Retaining employees through anti-sexual harassment practices: Exploring the mediating role of psychological distress and employee engagement

Human Resource Management

Volumn 54, Issue 1, 2015, Pages 1-21

  Jiang, Kaifeng ^a   Hong, Ying ^b   Mckay, Patrick F ^c   Avery, Derek R ^d   Wilson, David C ^e   Volpone, Sabrina D ^f  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NOTRE DAME   (United States)

^b FORDHAM UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c RUTGERS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d TEMPLE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF DELAWARE   (United States)

^f UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO   (United States)

Author keywords

Anti sexual harassment practices; Employee engagement; Psychological distress

Indexed keywords

EID: 84921647967     PISSN: 00904848     EISSN: 1099050X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/hrm.21585     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. Aryee, S., Walumbwa, F. O., Seidu, E. Y. M., & Otaye, L. E. (2012). Impact of high performance work systems on individual and branch-level performance: Test of a multilevel model of intermediate linkages. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97, 287-300.
2. Ashforth, B. E., & Mael, F. (1989). Social identity theory and the organization. Academy of Management Review, 14, 20-39.
3. Avery, D. R., McKay, P. F., & Wilson, D. C. (2007). Engaging the aging workforce: The relationship between perceived age similarity, satisfaction with coworkers, and employee engagement. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 1542-1556.
4. Avery, D. R., McKay, P. F., Wilson, D. C., & Tonidandel, S. (2007). Unequal attendance: The relationships between race, organizational diversity cues, and absenteeism.Personnel Psychology, 60, 875-902.
5. Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2007). The job demands-resources model: State of the art. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22, 309-328.
6. Barling, J., Dekker, I., Loughlin, C. A., Kelloway, E. K., Fullagar, C., & Johnson, D. (1996). Prediction and replication of the organizational and personal consequences of workplace sexual harassment. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 11, 4-25.
7. Barling, J., Rogers, A. G., & Kelloway, E. K. (2001). Behind closed doors: In-home workers' experience of sexual harassment and workplace violence. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 6, 255-269.
8. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
9. Bastian, L. D., Lancaster, A. R., & Reyst, H. E. (1996). Department of defense 1995 sexual harassment survey (DMDC report. 96-014). Arlington, VA: Defense Manpower Data Center.
10. Berdahl, J., & Aquino, K. (2009). Sexual behavior at work: Fun or folly? Journal of Applied Psychology, 94, 34-47.
11. Bergman, M. E., & Henning, J. B. (2008). Sex and ethnicity as moderators in the sexual harassment phenomenon: A revision and test of Fitzgerald et al. (1994). Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 13, 152-167.
12. Bergman, M. E., Langhout, R. D., Palmieri, P. A., Cortina, L. M., & Fitzgerald, L. F. (2002). The (un) reasonableness of reporting: Antecedents and consequences of reporting sexual harassment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 230-242.
13. Bowen, D. E., & Ostroff, C. (2004). Understanding HRM-firm performance linkages: The role of the "strength" of the HRM system. Academy of Management Review, 29, 203-221.
14. Brown, R. L. (1997). Assessing specific mediational effects in complex theoretical models Structural Equation Modeling, 4, 142-156.
15. Cogin, J. A., & Fish, A. (2009). An empirical investigation of sexual harassment and work engagement: Surprising differences between men and women. Journal of Management & Organization, 15, 47-61.
16. Cortina, L. M. (2008). Unseen injustice: Incivility as modern discrimination in organizations. Academy of Management Review, 33, 55-75.
17. Cortina, L. M., Fitzgerald, L. F., & Drasgow, F. (2002). Contextualizing Latina experiences of sexual harassment: Preliminary test of a structural model. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 24, 295-311.
18. Crawford, E. R., LePine, J. A., & Rich, B. L. (2010). Linking job demands and resources to employee engagement and burnout: A theoretical extension and meta-analytic test. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95, 834-848.
19. Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., de Jonge, J., Janssen, P. P. M., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2001). Burnout and engagement at work as a function of demands and control. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, 27, 279-286.
20. Edmonson, A. (1999). Psychological safety and learning behavior in network teams. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44, 350-383.
21. Elig, T. W. (2003). Sample design for the 2002 status of the armed forces survey-workplace and gender relations. In B. J. George & K. R. Kroeger (Ed.), 2002 status of the armed forces survey-workplace and gender relations: Statistical methodology report (DMDC report no. 2003-014) (pp. 5-12). Arlington, VA: Defense Manpower Data Center.
22. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission [EEOC]. (2012). Sexual harassment charges EEOC & FEPAs combined: FY 1997-FY 2011. Retrieved from http://www.eeoc.gov/eeoc/statistics/enforcement/sexual_harassment.cfm
23. Fitzgerald, L. F., Drasgow, F., & Magley, V. J. (1999). Sexual harassment in the armed forces: A test of an integrated model. Military Psychology, 11, 329-343.
24. Fitzgerald, L. F., Drasgow, F., Hulin, C. L., Gelfand, M. J., & Magley, V. J. (1997). Antecedents and consequences of sexual harassment in organizations: A test of an integrated model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82, 578-589.
25. Fitzgerald, L. F., Magley, V. J., Drasgow, F., & Waldo, C. R. (1999). Measuring sexual harassment in the military: The sexual experiences questionnaire (SEQ-DOD). Military Psychology, 11, 243-263.
26. Fitzgerald, L. F., Shullman, S. L., Bailey, N., Richards, M., Swecker, J., Gold, Y., ... Weitzman, L. (1988). The incidence and dimensions of sexual harassment in academia and the workplace. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 32, 152-175.
27. Fleming, J. H., Coffman, C., & Harter, J. K. (2005). Manage your human sigma. Harvard Business Review, 83(7), 106-114.
28. Gerbing, D. W., & Anderson, J. C. (1988). An updated paradigm for scale development incorporating unidimensionality and its assessment. Journal of Marketing Research, 25, 186-192.
29. Gettman, H. J., & Gelfand, M. J. (2007). When the customer shouldn't be king: Antecedents and consequences of sexual harassment by clients and customers. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 757-770.
30. Glomb, T. M., Richman, W. L., Hulin, C. L., Drasgow, F., Schneider, K. T., & Fitzgerald, L. F. (1997). Ambient sexual harassment: An integrated model of antecedents and consequences. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 71, 309-328.
31. Griffeth, R. W., Hom, P. W., & Gaertner, S. (2000). A meta-analysis of antecedents and correlates of employee turnover: Update, moderator tests, and research implications for the next millennium. Journal of Management, 26, 463-488.
32. Hakanen, J., Schaufeli, W. B., & Ahola, K. (2008). The job demands-resources model: A three-year cross-lagged study of burnout, depression, commitment, and work engagement. Work and Stress, 22, 224-241.
33. Hall, R. J., Snell, A. F., & Foust, M. S. (1999). Item parceling strategies in SEM: Investigating the subtle effects of unmodeled secondary constructs. Organizational Research Methods, 2, 233-256.
34. Harter, J. K., Schmidt, F. L., & Hayes, T. L. (2002). Business-unit-level relationship between employee satisfaction, employee engagement, and business outcomes: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 268-279.
35. Hogg, M. A., & Terry, D. J. (2000). Social identity and self-categorization processes in organizational contexts. Academy of Management Review, 25, 121-140.
36. James, L. A., & James, L. R. (1989). Integrating work environment perceptions: Explorations into the measurement of meaning. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74, 739-751.
37. James, L. R., Choi, C. C., Ko, C. E., McNeil, P. K., Minton, M. K., Wright, M. A., & Kim, K. (2008). Organizational and psychological climate: A review of theory and research. European Journal of Work & Organizational Psychology, 17, 5-32.
38. Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1993). LISREL: User's reference guide. Chicago, IL: Scientific Software International.
39. Kahn, W. A. (1990). Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work. Academy of Management Journal, 33, 692-724.
40. Kahn, W. A. (1992). To be fully there: psychological presence at work. Human Relations, 45, 321-349.
41. Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (2nd ed.). New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
42. Kopelman, R. E., Brief, A. P., & Guzzo, R. A. (1990). The role of climate and culture in productivity. In B. Schneider (Ed.), Organizational climate and culture (pp. 282-318). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
43. Liao, H., Toya, K., Lepak, D. P., & Hong, Y. (2009). Do they see eye to eye? Management and employee perspectives of high-performance work systems and influence processes on service quality. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94, 371-391.
44. Macey, W. H., & Schneider, B. (2008). The meaning of employee engagement. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 3, 1-30.
45. MacKinnon, C. (1979). Sexual harassment of working women. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
46. Major, B., & O'Brien, L. T. (2005). The social psychology of stigma. Annual Review of Psychology, 56, 393-421.
47. May, D. R., Gilson, R. L., & Harter, L. M. (2004). The psychological conditions of meaningfulness, safety and availability and the engagement of the human spirit at work. Journal of Occupational & Organizational Psychology, 77, 11-37.
48. McKay, P. F., Avery, D. R., Tonidandel, S., Morris, M. A., Hernandez, M., & Hebl, M. R. (2007). Racial differences in employee retention: Are diversity climate perceptions the key? Personnel Psychology, 60, 35-62.
49. Meyer, J. P., Stanley, D. J., Herscovitch, L., & Topolnytsky, L. (2002). Affective, continuance, and normative commitment to the organization: A meta-analysis of antecedents, correlates, and consequences. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 61, 20-52.
