Neural substrates of levodopa-responsive gait disorders and freezing in advanced Parkinson's disease: A kinesthetic imagery approach

Human Brain Mapping

Volumn 36, Issue 3, 2015, Pages 959-980

  Maillet, Audrey ^a,b,c   Thobois, Stéphane ^c,d,e   Fraix, Valérie ^a,b,f   Redouté, Jérôme ^g   Le Bars, Didier ^d,g,h   Lavenne, Franck ^g   Derost, Philippe ⁱ   Durif, Franck ⁱ   Bloem, Bastiaan R ^j   Krack, Paul ^a,b,f   Pollak, Pierre ^a,b,f,k   Debû, Bettina ^a,b  

^a UNIV GRENOBLE ALPES   (France)

^b GRENOBLE INSTITUT DES NEUROSCIENCES   (France)

^c INSTITUT DES SCIENCES COGNITIVES   (France)

^d HÔPITAL NEUROLOGIQUE   (France)

^e UNIVERSITÉ LYON 1   (France)

^f GRENOBLE UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (France)

^g CERMEP IMAGERIE DU VIVANT   (France)

^h UNIVERSITÉ LYON 1   (France)

ⁱ SERVICE DE RHUMATOLOGIE   (France)

^j RADBOUD UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^k GENEVA UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS   (Switzerland)

more..

Author keywords

Freezing of gait; Gait disorders; Kinesthetic motor imagery; Levodopa; Parkinson's disease; PET imaging

Indexed keywords

LEVODOPA; ANTIPARKINSON AGENT;

ADULT; ARTICLE; BASAL GANGLION; BRAIN STEM; CEREBELLUM; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISEASE DURATION; DRUG EFFECT; FEMALE; FREEZING OF GAIT; FRONTAL CORTEX; GAIT; GAIT DISORDER; HUMAN; IMAGERY; MALE; MORNING DOSAGE; MOTOR CORTEX; PARKINSON DISEASE; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PUTAMEN; THALAMUS; VISUAL MEMORY; AGED; BRAIN; COMPLICATION; DRUG EFFECTS; GAIT DISORDERS, NEUROLOGIC; IMAGINATION; KINESTHESIA; MIDDLE AGED; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY;

AGED; ANTIPARKINSON AGENTS; BRAIN; FEMALE; GAIT DISORDERS, NEUROLOGIC; HUMANS; IMAGINATION; KINESTHESIS; LEVODOPA; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PARKINSON DISEASE; POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY;

EID: 84922809937     PISSN: 10659471     EISSN: 10970193     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22679     Document Type: Article

References (148)

