Emphasizing the health benefits of vitamin D for those with neurodevelopmental disorders and intellectual disabilities

Nutrients

Volumn 7, Issue 3, 2015, Pages 1538-1564

  Grant, William B ^a   Wimalawansa, Sunil J ^b   Holick, Michael F ^c   Cannell, John J ^d   Pludowski, Pawel ^e   Lappe, Joan M ^f   Pittaway, Mary ^g   May, Philip ^h  

^a Sunlight   (United States)

^b Cardio Metabolic Institute   (United States)

^c BOSTON UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^d Vitamin D Council and San Luis Obispo Integrative Medicine   (United States)

^e CHILDREN'S MEMORIAL HEALTH INSTITUTE   (Poland)

^f CREIGHTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^g UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA   (United States)

^h International Foundation for Chronic Disabilities Inc   (United States)

Author keywords

25 hydroxyvitamin D; Autism; Bone health; Cancer; Cardiovascular disease; Developmental disabilities; Down syndrome; Fractures; Intellectual disabilities; Vitamin D

Indexed keywords

CALCIFEDIOL; COLECALCIFEROL; ERGOCALCIFEROL; VITAMIN D; 25-HYDROXYVITAMIN D; VITAMIN;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ASTHMA; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; AUTISM; BACTERIAL INFECTION; BONE METABOLISM; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE; COGNITIVE DEFECT; DENTAL CARIES; DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER; DIET; FALLING; FRACTURE; HUMAN; HYPERCALCEMIA; INFLUENZA VIRUS A; INSULIN RESISTANCE; INTELLECTUAL IMPAIRMENT; KIDNEY CALCIFICATION; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); NEOPLASM; NEPHROLITHIASIS; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION; REVIEW; VIRUS INFECTION; ANALOGS AND DERIVATIVES; BLOOD; COMPLICATION; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; HEALTH; SUNLIGHT; VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY;

DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES; DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS; HEALTH; HUMANS; INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY; SUNLIGHT; VITAMIN D; VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY; VITAMINS;

EID: 84924160377     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20726643     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/nu7031538     Document Type: Review

References (158)

