Chemical evolution of volatile organic compounds in the outflow of the Mexico City metropolitan area

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

Volumn 10, Issue 5, 2010, Pages 2353-2376

  Apel, E C ^a   Emmons, L K ^a   Karl, T ^a   Flocke, F ^a   Hills, A J ^a   Madronich, S ^a   Lee Taylor, J ^a   Fried, A ^a   Weibring, P ^a   Walega, J ^a   Richter, D ^a   Tie, X ^a   Mauldin, L ^a   Campos, T ^a   Weinheimer, A ^a   Knapp, D ^a   Sive, B ^b   Kleinman, L ^c   Springston, S ^c   Zaveri, R ^d   Ortega, J ^d   Voss, P ^e   Blake, D ^f   Baker, A ^f   Warneke, C ^g   Welsh Bon, D ^g   De Gouw, J ^g   Zheng, J ^h   Zhang, R ^h   Rudolph, J ⁱ   Junkermann, W ^j   Riemer, D D ^k   more..

^a NATIONAL CENTER FOR ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE   (United States)

^c BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY   (United States)

^d PACIFIC NORTHWEST NATIONAL LABORATORY   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS   (United States)

^f UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^g NOAA EARTH SYSTEM RESEARCH LABORATORY   (United States)

^h TEXAS A AND M UNIVERSITY   (United States)

ⁱ YORK UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^j KARLSRUHE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (Germany)

^k UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI   (United States)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; BOUNDARY LAYER; MIXING RATIO; OZONE; PHOTOCHEMISTRY; TEMPORAL EVOLUTION; VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND;

EID: 77749298760     PISSN: 16807316     EISSN: 16807324     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/acp-10-2353-2010     Document Type: Article

References (83)

