Investigation of secondary formation of formic acid: Urban environment vs. oil and gas producing region

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

Volumn 15, Issue 4, 2015, Pages 1975-1993

  Yuan, B ^a,b   Veres, P R ^a,b   Warneke, C ^a,b   Roberts, J M ^a   Gilman, J B ^a,b   Koss, A ^a,b   Edwards, P M ^a,b,i   Graus, M ^a,b,j   Kuster, W C ^a,b   Li, S M ^c   Wild, R J ^a,b   Brown, S S ^a   Dube W P ^a,b   Lerner, B M ^a,b   Williams, E J ^a   Johnson, J E ^d,e   Quinn, P K ^e   Bates, T S ^d,e   Lefer, B ^f   Hayes, P L ^b,k   Jimenez, J L ^b   Weber, R J ^g   Zamora, R ^a   Ervens, B ^a,b   Millet, D B ^h   Rappengluck B ^f   De Gouw, J A ^a,b   more..

^a EARTH SYSTEM RESEARCH LABORATORY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

^c ENVIRONMENT CANADA   (Canada)

^d UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^e NOAA PACIFIC MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL LABORATORY   (United States)

^f University of Houston   (United States)

^g GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^h UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

ⁱ UNIVERSITY OF YORK   (United Kingdom)

^j UNIVERSITY OF INNSBRUCK   (Austria)

^k UNIVERSITÉ DE MONTRÉAL   (Canada)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; CONCENTRATION (COMPOSITION); FORMIC ACID; GAS PRODUCTION; OIL PRODUCTION; OXIDATION; PHOTOCHEMISTRY; URBAN ATMOSPHERE;

CALIFORNIA; PASADENA; UINTA BASIN; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84923583912     PISSN: 16807316     EISSN: 16807324     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/acp-15-1975-2015     Document Type: Article

References (104)

1. Abbatt, J. P. D., Lee, A. K. Y., and Thornton, J. A.: Quantifying trace gas uptake to tropospheric aerosol: recent advances and remaining challenges, Chem. Soc. Rev., 41, 6555-6581, 2012.
2. Akagi, S. K., Yokelson, R. J., Wiedinmyer, C., Alvarado, M. J., Reid, J. S., Karl, T., Crounse, J. D., and Wennberg, P. O.: Emission factors for open and domestic biomass burning for use in atmospheric models, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 4039-4072, doi:10.5194/acp-11-4039-2011, 2011.
3. Alam, M. S., Camredon, M., Rickard, A. R., Carr, T., Wyche, K. P., Hornsby, K. E., Monks, P. S., and Bloss, W. J.: Total radical yields from tropospheric ethene ozonolysis, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 13, 11002-11015, doi:10.1039/c0cp02342f, 2011.
4. Andrews, D. U., Heazlewood, B. R., Maccarone, A. T., Conroy, T., Payne, R. J., Jordan, M. J. T., and Kable, S. H.: Photo-tautomerization of Acetaldehyde to Vinyl Alcohol: A Potential Route to Tropospheric Acids, Science, 337, 1203-1206, doi:10.1126/science.1220712, 2012.
5. Apel, E. C., Emmons, L. K., Karl, T., Flocke, F., Hills, A. J., Madronich, S., Lee-Taylor, J., Fried, A., Weibring, P., Walega, J., Richter, D., Tie, X., Mauldin, L., Campos, T., Weinheimer, A., Knapp, D., Sive, B., Kleinman, L., Springston, S., Zaveri, R., Ortega, J., Voss, P., Blake, D., Baker, A., Warneke, C., Welsh-Bon, D., de Gouw, J., Zheng, J., Zhang, R., Rudolph, J., Junkermann, W., and Riemer, D. D.: Chemical evolution of volatile organic compounds in the outflow of the Mexico City Metropolitan area, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 2353-2375, doi:10.5194/acp-10-2353-2010, 2010.
6. Arakaki, T., Anastasio, C., Kuroki, Y., Nakajima, H., Okada, K., Kotani, Y., Handa, D., Azechi, S., Kimura, T., Tsuhako, A., and Miyagi, Y.: A General Scavenging Rate Constant for Reaction of Hydroxyl Radical with Organic Carbon in Atmospheric Waters, Envir. Sci. Tech. Lib., 47, 8196-8203, doi:10.1021/es401927b, 2013.
7. Archibald, A. T., McGillen, M. R., Taatjes, C. A., Percival, C. J., and Shallcross, D. E.: Atmospheric transformation of enols: A potential secondary source of carboxylic acids in the urban troposphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L21801, doi:10.1029/2007gl031032, 2007.
8. 2 radicals, Atmos. Sci. Lett., 10, 102-108, doi:10.1002/asl.216, 2009.
