Organizational Socialization: Background, Basics, and a Blueprint for Adjustment at Work

The Oxford Handbook of Organizational Psychology

Volumn 1, Issue , 2012, Pages

  Chao, Georgia T ^a  

^a MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Newcomers; Organizational socialization; Person organization fit; Work adjustment

Indexed keywords

EID: 84925038049     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199928309.013.0018     Document Type: Chapter

References (177)

1. Aguinis, H. & Kraiger, K., (2009). Benefits of training and development for individuals and teams, organizations, and society. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 451-474.
2. Alderfer, C. P., (1969). An empirical test of a new theory of human needs. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 4, 142-175.
3. Allen, N. J., & Meyer, J. P., (1990). Organizational socialization tactics: A longitudinal anaysis of links to newcomers' commitment and role orientation. Academy of Management Journal, 33, 847-858.
4. Allport, F. H., (1924). Social psychology. New York: Houghton Mifflin.
5. Asch, S. E., (1952). Effects of group pressures upon the modification and distortion of judgments. In G. E. Swanson, T. M. Newcomb, & E. L. Hartley (Eds.), Readings in social psychology (pp. 393-401). New York: Holt, Reinhart & Winston.
6. Ashford, S. J. & Black, J. S., (1996). Proactivity during organizational entry: The role of desire for control. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81(2), 199-214.
7. Ashford, S. J., & Cummings, L. L., (1983). Feedback as an individual resource: Personal strategies of creating information. Organizational Behavior & Human Performance, 32, 370-398.
8. Ashforth, B. E. & Mael, F., (1989). Social identity theory and the organization. Academy of Management Review, 14, 20-39.
9. Ashforth, B. E., & Johnson, S. A., (2001). Which hat to wear? The relative salience of multiple identities in organizational contexts. In M. A. Hogg & D. J. Terry (Eds.), Social identity processes in organizational contexts (pp. 31-48). Philadelphia: Psychology Press.
10. Ashforth, B. E. & Saks, A. M., (1996). Socialization tactics: Longitudinal effects on newcomer adjustment. Academy of Management Journal, 39, 149-178.
11. Ashforth, B. E., Sluss, D. M., & Harrison, S. H., (2007). Socialization in organizational contexts. In G. P. Hodgkinson & J. K. Ford (Eds.), International review of industrial and organizational psychology, (pp. 1-70). West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons.
12. Ashforth, B. E., Sluss, D. M., & Saks, A. M., (2007). Socialization tactics, proactive behavior, and newcomer learning: Integrating socialization models. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 70, 447-462.
13. Atzori, M., Lombardi, L., Fraccaroli, F., Battistelli, A., & Zaniboni, S., (2008). Organizational socilization of women in the Italian army: Learning processes and proactive tactics. Journal of Workplace Learning. 20, 327-347.
14. Baldwin, J. M., (1911). The individual and society. Boston: Richard G. Badger, The Gorham Press.
15. Bandura, A., (1977). Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
16. Bauer, T. N., Bodner, T., Tucker, J. S., Erdogan, B., & Truxillo, D. M., (2007). Newcomer adjustment during organizational socialization: A meta-analytic review of antecedents, outcomes, and methods. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 707-721.
17. Bauer, T. N., & Erdogan, B., (2010). Organizational socialization: The effective onboarding of new employees. In S. Zedeck, H. Aguinis, W. Cascio, M. Gelfand, K. Leung, S. Parker, & J. Zhou (Eds.). APA Handbook of I/O Psychology (Vol. III, pp. 51-64). Washington, DC: APA Press.
18. Bauer, T. N., Morrison, E. W., & Callister, R. R., (1998). Organizational socialization: A review and directions for future research. In G. R. Ferris (Ed.), Research in Personnel and Human Resource Management, 16, 149-214.
19. Baumeister, R. F. & Leary, M. R., (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 497-529.
20. Berger, C. R., (1979). Beyond initial interaction: Uncertainty, understanding, and the development of interpersonal relationships. In. H. Giles & R. N. St Clair (Eds.). Language and social psychology (pp. 122-144). Baltimore: University Park Press.
21. Berger, C. R., (1986). Uncertain outcome values in predicted relationships: Uncertainty reduction theory then and now. Human Communication Research, 13, 34-38.