1. Allali G, van der Meulen M, Beauchet O, Rieger SW, Vuilleumier P, Assal F (2014): The neural basis of age-related changes in motor imagery of gait: An fMRI study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 69:1389-1398.
2. Amboni M, Cozzolino A, Longo K, Picillo M, Barone P (2008): Freezing of gait and executive functions in patients with Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 23:395-400.
3. Azulay JP, Mesure S, Blin O (2006): Influence of visual cues on gait in Parkinson's disease: Contribution to attention or sensory dependence? J Neurol Sci 248:192-195.
4. Azulay JP, Mesure S, Amblard B, Blin O, Sangla I, Pouget J (1999): Visual control of locomotion in Parkinson's disease. Brain 122:111-120.
5. Bakker M, de Lange FP, Stevens JA, Toni I, Bloem BR (2007): Motor imagery of gait: A quantitative approach. Exp Brain Res 179:497-504.
6. Bakker M, de Lange FP, Helmich RC, Scheeringa R, Bloem BR, Toni I (2008): Cerebral correlates of motor imagery of normal and precision gait. Neuroimage 41:998-1010.
7. Ballanger B, Lozano AM, Moro E, van Eimeren T, Hamani C, Chen R, Cilia R, Houle S, Poon YY, Lang AE, Strafella AP (2009): Cerebral blood flow changes induced by pedunculopontine nucleus stimulation in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease: A [(15)O] H2O PET study. Hum Brain Mapp 30:3901-3909.
8. Bartels AL, Leenders KL (2008): Brain imaging in patients with freezing of gait. [Review]. Mov Disord 23:1639-1640.
9. Bartels AL, de Jong BM, Giladi N, Schaafsma JD, Maguire RP, Veenma L, Pruim J, Balash Y, Youdim MB, Leenders KL (2006): Striatal dopa and glucose metabolism in PD patients with freezing of gait. Mov Disord 21:1326-1332.
10. Benecke R, Rothwell JC, Dick JP, Day BL, Marsden CD (1987): Disturbance of sequential movements in patients with Parkinson's disease. Brain 110:361-379.
11. Blakemore SJ, Sirigu A (2003): Action prediction in the cerebellum and in the parietal lobe. Exp Brain Res 153:239-245.
12. Bloem BR, Hausdorff JM, Visser JE, Giladi N (2004): Falls and freezing of gait in Parkinson's disease: A review of two interconnected, episodic phenomena. Mov Disord 19:871-884.
13. Bohnen NI, Jahn K (2013): Imaging: What can it tell us about parkinsonian gait? [Review]. Mov Disord 28:1492-1500.
14. Bohnen NI, Muller ML, Koeppe RA, Studenski SA, Kilbourn MR, Frey KA, Albin RL (2009): History of falls in Parkinson disease is associated with reduced cholinergic activity. Neurology 73:1670-1676.
15. Bohnen NI, Muller ML, Kotagal V, Koeppe RA, Kilbourn MR, Gilman S, Albin RL, Frey KA (2012): Heterogeneity of cholinergic denervation in Parkinson's disease without dementia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 32:1609-1617.
16. Bonnet AM, Loria Y, Saint-Hilaire MH, Lhermitte F, Agid Y (1987): Does long-term aggravation of Parkinson's disease result from non-dopaminergic lesions? Neurology 37:1539-1542.
17. Bostan AC, Dum RP, Strick PL (2010): The basal ganglia communicate with the cerebellum. PNAS 107:8452-8456.
18. Buhmann C, Glauche V, Stürenburg HJ, Oechsner M, Weiller C, Büchel C (2003): Pharmacologically modulated fMRI--cortical responsiveness to levodopa in drug-naive hemiparkinsonian patients. Brain 126:451-461.
19. Chastan N, Do MC, Bonneville F, Torny F, Bloch F, Westby GW, Dormont D, Agid Y, Welter ML (2009): Gait and balance disorders in Parkinson's disease: Impaired active braking of the fall of centre of gravity. Mov Disord 24:188-195.
20. Chee R, Murphy A, Danoudis M, Georgiou-Karistianis N, Iansek R (2009): Gait freezing in Parkinson's disease and the stride length sequence effect interaction. Brain 132:2151-2160.
21. Cohen RG, Chao A, Nutt JG, Horak FB (2011): Freezing of gait is associated with a mismatch between motor imagery and motor execution in narrow doorways, not with failure to judge doorway passability. Neuropsychol 49:3981-3988.
22. Collette F, Hogge M, Salmon E, Van der Linden M (2006): Exploration of the neural substrates of executive functioning by functional neuroimaging. Neuroscience 139:209-221.