9. Atkinson, R. and Arey, J.: Atmospheric degradation of volatile organic compounds, Chem. Rev., 103, 4605-4638, doi:10.1021/Cr0206420, 2003.
10. Atkinson, R., Baulch, D. L., Cox, R. A., Crowley, J. N., Hamp-son, R. F., Hynes, R. G., Jenkin, M. E., Rossi, M. J., Troe, J., and IUPAC Subcommittee: Evaluated kinetic and photochemical data for atmospheric chemistry: Volume II-gas phase reactions of organic species, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 3625-4055, doi:10.5194/acp-6-3625-2006, 2006.
11. Baltensperger, U., Kalberer, M., Dommen, J., Paulsen, D., Alfarra, M., Coe, H., Fisseha, R., Gascho, A., Gysel, M., and Nyeki, S.: Secondary organic aerosols from anthropogenic and biogenic precursors, Faraday Discuss, 130, 265-278, 2005.
12. Bannan, T. J., Bacak, A., Muller, J. B. A., Booth, A. M., Jones, B., Le Breton, M., Leather, K. E., Ghalaieny, M., Xiao, P., Shall-cross, D. E., and Percival, C. J.: Importance of direct anthropogenic emissions of formic acid measured by a chemical ionisation mass spectrometer (CIMS) during the Winter ClearfLo Campaign in London, January 2012, Atmos. Environ., 83, 301-310, doi:10.1016/J.Atmosenv.2013.10.029, 2014.
13. Bates, K. H., Crounse, J. D., St. Clair, J. M., Bennett, N. B., Nguyen, T. B., Seinfeld, J. H., Stoltz, B. M., and Wennberg, P. O.: Gas Phase Production and Loss of Isoprene Epoxydiols, J. Phys. Chem. A, 118, 1237-1246, doi:10.1021/jp4107958, 2014.
14. Berndt, T. and Böge, O.: Gas-phase reaction of OH radicals with benzene: products and mechanism, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 3, 4946-4956, doi:10.1039/b106667f, 2001.
15. Berndt, T., Böge, O., and Herrmann, H.: On the formation of benzene oxide/oxepin in the gas-phase reaction of OH radicals with benzene, Chem. Phys. Lett., 314, 435-442, doi:10.1016/S0009-2614(99)01041-6, 1999.
16. Bertram, A. K., Ivanov, A. V., Hunter, M., Molina, L. T., and Molina, M. J.: The Reaction Probability of OH on Organic Surfaces of Tropospheric Interest, J. Phys. Chem. A, 105, 9415-9421, doi:10.1021/jp0114034, 2001.
17. Bon, D. M., Ulbrich, I. M., de Gouw, J. A., Warneke, C., Kuster, W. C., Alexander, M. L., Baker, A., Beyersdorf, A. J., Blake, D., Fall, R., Jimenez, J. L., Herndon, S. C., Huey, L. G., Knighton, W. B., Ortega, J., Springston, S., and Vargas, O.: Measurements of volatile organic compounds at a suburban ground site (T1) in Mexico City during the MILAGRO 2006 campaign: measurement comparison, emission ratios, and source attribution, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 2399-2421, doi:10.5194/acp-11-2399-2011, 2011.
18. Borbon, A., Gilman, J. B., Kuster, W. C., Grand, N., Chevaillier, S., Colomb, A., Dolgorouky, C., Gros, V., Lopez, M., Sarda-Esteve, R., Holloway, J., Stutz, J., Petetin, H., McKeen, S., Beekmann, M., Warneke, C., Parrish, D. D., and de Gouw, J. A.: Emission ratios of anthropogenic volatile organic compounds in northern mid-latitude megacities: Observations vs. emission inventories in Los Angeles and Paris, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118, 1-17, doi:10.1002/jgrd.50059, 2013.
19. 2 and OH radicals, Chem. Phys. Lett., 593, 7-13, doi:10.1016/j.cplett.2013.12.052, 2014.
20. Butkovskaya, N. I., Pouvesle, N., Kukui, A., and Le Bras, G.: Mechanism of the OH-Initiated Oxidation of Glycolaldehyde over the Temperature Range 233-296, J. Phys. Chem. A, 110, 13492-13499, doi:10.1021/jp064993k, 2006a.
21. Butkovskaya, N. I., Pouvesle, N., Kukui, A., Mu, Y., and Le Bras, G.: Mechanism of the OH-Initiated Oxidation of Hydroxyace-tone over the Temperature Range 236-298 K, J. Phys. Chem. A, 110, 6833-6843, doi:10.1021/jp056345r, 2006b.