1. PEDD Webinar Series: The Common Characteristics of Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Available online: http://aadmd.org/articles/pedd-webinar-series-common-characteristics-neurodevelop mental-disorders (accessed on 1 March 2014).
2. Sullivan, W.F.; Berg, J.M.; Bradley, E.; Cheetham, T.; Denton, R.; Heng, J.; Hennen, B.; Joyce, D.; Kelly, M.; Korossy, M.; et al. Primary care of adults with developmental disabilities: Canadian consensus guidelines. Can. Fam. Physician 2011, 57, 541-553, e154-e168.
3. Kilpinen-Loisa, P.; Arvio, M.; Ilvesmaki, V.; Makitie, O. Vitamin D status and optimal supplementation in institutionalized adults with intellectual disability. J. Intellect. Disabil. Res. 2009, 53, 1014-1023.
4. Srikanth, R.; Cassidy, G.; Joiner, C.; Teeluckdharry, S. Osteoporosis in people with intellectual disabilities: A review and a brief study of risk factors for osteoporosis in a community sample of people with intellectual disabilities. J. Intellect. Disabil. Res. 2011, 55, 53-62.
5. Martinez-Leal, R.; Salvador-Carulla, L.; Gutierrez-Colosia, M.R.; Nadal, M.; Novell-Alsina, R.; Martorell, A.; Gonzalez-Gordon, R.G.; Merida-Gutierrez, M.R.; Angel, S.; Milagrosa-Tejonero, L.; et al. Health among persons with intellectual disability in Spain: The European POMONA-II study. Rev. Neurol. 2011, 53, 406-414.
6. Jasien, J.; Daimon, C.M.; Maudsley, S.; Shapiro, B.K.; Martin, B. Aging and bone health in individuals with developmental disabilities. Int. J. Endocrinol. 2012, 2012, 469235.
7. McCarron, M.; Swinburne, J.; Burke, E.; McGlinchey, E.; Carroll, R.; McCallion, P. Patterns of multimorbidity in an older population of persons with an intellectual disability: Results from the intellectual disability supplement to the irish longitudinal study on aging (IDS-TILDA). Res. Dev. Disabil. 2013, 34, 521-527.
8. Dixon-Ibarra, A.; Horner-Johnson, W. Disability status as an antecedent to chronic conditions: National health interview survey, 2006-2012. Prev. Chronic Dis. 2014, 11, 130251.
9. Bloemers, B.L.; Broers, C.J.; Bont, L.; Weijerman, M.E.; Gemke, R.J.; van Furth, A.M. Increased risk of respiratory tract infections in children with down syndrome: The consequence of an altered immune system. Microbes Infect. 2010, 12, 799-808.
10. Oliveira, J.S.; Prado Junior, R.R.; de Sousa Lima, K.R.; de Oliveira Amaral, H.; Moita Neto, J.M.; Mendes, R.F. Intellectual disability and impact on oral health: A paired study. Spec. Care Dentistry 2013, 33, 262-268.
11. Hossein-nezhad, A.; Holick, M.F. Vitamin D for health: A global perspective. Mayo Clin. Proc. 2013, 88, 720-755.
12. Coppus, A.M. People with intellectual disability: What do we know about adulthood and life expectancy? Dev. Disabil. Res. Rev. 2013, 18, 6-16.
13. Heaney, R.P. Guidelines for optimizing design and analysis of clinical studies of nutrient effects. Nutrit. Rev. 2014, 72, 48-54.
14. Pludowski, P.; Karczmarewicz, E.; Bayer, M.; Carter, G.; Chlebna-Sokol, D.; Czech-Kowalska, J.; Debski, R.; Decsi, T.; Dobrzanska, A.; Franek, E.; et al. Practical guidelines for the supplementation of vitamin D and the treatment of deficits in central europe-recommended vitamin D intakes in the general population and groups at risk of vitamin D deficiency. Endokrynol. Pol. 2013, 64, 319-327.
15. De Winter, C.F.; Echteld, M.A.; Evenhuis, H.M. Chronic kidney disease in older people with intellectual disability: Results of the HA-ID study. Res. Dev. Disabil. 2014, 35, 726-732.
16. Schrager, S.; Kloss, C.; Ju, A.W. Prevalence of fractures in women with intellectual disabilities: A chart review. J. Intellect. Disabil. Res. 2007, 51, 253-259.
17. Morgan, J.P.; Minihan, P.M.; Stark, P.C.; Finkelman, M.D.; Yantsides, K.E.; Park, A.; Nobles, C.J.; Tao, W.; Must, A. The oral health status of 4732 adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities. J. Am. Dent. Assoc. 2012, 143, 838-846.
18. Zylstra, R.G.; Porter, L.L.; Shapiro, J.L.; Prater, C.D. Prevalence of osteoporosis in community-dwelling individuals with intellectual and/or developmental disabilities. J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc. 2008, 9, 109-113.
19. Binkley, C.J.; Haugh, G.S.; Kitchens, D.H.; Wallace, D.L.; Sessler, D.I. Oral microbial and respiratory status of persons with mental retardation/intellectual and developmental disability: An observational cohort study. Oral Surg.Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod. 2009, 108, 722-731.
20. Ram, G.; Chinen, J. Infections and immunodeficiency in down syndrome. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 2011, 164, 9-16.
21. Bastiaanse, L.P.; Hilgenkamp, T.I.; Echteld, M.A.; Evenhuis, H.M. Prevalence and associated factors of sarcopenia in older adults with intellectual disabilities. Res. Dev. Disabil. 2012, 33, 2004-2012.
22. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. 2013. Developmental Disabilities. Available online: http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/dd (accessed on 18 December 2014).