1. Altuzar, V., Tomás, S. A., Zelaya-Angel, O., Sánchez- Sinencio, F., and Arriaga, J. L.: Atmospheric ethene concentrations in Mexico City: Indications of strong diurnal and seasonal dependences, Atmos. Env., 39, 5219-5225, 2005.
2. Apel, E. C., Calvert, J. G., and Fehsenfeld, F. C.: The Non-Methane Hydrocarbon Intercomparison Experiment (NOMHICE): Tasks 1 and 2, J. Geophys. Res., 99(D8), 16651-16664, 1994.
3. Apel, E. C., Calvert, J. G., Gilpin, T., Parrish, D. D., and Fehsenfeld, F. C.: The Non-Methane Hydrocarbon Intercomparison Experiment (NOMHICE): Task 3, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 26069-26086, 1999.
4. 4 carbonyls, and methanol aboard aircraft, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8794, doi:10.1029/ 2002JD003199, 2003.
5. Atkinson, R. and Arey, J.: Chem. Rev., 103, 1-246, 2003.
6. Atkinson, R.: Gas phase tropospheric chemistry of organic compounds: a review, Atmos. Environ., 24A, 1-41, 1990.
7. Atkinson, R., Kinetics and mechanisms of the gas phase reactions of the hydroxyl radical with organic compounds, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Monograph 1, 1, 4605-4638, 1989.
8. Baez, A. P., Belmont, R., and Padilla, H.: Measurements of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde in the atmosphere of Mexico City, Environ. Poll., 89, 163-167, 1995.
9. Baez, A. P., Padilla, H., Torres, M. C., and Belmont, R.: Ambient levels of carbonyls in Mexico City, Atmosfera, 13, 121-131, 2000.
10. Baker, A. K., Beyersdorf, A. J., Doezema, L. A., Katzenstein, A., Meinardi, S., Simpson, I. J., Blake, D. R., and Rowland, F. S.: Measurements of nonmethane hydrocarbons in 28 United States cities, Atmos. Environ., 42, 170-182, 2008.
11. Baker, A., et al.: VOC Measurements in the MCMA basin during MIRAGE-MEX, Atmos. Chem, Phys., to be submitted, 2010.
12. Blake, D. and Rowland, F. S.: Urban leakage of liquefied Petroleum Gas and Its Impact on Mexico City Air Quality, Science, 269, 953-956, 1995.
13. Chang, J. S., Binkowski, F. S., Seaman, N. L., McHenry, J. N., Samson, P. J., Stockwell, W. R., Walcek, C. J., Madronich, S., Middleton, P. B., Pleim, J. E., and Lansford, H. H.: The regional acid deposition model and engineering model, State-of-Science/Technology, Report 4, National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program, Washington DC, USA, 1989.
14. Colman, J. J., Swanson, A. L., Meinardi, S., Sive, B. C., Blake, D. R., and Rowland, F. S.: Description of the analysis of a wide range of volatile organic compounds in whole air samples collected during PEM-Tropics A and B, Anal. Chem., 73, 3723-3731, 2001.
15. Crounse, J. D., DeCarlo, P. F., Blake, D. R., Emmons, L. K., Campos, T. L., Apel, E. C., Clarke, A. D., Weinheimer, A. J., Mc-Cabe, D. C., Yokelson, R. J., Jimenez, J. L., and Wennberg, P. O.: Biomass burning and urban air pollution over the Central Mexican Plateau, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 4929-4944, 2009, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/9/4929/2009/.
16. de Foy, B., Varrela, J. R., Molina, L., and Molina, M.: Rapid ventilation of the Mexico City basin and regional fate of the urban plume, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 2321-2335, 2006, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/6/2321/2006/. (Pubitemid 43980732)
17. de Gouw, J. A., Goldan, P. D., Warneke, C., Kuster, W. C., Roberts, J. M., Marchewka, M., Bertman, S. B., Pszenny, A. A., and Keene, W. C.: Validation of proton-transfer reaction-mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) measurements of gas-phase organic compounds in the atmosphere during the New England Air Quality Study (NEAQS), J. Geophys. Res., 108, doi:10.1029/2003JD003863, 2003, 2002.
18. de Gouw, J., Warneke, C., Karl, T., Eerdekens, G., Van der Veen, C., and Fall, R.: Sensitivity and specificity of atmospheric trace gas detection by proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry, Int. J. Mass Spect., 223-224, 365-382, 2003.
19. de Gouw, J. A., Middlebrook, A. M., Warneke, C., et al.: Budget of organic carbon in a polluted atmosphere: Results from the New England Air Quality Study in 2002, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D16305, doi:10.1029/2004JD005623, 2005. (Pubitemid 41431133)
20. de Gouw, J. and Warneke, C.: Measurements of volatile organic compounds in the earth's atmosphere using proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry, Mass Spectrom. Rev., 26, 223-257, 2007.