22. Cady-Pereira, K. E., Chaliyakunnel, S., Shephard, M. W., Millet, D. B., Luo, M., and Wells, K. C.: HCOOH measurements from space: TES retrieval algorithm and observed global distribution, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7, 2297-2311, doi:10.5194/amt-7-2297-2014, 2014.
23. Carlton, A. G., Turpin, B. J., Lim, H. J., Altieri, K. E., and Seitzinger, S.: Link between isoprene and secondary organic aerosol (SOA): Pyruvic acid oxidation yields low volatility organic acids in clouds, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L06822, doi:10.1029/2005gl025374, 2006.
24. Carlton, A. G., Turpin, B. J., Altieri, K. E., Seitzinger, S., Reff, A., Lim, H.-J., and Ervens, B.: Atmospheric oxalic acid and SOA production from glyoxal: Results of aqueous photooxidation experiments, Atmos. Environ., 41, 7588-7602, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.05.035, 2007.
25. Chameides, W. L. and Davis, D. D.: Aqueous-phase source of formic acid in clouds, Nature, 304, 427-429, 1983.
26. Chebbi, A. and Carlier, P.: Carboxylic acids in the troposphere, occurrence, sources, and sinks: A review, Atmos. Environ., 30, 4233-4249, 1996.
27. Crisp, T. A., Brady, J. M., Cappa, C. D., Collier, S., Forestieri, S. D., Kleeman, M. J., Kuwayama, T., Lerner, B. M., Williams, E. J., Zhang, Q., and Bertram, T. H.: On the primary emission of formic acid from light duty gasoline vehicles and ocean-going vessels, Atmos. Environ., 98, 426-433, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.08.070, 2014.
28. da Silva, G.: Carboxylic Acid Catalyzed Keto-Enol Tautomeriza-tions in the Gas Phase, Ange. Chem. Int. Edit., 49, 7523-7525, doi:10.1002/anie.201003530, 2010.
29. 2 with Cl and ClO, J. Chim. Phys. Pcb., 93, 1081-1099, 1996.
30. de Gouw, J. A., Middlebrook, A. M., Warneke, C., Goldan, P. D., Kuster, W. C., Roberts, J. M., Fehsenfeld, F. C., Worsnop, D. R., Canagaratna, M. R., Pszenny, A. A. P., Keene, W. C., Marchewka, M., Bertman, S. B., and Bates, T. S.: Budget of organic carbon in a polluted atmosphere: Results from the New England Air Quality Study in 2002, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 110, D16305, doi:10.1029/2004jd005623, 2005.
31. Di Carlo, P., Brune, W. H., Martinez, M., Harder, H., Lesher, R., Ren, X., Thornberry, T., Carroll, M. A., Young, V., Shepson, P. B., Riemer, D., Apel, E., and Campbell, C.: Missing OH Reactivity in a Forest: Evidence for Unknown Reactive Biogenic VOCs, Science, 304, 722-725, doi:10.1126/science.1094392, 2004.
32. Dibb, J. E. and Arsenault, M.: Shouldn't snowpacks be sources of monocarboxylic acids?, Atmos. Environ., 36, 2513-2522, doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00131-0, 2002.
33. 2O5 via pulsed cavity ring-down spectroscopy, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 77, 034101, doi:10.1063/1.2176058, 2006.
34. Dubowski, Y., Vieceli, J., Tobias, D. J., Gomez, A., Lin, A., Nizko-rodov, S. A., McIntire, T. M., and Finlayson-Pitts, B. J.: Interaction of Gas-Phase Ozone at 296K with Unsaturated Self-Assembled Monolayers:? A New Look at an Old System, J. Phys. Chem. A, 108, 10473-10485, doi:10.1021/jp046604x, 2004.
35. Edwards, P. M., Young, C. J., Aikin, K., deGouw, J., Dubé, W. P., Geiger, F., Gilman, J., Helmig, D., Holloway, J. S., Kercher, J., Lerner, B., Martin, R., McLaren, R., Parrish, D. D., Peischl, J., Roberts, J. M., Ryerson, T. B., Thornton, J., Warneke, C., Williams, E. J., and Brown, S. S.: Ozone photochemistry in an oil and natural gas extraction region during winter: simulations of a snow-free season in the Uintah Basin, Utah, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 8955-8971, doi:10.5194/acp-13-8955-2013, 2013.
36. Edwards, P. M., Brown, S. S., Roberts, J. M., Ahmadov, R., Banta, R. M., deGouw, J. A., Dube, W. P., Field, R. A., Flynn, J. H., Gilman, J. B., Graus, M., Helmig, D., Koss, A., Langford, A. O., Lefer, B. L., Lerner, B. M., Li, R., Li, S. M., McKeen, S. A., Murphy, S. M., Parrish, D. D., Senff, C. J., Soltis, J., Stutz, J., Sweeney, C., Thompson, C. R., Trainer, M. K., Tsai, C., Veres, P. R., Washenfelder, R. A., Warneke, C., Wild, R. J., Young, C. J., Yuan, B., and Zamora, R.: High winter ozone pollution from carbonyl photolysis in an oil and gas basin, Nature, 514, 351-354, doi:10.1038/nature13767, 2014.