23. American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disability. Definition of intellectual Disabilities. Available online: http://aaidd.org/intellectual-disability/definition#.VJLnTYrF9EI (accessed on 18 December 2014).
24. Dworkin, M.S.; Park, L.; Barringer, J.; Curtis, R. An outbreak of noninvasive group a streptococcal disease in a facility for the developmentally disabled. Am. J. Infect. Control 2006, 34, 296-300.
25. Perez-Lopez, F.R.; Brincat, M.; Erel, C.T.; Tremollieres, F.; Gambacciani, M.; Lambrinoudaki, I.; Moen, M.H.; Schenck-Gustafsson, K.; Vujovic, S.; Rozenberg, S.; et al. Emas position statement: Vitamin D and postmenopausal health. Maturitas 2012, 71, 83-88.
26. Vanlint, S.; Nugent, M.; Durvasula, S. Vitamin D and people with intellectual disability. Aust. Fam. Phys. 2008, 37, 348-351.
27. Vanlint, S.; Nugent, M.; Durvasula, S.; Downs, J.; Leonard, H. A guide for the assessment and management of vitamin D status in people with intellectual disability (developed as an AADDM working party initiative). J. Intellect. Dev. Disabil. 2008, 33, 184-188.
28. Vanlint, S.; Nugent, M. Vitamin D and fractures in people with intellectual disability. J. Intellect. Disabil. Res. 2006, 50, 761-767.
29. Frighi, V.; Morovat, A.; Stephenson, M.T.; White, S.J.; Hammond, C.V.; Goodwin, G.M. Vitamin D deficiency in patients with intellectual disabilities: Prevalence, risk factors and management strategies. Br. J. Psychiatry J. Ment. Sci. 2014, 205, 458-464.
30. Rajakumar, K.; Greenspan, S.L.; Thomas, S.B.; Holick, M.F. Solar ultraviolet radiation and vitamin D: A historical perspective. Am. J. Public Health 2007, 97, 1746-1754.
31. Priemel, M.; von Domarus, C.; Klatte, T.O.; Kessler, S.; Schlie, J.; Meier, S.; Proksch, N.; Pastor, F.; Netter, C.; Streichert, T.; et al. Bone mineralization defects and vitamin D deficiency: Histomorphometric analysis of iliac crest bone biopsies and circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D in 675 patients. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2010, 25, 305-312.
32. Dhesi, J.K.; Bearne, L.M.; Moniz, C.; Hurley, M.V.; Jackson, S.H.; Swift, C.G.; Allain, T.J. Neuromuscular and psychomotor function in elderly subjects who fall and the relationship with vitamin D status. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2002, 17, 891-897.
33. Lips, P.; Binkley, N.; Pfeifer, M.; Recker, R.; Samanta, S.; Cohn, D.A.; Chandler, J.; Rosenberg, E.; Papanicolaou, D.A. Once-weekly dose of 8400 IU vitamin D(3) compared with placebo: Effects on neuromuscular function and tolerability in older adults with vitamin D insufficiency. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2010, 91, 985-991.
34. Rejnmark, L. Effects of vitamin D on muscle function and performance: A review of evidence from randomized controlled trials. Ther. Adv. Chronic Dis. 2011, 2, 25-37.
35. Bischoff-Ferrari, H.A.; Willett, W.C.; Orav, E.J.; Lips, P.; Meunier, P.J.; Lyons, R.A.; Flicker, L.; Wark, J.; Jackson, R.D.; Cauley, J.A.; et al. A pooled analysis of vitamin D dose requirements for fracture prevention. N. Engl. J. Med. 2012, 367, 40-49.
36. Holick, M.F.; Binkley, N.C.; Bischoff-Ferrari, H.A.; Gordon, C.M.; Hanley, D.A.; Heaney, R.P.; Murad, M.H.; Weaver, C.M. Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: An endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2011, 96, 1911-1930.
37. Wong, T.S.; Lau, V.M.; Lim, W.; Fung, G. A survey of vitamin D level in people with learning disability in long-stay hospital wards in hong kong. J. Intellect. Disabil. JOID 2006, 10, 47-59.
38. Sholas, M.G.; Tann, B.; Gaebler-Spira, D. Oral bisphosphonates to treat disuse osteopenia in children with disabilities: A case series. J. Pediatr. Orthop. 2005, 25, 326-331.
39. Carmel, A.S.; Shieh, A.; Bang, H.; Bockman, R.S. The 25(OH)D level needed to maintain a favorable bisphosphonate response is ≥33 ng/mL. Osteoporos. Int. 2012, 23, 2479-2487.
40. Peiris, A.N.; Youssef, D.; Grant, W.B. Secondary hyperparathyroidism: Benign bystander or culpable contributor to adverse health outcomes? South. Med. J. 2012, 105, 36-42.
41. Valcour, A.; Blocki, F.; Hawkins, D.M.; Rao, S.D. Effects of age and serum 25-OH-vitamin D on serum parathyroid hormone levels. J. Clini. Endocrinol. Metab. 2012, 97, 3989-3995.
42. Ahmadieh, H.; Arabi, A. Vitamins and bone health: Beyond calcium and vitamin D. Nutrit. Rev. 2011, 69, 584-598.
43. Bonjour, J.P. Protein intake and bone health. Int. J. Vitamin Nutr. Res. 2011, 81, 134-142.
44. Michaelsson, K.; Olofsson, H.; Jensevik, K.; Larsson, S.; Mallmin, H.; Berglund, L.; Vessby, B.; Melhus, H. Leisure physical activity and the risk of fracture in men. PLoS Med. 2007, 4, e199.
45. Korpelainen, R.; Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi, S.; Nieminen, P.; Heikkinen, J.; Vaananen, K.; Korpelainen, J. Long-term outcomes of exercise: Follow-up of a randomized trial in older women with osteopenia. Arch. Intern. Med. 2010, 170, 1548-1556.
46. Sohl, E.; van Schoor, N.M.; de Jongh, R.T.; Visser, M.; Deeg, D.J.; Lips, P. Vitamin D status is associated with functional limitations and functional decline in older individuals. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2013, 98, E1483-E1490.