21. de Gouw, J. A., Welsh-Bon, D., Warneke, C., Kuster, W. C., Alexander, L., Baker, A. K., Beyersdorf, A. J., Blake, D. R., Cana-garatna, M., Celada, A. T., Huey, L. G., Junkermann, W., Onasch, T. B., Salcido, A., Sjostedt, S. J., Sullivan, A. P., Tanner, D. J., Vargas, O., Weber, R. J., Worsnop, D. R., Yu, X. Y., and Zaveri, R.: Emission and chemistry of organic carbon in the gas and aerosol phase at a sub-urban site near Mexico City in March 2006 during the MILAGRO study, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 3425-3442, 2009, http://www.atmos-chem- phys.net/9/3425/2009/.
22. Doskey, P. V., Porter J. A., and Scheff, P. A.: Source fingerprints for volatile non-methane hydrocarbons, J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc. 42, 1437-1445, 1992.
23. Emmons, L. K., Walters, S., Hess, P. G., Lamarque, J.-F., Pfis-ter, G. G., Fillmore, D., Granier, C., Guenther, A., Kinnison, D., Laepple, T., Orlando, J., Tie, X., Tyndall, G., Wiedinmyer, C., Baughcum, S. L., and Kloster, S.: Description and evaluation of the Model for Ozone and Related chemical Tracers, version 4 (MOZART-4), Geosci. Model Dev., 3, 43-67, 2010a.
24. Emmons, L. K., Apel, E. C., Lamarque, J.-F., et al.: Impact of Mexico City emissions on regional air quality from MOZART-4 simulations, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 10, 3457-3498, 2010b, http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/10/ 3457/2010/.
25. Fast, J. D., de Foy, B., Acevedo Rosas, F., Caetano, E., Carmichael, G., Emmons, L., McKenna, D., Mena, M., Skamarock, W., Tie, X., Coulter, R. L., Barnard, J. C., Wiedinmyer, C., and Madronich, S.: A meteorological overview of the MILAGRO field campaigns, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 2233-2257, 2007, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/7/2233/2007/.
26. Fast, J. D.: Evaluating simulated primary anthropogenic and biomass burning organic aerosols during MILAGRO: implications for assessing treatments of secondary organic aerosols, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, 9, 4805-4871, 2009.
27. Fortner, E. C., Zheng, J., Zhang, R., Berk Knighton, W., Volka-mer, R. M., Sheehy, P., Molina, L., and André, M.: Measurements of Volatile Organic Compounds Using Proton Transfer Reaction-Mass Spectrometry during the MILAGRO 2006 Campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 467-481, 2009, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/9/467/2009/.
28. Fried, A. Weibring, P., Walega, J., et al.: Detailed Comparisons of Airborne Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy Measurements of Formaldehyde with Box Model Calculations during the 2006 INTEX-B Campaign over Mexico, the Gulf of Mexico and the Remote Pacific Ocean, in preparation, Atmos. Chem, Phys., 2010.
29. Galbally, I. E. and Kirstine, W.: The production of methanol by flowering plants and the global cycle of methanol, J. Atmos. Chem., 43, 195-229, 2002.
30. Garcia, A. R., Volkamer, R., Molina, L. T., Molina, M. J., Samuel-son, J., Mellqvist, J., Galle, B., Herndon, S. C., and Kolb, C. E.: Separation of emitted and photochemical formaldehyde in Mexico City using a statistical analysis and a new pair of gas-phase tracers, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 4545-4557, 2006, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/6/4545/2006/.
31. Gelencsér, A., Siszler, K., and Hlavay, J.: Toluene-benzene concentration ratio as a tool for characterizing the distance from vehicular emission sources, Environ. Sci. Technol., 31, 2869-2872, 1997.
32. Granier, C. et al.: Present and future surface emissions of atmospheric compounds, European Commission report EVK 2199900011, http://www.aero.jussieu. fr/projet/ACCENT/POET.php, 2004.
33. Grell, G. A., Peckham, S. E., Schmitz, R., McKeen, S. A., Wilczak, J., and B. Eder, Fully coupled "online" chemistry within the WRF model, Atmos. Environ. 39, 6957-6975, 2005.
34. Grutter, M., Flores, E., Andraca-Ayala, G., and Baez, A.: Formaldehyde levels in downtown Mexico City during 2003, Atmos. Environ., 39, 1027-1034, 2005.
35. Hak, C., Pundt, I., Trick, S., Kern, C., Platt, U., Dommen, J., Ordóñez, C., Prévôt, A. S. H., Junkermann, W., Astorga-Lloréns, C., Larsen, B. R., Mellqvist, J., Strandberg, A., Yu, Y., Galle, B., Kleffmann, J., Lörzer, J. C., Braathen, G. O., and Volkamer, R.: Intercomparison of four different in-situ techniques for ambient formaldehyde measurements in urban air, At-mos. Chem. Phys., 5, 2881-2900, 2005, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/5/2881/2005/.
36. Heikes, B. G., Chang, W., Pilson, M. E. Q., Swift, E., Singh, H. B., Guenther, A., Jacob, D. J., Field, B. D., Fall, R., Riemer, D., and Brand, L.: Atmospheric Methanol Budget and Ocean Implications, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 16(80), 1-13, 2002.