23. Cools R, Stefanova E, Barker RA, Robbins TW, Owen AM (2002): Dopaminergic modulation of high-level cognition in Parkinson's disease: The role of the prefrontal cortex revealed by PET. Brain 125:584-594.
24. Crémers J, Dessoullières A, Garraux G (2011): Hemispheric specialization during mental motor imagery of brisk walking. Hum Brain Mapp 33:873-882.
25. Crémers J, D'Ostilio K, Stamatakis J, Delvaux V, Garraux G (2012): Brain activation pattern related to gait disturbances in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 27:1498-1505.
26. Cunnington R, Iansek R, Thickbroom GW, Laing BA, Mastaglia FL, Bradshaw JL, Phillips JG (1996): Effects of magnetic stimulation over supplementary motor area on movement in Parkinson's disease. Brain 119:815-822.
27. Devos D, Defebvre L, Bordet R (2010): Dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic pharmacological hypotheses for gait disorders in Parkinson's disease. [Review]. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 24:407-421.
28. Dirnberger G, Jahanshahi M (2013): Executive dysfunction in Parkinson's disease: A review. [Review]. J Neuropsychol 7:193-224.
29. Dubois B, Slachevsky A, Litvan I, Pillon B (2000): The FAB: A frontal assessment battery at bedside. Neurology 55:1621-1626.
30. Espay AJ, Fasano A, van Nuenen BFL, Payne MM, Snijders AH, Bloem BR (2012): "On" state freezing of gait in Parkinson disease. A paradoxical levodopa-induced complication. Neurology 78:454-457.
31. Ferraye MU, Debû B, Fraix V, Xie-Brustolin J, Chabardès S, Krack P, Benabid AL, Pollak P (2008): Effects of subthalamic nucleus stimulation and levodopa on freezing of gait in Parkinson's disease. Neurology 70 (16 Pt 2):1431-1437.
32. Fitts PM (1954): The informed capacity of the human motor system in controlling the amplitude of movements. J Exp Psychol 121:262-269.
33. Fletcher PC, Frith CD, Grasby PM, Shallice T, Frackowiak RSJ, Dolan RJ (1995): The mind's eye precuneus activation in memory related imagery. Neuroimage 2:195-200.
34. Fling BW, Cohen RG, Mancini M, Nutt JG, Fair DA, Horak FB (2013): Asymmetric pedunculopontine network connectivity in parkinsonian patients with freezing of gait. Brain 136:2405-2418.
35. Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR (1975): "Mini-mental state". A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res 12:189-198.
36. Fox SH (2013): Non-dopaminergic treatments for motor control in Parkinson's disease. [Review]. Drugs 73:1405-1415.
37. Foxe JJ, Mc Court ME, Javitt DC (2003): Right hemisphere control of visuospatial attention: Line-bisection judgments evaluated with high-density electrical mapping and source analysis. NeuroImage 19:710-726.
38. Frackowiak RS, Dowsey-Limousin P, Jahanshahi M, Hariz M (2003): Brain imaging and mobility in Parkinson's disease. [Article in French]. Bull Acad Natl Med 187:295-304.
39. Friston KJ, Holmes AP, Worsley KJ, Poline JP, Frith CD (1994): Statistical parametric maps in functional imaging: A general linear approach. Hum Brain Mapp 2:189-210.
40. Frith CD, Blakemore SJ, Wolpert DM (2000): Abnormalities in the awareness and control of action. Phil Trans R Soc London 355:1771-1788.
41. Gibb WR, Lees AJ (1988): The relevance of the Lewy body to the pathogenesis of idiopathic Parkinson's disease. JNNP 51:745-752.
42. Giladi N, Nieuwboer A (2008): Understanding and treating freezing of gait in parkinsonism, proposed working definition, and setting the stage. [Review]. Mov Disord 23:425-425.
43. Giladi N, Shabtai H, Simon ES, Biran S, Tal J, Korczyn AD (2000): Construction of freezing of gait questionnaire for patients with parkinsonism. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 6:165-170.x.
44. Gilman S, Koeppe RA, Nan B, Wang CN, Wang X, Junck L, Chervin RD, Consens F, Bhaumik A (2010): Cerebral cortical and subcortical cholinergic deficits in parkinsonian syndromes. Neurology 74:1416-1423.
45. Goetz CG, Poewe W, Rascol O, Sampaio C, Stebbins GT, Counsell C, Giladi N, Holloway RG, Moore CG, Wenning GK, Yahr MD, Seidl L; Movement Disorders Society Task Force report on Rating scales for Parkinson's disease (2004): Movement Disorders Society task force report on the Hoehn and Yahr staging scale; status and recommendations. Mov Disord 19:1020-1028.