37. Eliason, T. L., Gilman, J. B., and Vaida, V.: Oxidation of organic films relevant to atmospheric aerosols, Atmos. Environ., 38, 1367-1378, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.11.025, 2004.
38. Emmerson, K. M. and Evans, M. J.: Comparison of tropospheric gas-phase chemistry schemes for use within global models, At-mos. Chem. Phys., 9, 1831-1845, doi:10.5194/acp-9-1831-2009, 2009.
39. 2 in the remote atmosphere, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 7700-7701, doi:10.1021/es502481q, 2014.
40. Fried, A., Crawford, J., Olson, J., Walega, J., Potter, W., Wert, B., Jordan, C., Anderson, B., Shetter, R., Lefer, B., Blake, D., Blake, N., Meinardi, S., Heikes, B., O'Sullivan, D., Snow, J., Fuelberg, H., Kiley, C. M., Sandholm, S., Tan, D., Sachse, G., Singh, H., Faloona, I., Harward, C. N., and Carmichael, G. R.: Airborne tunable diode laser measurements of formaldehyde during TRACE-P: Distributions and box model comparisons, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 8798, doi:10.1029/2003jd003451, 2003.
41. Fried, A., Walega, J. G., Olson, J. R., Crawford, J. H., Chen, G., Weibring, P., Richter, D., Roller, C., Tittel, F. K., Heikes, B. G., Snow, J. A., Shen, H., O'Sullivan, D. W., Porter, M., Fuelberg, H., Halland, J., and Millet, D. B.: Formaldehyde over North America and the North Atlantic during the summer 2004 INTEX campaign: Methods, observed distributions, and measurement-model comparisons, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D10302, doi:10.1029/2007jd009185, 2008.
42. Gilman, J. B., Lerner, B. M., Kuster, W. C., and de Gouw, J. A.: Source signature of volatile organic compounds from oil and natural gas operations in northeastern Colorado, Environ. Sci. Tech-nol., 47, 1297-1305, doi:10.1021/es304119a, 2013.
43. Grosjean, D., Williams, E. L., and Grosjean, E.: Atmospheric Chemistry of Isoprene and of Its Carbonyl Products, Environ. Sci. Technol., 27, 830-840, 1993.
44. Hatakeyama, S., Washida, N., and Akimoto, H.: Rate constants and mechanisms for the reaction of hydroxyl (OD) radicals with acetylene, propyne, and 2-butyne in air at 297 ± 2 K, J. Phys. Chem., 90, 173-178, doi:10.1021/j100273a039, 1986.
45. Helmig, D., Thompson, C. R., Evans, J., Boylan, P., Hueber, J., and Park, J. H.: Highly elevated atmospheric levels of volatile organic compounds in the Uintah Basin, Utah, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 4707-4715, doi:10.1021/es405046r, 2014.
46. Herckes, P., Valsaraj, K. T., and Collett Jr, J. L.: A review of observations of organic matter in fogs and clouds: Origin, processing and fate, Atmos. Res., 132-133, 434-449, doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2013.06.005, 2013.
47. Hersey, S. P., Craven, J. S., Metcalf, A. R., Lin, J., Lathem, T., Suski, K. J., Cahill, J. F., Duong, H. T., Sorooshian, A., Jonsson, H. H., Shiraiwa, M., Zuend, A., Nenes, A., Prather, K. A., Flagan, R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Composition and hygroscopicity of the Los Angeles Aerosol: CalNex, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118, 3016-3036, doi:10.1002/jgrd.50307, 2013.
48. Hu, L., Millet, D. B., Kim, S. Y., Wells, K. C., Griffis, T. J., Fischer, E. V., Helmig, D., Hueber, J., and Curtis, A. J.: North American acetone sources determined from tall tower measurements and inverse modeling, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 3379-3392, doi:10.5194/acp-13-3379-2013, 2013.
49. Ito, A., Sillman, S., and Penner, J. E.: Effects of additional non-methane volatile organic compounds, organic nitrates, and direct emissions of oxygenated organic species on global tro-pospheric chemistry, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 112, D06309, doi:10.1029/2005jd006556, 2007.
50. Jacobi, H.-W., Bales, R. C., Honrath, R. E., Peterson, M. C., Dibb, J. E., Swanson, A. L., and Albert, M. R.: Reactive trace gases measured in the interstitial air of surface snow at Summit, Greenland, Atmos. Environ., 38, 1687-1697, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.01.004, 2004.