22. Berger, C. R., & Calabrese, R. J., (1975). Some explorations in initial interaction and beyond: Toward a developmental theory of interpersonal communication. Human Communication Research, 1, 99-112.
23. Berger, P. L., & Luckmann, T., (1966). The social construction of reality: A treatise in the sociology of knowledge. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
24. Brim, O. G., Jr. (1966). Socialization through the life cycle. In O. G. Brim, Jr., & S. Wheeler (Ed.), Socialization after childhood. New York: Wiley.
25. Brim, O. G., Jr. (1968). Adult socialization. In J. A. Clausen (Ed.), Socialization and society (pp. 184-226). Boston: Little, Brown.
26. Brown, J. S., & Duguid, P., (1991). Organizational learning and communities-of-practice: Toward a unified view of working, learning, and innovation. Organization Science, 2, 40-57.
27. Buchanan, B., II (1974). Building organizational commitment: The socialization of managers in work organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 19, 533-546.
28. Callister, R. R., Kramer, M. W., & Turban, D. B., (1999). Feedback seeking following career transitions. Academy of Management Journal, 42, 429-438.
29. Chan, D., & Schmitt, N., (2000). Interindividual differences in intraindividual changes in proactivity during organizational entry: A latent growth modeling approach to understanding newcomer adaptation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 190-210.
30. Chao, G. T., (1997a). Unstructured training and development: The role of organizational socialization. In J. K. Ford, S. W. J. Kozlowski, K. Kraiger, E. Salas, & M. S. Teachout (Eds.), Improving training effectiveness in work organizations (pp. 129-151). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
31. Chao, G. T., (1997b). Organizational socialization in multinational corporations: The role of implicit learning. In C. L. Cooper & S. E. Jackson (Eds.) Creating tomorrow's organizations: A handbook for future research in organizational behavior, (pp. 43-57). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
32. Chao, G. T., O'Leary-Kelly, A. M., Wolf, S., Klein, H. J., & Gardner, P. D., (1994). Organizational socialization: Its content and consequences. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79, 730-743.
33. Chatman, J. A., (1989). Improving interactional organizational research: A model of person-organization fit. Academy of Management Review, 14, 333-349.
34. Chen, G., (2005). Newcomer adaptation in teams: Multilevel antecedents and outcomes. Academy of Management Journal, 48(1), 101-116.
35. Chen, G., & Klimoski, R. J., (2003). The impact of expectations on newcomer performance in teams as mediated by work characteristics, social exchanges, and empowerment. Academy of Management Journal, 46(5), 591-607.
36. Clausen, J. A., (1968). A historical and comparative view of socialization theory and research. In J. A. Clausen, O. G. Brim, Jr., A. Inkeles, R. Lippitt, E. E. Maccoby, & M. B. Smith (Eds.), Socialization and society (pp. 18-72). Boston: Little, Brown.
37. Cooper-Thomas, H. D., & Anderson, N., (2002). Newcomer adjustment: The relationship between organizational socialization tactics, information acquisition, and attitudes. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 75, 423-437.
38. Cooper-Thomas, H. D., & Anderson, N., (2005). Organizational socialization: A field study into socialization success and rate. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 13(2), 116-128.
39. Cooper-Thomas, H. D., & Anderson, N., (2006). Organizational socialization: A new theoretical model and recommendations for future research and HRM practices in organizations. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 21, 492-516.
40. Cooper-Thomas, H. D., & Burke, S. E., (in press). Newcomer proactive behavior: chan there be too much of a good thing? In C., Wanberg (Ed.) Handbook of organizational socialization
41. Cropanzano, R., & Mitchell, M. S., (2005). Social exchange theory: An interdisciplinary review. Journal of Management, 31, 874-900.
42. Davey, K. M. & Arnold, J., (2000). A multi-method study of accounts of personal change by graduates starting work: Self-ratings, categories and women's discourses. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 73, 461-486.
43. Dean, R. A., (1983). Reality shock: The link between socialization and organizational commitment. Journal of Management Development, 2(3), 55-65.
44. Dixon, N. M., Allen, N., Burgess, T., Kilner, P., & Schweitzer, S., (2005). CompanyCommand: Unleasing the power of the Army profession. West Point, NY: Center for the Advancement of Leader Development and Organizational Learning.