46. Goetz CG, Tilly BC, Shaftman SR, Stebbins GT, Fahn S (2008): Movement Disorders Society - sponsored revision of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS): Scale presentation and clinimetric testing results. Mov Disord 15, 2129-2170.
47. Gousias IS, Rueckert D, Heckemann RA, Dyet LE, Boardman JP (2008): Automatic segmentation of brain MRIs of 2-years-olds into 83 regions of interest. Neuroimage 40 672-684.
48. Guillot A, Collet C, Nguyen VA, Malouin F, Richards C, Doyon J (2009): Brain activity during visual versus kinesthetic imagery: An fMRI study. Hum Brain Mapp 30:2157-2172.
49. Guillot A, Di Rienzo F, Collet C (2012): The neurofunctional architecture of motor imagery. [Review]. In: Papageorgiou TD, Christopoulos G, Smirnakis S, editor. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging/Book 1, (InTech).
50. Hammers A, Allom R, Koepp MJ, Free SL, Myers R (2003): Three-dimensional maximum probability atlas of the human brain, with particular reference to the temporal lobe. Hum Brain Mapp 19 224-247.
51. Hanakawa T, Fukuyama H, Katsumi Y, Honda M, Shibasaki H (1999a): Enhanced lateral premotor activity during paradoxical gait in Parkinson's disease. Annu Neurol 45:329-336.
52. Hanakawa T, Katsumi Y, Fukuyama H, Honda M, Hayashi T, Kimura J, Shibasaki H (1999b): Mechanisms underlying gait disturbance in Parkinson's disease: A single photon emission computed tomography study. Brain 122, 1271-1282.
53. Haslinger B, Erhard P, Kampfe N, Boecker H, Rummeny E, Schwaiger M, Conrad B, Ceballos-Baumann O (2001): Event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging in Parkinson's disease before and after levodopa. Brain 124:558-570.
54. Helmich RC, de Lange FP, Bloem BR, Toni I (2007): Cerebral compensation during motor imagery in Parkinson's disease. Neuropsychol 45:2201-2215.
55. Helmich RC, Aarts E, de Lange FP, Bloem BR, Toni I (2009): Increased dependence of action selection on recent motor history in Parkinson's disease. J Neurosci 29:6105-6113.
56. Heremans E, Feys P, Nieuwboer A, Vercruysse S, Vandenberghe W, Sharma N, Helsen W (2011): Motor imagery ability in patients with early- and mid-stage Parkinson disease. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 25:168-177.
57. Herman T, Rosenberg-Katz K, Jacob Y, Giladi N, Hausdorff JM (2014): Gray matter atrophy and freezing of gait in Parkinson's disease: Is the evidence black on white? Mov Disord 29:134-139. Doi: 10.1002/mds.25697.
58. Hoehn MM, Yahr MD (1967): Parkinsonism: Onset, progression, and mortality. Neurology 17:427-442.
59. Iansek R, Huxman F, Mc Ginley J (2006): The sequence effect and gait festination in Parkinson disease: Contributors to freezing of gait? Mov Disord 21:1419-1424.
60. Imamura K, Okayasu N, Nagatsu T (2012): Cerabral blood flow and freezing of gait in Parkinson's disease. Act Neurol Scand 126:210-218.
61. Jacobs JV, Lou JS, Kraakevik JA, Horak FB (2009): The supplementary motor area contributes to the timing of the anticipatory postural adjustment during step initiation in participants with or without Parkinson's disease. Neuroscience 164:877-885.
62. Jahanshahi M, Dimberger G, Fuller R, Frith CD (2000): The role of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in random number generation: A study with positron emission tomography. NeuroImage 12:713-725.
63. Jahanshahi M, Jones CR, Zijlmans J, Katzenschlager R, Lee L, Quinn N, Frith CD, Lees AJ (2010): Dopaminergic modulation of striato-frontal connectivity during motor timing in Parkinson's disease. Brain 133:727-745.
64. Jahn K, Deutschländer A, Stephan T, Strupp M, Wiesmann M, Brandt T (2004): Brain activation patterns during imagined stance and locomotion in functional magnetic resonance imaging. NeuroImage 22:1722-1731.
65. Jahn K, Deutschländer A, Stephan T, Kalla R, Hufner K, Wagner J, Strupp M, Brandt T (2008): Supraspinal locomotor control in quadrupeds and humans. [Review]. Prog Brain Res 171:353-362.