51. Jardine, K., Yañez Serrano, A., Arneth, A., Abrell, L., Jardine, A., Artaxo, P., Alves, E., Kesselmeier, J., Taylor, T., Saleska, S., and Huxman, T.: Ecosystem-scale compensation points of formic and acetic acid in the central Amazon, Biogeosciences, 8, 3709-3720, doi:10.5194/bg-8-3709-2011, 2011.
52. 2 reaction in the gas phase, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 9, 3149-3162, doi:10.1039/b702757e, 2007.
53. Jenkin, M. E., Wyche, K. P., Evans, C. J., Carr, T., Monks, P. S., Alfarra, M. R., Barley, M. H., McFiggans, G. B., Young, J. C., and Rickard, A. R.: Development and chamber evaluation of the MCM v3.2 degradation scheme for β-caryophyllene, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 5275-5308, doi:10.5194/acp-12-5275-2012, 2012.
54. Karton, A.: Inorganic acid-catalyzed tautomerization of vinyl alcohol to acetaldehyde, Chem. Phys. Lett., 592, 330-333, doi:10.1016/j.cplett.2013.12.062, 2014.
55. Kawamura, K., Steinberg, S., and Kaplan, I. R.: Homologous series of C1-C10 monocarboxylic acids and C1-C6 carbonyls in Los Angeles air and motor vehicle exhausts, Atmos. Environ., 34, 4175-4191, 2000.
56. Keene, W. C., Mosher, B. W., Jacob, D. J., Munger, J. W., Talbot, R. W., Artz, R. S., Maben, J. R., Daube, B. C., and Galloway, J. N.: Carboxylic acids in clouds at a high-elevation forested site in central Virginia, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 100, 9345-9357, doi:10.1029/94JD01247, 1995.
57. Khare, P., Kumar, N., Kumari, K. M., and Srivastava, S. S.: Atmospheric formic and acetic acids: An overview, Rev. Geophys., 37, 227-248, 1999.
58. Kwan, A. J., Crounse, J. D., Clarke, A. D., Shinozuka, Y., Anderson, B. E., Crawford, J. H., Avery, M. A., McNaughton, C. S., Brune, W. H., Singh, H. B., and Wennberg, P. O.: On the flux of oxygenated volatile organic compounds from organic aerosol oxidation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L15815, doi:10.1029/2006GL026144, 2006.
59. Le Breton, M., McGillen, M. R., Muller, J. B. A., Bacak, A., Shall-cross, D. E., Xiao, P., Huey, L. G., Tanner, D., Coe, H., and Per-cival, C. J.: Airborne observations of formic acid using a chemical ionization mass spectrometer, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 5, 3029-3039, doi:10.5194/amt-5-3029-2012, 2012.
60. Le Breton, M., Bacak, A., Muller, J. B. A., Xiao, P., Shallcross, B. M. A., Batt, R., Cooke, M. C., Shallcross, D. E., Baugui-tte, S. J. B., and Percival, C. J.: Simultaneous airborne nitric acid and formic acid measurements using a chemical ioniza-tion mass spectrometer around the UK: Analysis of primary and secondary production pathways, Atmos. Environ., 83, 166-175, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.10.008, 2014.
61. Leather, K. E., McGillen, M. R., Cooke, M. C., Utembe, S. R., Archibald, A. T., Jenkin, M. E., Derwent, R. G., Shallcross, D. E., and Percival, C. J.: Acid-yield measurements of the gas-phase ozonolysis of ethene as a function of humidity using Chemical Ionisation Mass Spectrometry (CIMS), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 469-479, doi:10.5194/acp-12-469-2012, 2012.
62. Lee, A., Goldstein, A. H., Keywood, M. D., Gao, S., Varutbangkul, V., Bahreini, R., Ng, N. L., Flagan, R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Gas-phase products and secondary aerosol yields from the ozonolysis of ten different terpenes, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 111, D07302, doi:10.1029/2005jd006437, 2006.
63. Lewis, A. C., Carslaw, N., Marriott, P. J., Kinghorn, R. M., Morrison, P., Lee, A. L., Bartle, K. D., and Pilling, M. J.: A larger pool of ozone-forming carbon compounds in urban atmospheres, Nature, 405, 778-781, 2000.
64. Li, X., Rohrer, F., Brauers, T., Hofzumahaus, A., Lu, K., Shao, M., Zhang, Y. H., and Wahner, A.: Modeling of HCHO and CHO-CHO at a semi-rural site in southern China during the PRIDE-PRD2006 campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 12291-12305, doi:10.5194/acp-14-12291-2014, 2014.