45. Emerson, R. M., (1976). Social exchange theory. Annual Review of Sociology, 2, 335-362.
46. Fan, J., & Wanous, J. P., (2008). Organizational and cultural entry: A new type of orientation program for multiple boundary crossings. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(6), 1390-1400.
47. Fang, R., Duffy, M. K., & Shaw, J. D., (2011). The organizational socialization process: Review and development of a social capital model. Journal of Management, 37, 127-152.
48. Feldman, D. C., (1976). A contingency theory of socialization. Administrative Science Quarterly, 21, 433-452.
49. Feldman, D. C., (1981). The multiple socialization of organization members. Academy of Management Review, 6, 309-318.
50. Filstad, C., (2004). How newcomers use role models in organizational socialization. Journal of Workplace Learning, 16, 396-409.
51. Finkelstein, L. M., Kulas, J. T., & Dages, K. D., (2003). Age differences in proactive newcomer socialization strategies in two populations. Journal of Business and Psychology, 17, 473-502.
52. Fisher, C. D., (1986). Organizational socialization: An integrative review. Research in Personnel and Human Resource Management, 4, 101-145.
53. Gardner, W. L., & Martinko, M. J., (1988). Impression management in organizations. Journal of Management, 14, 321-338.
54. Goffman, E., (1952). On cooling the mark out: Some aspects of adaptation to failure. Psychiatry, 15, 451-463.
55. Goffman, E., (1959). The presentation of self in everyday life. Garden City, NY: Doubleday Anchor.
56. Goslin, D. A., (1969). Introduction. In D. A. Goslin (Ed.), Handbook of socialization theory and research (pp. 1-21). Chicago: Rand McNally.
57. Graen, G., (1976). Role making processes within complex organizations. In M. D. Dunette (Ed.), The handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (pp. 1201-1245). Chicago: Rand McNally.
58. Graen, G. B., Orris, J. B., & Johnson, T. W., (1973). Role assimilation processes in a complex organization. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 3, 395-420.
59. Grant, A. M., & Ashford, S. J., (2008). The dynamics of proactivity at work. Research in Organizational Behavior, 28, 3-34.
60. Griffin, A. E. C., Colella, A., & Goparaju, S., (2000). Newcomer and organizational socialization tactics: An interactionist perspective. Human Resource Management Review, 10, 453-474.
61. Gruman, J. A., Saks, A. M., & Zweig, D. I., (2006). Organizational socialization tactics and newcomer proactive behaviors: An integrative study. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 69, 90-104.
62. Hall, D. T. & Schneider, B., (1972). Correlates of organizational identification as a function of career pattern and organizational type. Administrative Science Quarterly, 17, 340-350.
63. Harrison, S. H., Sluss, D. M. & Ashforth, B. E., (2011). Curiosity adapted the cat: The role of trait curiosity in newcomer adaptation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96, 211-220.
64. Hart, Z. P., & Miller, V. D., (2005). Context and message content during organizational socialization: A research note. Human Communication Research, 31(2), 295-309.
65. Haueter, J. A., Macan, T. H., & Winter, J., (2003). Measurement of newcomer socialization: Construct validation of a multidimensional scale. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 63, 20-39.
66. Hofstede, G., (1980). Culture's consequences. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
67. Hogg, M. A., & Terry, D. J., (2000). Social identity and self-categorization processes in organizational contexts. Academy of Management Review, 25, 121-140.
68. Hogg, M. A., & Terry, D. J., (2001). Social identity theory and organizational processes. In M. A. Hogg & D. J. Terry (Eds.), Social identity processes in organizational contexts (pp. 1-12). Philadelphia: Psychology Press.
69. Holder, T., (1996). Women in nontraditional occupations: Information-seeking during organizational entry. The Journal of Business Communication, 33, 9-26.
70. Holland, J. L., (1985). Making vocational choices: A theory of vocational personalities and work environments. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
71. Homans, G. C., (1958). Social behavior as exchange. American Journal of Sociology, 63(6), 597-606.
72. Homans, G. C., (1974). Social behavior: Its elementary forms (Rev. ed.). New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
73. Hooker, C., (1997). Ford's sociology department and the Americanization campaign and the manufacture of popular culture among assembly line workers c. 1910-1917. Journal of American Culture, 20, 47-53.