66. Jeannerod M (1994): The representing brain. Neural correlates of motor intention and imagery. [Review]. Behav Brain Sci 17:187-245.
67. Jenkins IH, Fernandez W, Playford ED, Lees AJ, Frackowiak RS (1992): Impaired activation of the supplementary motor area in Parkinson's disease is reversed when akinesia is treated with apomorphine. Annu Neurol 32:749-757.
68. Karachi C, Grabli D, Bernard FA, Tandé D, Wattiez N, Belaid H, Bardinet E, Prigent A, Nothacker HP, Hunot S, Hartmann A, Lehéricy S, Hirsch EC, François C (2010): Cholinergic mesencephalic neurons are involved in gait and postural disorders in Parkinson disease. J Clin Invest 120:2745-2754.
69. Karachi C, André A, Bertasi E, Bardinet E, Lehéricy S, Bernard FA (2012): Functional parcellation of the lateral mesencephalus. J Neurosci 32:9396-9401.
70. Knobl P, Kielstra L, Almeida Q (2011): The relationship between motor planning and freezing of gait in Parkinson's disease. JNNP 83:98-101.
71. Kostic VS, Agosta F, Pievani M, Stefanova E, Jecmenica-Lukic M, Scarale A, Spica V, Filippi M (2012): Pattern of brain tissue loss associated with freezing of gait in Parkinson disease. Neurology 78:409-416.
72. Kraft E, Loichinger W, Diepers M, Lule D, Schwarz J, Ludolph AC, Storch A (2009): Levodopa-induced striatal activation in Parkinson's disease: A functional MRI study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 15:558-563.
73. La Fougère C, Zwergal A, Rominger A, Forster S, Fesl G, Dieterich M, Brandt T, Strupp M, Bartenstein P, Jahn K (2010): Real versus imagined locomotion: A [18F]-FDG PET-fMRI comparison. Neuroimage 50:1589-1598.
74. Langston JW, Widner H, Goetz CG, Brooks D, Fahn S, Freeman T, Watts R (1992): Core assessment program for intracerebral transplantations (CAPIT). Mov Disord 7:2-13.
75. Lee SJ, Yoo JY, Ryu JS, Park HK, Chung SJ (2012): The effects of visual and auditory cues on freezing of gait in patients with Parkinson disease. Am Phys Med Rehabil 91:2-11.
76. Lewis SJ, Barker RA (2009): A pathophysiological model of freezing of gait in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relate Disord 15:333-338.
77. Lieberman MD, Cunningham WA (2009): Type I and type II error concerns in fMRI research: Re-balancing the scale. SCAN 4:423-428.
78. Luppino G, Matelli M, Camarda R, Rizzolatti G (1993): Corticocortical connections of area F3 (SMA proper) and area F6 (pre-SMA) in the macaque monkey. J Comput Neurol 338:114-140.
79. Maillet A, Pollak P, Debû B (2012a): Imaging gait disorders in Parkinsonism: A review. [Review]. JNNP 83:986-993.
80. Maillet A, Krainik A, Debû B, Troprès I, Lagrange C, Thobois S, Pollak P, Pinto S (2012b): Levodopa effects on hand and speech movements in patients with Parkinson's disease: A fMRI study. PLoS One 7:e46541. Doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046541.
81. Maillet A, Fraix V, Thobois S, Derost P, Bloem BR, Pollak P, Debû B (2013): Kinesthetic imagery of gait in advanced Parkinson's disease. Mov Sport Sci 82:115-128.
82. Malouin F, Richards CL, Jackson PL, Dumas F, Doyon J (2003): Brain activations during motor imagery of locomotor-related tasks: A PET study. Hum Brain Mapp 19:47-62.
83. Malouin F, Richards CL, Jackson PL, Lafleur MF, Durand A, Doyon J (2007): The Kinesthetic and Visual Imagery Questionnaire (KVIQ) for assessing motor imagery in persons with physical disabilities: A reliability and construct validity study. J Neurol Phys Ther 31:20-29.
84. Matsui H, Udaka F, Miyoshi T (2005): Three dimensional stereotaxic surface projection study of freezing of gait and brain perfusion image in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 20:1272-1277.
85. Middleton FA, Strick PL (2000): Basal ganglia and cerebellar loops: Motor and cognitive circuits. [Review]. Brain Res Rev 31:236-250.
86. Mito Y, Yoshida K, Yabe I, Makino K, Tashiro K, Kikuchi S, Sasaki H (2006): Brain SPECT analysis by 3D-SSP and phenotype in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Sci 241:67-72.