47. Gombart, A.F. The vitamin D-antimicrobial peptide pathway and its role in protection against infection. Future Microbiol. 2009, 4, 1151-1165.
48. Conesa-Botella, A.; Meintjes, G.; Coussens, A.K.; van der Plas, H.; Goliath, R.; Schutz, C.; Moreno-Reyes, R.; Mehta, M.; Martineau, A.R.; Wilkinson, R.J.; et al. Corticosteroid therapy, vitamin D status, and inflammatory cytokine profile in the HIV-tuberculosis immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. Clini. Infect. Dis. 2012, 55, 1004-1011.
49. Jeffery, L.E.; Wood, A.M.; Qureshi, O.S.; Hou, T.Z.; Gardner, D.; Briggs, Z.; Kaur, S.; Raza, K.; Sansom, D.M. Availability of 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) to APCs controls the balance between regulatory and inflammatory T cell responses. J. Immunol. 2012, 189, 5155-5164.
50. Cannell, J.J.; Vieth, R.; Umhau, J.C.; Holick, M.F.; Grant, W.B.; Madronich, S.; Garland, C.F.; Giovannucci, E. Epidemic influenza and vitamin D. Epidemiol. Infect. 2006, 134, 1129-1140.
51. Aloia, J.F.; Li-Ng, M. Re: Epidemic influenza and vitamin D. Epidemiol. Infect. 2007, 135, 1095-1096.
52. Urashima, M.; Segawa, T.; Okazaki, M.; Kurihara, M.; Wada, Y.; Ida, H. Randomized trial of vitamin D supplementation to prevent seasonal influenza a in schoolchildren. Am. J. Clini. Nutr. 2010, 91, 1255-1260.
53. Bergman, P.; Lindh, A.U.; Bjorkhem-Bergman, L.; Lindh, J.D. Vitamin D and respiratory tract infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS One 2013, 8, e65835.
54. Bener, A.; Kamal, M. Predict attention deficit hyperactivity disorder? Evidence-based medicine. Glob. J. Health Sci. 2014, 6, 47-57.
55. Brehm, J.M. Vitamin D and asthma-life after VIDA? Curr. Allergy Asthma Rep. 2014, 14, 461.
56. Castro, M.; King, T.S.; Kunselman, S.J.; Cabana, M.D.; Denlinger, L.; Holguin, F.; Kazani, S.D.; Moore, W.C.; Moy, J.; Sorkness, C.A.; et al. Effect of vitamin D3 on asthma treatment failures in adults with symptomatic asthma and lower vitamin D levels: The vida randomized clinical trial. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 2014, 311, 2083-2091.
57. Puhan, M.A.; Siebeling, L.; Frei, A.; Zoller, M.; Bischoff-Ferrari, H.; Ter Riet, G. No association of 25-hydroxyvitamin D with exacerbations in primary care patients with copd. Chest 2014, 145, 37-43.
58. Martineau, A.R.; James, W.Y.; Hooper, R.L.; Barnes, N.C.; Jolliffe, D.A.; Greiller, C.L.; Islam, K.; McLaughlin, D.; Bhowmik, A.; Timms, P.M.; et al. Vitamin D supplementation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (ViDiCO): A multicentre, double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Respir. Med. 2015, 3, 120-130.
59. Pojsupap, S.; Iliriani, K.; Sampaio, T.Z.; O’Hearn, K.; Kovesi, T.; Menon, K.; McNally, J.D. Efficacy of high-dose vitamin D in pediatric asthma: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Asthma 2014, 21, 1-9.
60. Von Hurst, P.R.; Stonehouse, W.; Coad, J. Vitamin D supplementation reduces insulin resistance in south asian women living in new zealand who are insulin resistant and vitamin D deficient-A randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Br. J. Nutr. 2010, 103, 549-555.
61. Song, Y.; Wang, L.; Pittas, A.G.; Del Gobbo, L.C.; Zhang, C.; Manson, J.E.; Hu, F.B. Blood 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels and incident type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis of prospective studies. Diabetes Care 2013, 36, 1422-1428.
62. Schafer, A.L.; Napoli, N.; Lui, L.; Schwartz, A.V.; Black, D.M. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration does not independently predict incident diabetes in older women. Diabet. Med. J. Br. Diabet. Assoc. 2014, 31, 564-569.
63. Dutta, D.; Mondal, S.A.; Choudhuri, S.; Maisnam, I.; Hasanoor Reza, A.H.; Bhattacharya, B.; Chowdhury, S.; Mukhopadhyay, S. Vitamin-D supplementation in prediabetes reduced progression to type 2 diabetes and was associated with decreased insulin resistance and systemic inflammation: An open label randomized prospective study from eastern india. Diabetes Res. Clini. Pract. 2014, 103, e18-e23.
64. Breslavsky, A.; Frand, J.; Matas, Z.; Boaz, M.; Barnea, Z.; Shargorodsky, M. Effect of high doses of vitamin D on arterial properties, adiponectin, leptin and glucose homeostasis in type 2 diabetic patients. Clin. Nutr. 2013, 32, 970-975.
65. Wang, L.; Song, Y.; Manson, J.E.; Pilz, S.; Marz, W.; Michaelsson, K.; Lundqvist, A.; Jassal, S.K.; Barrett-Connor, E.; Zhang, C.; et al. Circulating 25-hydroxy-vitamin D and risk of cardiovascular disease: A meta-analysis of prospective studies. Circ. Cardiovasc. Qual. Outcomes 2012, 5, 819-829.
66. Schnatz, P.F.; Jiang, X.; Vila-Wright, S.; Aragaki, A.K.; Nudy, M.; O’Sullivan, D.M.; Jackson, R.; LeBlanc, E.; Robinson, J.G.; Shikany, J.M.; et al. Calcium/vitamin D supplementation, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations, and cholesterol profiles in the women’s health initiative calcium/vitamin D randomized trial. Menopause 2014, 21, 823-833.
