. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2014, 18:345-350.
113. Tang Y.Y., Lu Q., Geng X., Stein E.A., Yang Y., Posner M.I. Short-term mental training induces white-matter changes in the anterior cingulate. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2010, 107:16649-16652.
114. Tang Y.Y., Ma Y., Fan Y., Feng H., Wang J., Feng S., et al. Central and autonomic nervous system interaction is altered by short-term meditation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2009, 106:8865-8867.
115. Tang Y.Y., Ma Y., Wang J., Fan Y., Feng S., Lu Q., et al. Short-term meditation training improves attention and self-regulation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2007, 104:17152-17156.
116. Tang Y.Y., Rothbart M.K., Posner M.I. Neural correlates of establishing, maintaining and switching brain states. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2012, 16:330-337.
117. Tang Y.Y., Tang R., Posner M.I. Brief meditation training induces spontaneous smoking reduction. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2013, 110:13971-13975.
118. Tang Y.Y., Yang L., Leve L., Harold G. Improving executive function and its neurobiological mechanisms through a mindfulness-based intervention: Advances within the field of developmental neuroscience. Child Development Perspectives 2012, 6:361-366.
119. Taylor P.C.J., Nobre A.C., Rushworth M.F.S. Subsequent changes in top down control exerted by medial frontal cortex during conflict and action selection: A combined transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroencephalography study. Journal of Neuroscience 2007, 27:11343-11353.
120. Thomsen K.R., Joensson M., Lou H.C., Muller A., Gross J., Kringelbach M.I., et al. Altered paralimbic interaction in behavioral addiction. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2013, 110:4744-4749.
121. van Schouwenburg M.R., O'Shea J., Mars R.B., Rushworth M.F.S., Cools R. Controlling human striatal cognitive function via the frontal cortex. Journal of Neuroscience 2012, 32:5631-5637.
122. Volkow N., Baler R. Addiction: A disease of self-control. Neurosciences and the human person: New perspectives on human activities 2013, Vatican Press, Vatican City. A.M. Battro, S. Dehaene, W.J. Singer (Eds.).
123. Vygotsky L.S. Thought and language 1934, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
124. Wallace R.K. Physiological effects of transcendental meditation. Science 1970, 167:1751-1754.
125. Wegner D.M. White bears and other unwanted thoughts: Suppression, obsession, and the psychology of mental control 1989, Viking/Penguin, New York.
126. Werker J.F., Tees R.C. Influences on infant speech processing: Toward a new synthesis. Annual Review of Psychology 1999, 50:509-535.
127. Westerberg H., Klingberg T. Changes in cortical activity after training in working memory - A single-subject analysis. Physiology & Behavior 2007, 92:186-192.
128. Wynn K. Addition and subtraction by human infants. Nature 1992, 358:749-750.
129. Young K.S., Cristiano N.D. Internet addiction: A handbook and guide to evaluation and treatment 2010, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
130. Zeidan F., Johnson S.K., Diamond B.J., David Z., Goolkasian P. Mindfulness meditation improves cognition: Evidence of brief mental training. Consciousness and Cognition 2010, 19:597-605.
131. Zhang X.C., Salmeron B.J., Ross T.J., Geng X.J., Yang Y.H., Stein E.A. Factors underlying prefrontal and insula structural alterations in smokers. Neuroimage 2011, 55:42-48.