74. Hornsey, M. J., & Jetten, J., (2004). The individual within the group: Balancing the need to belong with the need to be different. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 8, 248-264.
75. Hsiung, T. L., & Hsieh, A. T., (2003). Newcomer socialization: The role of job standardization. Public Personnel Management, 32, 579-589.
76. Hughes, E. C., (1958). Men and their work. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
77. Huntington, M. J., (1957). The development of a professional self-image. In R. K. Merton, G. G. Reader, & P. L. Kendall (Eds.), The student-physician: Introductory studies in the sociology of medical education (pp. 179-187). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
78. Jablin, F. M., (1982). Organizational communication: An assimilation approach. In M. E. Roloff & C. R. Berger (Eds.), Social cognition and communication (pp. 255-286). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.
79. Jablin, F. M., (1987). Organizational entry, assimilation, and exit. In F. M. Jablin, L. L. Putnam, K. H. Roberts, & L. W. Porter (Eds.), Handbook of organizational communication. (pp. 679-740). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.
80. Jaffe, G., (February 15, 2006). Marching orders: To keep recruits, boot camp gets a gentle revamp; Army offers more support, sleep, second helpings; drill sergeants' worries; 'It would look so much nicer.' Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.proxy1.cl.msu.edu/docview/399003370/fulltext?accountid=12598.
81. Jones, G. R., (1986). Socialization tactics, self-efficacy, and newcomers' adjustments to organizations. Academy of Management Journal, 29(2), 262-279.
82. Kammeyer-Mueller, J. D., (2007). The dynamics of newcomer adjustment: Dispositions, context, interaction, and fit. In C. Ostroff & T. A. Judge (Eds.). Perspectives on organizational fit (pp. 99-122). London: Psychology Press.
83. Kammeyer-Mueller, J. D., Livingston, B. A., & Liao, H., (2011). Perceived similarity, proactive adjustment, and organizational socialization. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 78, 225-236.
84. Kammeyer-Mueller, J. D. & Wanberg, C. R., (2003). Unwrapping the organizational entry process: Disentangling multiple antecedents and their pathways to adjustment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 779-794.
85. Kelley, H. H., (1967). Attribution theory in social psychology. In D. Levine (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation (pp. 192-240). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
86. Kim, T., Cable, D. M., & Kim, S., (2005). Socialization tactics, employee proactivity, and person-organization fit. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(2), 232-241.
87. Kipnis, D., Schmidt, S. M., & Wilkinson, I., (1980). Intraorganizational influence tactics: Explorations in getting one's way. Journal of Applied Psychology, 65(4), 440-452.
88. Klein, H. J., Fan, J., & Preacher, K. J., (2006). The effects of early socialization experiences on content mastery and outcomes: A mediational approach. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 68, 96-115.
89. Klein, H. J., & Heuser, A. E., (2008). The learning of socialization content: A framework for researching orientating practices. Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management, 27, 279-336.
90. Klein, H. J., & Weaver, N. A., (2000). The effectiveness of an organizational-level orientation training program in the socialization of new hires. Personnal Psychology, 53, 47-66.
91. Kozlowski, S. W. J., & Bell, B. S., (2003). Work groups and teams in organizations. In W. C. Borman, D. R. Ilgen, & R. J. Klimoski (Eds.), Handbook of psychology: industrial and organizational psychology (Vol. 12, pp. 333-375). London: Wiley.
92. Kozlowski, S. W. J., Chao, G. T., & Jensen, J. M., (2010). Building an infrastructure for organizational learning: A multilevel approach. In S. W. J. Kozlowski & E. Salas (Eds.), Learning, training, and development in organizations (pp. 363-403). New York: Routledge.
93. Kramer, M. W., & Miller, V. D., (1999). A response to criticisms of organizational socialization research: In support of contemporary conceptualizations of organizational assimilation. Communication Monographs, 66, 358-367.
94. Kristof, A. L., (1996). Person-organization fit: An integrative review of its conceptualizations, measurement, and implications. Personnel Psychology, 49, 1-49.