87. Miyai I, Tanabe HC, Sase I, Eda H, Oda I, Konishi I, Tsunazawa Y, Suzuki T, Yanagida T, Kubota K (2001): Cortical mapping of gait in humans: An near infrared spectroscopic topography study. NeuroImage 14:1186-1192.
88. Morton SM, Bastian AJ (2004): Cerebellar control of balance and locomotion. [Review]. Neuroscientist 10:247-259.
89. Mulder T, Hochstenbach JB, van Heuvelen MJ, Den Otter AR (2007): Motor imagery: The relation between age and imagery capacity. Hum Mov Sci 26:203-211.
90. Muller ML, Albin RL, Kotagal V, Koeppe RA, Scott PJ, Frey KA, Bohnen NI (2013): Thalamic cholinergic innervation and postural sensory integration function in Parkinson's disease. Brain 136:3282-3289. Doi: 10.1093/brain/awt247.
91. Munzert J, Zentgraf K (2009): Motor imagery and its implications for understanding the motor system. [Review]. Prog Brain Res 174:219-229.
92. Nachev P, Kennard C, Husain M (2008): Functional role of the supplementary and pre-supplementary areas. [Review]. Nat Rev Neurosci 9:856-869.
93. Nadkarni NK, Nunley KA, Aizenstein H, Harris TB, Yaffe K, Satterfield S, Newman AB, Rosano C; for the Health ABC Study (2014): Association between cerebellar gray matter volumes, gait speed, and information-processing ability in older adults enrolled in the health ABC study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 69:996-1003.
94. Naismith SL, Shine JM, Lewis SJ (2010): The specific contributions of set-shifting to freezing of gait in Parkinson's disease. [Review]. Mov Disord 25:1000-1004.
95. Nieuwboer A (2008): Cueing for freezing of gait in patients with Parkinson's disease: A rehabilitation perspective. Mov Disord 23:475-481.
96. Nutt JG, Horak FB, Bloem BR (2011a): Milestones in gait, balance, and falling. [Review]. Mov Disord 26:1166-1674.
97. Nutt JG, Bloem BR, Giladi N, Hallett M, Horak FB, Nieuwboer A (2011b): Freezing of gait: Moving forward on a mysterious clinical phenomenon. [Review]. Lancet Neurol 10:734-774.
98. Oldfield RC (1971): The assessment and analysis of handedness: The Edinburgh Inventory. Neuropsychol 9:97-114.
99. Ouchi Y, Kanno T, Okada H, Yoshikawa E, Tutasubashi M, Nobezawa S, Torizuka T, Tanaka K (2001): Changes in dopamine availability in the nigrostriatal and mesocortical dopaminergic systems by gait in Parkinson's disease. Brain 124:784-792.
100. Park HK, Yoo JY, Kwon M, Lee JH, Lee SJ, Kim SR, Kim MJ, Lee MC, Lee SM, Chung SJ (2014): Gait freezing and speech disturbance in Parkinson's disease. Neurol Sci 35:357-363.
101. Peterson DS, Pickett KA, Earhart GM (2012): Effects of levodopa on vividness of motor imagery in Parkinson's disease. J Parkinsons Dis 2:127-133.
102. Peterson DS, Pickett KA, Duncan RP, Perlmutter JS, Earhart GM (2014a): Brain activity during complex imagined tasks in Parkinson disease. Clin Neurophysiol 125:995-1005. Doi: S1388-2457(13)01129-2. 10.1016/j.clinph.2013.10.008.
103. Peterson DS, Pickett KA, Duncan RP, Perlmutter JS, Earhart GM (2014b): Gait-related Brain activity in people with Parkinson disease with freezing of gait. PloS One 9:e90634. Doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090634. eCollection 2014.
104. Pickett KA, Peterson DS, Earhart GM (2013): Motor imagery of gait tasks in individuals with Parkinson's disease. J Parkinsons Dis 2:19-22.
105. Purzner J, Paradiso GO, Cunic D, Saint-Cyr JA, Hoque T, Lozano AM, Lang AE, Moro E, Hodaie M, Mazzella F, Che R (2007): Involvement of the basal ganglia and cerebellar motor pathways in the preparation of self-initiated and externally triggered movements in humans. J Neurosci 27:6029-6036.
106. Randhawa B, Harris S, Boyd LA (2010): The kinesthetic and visual imagery questionnaire is a reliable tool for individuals with Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Phys Therapy 34:161-167.
107. Rizzolatti G, Camarda R, Fogassi L, Gentulicci M, Luppino G, Matelli M (1988): Functional organization of inferior area 6 in the macaque monkey II. Area F5 and the control of distal movement. Exp Brain Res 7:491-507.
108. Rosenberg-Katz K, Herman T, Jacob Y, Giladi N, Hendler T, Hausdorff JM (2013): Gray matter atrophy distinguishes between Parkinson disease motor subtypes. Neurology 80:1476-1484.