65. Lide, D. R.: CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, avialable at: http://www.hbcpnetbase.com, 2005
66. Liu, J., Zhang, X., Parker, E. T., Veres, P. R., Roberts, J. M., de Gouw, J. A., Hayes, P. L., Jimenez, J. L., Murphy, J. G., Ellis, R. A., Huey, L. G., and Weber, R. J.: On the gas-particle partitioning of soluble organic aerosol in two urban atmospheres with contrasting emissions: 2. Gas and particle phase formic acid, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D00V21, doi:10.1029/2012jd017912, 2012.
67. Maricq, M. M., Szente, J. J., Kaiser, E. W., and Shi, J.: Reaction of Chlorine Atoms with Methylperoxy and Ethylperoxy Radicals, J. Phys. Chem., 98, 2083-2089, doi:10.1021/j100059a017, 1994.
68. McCabe, J. and Abbatt, J. P. D.: Heterogeneous Loss of Gas-Phase Ozone on n-Hexane Soot Surfaces: Similar Kinetics to Loss on Other Chemically Unsaturated Solid Surfaces, J. Phys. Chem. C, 113, 2120-2127, doi:10.1021/jp806771q, 2008.
69. Molina, M. J., Ivanov, A. V., Trakhtenberg, S., and Molina, L. T.: Atmospheric evolution of organic aerosol, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L22104, doi:10.1029/2004gl020910, 2004.
70. Muller, J. F. and Peeters, J.: Interactive comment on "HCOOH measurements from space: TES retrieval algorithm and observed global distribution" by K. E. Cady-Pereira et al., Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., 7, C312-C314, 2014.
71. Neeb, P., Sauer, F., Horie, O., and Moortgat, G. K.: Formation of hydroxymethyl hydroperoxide and formic acid in alkene ozonol-ysis in the presence of water vapour, Atmos. Environ., 31, 1417-1423, doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(96)00322-6, 1997.
72. Norton, R. B.: Measurements of formate and acetate in precipitation at Niwot Ridge and Boulder, Colorado, Geophys. Res. Lett., 12, 769-772, doi:10.1029/GL012i011p00769, 1985.
73. Orlando, J. J., Nozière, B., Tyndall, G. S., Orzechowska, G. E., Paulson, S. E., and Rudich, Y.: Product studies of the OH-and ozone-initiated oxidation of some monoterpenes, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 105, 11561-11572, doi:10.1029/2000jd900005, 2000.
74. Orlando, J., Tyndall, G., and Taraborrelli, D.: Atmospheric Oxidation of Two Isoprene By-Products, Hydroxyacetone and Glyco-laldehyde, AGU Fall Meeting 2012, San Francisco, 3-7 December, 2012.
75. Paulot, F., Crounse, J. D., Kjaergaard, H. G., Kroll, J. H., Seinfeld, J. H., and Wennberg, P. O.: Isoprene photooxidation: new insights into the production of acids and organic nitrates, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 1479-1501, doi:10.5194/acp-9-1479-2009, 2009a.
76. Paulot, F., Crounse, J. D., Kjaergaard, H. G., Kurten, A., St Clair, J. M., Seinfeld, J. H., and Wennberg, P. O.: Unexpected Epoxide Formation in the Gas-Phase Photooxidation of Isoprene, Science, 325, 730-733, doi:10.1126/science.1172910, 2009b.
77. Paulot, F., Wunch, D., Crounse, J. D., Toon, G. C., Millet, D. B., DeCarlo, P. F., Vigouroux, C., Deutscher, N. M., González Abad, G., Notholt, J., Warneke, T., Hannigan, J. W., Warneke, C., de Gouw, J. A., Dunlea, E. J., De Mazière, M., Griffith, D. W. T., Bernath, P., Jimenez, J. L., and Wennberg, P. O.: Importance of secondary sources in the atmospheric budgets of formic and acetic acids, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 1989-2013, doi:10.5194/acp-11-1989-2011, 2011.
78. Perri, M. J., Seitzinger, S., and Turpin, B. J.: Secondary organic aerosol production from aqueous photooxidation of glycolalde-hyde: Laboratory experiments, Atmos. Environ., 43, 1487-1497, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.11.037, 2009.
79. Russell, L. M., Bahadur, R., and Ziemann, P. J.: Identifying organic aerosol sources by comparing functional group composition in chamber and atmospheric particles, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 108, 3516-3521, doi:10.1073/pnas.1006461108, 2011.