95. Kristof-Brown, A. L. & Guay, R. P., (2010). Person-environment fit. In S. Zedeck, H. Aguinis, W. Cascio, M. Gelfand, K. Leung, S. Parker, & J. Zhou (Eds.), APA handbook of I/O psychology (Vol. III, pp. 3-50). Washington, DC: APA Press.
96. Lacey, R., (1986). Ford: The men and the machine. Boston, MA: Little Brown.
97. Laker, D. R., & Steffy, B. D., (1995). The impact of alternative socialization tactics on self-managing behavior and organizational commitment. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 10, 645-660.
98. Lawler, E. J., (2001). An affect theory of social exchange. American Journal of Sociology, 107, 321-352.
99. Lester, R. E., (1987). Organizational culture, uncertainty reduction, and the socialization of new organizational members. In S. Thomas (Ed.), Culture and communication: Methodology, behavior, artifacts, and institutions (pp. 105-113). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
100. Lewicki, P., Hill, T., & Czyzewska, M., (1992). Non-conscious acquisition of information. American Psychologist, 47, 796-801.
101. Lin, N., (1999). Building a network theory of social capital. Connections, 22, 28-51.
102. Liu, C., & Lee, H., (2008). A proposed model of expatriates in multinational corporations. Cross Cultural Management, 15, 176-193.
103. Louis, M. R., (1980). Surprise and sense making: What newcomers experience in entering unfamiliar organizational settings. Administrative Science Quarterly, 25, 226-251.
104. Louis, M. R., Posner, B. Z., & Powell, G. N., (1983). The availability and helpfulness of socialization practices. Personnel Psychology, 36, 857-866.
105. Major, D. A. & Kozlowski, S. W. J., (1997). Newcomer information seeking: Individual and contextual influences. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 5, 16-28.
106. Major, D. A., Kozlowski, S. W. J., Chao, G. T., & Gardner, P. D., (1995). A longitudinal investigation of newcomer expectations, early socialization outcomes, and the moderating effects of role development factors. Journal of Applied Psychology, 80, 418-431.
107. Manning, P. K., (1970). Talking and becoming: A view of organizational socialization. In J. D. Douglas (Ed.), Understanding everyday life (pp. 239-256). Chicago: Aldine.
108. March, J. G., (1991). Exploration and exploitation in organizational learning. Organization Science, 2, 71-87.
109. Maslow, A. H., (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50, 370-396.
110. Meyer, S., (1981). The five dollar day: Labor management and social control in the Ford Motor Company, 1908-1921. Albany: State University of New York Press.
111. Miller, V. D., & Jablin, F. M., (1991). Information seeking during organizational entry: Influences, tactics, and a model of the process. Academy of Management Review, 16, 92-120.
112. Mitus, J. S., (2006). Organizational socialization from a content perspective and its effect on the affective commitment of newly hired rehabilitation counselors. Journal of Rehabilitation, 72, 12-20.
113. Molm, L. D., (2001). Theories of social exchange and exchange networks. In G. Ritzer & B. Smart (Eds.), Handbook of social theory (pp. 260-272). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
114. Moon, B., (2006). The influence of organizational socialization on police officers' acceptance of community policing. Policing: An international journal of police strategies & management, 29, 704-722.
115. Moore, W. E., (1969). Occupational socialization. In D. A. Goslin (Ed.), Handbook of socialization theory and research. (pp. 861-883). Chicago: Rand McNally.
116. Moreland, R. L., & Levine, J. M., (2001). Socialization in organizations and work groups. In M. E. Turner (Ed.) Groups at work: Theory and research (pp. 69-112). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
117. Moreland, R. L., Levine, J. M., & McMinn, J. G., (2001). Self-categorization and work group socialization. In M. A. Hogg & D. J. Terry (Eds.), Social identity processes in organizational contexts (pp. 87-100). Philadelphia: Psychology Press.
118. Morrison, E. W., (1993a). Longitudinal study of the effects of information seeking on newcomer socialization. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(2), 173-183.
119. Morrison, E. W., (1993b). Newcomer information seeking: Exploring types, modes, sources, and outcomes. Academy of Management Journal, 36, 557-589.
120. Morrison, E. W., (1995). Information usefulness and acquisition during organizational encounter. Management Communication Quarterly, 9, 131-155.