37. Jacob, D. J., Crawford, J. H., Kleb, M. M., Connors, V. S., Bendura, R. J., Raper, J. L., Sachse, G. W., Gille, J. C., Emmons, L., and Heald, C. L.: The Transport and Chemical Evolution over the Pacific (TRACE-P) aircraft mission: design, execution, and first results, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 9000, doi:10.1029/2002JD003276, 2003. (Pubitemid 350187705)
38. Junkermann W. and Burger, J. M.: A new portable instrument for continuous measurement of formaldehyde in ambient air, J. At-mos. Ocean. Technol., 23, 38-45, 2006.
39. Karl, T., Apel, E., Hodzic, A., Riemer, D. D., Blake, D. R., and Wiedinmyer, C.: Emissions of volatile organic compounds inferred from airborne flux measurements over a megacity, At-mos. Chem. Phys., 9, 271-285, 2009.
40. Lei, W., Zavala, M., de Foy, B., Volkamer, R., and Molina, L. T.: Characterizing ozone production and response under different meteorological conditions in Mexico City Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 7571-7581, 2008, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/8/7571/2008/.
41. Lei, W., de Foy, B., Zavala, M., Volkamer, R., and Molina, L. T., Characterizing ozone production in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area: a case study using a chemical transport model, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 1347-1366, 2007, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/7/1347/2007/.
42. Lei, W., Zavala, M., de Foy, B., Volkamer, R., Molina, M. J., and Molina, L. T.:Impact of primary formaldehyde on air pollution in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 2607-2618, 2009, http://www.atmos- chem-phys.net/9/2607/2009/.
43. Lin, X., Trainer, M., and Liu, S. C.: On the nonlinearity of the tro-pospheric ozone production, J. Geophys. Res., 93(D12), 15879-15888, doi:10.1029/88JD03750, 1988.
44. Lindinger, W., Hansel, A., and Jordan, A.: Proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometry (PTR-MS): on-line monitoring of volatile organic compounds at pptv levels, Chem. Soc. Rev., 27, 347-354, 1998.
45. Madronich, S. and Flocke, S.: The role of solar radiation in atmospheric chemistry, in Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, edited by: Boule, P., Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany, 1-26, 1999.
46. Madronich, S.: Chemical evolution of gaseous air pollutants downwind of tropical megacities: Mexico City case study, Atmos. Environ., 40, 6012-6018, 2006.
47. McKeen, S., Liu, S., Hsie, E.-Y., Lin, X., Bradshaw, J., Smyth, S., Gregory, G., and Blake, D.: Hydrocarbon ratios during PEM West A: a model perspective, J. Geophys. Res., 101D, 15, 2087-2109, 1996.
48. Mena-Carrasco, M., Carmichael, G. R., Campbell, J. E., Zimmerman, D., Tang, Y., Adhikary, B., D'allura, A., Molina, L. T., Zavala, M., Garca, A., Flocke, F., Campos, T., Weinheimer, A. J., Shetter, R., Apel, E., Montzka, D. D., Knapp, D. J., and Zheng, W.: Assessing the regional impacts of Mexico City emissions on air quality and chemistry, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 3731-3743, 2009, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/9/3731/2009/.
49. Millet, D. B., Jacob, D. J., Custer, T. G., de Gouw, J. A., Goldstein, A. H., Karl, T., Singh, H. B., Sive, B. C., Talbot, R. W., Warneke, C., and Williams, J.: New constraints on terrestrial and oceanic sources of atmospheric methanol, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 6887-6905, 2008, http://www.atmos-chem-phys. net/8/6887/2008/.
50. Molina, L. and Molina, M. (Eds.): Air Quality in the Mexico MegaCity: An Integrated Assessment, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 384 pp., 2002.
51. Molina, L., E., de Foy, B., Fast, J., et al.: An Overview of the MILAGRO 2006 Campaign: Mexico City Emissions and their Transport and Transformation, submitted, Atmos. Chem Phys. Discuss., submitted, 2010.
52. Molina, L. T., Madronich, S., Gaffney, J. S., and Singh, H. B.: Overview of MILAGRO/INTEX-B Campaign, IGAC Newsletter, 38, 2-15, 2008.
53. Ortega, J., Karl, T., Kleinman, L., et al.: Intercomparison of inflight VOC concentrations using proton transfer mass spectrom-etry (PTR-MS) during the MILAGRO Campaign (March 2006): Battelle G-1 vs. NCAR C-130 coordinated flights, First MILA-GRO Science Meeting, 2006.