67. Bolland, M.J.; Grey, A.; Gamble, G.D.; Reid, I.R. The effect of vitamin D supplementation on skeletal, vascular, or cancer outcomes: A trial sequential meta-analysis. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2014, 2, 307-320.
68. Warren-Gash, C.; Hayward, A.C.; Hemingway, H.; Denaxas, S.; Thomas, S.L.; Timmis, A.D.; Whitaker, H.; Smeeth, L. Influenza infection and risk of acute myocardial infarction in england and wales: A caliber self-controlled case series study. J. Infect. Dis. 2012, 206, 1652-1659.
69. Afzal, S.; Bojesen, S.E.; Nordestgaard, B.G. Reduced 25-hydroxyvitamin D and risk of alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia. Alzheimers Dement. J. Alzheimers Assoc. 2014, 10, 296-302.
70. De la Torre, J.C. Cardiovascular risk factors promote brain hypoperfusion leading to cognitive decline and dementia. Cardiovasc. Psychiatry Neurol. 2012, 2012, 367516.
71. Gezen-Ak, D.; Yilmazer, S.; Dursun, E. Why vitamin D in Alzheimer’s disease? The hypothesis. J. Alzheimers Dis. 2014, 40, 257-269.
72. Annweiler, C.; Karras, S.N.; Anagnostis, P.; Beauchet, O. Vitamin D supplements: A novel therapeutic approach for alzheimer patients. Front. Pharmacol. 2014, 5, 6.
73. Littlejohns, T.J.; Henley, W.E.; Lang, I.A.; Annweiler, C.; Beauchet, O.; Chaves, P.H.; Fried, L.; Kestenbaum, B.R.; Kuller, L.H.; Langa, K.M.; et al. Vitamin D and the risk of dementia and Alzheimer disease. Neurology 2014, 83, 920-928.
74. Cannell, J.J. Autism and vitamin D. Med. Hypotheses 2008, 70, 750-759.
75. Grant, W.B.; Cannell, J.J. Autism prevalence in the united states with respect to solar UV-B doses: An ecological study. Dermato-endocrinology 2013, 5, 159-164.
76. Patrick, R.P.; Ames, B.N. Vitamin D hormone regulates serotonin synthesis. Part 1: Relevance for autism. FASEB J. 2014, 28, 2398-2413.
77. Cannell, J.J.; Grant, W.B. What is the role of vitamin D in autism? Dermato-endocrinology 2013, 5, 199-204.
78. Cannell, J.J. Autism, will vitamin D treat core symptoms? Med. Hypotheses 2013, 81, 195-198.
79. Jia, F.; Wang, B.; Shan, L.; Xu, Z.; Staal, W.G.; Du, L. Core symptoms of autism improved after vitamin D supplementation. Pediatrics 2015, 135, e196-e198.
80. Neece, C.L.; Baker, B.L.; Blacher, J.; Crnic, K.A. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder among children with and without intellectual disability: An examination across time. J. Intellect. Disabil. Res. 2011, 55, 623-635.
81. Goksugur, S.B.; Tufan, A.E.; Semiz, M.; Gunes, C.; Bekdas, M.; Tosun, M.; Demircioglu, F. Vitamin D status in children with attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder. Pediatr. Intern. 2014, 56, 515-519.
82. Rucklidge, J.J.; Johnstone, J.; Gorman, B.; Boggis, A.; Frampton, C.M. Moderators of treatment response in adults with ADHD treated with a vitamin-mineral supplement. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 2014, 50, 163-171.
83. Grant, W.B. Ecological studies of the UVB-vitamin D-cancer hypothesis. Anticancer Res. 2012, 32, 223-236.
84. Moukayed, M.; Grant, W.B. Molecular link between vitamin D and cancer prevention. Nutrients 2013, 5, 3993-4021.
85. Grant, W.B. Relation between prediagnostic serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and incidence of breast, colorectal, and other cancers. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B. 2010, 101, 130-136.
86. Grant, W.B. Effect of interval between serum draw and follow-up period on relative risk of cancer incidence with respect to 25-hydroxyvitamin D level: Implications for meta-analyses and setting vitamin D guidelines. Dermato-endocrinology 2011, 3, 199-204.
87. Gilbert, R.; Metcalfe, C.; Fraser, W.D.; Donovan, J.; Hamdy, F.; Neal, D.E.; Lane, J.A.; Martin, R.M. Associations of circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D with prostate cancer diagnosis, stage and grade. Int. J. Cancer 2012, 131, 1187-1196.
88. Lappe, J.M.; Travers-Gustafson, D.; Davies, K.M.; Recker, R.R.; Heaney, R.P. Vitamin D and calcium supplementation reduces cancer risk: Results of a randomized trial. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2007, 85, 1586-1591.
89. Bolland, M.J.; Grey, A.; Gamble, G.D.; Reid, I.R. Calcium and vitamin D supplements and health outcomes: A reanalysis of the women’s health initiative (WHI) limited-access data set. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2011, 94, 1144-1149.
90. Bjelakovic, G.; Gluud, L.L.; Nikolova, D.; Whitfield, K.; Wetterslev, J.; Simonetti, R.G.; Bjelakovic, M.; Gluud, C. Vitamin D supplementation for prevention of mortality in adults. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2014, 1, CD007470.
91. Tretli, S.; Schwartz, G.G.; Torjesen, P.A.; Robsahm, T.E. Serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and survival in norwegian patients with cancer of breast, colon, lung, and lymphoma: A population-based study. Cancer Causes Control 2012, 23, 363-370.
92. Mellanby, M.; Pattison, C.L. The action of vitamin D in preventing the spread and promoting the arrest of caries in children. Br. Med. J. 1928, 2, 1079-1082.
93. Grant, W.B. A review of the role of solar ultraviolet-B irradiance and vitamin D in reducing risk of dental caries. Dermato-endocrinology 2011, 3, 193-198.