80. Ryerson, T. B., Andrews, A. E., Angevine, W. M., Bates, T. S., Brock, C. A., Cairns, B., Cohen, R. C., Cooper, O. R., de Gouw, J. A., Fehsenfeld, F. C., Ferrare, R. A., Fischer, M. L., Flagan, R. C., Goldstein, A. H., Hair, J. W., Hardesty, R. M., Hostetler, C. A., Jimenez, J. L., Langford, A. O., McCauley, E., McKeen, S. A., Molina, L. T., Nenes, A., Oltmans, S. J., Parrish, D. D., Peder-son, J. R., Pierce, R. B., Prather, K., Quinn, P. K., Seinfeld, J. H., Senff, C. J., Sorooshian, A., Stutz, J., Surratt, J. D., Trainer, M., Volkamer, R., Williams, E. J., and Wofsy, S. C.: The 2010 California Research at the Nexus of Air Quality and Climate Change (CalNex) field study, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118, 5830-5866, doi:10.1002/jgrd.50331, 2013.
81. Saunders, S. M., Jenkin, M. E., Derwent, R. G., and Pilling, M. J.: Protocol for the development of the Master Chemical Mechanism, MCM v3 (Part A): tropospheric degradation of non-aromatic volatile organic compounds, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 161-180, doi:10.5194/acp-3-161-2003, 2003.
82. Slusher, D. L., Huey, L. G., Tanner, D. J., Flocke, F. M., and Roberts, J. M.: A thermal dissociation chemical ionization mass spectrometry (TD-CIMS) technique for the simultaneous measurement of peroxyacyl nitrates and dinitrogen pentoxide, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D19315, doi:10.1029/2004jd004670, 2004.
83. 2 Reaction Mechanism, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 6694-6701, doi:10.1021/es500319q, 2014.
84. Sommariva, R., de Gouw, J. A., Trainer, M., Atlas, E., Goldan, P. D., Kuster, W. C., Warneke, C., and Fehsenfeld, F. C.: Emissions and photochemistry of oxygenated VOCs in urban plumes in the Northeastern United States, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 7081-7096, doi:10.5194/acp-11-7081-2011, 2011.
85. Stavrakou, T., Muller, J. F., Peeters, J., Razavi, A., Clarisse, L., Clerbaux, C., Coheur, P. F., Hurtmans, D., De Maziere, M., Vigouroux, C., Deutscher, N. M., Griffith, D. W. T., Jones, N., and Paton-Walsh, C.: Satellite evidence for a large source of formic acid from boreal and tropical forests, Nature Geosci., 5, 26-30, 2012.
86. Talbot, R. W., Beecher, K. M., Harriss, R. C., and Cofer III, W. R.: Atmospheric Geochemistry of Formic and Acetic Acids at a Mid-Latitude Temperate Site, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 1638-1652, doi:10.1029/JD093iD02p01638, 1988.
87. Tan, Y., Carlton, A. G., Seitzinger, S. P., and Turpin, B. J.: SOA from methylglyoxal in clouds and wet aerosols: Measurement and prediction of key products, Atmos. Environ., 44, 5218-5226, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.08.045, 2010.
88. Thomas, E. R., Frost, G. J., and Rudich, Y.: Reactive uptake of ozone by proxies for organic aerosols: Surface-bound and gas-phase products, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 106, 3045-3056, doi:10.1029/2000jd900595, 2001.
89. Veres, P., Roberts, J. M., Warneke, C., Welsh-Bon, D., Zahniser, M., Herndon, S., Fall, R., and de Gouw, J.: Development of negative-ion proton-transfer chemical-ionization mass spectrom-etry (NI-PT-CIMS) for the measurement of gas-phase organic acids in the atmosphere, Int. J. Mass Spectrom., 274, 48-55, doi:10.1016/j.ijms.2008.04.032, 2008.
90. Veres, P., Gilman, J. B., Roberts, J. M., Kuster, W. C., Warneke, C., Burling, I. R., and de Gouw, J.: Development and validation of a portable gas phase standard generation and calibration system for volatile organic compounds, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 3, 683-691, doi:10.5194/amt-3-683-2010, 2010.
91. Veres, P. R., Roberts, J. M., Cochran, A. K., Gilman, J. B., Kuster, W. C., Holloway, J. S., Graus, M., Flynn, J., Lefer, B., Warneke, C., and de Gouw, J.: Evidence of rapid production of organic acids in an urban air mass, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L17807, doi:10.1029/2011gl048420, 2011.
92. Vet, R., Artz, R. S., Carou, S., Shaw, M., Ro, C.-U., Aas, W., Baker, A., Bowersox, V. C., Dentener, F., Galy-Lacaux, C., Hou, A., Pienaar, J. J., Gillett, R., Forti, M. C., Gromov, S., Hara, H., Khodzher, T., Mahowald, N. M., Nickovic, S., Rao, P. S. P., and Reid, N. W.: A global assessment of precipitation chemistry and deposition of sulfur, nitrogen, sea salt, base cations, organic acids, acidity and pH, and phosphorus, Atmos. Environ., 93, 3-100, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.10.060, 2014.