109. Sabatini U, Boulanouar K, Fabre N, Martin F, Carel C, Colonnese C, Bozzao L, Berry I, Montastruc JL, Chollet F, Rascol O (2000): Cortical motor reorganization in akinetic patients with Parkinson's disease: A functional MRI study. Brain 123:394-403.
110. Sacco K, Cauda F, Cerliani L, Mate D, Duca S, Geminiani GC (2006): Motor imagery of walking following training in locomotor attention: The effects of 'the tango lesson'. NeuroImage 32:1441-1449.
111. Saimpont A, Malouin F, Tousignant B, Jackson PL (2012): The influence of body configuration on motor imagery of walking in younger and older adults. Neuroscience 222:49-57.
112. Saimpont A, Malouin F, Tousignant B, Jackson PL (2013): Motor imagery and ageing. J Motor Behav 45:21-28.
113. Samuel M, Ceballos-Baumann AO, Blin J, Uema T, Boecker H, Passingham RE, Brooks DJ (1997): Evidence for lateral premotor and parietal overactivity in Parkinson's disease during sequential and bimanual movements. A PET study. Brain 120:963-976.
114. 15 PET study. Neuroreport 12:821-828.
115. Schmidt R, Freidl W, Fazekas F, Reinhart B, Grieshofer P, Koch M, Eber B, Schumacher M, Polmin K, Lechner H (1994): The Mattis dementia rating scale: Normative data from 1, 001 healthy subjects volunteers. Neurology 44:964-966.
116. Schweder PM, Hansen PC, Green AL, Quaghebeur G, Stein J, Aziz TZ (2010): Connectivity of the pedunculopontine nucleus in parkinsonian freezing of gait. Neuroreport 21:914-916.
117. Shine JM, Matar E, Ward PB, Bolitho SJ, Gilat M, Pearson M, Naismith SL, Lewis SJ (2013a): Exploring the cortical and subcortical functional magnetic resonance imaging changes associated with freezing in Parkinson's disease. Brain 136:1204-1215.
118. Shine JM, Matar E, Ward PB, Frank MJ, Moustafa AA, Pearson M, Naismith SL, Lewis SJ (2013b): Freezing of gait in Parkinson's disease is associated with functional decoupling between the cognitive control network and the basal ganglia. Brain 136(Pt 12):3671-3681.
119. Shine JM, Moustafa AA, Matar E, Frank MJ, Lewis SJ (2013c): The role of frontostriatal impairment in freezing of gait in Parkinson's disease. [Review]. Front Syst Neurosci 7:61.
120. Snijders AH, Leunissen I, Bakker M, Overeem, S, Helmich RC, Bloem BR, Toni I (2011): Gait related cerebral alterations in patients with Parkinson's disease with freezing of gait. Brain 134:59-72.
121. Solodkin A, Hlustik P, Chen EE, Small SL (2004): Fine modulation in network activation during motor execution and motor imagery. Cereb Cortex 14:1246-1255.
122. Stephan KM, Fink GR, Passingham RE, Silbersweig D, Ceballos-Baumann AO, Frith CD, Frackowiak RS (1995): Functional anatomy of the mental representation of upper extremity movements in healthy subjects. J Neurophysiol 73:373-386.
123. Stevens JA (2005): Interference effects demonstrate distinct roles for visual and motor imagery during the mental representation of human action. Cognition 95:329-350.
124. Stinear CM, Byblow WD, Steyvers M, Levin O, Swinnen SP (2006): Kinesthetic, but not visual, motor imagery modulates corticomotor excitability. Exp Brain Res 168:157-164.
125. Strafella AP, Lozano AM, Ballanger B, Poon YY, Lang AE, Moro E (2008): RCBF changes associated with PPN stimulation in a patient with Parkinson's disease: A PET study. Mov Disord 23:1051-1054.
126. Sunwoo MK, Choo KH, Hong JY, Lee JE, Sohn YH, Lee PH (2013): Thalamic volume and related visual recognition are associated with freezing of gait in non-demented patients with Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 19:1106-1109. Doi: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2013.07.023.
127. Takakusaki K (2013): Neurophysiology of gait: From the spinal cord to the frontal lobe. [Review]. Mov Disord 28:1483-1491.
128. Takakusaki K, Saitoh K, Harada H, Kashiwayanagi M (2004): Role of basal ganglia-brainstem pathways in the control of motor behaviors. [Review]. Neurosci Res 50:137-151.
129. Takakusaki K, Tomita N, Yano M (2008): Substrates for normal and pathophysiology of gait disturbances with respect to the basal ganglia dysfunction. [Review]. J Neurol 4:19-29.