94. Hujoel, P.P. Vitamin D and dental caries in controlled clinical trials: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr. Rev. 2013, 71, 88-97.
95. Grant, W.B.; Boucher, B.J. Are hill’s criteria for causality satisfied for vitamin D and periodontal disease? Dermato-endocrinology 2010, 2, 30-36.
96. Jimenez, M.; Giovannucci, E.; Krall Kaye, E.; Joshipura, K.J.; Dietrich, T. Predicted vitamin D status and incidence of tooth loss and periodontitis. Pub. Health Nutr. 2014, 17, 844-852.
97. Villasenor, A.; Ballard-Barbash, R.; Ambs, A.; Bernstein, L.; Baumgartner, K.; Baumgartner, R.; Ulrich, C.M.; Hollis, B.W.; McTiernan, A.; Neuhouser, M.L. Associations of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D with overall and breast cancer-specific mortality in a multiethnic cohort of breast cancer survivors. Cancer Causes Control 2013, 24, 759-767.
98. Alshouibi, E.N.; Kaye, E.K.; Cabral, H.J.; Leone, C.W.; Garcia, R.I. Vitamin D and periodontal health in older men. J. Dent. Res. 2013, 92, 689-693.
99. Slinin, Y.; Paudel, M.; Taylor, B.C.; Ishani, A.; Rossom, R.; Yaffe, K.; Blackwell, T.; Lui, L.Y.; Hochberg, M.; Ensrud, K.E. Association between serum 25(OH) vitamin D and the risk of cognitive decline in older women. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 2012, 67, 1092-1098.
100. Kunutsor, S.K.; Apekey, T.A.; Steur, M. Vitamin D and risk of future hypertension: Meta-analysis of 283,537 participants. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 2013, 28, 205-221.
101. Plotnikoff, G.A.; Quigley, J.M. Prevalence of severe hypovitaminosis D in patients with persistent, nonspecific musculoskeletal pain. Mayo Clin. Proc. 2003, 78, 1463-1470.
102. Le Goaziou, M.F.; Kellou, N.; Flori, M.; Perdrix, C.; Dupraz, C.; Bodier, E.; Souweine, G. Vitamin D supplementation for diffuse musculoskeletal pain: Results of a before-and-after study. Eur. J. Gen. Pract. 2014, 20, 3-9.
103. Garland, C.F.; Kim, J.J.; Mohr, S.B.; Gorham, E.D.; Grant, W.B.; Giovannucci, E.L.; Baggerly, L.; Hofflich, H.; Ramsdell, J.W.; Zeng, K.; et al. Meta-analysis of all-cause mortality according to serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Am. J. Public Health 2014, 104, e43-e50.
104. Chowdhury, R.; Kunutsor, S.; Vitezova, A.; Oliver-Williams, C.; Chowdhury, S.; Kiefte-de-Jong, J.C.; Khan, H.; Baena, C.P.; Prabhakaran, D.; Hoshen, M.B.; et al. Vitamin D and risk of cause specific death: Systematic review and meta-analysis of observational cohort and randomised intervention studies. BMJ 2014, 348, g1903.
105. Spedding, S.; Vanlint, S.; Morris, H.; Scragg, R. Does vitamin D sufficiency equate to a single serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level or are different levels required for non-skeletal diseases? Nutrients 2013, 5, 5127-5139.
106. Ogan, D.; Pritchett, K. Vitamin D and the athlete: Risks, recommendations, and benefits. Nutrients 2013, 5, 1856-1868.
107. Grant, W.B. 25-hydroxyvitamin D and breast cancer, colorectal cancer, and colorectal adenomas: Case-control vs. nested case-control studies. Anticancer Res. 2015, 35, 1153-1160.
108. Looker, A.C.; Mussolino, M.E. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and hip fracture risk in older U.S. White adults. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2008, 23, 143-150.
109. Rothenbacher, D.; Klenk, J.; Denkinger, M.D.; Herbolsheimer, F.; Nikolaus, T.; Peter, R.; Boehm, B.O.; Rapp, K.; Dallmeier, D.; Koenig, W. Prospective evaluation of renal function, serum vitamin D level, and risk of fall and fracture in community-dwelling elderly subjects. Osteoporos. Int. 2014, 25, 923-932.
110. Burgi, A.A.; Gorham, E.D.; Garland, C.F.; Mohr, S.B.; Garland, F.C.; Zeng, K.; Thompson, K.; Lappe, J.M. High serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D is associated with a low incidence of stress fractures. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2011, 26, 2371-2377.
111. Costan, A.R.; Vulpoi, C.; Mocanu, V. Vitamin D fortified bread improves pain and physical function domains of quality of life in nursing home residents. J. Med. Food 2014, 17, 625-631.
112. Sabetta, J.R.; DePetrillo, P.; Cipriani, R.J.; Smardin, J.; Burns, L.A.; Landry, M.L. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and the incidence of acute viral respiratory tract infections in healthy adults. PLoS One 2010, 5, e11088.
113. Parekh, A.K.; Kronick, R.; Tavenner, M. Optimizing health for persons with multiple chronic conditions. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 2014, 312, 1199-1200.
114. Holick, M.F.; Binkley, N.C.; Bischoff-Ferrari, H.A.; Gordon, C.M.; Hanley, D.A.; Heaney, R.P.; Murad, M.H.; Weaver, C.M. Guidelines for preventing and treating vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency revisited. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2012, 97, 1153-1158.
115. Millen, A.E.; Hovey, K.M.; LaMonte, M.J.; Swanson, M.; Andrews, C.A.; Kluczynski, M.A.; Genco, R.J.; Wactawski-Wende, J. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and periodontal disease in postmenopausal women. J. Periodontol. 2013, 84, 1243-1256.