93. Vlasenko, A., George, I. J., and Abbatt, J. P. D.: Formation of Volatile Organic Compounds in the Heterogeneous Oxidation of Condensed-Phase Organic Films by Gas-Phase OH, J. Phys. Chem. A, 112, 1552-1560, doi:10.1021/jp0772979, 2008.
94. Warneke, C., de Gouw, J. A., Lovejoy, E. R., Murphy, P. C., Kuster, W. C., and Fall, R.: Development of proton-transfer ion trap-mass spectrometry: On-line detection and identification of volatile organic compounds in air, J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom., 16, 1316-1324, doi:10.1016/j.jasms.2005.03.025, 2005.
95. Warneke, C., Veres, P., Holloway, J. S., Stutz, J., Tsai, C., Alvarez, S., Rappenglueck, B., Fehsenfeld, F. C., Graus, M., Gilman, J. B., and de Gouw, J. A.: Airborne formaldehyde measurements using PTR-MS: calibration, humidity dependence, inter-comparison and initial results, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 4, 2345-2358, doi:10.5194/amt-4-2345-2011, 2011.
96. Warneke, C., Geiger, F., Edwards, P. M., Dube, W., Pétron, G., Kofler, J., Zahn, A., Brown, S. S., Graus, M., Gilman, J. B., Lerner, B. M., Peischl, J., Ryerson, T. B., de Gouw, J. A., and Roberts, J. M.: Volatile organic compound emissions from the oil and natural gas industry in the Uintah Basin, Utah: oil and gas well pad emissions compared to ambient air composition, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 10977-10988, doi:10.5194/acp-14-10977-2014, 2014.
97. Welz, O., Eskola, A. J., Sheps, L., Rotavera, B., Savee, J. D., Scheer, A. M., Osborn, D. L., Lowe, D., Murray Booth, A., Xiao, P., Anwar H. Khan, M., Percival, C. J., Shallcross, D. E., and Taatjes, C. A.: Rate Coefficients of C1 and C2 Criegee Intermediate Reactions with Formic and Acetic Acid Near the Collision Limit: Direct Kinetics Measurements and Atmospheric Implications, Ange. Chem. Int. Edit., 126, 4635-4638, doi:10.1002/ange.201400964, 2014.
98. Wesely, M. L.: Parameterization of surface resistances to gaseous dry deposition in regional-scale numerical models, Atmos. Environ., 23, 1293-1304, doi:10.1016/0004-6981(89)90153-4, 1989.
99. 3 via Cavity Ring-down Spectroscopy, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 9609-9615, doi:10.1021/es501896w, 2014.
100. Wyche, K. P., Monks, P. S., Ellis, A. M., Cordell, R. L., Parker, A. E., Whyte, C., Metzger, A., Dommen, J., Duplissy, J., Prevot, A. S. H., Baltensperger, U., Rickard, A. R., and Wulfert, F.: Gas phase precursors to anthropogenic secondary organic aerosol: detailed observations of 1, 3, 5-trimethylbenzene photooxidation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 635-665, doi:10.5194/acp-9-635-2009, 2009.
101. Yatavelli, R. L. N., Stark, H., Thompson, S. L., Kimmel, J. R., Cubi-son, M. J., Day, D. A., Campuzano-Jost, P., Palm, B. B., Hodzic, A., Thornton, J. A., Jayne, J. T., Worsnop, D. R., and Jimenez, J. L.: Semicontinuous measurements of gas-particle partitioning of organic acids in a ponderosa pine forest using a MOVI-HRToF-CIMS, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 1527-1546, doi:10.5194/acp-14-1527-2014, 2014.
102. Zhang, R., Suh, I., Zhao, J., Zhang, D., Fortner, E. C., Tie, X., Molina, L. T., and Molina, M. J.: Atmospheric New Particle Formation Enhanced by Organic Acids, Science, 304, 1487-1490, 10.1126/science.1095139, 2004.
103. Zhang, X., Liu, J., Parker, E. T., Hayes, P. L., Jimenez, J. L., de Gouw, J. A., Flynn, J. H., Grossberg, N., Lefer, B. L., and Weber, R. J.: On the gas-particle partitioning of soluble organic aerosol in two urban atmospheres with contrasting emissions: 1. Bulk water-soluble organic carbon, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D00V16, doi:10.1029/2012jd017908, 2012.
104. Zhang, X., Schwantes, R. H., Coggon, M. M., Loza, C. L., Schilling, K. A., Flagan, R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Role of ozone in SOA formation from alkane photooxidation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 1733-1753, doi:10.5194/acp-14-1733-2014, 2014.