50. Mitchell, T. R., Holtom, B. C., Lee, T. W., Sablynski, C. J., & Erez, M. (2001). Why people stay: Using job embeddedness to predict voluntary turnover. Academy of Management Journal, 44, 1102-1121.
51. Mowday, R. T., Steers, R. M., & Porter, L. W. (1979). The measurement of organizational commitment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 14, 224-247.
52. Nishii, L. H., Lepak, D. P., & Schneider, B. (2008). Employee attributions of the "why" of HR practices: Their effects on employee attitudes and behaviors, and customer satisfaction. Personnel Psychology, 61, 503-545.
53. Nishii, L. H., & Wright, P. M. (2008). Variability within organizations: Implications for strategic human resources management. In D. B. Smith (Ed.), The people make the place: Dynamic linkages between individuals and organizations (pp. 225-248). New York, NY: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
54. O'Leary-Kelly, A. M., Bowes-Sperry, L., Bates, C. A., & Lean, E. R. (2009). Sexual harassment at work: A decade (plus) of progress. Journal of Management, 35, 503-536.
55. Orlitzky, M., Schmidt, F. L., & Rynes, S. L. (2003). Corporate social and financial performance: A meta-analysis. Organization Studies, 24, 403-441.
56. Parker, S. K., & Griffin, M. A. (2002). What is so bad about a little name-calling? Negative consequences of gender harassment, over performance demands, and psychological distress, Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 7, 195-210.
57. Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 879-903.
58. Ragins, B. R. (2004). Sexual orientation in the workplace: The unique work and career experiences of gay, lesbian and bisexual workers. Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management, 23, 35-120.
59. Rich, B. L., LePine, J. A., & Crawford, E. R. (2010). Job engagement: Antecedents and effects on job performance. Academy of Management Journal, 53, 617-635.
60. Rotundo, M., Nguyen, D., & Sackett, P. R. (2001). A meta-analytic review of gender differences in perceptions of sexual harassment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 914-922.
61. Saks, A. M. (2006). Antecedents and consequences of employee engagement. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 21, 600-619.
62. Salvaggio, A. N., Hopper, J., & Packell, K. M. (2011). Coworker reactions to observing sexual behavior at work. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 26, 604-622.
63. Sanders-Thompson, V. L. (1999). Variables affecting racial-identity salience among African Americans. Journal of Social Psychology, 139, 748-761.
64. Schaufeli, W. B., & Bakker, A. B. (2004). Job demands, job resources, and their relationship with burnout and engagement: A multi-sample study.Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25, 293-315.
65. Schaufeli, W. B., & Bakker, A. B. (2010). Defining and measuring work engagement: Bring clarity to the concept. In A. B. Bakker & M. P. Leiter (Ed.), Work engagement: A handbook of essential theory and research (pp. 10-24). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
66. Schaufeli, W. B., Salanova, M., González-Romá, V., & Bakker, A. B. (2002). The measurement of engagement and burnout: A two sample confirmatory factor analytic approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3, 1-71.
67. Schneider, B., Ehrhart, M. G., & Macey, W. A. (2011). Organizational climate research: Achievements and the road ahead. In N. Ashkanasy, C. Wilderom, & M. Peterson (Eds.), Handbook of organizational culture and climate (2nd ed., pp. 29-49). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
68. Sobel, M. E. (1982). Asymptotic confidence intervals for indirect effects in structural equation models. In S. Leinhard (Ed.), Sociological methodology (pp. 290-312). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
69. Sonnentag, S. (2003). Recovery, work engagement, and proactive behavior: A new look at the interface between work and non-work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 518-528.
70. Walumbwa, F. O., Wang, P., Wang, H., Schaubroeck, J., & Avolio, B. J. (2010). Psychological processes linking authentic leadership to follower behaviors. Leadership Quarterly, 21, 901-914.
71. Ware, J. E., & Sherbourne, C. D. (1992). The MOS 36-item short form health survey (SF-36): I. conceptual framework and item selection. Medical Care, 30, 473-483.
72. Williams, J. H., Fitzgerald, L. F., & Drasgow, F. (1999). The effects of organizational practices on sexual harassment and individual outcomes in the military. Military Psychology, 11, 303-328.
73. Williams, L. J., & Brown, B. K. (1994). Method variance in organizational behavior and human resources research: Effects on correlations, path coefficients, and hypothesis testing. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 57, 185-209.
74. Willness, C. R., Steel, P., & Lee, K. (2007). A meta-analysis of the antecedents and consequences of workplace sexual harassment. Personnel Psychology, 60, 127-162.
75. Wright, P. C., & Bean, S. A. (1993). Sexual harassment: An issue of employee effectiveness. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 8, 30-37.
76. Zhu, W., Avolio, B. J., & Walumbwa, F. O. (2009). Moderating role of follower characteristics with transformational leadership and follower work engagement. Group & Organization Management, 34, 590-619.