116. Ginde, A.A.; Liu, M.C.; Camargo, C.A., Jr. Demographic differences and trends of vitamin D insufficiency in the US population, 1988-2004. Arch. Intern. Med. 2009, 169, 626-632.
117. Vieth, R. Critique of the considerations for establishing the tolerable upper intake level for vitamin D: Critical need for revision upwards. J. Nutr. 2006, 136, 1117-1122.
118. Araki, T.; Holick, M.F.; Alfonso, B.D.; Charlap, E.; Romero, C.M.; Rizk, D.; Newman, L.G. Vitamin D intoxication with severe hypercalcemia due to manufacturing and labeling errors of two dietary supplements made in the united states. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2011, 96, 3603-3608.
119. Haussler, M.R.; Whitfield, G.K.; Kaneko, I.; Haussler, C.A.; Hsieh, D.; Hsieh, J.C.; Jurutka, P.W. Molecular mechanisms of vitamin D action. Calcif. Tissue Int. 2013, 92, 77-98.
120. Souberbielle, J.C.; Body, J.J.; Lappe, J.M.; Plebani, M.; Shoenfeld, Y.; Wang, T.J.; Bischoff-Ferrari, H.A.; Cavalier, E.; Ebeling, P.R.; Fardellone, P.; et al. Vitamin D and musculoskeletal health, cardiovascular disease, autoimmunity and cancer: Recommendations for clinical practice. Autoimmun. Rev. 2010, 9, 709-715.
121. Godar, D.E.; Pope, S.J.; Grant, W.B.; Holick, M.F. Solar UV doses of adult americans and vitamin D(3) production. Dermato-endocrinology 2011, 3, 243-250.
122. Rolland, Y.; de Souto Barreto, P.; Abellan Van Kan, G.; Annweiler, C.; Beauchet, O.; Bischoff-Ferrari, H.; Berrut, G.; Blain, H.; Bonnefoy, M.; Cesari, M.; et al. Vitamin D supplementation in older adults: Searching for specific guidelines in nursing homes. J. Nutr. Health Aging 2013, 17, 402-412.
123. Pludowski, P.; Holick, M.F.; Pilz, S.; Wagner, C.L.; Hollis, B.W.; Grant, W.B.; Shoenfeld, Y.; Lerchbaum, E.; Llewellyn, D.J.; Kienreich, K.; et al. Vitamin D effects on musculoskeletal health, immunity, autoimmunity, cardiovascular disease, cancer, fertility, pregnancy, dementia and mortality-a review of recent evidence. Autoimmun. Rev. 2013, 12, 976-989.
124. Rizzoli, R.; Boonen, S.; Brandi, M.L.; Bruyere, O.; Cooper, C.; Kanis, J.A.; Kaufman, J.M.; Ringe, J.D.; Weryha, G.; Reginster, J.Y. Vitamin D supplementation in elderly or postmenopausal women: A 2013 update of the 2008 recommendations from the European society for clinical and economic aspects of osteoporosis and osteoarthritis (ESCEO). Curr. Med. Res. Opin. 2013, 29, 305-313.
125. Parks, S.M.; Harper, G.M.; Fernandez, H.; Sauvigne, K.; Leipzig, R.M. American geriatrics society/association of directors of geriatric academic programs curricular milestones for graduating geriatric fellows. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 2014, 62, 930-935.
126. Ross, A.C. The 2011 report on dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D. Public Health Nutr. 2011, 14, 938-939.
127. Heaney, R.P.; Holick, M.F. Why the IOM recommendations for vitamin D are deficient. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2011, 26, 455-457.
128. Hart, J.T. Cochrane lecture 1997. What evidence do we need for evidence based medicine? J. Epidemiol. Commun. Health 1997, 51, 623-629.
129. Gillie, O. Controlled trials of vitamin D, causality and type 2 statistical error. Public Health Nutr. 2014, 5, 1-6.
130. Hathcock, J.N.; Shao, A.; Vieth, R.; Heaney, R. Risk assessment for vitamin D. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2007, 85, 6-18.
131. Ekwaru, J.P.; Zwicker, J.D.; Holick, M.F.; Giovannucci, E.; Veugelers, P.J. The importance of body weight for the dose response relationship of oral vitamin D supplementation and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D in healthy volunteers. PLoS One 2014, 9, e111265.
132. Michaelsson, K.; Baron, J.A.; Snellman, G.; Gedeborg, R.; Byberg, L.; Sundstrom, J.; Berglund, L.; Arnlov, J.; Hellman, P.; Blomhoff, R.; et al. Plasma vitamin D and mortality in older men: A community-based prospective cohort study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2010, 92, 841-848.
133. Durup, D.; Jorgensen, H.L.; Christensen, J.; Schwarz, P.; Heegaard, A.M.; Lind, B. A reverse J-shaped association of all-cause mortality with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D in general practice: The copd study. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2012, 97, 2644-2652.
134. Brouwer-Brolsma, E.M.; Bischoff-Ferrari, H.A.; Bouillon, R.; Feskens, E.J.; Gallagher, C.J.; Hypponen, E.; Llewellyn, D.J.; Stoecklin, E.; Dierkes, J.; Kies, A.K.; et al. Vitamin D: Do we get enough? A discussion between vitamin D experts in order to make a step towards the harmonisation of dietary reference intakes for vitamin D across Europe. Osteoporos. Int. 2013, 24, 1567-1577.
135. Ensrud, K.E.; Ewing, S.K.; Fredman, L.; Hochberg, M.C.; Cauley, J.A.; Hillier, T.A.; Cummings, S.R.; Yaffe, K.; Cawthon, P.M. Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and frailty status in older women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2010, 95, 5266-5273.