54. Parrish, D. D., Trainer, M., Holloway, J. S., Yee, J. E., Warshawsky, M. S., Fehsenfeld, F. C., Forbes, G. L., and Moody, J. L.: Relationships between ozone and carbon monoxide at surface sites in the North Atlantic region, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 20, 13357-13376, 1998. (Pubitemid 28469514)
55. Parrish, D. D., Dunlea, E., Atlas, E., Schauffler, S., Donnelly, S., Stroud, V., Goldstein, A., Millet, D., McKay, M., Jaffe, D., Price, H., Hess, P., Flocke, F., and Roberts, J.: Changes in the photochemical environment of the temperate North Pacific troposphere in response to increased Asian emissions, J. Geophys. Res. 109, D23S18, doi:10.1029/2004JD004978, 2004. (Pubitemid 40318590)
56. 12 ambient air hydrocarbons in 39 U.S. cities, from 1984 through 1986, project summary, US Environ. Prot. Agency, Washington DC, USA, 418 pp., 1989.
57. Singh, H. B., Kanakidou, M., Crutzen, P. J., and Jacob, D. J.: High concentrations and photochemical fate of oxygenated hydrocarbons in the global troposphere, Nature, 378, 50-54, 1995.
58. Stroud, C. A., Morneau, G., Makar, P. A., Moran, M. D., Gong, W., Pabla, B., Zhang, J., Bouchet, V. S., Fox, D., Venkatesh, S., Wang, D., and Dann, T.: OH-reactivity of volatile organic compounds at urban and rural sites across Canada: Evaluation of air quality model predictions using speciated VOC measurements, Atmos. Env., 42, 7746-7756, 2008.
59. x removal, Atmos. Environ., 18, 2421-2432, 1984.
60. Rogers, T. M., Grimsrud, E. R., Herndon, S. C., Jayne, J. T., Kolb, C. E., Allwine, E., Westberg, H., Lamb, B. K., Zavala, M., Molina, L. T., Molina, M. J., and Knighton, W. B.: On-road measurements of volatile organic compounds in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area using proton transfer reaction mass spectrom-etry, Int. J. Mass Spectrom., 252, 26-37, 2006.
61. Sommariva, R., Osthoff, H. D., Brown, S. S., Bates, T. S., Baynard, T., Coffman, D., de Gouw, J. A., Goldan, P. D., Kuster, W. C., Lerner, B. M., Stark, H., Warneke, C., Williams, E. J., Fehsen-feld, F. C., Ravishankara, A. R., and Trainer, M.: Radicals in the marine boundary layer during NEAQS 2004: a model study of day-time and night-time sources and sinks, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 3075-3093, 2009, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/9/3075/2009/.
62. Tie, X., Madronich, S., Walters, S., Rasch, P., and Collins, W.: Effect of Clouds on photolysis and oxidants in the troposphere, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4642, doi:10.1029/2003JD003659, 2003.
63. Tie, X. X., Madronich, S., Li, G. H., Ying, Z. M., Zhang, R. Y., Garcia, A. R., Lee-Taylor, J., and Liu, Y. B.: Characterizations of chemical oxidants in Mexico City: A regional chemical dynamical model (WRF-Chem) study, Atmos. Environ., 41, 1989-2008, 2007.
64. Tie X., Madronich, S., Li, G., Ying, Z., Weinheimer, A., Apel, E., and Campos, T.: Simulation of Mexico City Plumes during the MIRAGE-Mex Field Campaign using the WRF-Chem model, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 4621-4638, 2009, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/9/4621/2009/.
65. Vega, E., Mugica, V., Carmona, R., and Valencia, E.: Hydrocarbon source apportionment in Mexico City using the chemical mass balance receptor model, Atmos. Environ., 34, 4121-4129, 2000.
66. Velasco, E., Lamb, B., Pressley, S., Allwine, E., Westberg, H., Jobson, T., Alexander, M., Prazeller, P., Molina, L., and Molina, M.: Flux measurements of volatile organic compounds from an urban landscape, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L20802, doi:10.1029/2005GL023356, 2005. (Pubitemid 41782736)
67. Velasco, E., B. Lamb, H. Westberg, E. Allwine, G. Sosa, J. L. Arriaga-Colina, B. T. Jobson, M. L. Alexander, P. Prazeller, W. B. Knighton, T. M. Rogers, M. Grutter, S. C. Herndon, C. E. Kolb, M. Zavala, B. de Foy, R. Volkamer, L. T. Molina, and M. J. Molina Distribution, magnitudes, reactivities, ratios and diurnal patterns of volatile organic compounds in the Valley of Mexico during the MCMA 2002 & 2003 field campaigns, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 329-353, 2007, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/7/329/2007/.
68. Volkamer, R., Molina, L. T., Molina, M. J., Shirley, T., and Brune, W. H.: DOAS measurement of glyoxal as an indicator for fast VOC chemistry in urban air, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L08806, doi:10.1029/2005GL022616, 2005. (Pubitemid 41043288)
69. Volkamer, R., San Martini, F., Salcedo, D., Molina, L. T., Jimenez, J. L., and Molina, M. J.: A Missing Sink for Gas-Phase Gly-oxal in Mexico City: Formation of Secondary Organic Aerosol, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L19807, doi:10.1029/2007GL030752, 2007. (Pubitemid 350263040)