130. Tessitore A, Amboni M, Esposito F, Russo A, Picillo M, Marcuccio L, Pellecchia MT, Vitale C, Cirillo M, Tedeschi G, Barone P (2012a): Resting-state brain connectivity with Parkinson's disease and freezing of gait. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 18:781-787.
131. Tessitore A, Amboni M, Cirillo G, Corbo D, Picillo M, Russo A, Vitale C, Santangelo G, Erro R, Cirillo M, Esposito F, Barone P, Tedeschi G (2012b): Regional gray matter atrophy in patients with Parkinson's disease and freezing of gait. Am J Neuroradiol 33:1804-1809.
132. Thevathasan W, Pogosyan A, Hyam JA, Jenkinson N, Foltynie T, Limousin P, Bogdanovic M, Zringo L, Green AL, Aziz TZ, Brown P (2012a): Alpha oscillations in the pedunculopontine nucleus correlate with gait performance in parkinsonism. Brain 135:148-160.
133. Thevathasan W, Cole MH, Graepel CL, Hyam JA, Jenkinson N, Brittain JS, Coyne TJ, Silburn PA, Aziz TZ, Kerr G, Brown P (2012b): A spatiotemporal analysis of gait freezing and the impact of pedunculopontine nucleus stimulation. Brain 135:1446-1454.
134. Thobois S, Dominey PF, Decety J, Pollak P, Gregoire MC, Le Bars D, Broussolle E (2000): Motor imagery in normal subjects and in asymmetrical Parkinson's disease: A PET study. Neurology 55:996-1002.
135. Thobois S, Dominey P, Fraix V, Mertens P, Guenot M, Zimmer L, Pollak P, Benabid AL, Broussolle E (2002): Effects of subthalamic nucleus stimulation on actual and imagined movement in Parkinson's disease: A PET study. J Neurol 249:1689-1698.
136. Thomas M, Jankovic J, Suteerawattananon M, Wankadia S, Caroline KS, Vuong, KD, Protas E (2004): Clinical gait and balance scale (GABS): Validation and utilization. J Neurol Sci 217:89-99.
137. Tomlinson CL, Stowe R, Patel S, Rick C, Gray R, Clarke CE (2010): Systematic review of levodopa dose equivalency reporting in Parkinson's disease. [Review]. Mov Disord 15; 25:2649-2653.
138. Tzourio-Mazoyer N, Landeau B, Papathanassiou D, Crivello F, Étard O, Delcroix N, Mazoyer B, Joliot M (2002): Automated anatomical labeling of activations in SPM using a macroscopic anatomical parcellation of the MNI MRI single-subject brain. NeuroImage 15:273-289.
139. van der Meulen M, Allali G, Rieger SW, Assal F, Vuilleumier P (2014): The influence of individual motor imagery ability on cerebral recruitment during motor gait imagery. Hum Brain Mapp 35:455-470.
140. Vercruysse S, Devos H, Spildooren J, Vandenbossche J, Vanderberghe W, Nieuwboer A, Heremans E (2012): Explaining freezing of gait in Parkinson's disease: Motor and cognitive determinants. [Review]. Mov Disord 27:1644-1651.
141. Voisin JI, Mercier C, Jackson PL, Richards CL, Malouin F (2011): Is somatosensory excitability more affected by the perspective or modality content of motor imagery? Neurosci Lett 493:33-37.
142. Wai YY, Wang JJ, Weng YH, Lin WY, Ma HK, Ng SH, Wan YL, Wang CH (2012): Cortical involvement in a gait-related imagery task: Comparison between Parkinson's disease and normal aging. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 18:537-542.
143. Wu T, Hallet M (2005): A functional MRI study of automatic movements in patients with Parkinson's disease. Brain 128:2250-2259.
144. Wu T, Hallett M (2013): The cerebellum in Parkinson's disease. [Review]. Brain 136:696-709.
145. Wu T, Wang L, Hallett M, Li K, Chan P (2010): Neural correlates of bimanual anti-phase and in-phase movements in Parkinson's disease. Brain 133:2394-2409.
146. Yogev-Seligmann G, Hausdorff JM, Giladi N (2008): The role of executive function and attention in gait. [Review]. Mov Disord 23:329-342.
147. Yu H, Sternad D, Corcos DM, Vaillancourt DE (2007): Role of hyperactive cerebellum and motor cortex in Parkinson disease. NeuroImage 35:222-233.
148. Zapparoli L, Invernizzi P, Gandola M, Verardi M, Berlingeri M, Sberna M, De Santis A, Zerbi A, Banfi G, Bottini G, Paulesu E (2013): Mental images across the adult lifespan: A behavioural and fMRI investigation of motor execution and motor imagery. Exp Brain Res 224:519-540.