121. Morrison, E. W., (2002a). Information seeking within organizations. Human Communication Research, 28, 229-242.
122. Morrison, E. W., (2002b). Newcomers' relationships: The role of social network ties during socialization. Academy of Management Journal, 45, 1149-1160.
123. Mortimer, J. T., & Simmons, R. G., (1978). Adult socialization. Annual Review of Sociology, 4, 421-454.
124. Mowday, R. T., Porter, L., & Steers, R. M., (1982). Employee-organization linkages: The psychology of commitment, absenteeism & turnover. New York: Academic Press.
125. Murray, H. L., (1938). Explorations in personality. New York: Oxford University Press.
126. Nicholson, N., (1984). A theory of work-role transitions. Administrative Science Quarterly, 29, 172-191.
127. Nonanka, I., (1994). A dynamic theory of organizational knowledge creation. Organization Science, 5, 14-37.
128. Ostroff, C., & Kozlowski, S. W. J., (1992). Organizational socialization as a learning process: The role of information acquisition. Personnel Psychology, 45, 849-874.
129. Ostroff, C., & Schulte, M., (2007). Multiple perspectives of fit in organizations across levels of analysis. In C. Ostroff & T. A. Judge (Eds.), Perspectives on organizational fit. (pp. 3-69). London: Psychology Press.
130. Parker, S. K., & Collins, C. G., (2010). Taking stock: Integrating and differentiating multiple proactive behaviors. Journal of Management, 36, 633-662.
131. Peteraf, M., & Shanley, M., (1997). Getting to know you: A theory of strategic group identity. Strategic Management Journal, 18, 165-186.
132. Porter, L. W., Lawler, E. E., III, & Hackman, J. R., (1975). Behavior in organizations, New York: McGraw-Hill.
133. Porter, L. W., & Steers, R. M., (1973). Organizational, work, and personal factors in employee turnover and absenteeism. Psychological Bulletin, 80, 151-176.
134. Premack, S. L., & Wanous, J. P., (1985). A meta-analysis of realistic job preview experiments. Journal of Applied Psychology, 70, 706-719.
135. Rao, A., Schmidt, S. M., & Murray, L. H., (1995). Upward impression management: Goals, influence strategies, and consequences. Human Relations, 48, 147-167.
136. Reber, A., (1995). Implicit learning and tacit knowledge: An essay on the cognitive unconscious. New York: Oxford University Press.
137. Reichers, A. E., (1987). An interactionist perspective on newcomer socialization rates. Academy of Management Review, 12, 278-287.
138. Riordan, C. M., Weatherly, E. W., Vandenberg, R. J., & Self, R. M., (2001). The effects of pre-entry experiences and socialization tactics on newcomer attitudes and turnover. Journal of Managerial Issues, 13(2), 159-176.
139. Saks, A. M., & Ashforth, B. E., (1996). Proactive socialization and behavioral self-management. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 48, 301-323.
140. Saks, A. M., & Ashforth, B. E., (1997a). Organizational socialization: Making sense of the past and present as a prologue for the future. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 51, 234-279.
141. Saks, A. M., & Ashforth, B. E., (1997b). Socialization tactics and newcomer information acquisition. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 5, 48-61.
142. Saks, A. M., Gruman, J. A., & Cooper-Thomas, H., (2011). The neglected role of proactive behavior and outcomes in newcomer socialization. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 79(1), 36-46.
143. Saks, A. M., Uggerslev, K. L. & Fassina, N. E., (2007). Socialization tactics and newcomer adjustment: A meta analytic review and test of a model. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 70, 413-446.
144. Schein, E. H., (1965). Organizational psychology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
145. Schein, E. H., (1968). Organizational socialization and the profession of management. Industrial Management Review, 2, 1-16.
146. Schein, E. H., (1978). Career dynamics: Matching individual and organizational needs. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
147. Schneider, B., (1987). The people make the place. Personnel Psychology, 40, 437-454.
148. Schneider, B., Smith, D. B., Taylor, S., & Fleenor, J., (1998). Personality and organizations: A test of the homogeneity of personality hypothesis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83(3), 462-470.
149. Scholarios, D., Lockyer, C., & Johnson, H., (2003). Anticipatory socialization: The effect of recruitment and selection experiences on career expectations. Career Development International, 8(4), 182-197.