70. Voss, P. B., Zaveri, R. A., Flocke, F. M., Mao, H., Hartley, T. P., DeAmicis, P., Deonandan, I., Contreras-Jiménez, G., Martnez-Antonio, O., Figueroa Estrada, M., Greenberg, D., Campos, T. L., Weinheimer, A. J., Knapp, D. J., Montzka, D. D., Crounse, J. D., Wennberg, P. O., Apel, E., Madronich, S., and de Foy, B.: Long-range pollution transport during the MILAGRO-2006 campaign: a case study of a major Mexico City outflow event using free-floating altitude-controlled balloons, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 10, 3347-3399, 2010, http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/10/3347/2010/.
71. Voss, P., Hartley, T. P., DeAmicis, P., et al.: Reconstruction of trajectories, mixing, and dispersion of a Mexico City pollution outflow event using in-situ observations from free-floating altitude-controlled balloons, Eos Trans. AGU, 88(52), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract A41F-07, 2007.
72. Warneke, C., McKeen, S. A., de Gouw, J. A., et al.: Determination of urban volatile organic compound emission ratios and comparison with an emissions database, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D10S47, doi:10.1029/2006JD007930, 2007. (Pubitemid 47193702)
73. Warneke, C., de Gouw, J. A., Lovejoy, E. R., Murphy, P. C., Kuster, W. C., and Fall, R.: Development of Proton-Transfer Ion Trap-Mass Spectrometry: on-line detection and identification of volatile organic compounds in air, J. Amer. Soc. M. Spectrom. 16, 1316-1324, 2005a.
74. Wert, B. P., Trainer, M., Fried, A., et al.: Signatures of terminal alkene oxidation in airborne formaldehyde measurements during TexAQS 2000, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4104, doi:10.1029/2002JD002502, 2003.
75. Wesely, M. L.: Parameterization of surface resistance to gaseous dry deposition in regional-scale numerical models, Atmos. Environ. 23, 1293-1304, 1989.
76. West, J. J., Zavala, M. A., Molina, L. T., Molina, M. J., Martini, F. S., McRae, G. J., Iglesias, G. S., and Colina, J. L.: Modeling ozone photochemistry and evaluation of hydrocarbon emissions in the Mexico City metropolitan area, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D19312, doi:10.1029/2004JD004614, 2004. (Pubitemid 39660691)
77. Wiedinmyer, C., Quayle, B., Geron, C., Belote, A., McKenzie, D., Zhang, X., O'Neill, S., and Wynne, K.: Estimating emissions from fires in North America for air quality modeling, Atmos. Environ., 40, 3419-3432, 2006.
78. Wood, E. C., Herndon, S. C., Onasch, T. B., Kroll, J. H., Cana-garatna, M. R., Kolb, C. E., Worsnop, D. R., Neuman, J. A., Seila, R., Zavala, M., and Knighton, W. B.: A case study of ozone production, nitrogen oxides, and the radical budget in Mexico City, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 2499-2516, 2009, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/9/2499/2009/.
79. Yokelson, R. B., Urbanski, S. P., Atlas, E. L., Toohey, D. W., Al-varado, E. C., Crounse, J. D., Wennberg, P. O., Fisher, M. E., Wold, C. E., Campos, T. L. Adachi, K., Buseck, P. R., and Hao, W. M., Emissions from forest fires near Mexico City, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 5569-5584, 2007, http://www.atmos-chem-phys. net/7/5569/2007/.
80. Zavala, M., Herndon, S. C., Slott, R. S., Dunlea, E. J., Marr, L. C., Shorter, J. H., Zahniser, M., Knighton, W. B., Rogers, T. M., Kolb, C. E., Molina, L. T., and Molina, M. J.: Characterization of on-road vehicle emissions in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area using a mobile laboratory in chase and fleet average measurement modes during the MCMA-2003 field campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 5129-5142, 2006, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/6/5129/2006/. (Pubitemid 44728280)
81. Zhang, Q., Streets, D. G., Carmichael, G. R., He, K. B., Huo, H., Kannari, A., Klimont, Z., Park, I. S., Reddy, S., Fu, J. S., Chen, D., Duan, L., Lei, Y., Wang, L. T., and Yao, Z. L.: Asian emissions in 2006 for the NASA INTEX-B mission, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 5131-5153, 2009a, http://www.atmos-chem- phys.net/9/5131/2009/.
82. Zhang, Y., Dubey, M. K., Olsen, S. C., Zheng, J., and Zhang, R.: Comparisons of WRF/Chem simulations in Mexico City with ground-based RAMA measurements during the 2006-MILAGRO, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 3777-3798, 2009, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/9/3777/2009/.
83. (+)) and volatile organic compounds, Atmos. Environ., 38, 2177-2185, 2004.