136. Amrein, K.; Quraishi, S.A.; Litonjua, A.A.; Gibbons, F.K.; Pieber, T.R.; Camargo, C.A., Jr.; Giovannucci, E.; Christopher, K.B. Evidence for a U-shaped relationship between prehospital vitamin D status and mortality: A cohort study. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2014, 99, 1461-1469.
137. Hypponen, E.; Berry, D.J.; Wjst, M.; Power, C. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and IgE-A significant but nonlinear relationship. Allergy 2009, 64, 613-620.
138. Ensrud, K.E.; Blackwell, T.L.; Cauley, J.A.; Cummings, S.R.; Barrett-Connor, E.; Dam, T.T.; Hoffman, A.R.; Shikany, J.M.; Lane, N.E.; Stefanick, M.L.; et al. Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and frailty in older men: The osteoporotic fractures in men study. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 2011, 59, 101-106.
139. Mellenthin, L.; Wallaschofski, H.; Grotevendt, A.; Volzke, H.; Nauck, M.; Hannemann, A. Association between serum vitamin D concentrations and inflammatory markers in the general adult population. Metab. Clin. Exp. 2014, 63, 1056-1062.
140. Zittermann, A.; Prokop, S. The role of vitamin D for cardiovascular disease and overall mortality. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 2014, 810, 106-119.
141. Maddock, J.; Geoffroy, M.C.; Power, C.; Hypponen, E. 25-hydroxyvitamin D and cognitive performance in mid-life. Br. J. Nutr. 2014, 111, 904-914.
142. Lerchbaum, E.; Pilz, S.; Trummer, C.; Rabe, T.; Schenk, M.; Heijboer, A.C.; Obermayer-Pietsch, B. Serum vitamin D levels and hypogonadism in men. Andrology 2014, 2, 748-754.
143. Conti, G.; Chirico, V.; Lacquaniti, A.; Silipigni, L.; Fede, C.; Vitale, A. Vitamin D intoxication in two brothers: Be careful with dietary supplements. J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab. 2014, 27, 763-767.
144. Vieth, R. Vitamin D and cancer mini-symposium: The risk of additional vitamin D. Ann. Epidemiol. 2009, 19, 441-445.
145. Kara, C.; Gunindi, F.; Ustyol, A.; Aydin, M. Vitamin D intoxication due to an erroneously manufactured dietary supplement in seven children. Pediatrics 2014, 133, 240-244.
146. Autier, P.; Boniol, M.; Pizot, C.; Mullie, P. Vitamin D status and ill health: A systematic review. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2014, 2, 76-89.
147. Theodoratou, E.; Tzoulaki, I.; Zgaga, L.; Ioannidis, J.P. Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: Umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational studies and randomised trials. BMJ 2014, 348, g2035.
148. Cannell, J.J. Paracetamol, oxidative stress, vitamin D and autism spectrum disorders. Int. J. Epidemiol. 2014, 43, 974-975.
149. Heaney, R.P.; Recker, R.R.; Grote, J.; Horst, R.L.; Armas, L.A. Vitamin D(3) is more potent than vitamin D(2) in humans. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2011, 96, 447-452.
150. Demetriou, E.T.; Travison, T.G.; Holick, M.F. Treatment with 50,000 IU vitamin D(2) every other week and effect on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D(2), 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3), and total 25-hydroxyvitamin D in a clinical setting. Endocr. Pract. 2012, 18, 399-402.
151. Alam, U.; Chan, A.W.; Buazon, A.; Van Zeller, C.; Berry, J.L.; Jugdey, R.S.; Asghar, O.; Cruickshank, J.K.; Petropoulos, I.N.; Malik, R.A. Differential effects of different vitamin D replacement strategies in patients with diabetes. J. Diabetes Complications 2014, 28, 66-70.
152. Rouillon, V.; Dubourg, G.; Gauvain, J.B.; Baron, D.; Glemarec, J.; Cormier, G.; Guillot, P. Vitamin D insufficiency: Evaluation of an oral standardized supplementation using 100,000 IU vials of cholecalciferol, depending on initial serum level of 25OH vitamin D. Joint Bone Spine 2012, 79, 399-402.
153. Wallace, T.C.; Reider, C.; Fulgoni, V.L., 3rd. Calcium and vitamin D disparities are related to gender, age, race, household income level, and weight classification but not vegetarian status in the United States: Analysis of the NHANES 2001-2008 data set. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 2013, 32, 321-330.
154. Crowe, F.L.; Steur, M.; Allen, N.E.; Appleby, P.N.; Travis, R.C.; Key, T.J. Plasma concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in meat eaters, fish eaters, vegetarians and vegans: Results from the EPIC-Oxford study. Public Health Nutr. 2011, 14, 340-346.
155. Garland, C.F.; French, C.B.; Baggerly, L.L.; Heaney, R.P. Vitamin D supplement doses and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D in the range associated with cancer prevention. Anticancer Res. 2011, 31, 607-611.
156. Denimal, D.; Ducros, V.; Dupre, T.; Dousset, B.; Meunier, C.; Aho, S.; Guilland, J.C.; Lemaire-Ewing, S. Agreement of seven 25-hydroxy vitamin D(3) immunoassays and three high performance liquid chromatography methods with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 2014, 52, 511-520.
157. Enko, D.; Fridrich, L.; Rezanka, E.; Stolba, R.; Ernst, J.; Wendler, I.; Daniel, F.; Hauptlorenz, S.; Halwachs-Baumann, G. 25-hydroxy-vitamin D status: Limitations in comparison and clinical interpretation of serum-levels across different assay methods. Clin. Lab. 2014, 60, 1541-1550.
158. Carter, G.D. 25-hydroxyvitamin D: A difficult analyte. Clin.Chem. 2012, 58, 486-488.