150. Settoon, R. P., & Adkins, C. L., (1997). Newcomer socialization: The role of supervisors, coworkers, friends, and family members. Journal of Business and Psychology, 11, 507-516.
151. Sherif, M., & Sherif, C. W., (1969). Social psychology. New York: Harper & Row.
152. Su, C., (2010). An examination of the usage and impact of upward influence tactics by workers in the hospitality sector of Taiwan: Expanding the framework of Rao, Schmidt, and Murray (1995). Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 27, 306-319.
153. Tajfel, H., (1981). Human groups and social categories: Studies in social psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
154. Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C., (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W. G. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33-47). Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
155. Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C., (1986). The social identity theory of inter-group behavior. In S. Worchel & L. W. Austin (Eds.), Psychology of intergroup relations. Chicago: Nelson-Hall.
156. Taormina, R. J., (1994). The Organizational Socialization Inventory. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 2, 133-145.
157. Taormina, R. J., (1997). Organizational socialization: A multidomain, continuous process model. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 5, 29-47.
158. Taormina, R. J., (2004). Convergent validation of two measures of organizational socialization. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 15, 76-94.
159. Thomas, H. D. C., & Anderson, N., (1998). Changes in newcomers' psychological contracts during organizational socialization: A study of recruits entering the british army. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 19, 745-767.
160. Toffler, B. L., (1981). Occupational role development: The changing determinants of outcomes for the individual. Administrative Science Quarterly, 26, 396-418.
161. Turner, J. C., (1975). Social comparison and social identity: Some prospects for intergroup behaviour. European Journal of Social Psychology, 5, 5-34.
162. Turner, J. C., Oakes, P. J., Haslam, S. A., & McGarty, C., (1994). Self and collective: Cognition and social context. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20, 454-463.
163. van der Velde, M. E. G., Ardts, J. C. A., & Jansen, P. G. W., (2005). The longitudinal effect of information seeking onsocialization and development in three organizations: Filling the research gaps. Canadian Journal of Career Development, 4, 32-42.
164. Van Maanen, J., (1976). Breaking-in: Socialization to work. In R. Dubin (Ed.) Handbook of work, organization, and society (pp. 67-130). Chicago: Rand McNally.
165. Van Maanen, J., (1978). People processing: Strategies of organizational socialization. Organizational Dynamics, 7(1), 18-36.
166. Van Maanen, J., (1984). Doing new things in old ways: Chains of socialization. In J. Bess (Ed.), Education and organization theory (pp. 211-246). New York: New York University Press.
167. Van Maanen, J. & Schein, E., (1979). Toward a theory of organizational socialization. Research in Organizational Behavior, 1, 209-264.
168. Vancouver, J. B., Tamanini, K. B., & Yoder, R. J., (2010). Using dynamic computational models to reconnect theory and research: Socialization by the proactive newcomer as example. Journal of Management, 36(3), 764-793.
169. Wagenschein, M., (1950). "Reality shock": A study of beginning elementary school teachers. Unpublished master's thesis, University of Chicago.
170. Wanberg, C. R., & Kammeyer-Mueller, J. D., (2000). Predictors and outcomes of proactivity in the socialization process. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 373-385.
171. Wanous, J. P., (1992). Organizational entry: Recruitment, selection and socialization of newcomers (2nd ed.). Reading MA: Addison-Wesley.
172. Wanous, J. P., Reichers, A. E., & Malik, S. D., (1984). Organizational socialization and group development: Toward an integrative perspective. Academy of Management Review, 9, 670-683.
173. Weick, K. E., (1995). Sensemaking in organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
174. Wesson, M. J., & Gogus, C. I., (2005). Shaking hands with a computer: An examination of two methods of organizational newcomer orientation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 1018-1026.
175. Wood, G., (2004). "The paralysis of the labor movement": Men, masculinity, and unions in 1920s Detroit. Michigan Historical Review, 30, 59-91.
176. Wrzesniewski, A., & Dutton, J. E., (2001). Crafting a job: Revisioning employees as active crafters of their work. Academy of Management Review, 26, 179-201.
177. Yukl, G., & Falbe, C. M., (1990). Influence tactics and objectives in upward, downward, and lateral influence attempts. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75(2), 132-140.