Exploring neural dysfunction in 'clinical high risk' for psychosis: A quantitative review of fMRI studies

Journal of Psychiatric Research

Volumn 61, Issue , 2015, Pages 122-134

  Dutt, Anirban ^a   Tseng, Huai Hsuan ^a   Fonville, Leon ^a   Drakesmith, Mark ^b   Su, Liang ^a   Evans, John ^b   Zammit, Stanley ^b   Jones, Derek ^b   Lewis, Glyn ^c   David, Anthony S ^a  

^a KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b CARDIFF UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

At risk mental state; Clinical high risk; FMRI; Meta analysis; Psychosis; Review

Indexed keywords

BRAIN DYSFUNCTION; BRAIN REGION; COGNITION; COGNITIVE DEFECT; EXECUTIVE FUNCTION; FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; FUNCTIONAL NEUROIMAGING; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HUMAN; INFERIOR PARIETAL LOBULE; LANGUAGE; MEMORY DISORDER; MIDDLE FRONTAL GYRUS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOSIS; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; REVIEW; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SOCIAL COGNITION; SUPERIOR FRONTAL GYRUS; SUPERIOR TEMPORAL GYRUS; WORKING MEMORY; ADULT; BRAIN; BRAIN MAPPING; FEMALE; IMAGE PROCESSING; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PERCEPTION; PROCEDURES; PSYCHOLOGY; PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS; SHORT TERM MEMORY; STATISTICAL MODEL; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA;

ADULT; BRAIN; BRAIN MAPPING; COGNITION; FEMALE; HUMANS; IMAGE PROCESSING, COMPUTER-ASSISTED; LIKELIHOOD FUNCTIONS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; MALE; MEMORY, SHORT-TERM; MIDDLE AGED; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS; SOCIAL PERCEPTION;

EID: 84921486175     PISSN: 00223956     EISSN: 18791379     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.08.018     Document Type: Review

References (104)

1. Aas M., Dazzan P., Mondelli V., Melle I., Murray R.M., Pariante C.M. Asystematic review of cognitive function in first-episode psychosis, including a discussion on childhood trauma, stress, and inflammation. Front Psychiatry 2014, 4:182.
2. Allen P., Amaro E., Fu C.H., Williams S.C., Brammer M.J., Johns L.C., et al. Neural correlates of the misattribution of speech in schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 2007, 190:162-169.
3. Allen P., Chaddock C.A., Howes O.D., Egerton A., Seal M.L., Fusar-Poli P., et al. Abnormal relationship between medial temporal lobe and subcortical dopamine function in people with an ultra high risk for psychosis. Schizophr Bull 2012, 38:1040-1049.
4. Allen P., Luigjes J., Howes O.D., Egerton A., Hirao K., Valli I., et al. Transition to psychosis associated with prefrontal and subcortical dysfunction in ultra high-risk individuals. Schizophr Bull 2012, 38:1268-1276.
5. Allen P., Seal M.L., Valli I., Fusar-Poli P., Perlini C., Day F., et al. Altered prefrontal and hippocampal function during verbal encoding and recognition in people with prodromal symptoms of psychosis. Schizophr Bull 2011, 37:746-756.
6. Allen P., Stephan K.E., Mechelli A., Day F., Ward N., Dalton J., et al. Cingulate activity and fronto-temporal connectivity in people with prodromal signs of psychosis. Neuroimage 2010, 49:947-955.
7. Anderson J.R., Byrne D., Fincham J.M., Gunn P. Role of prefrontal and parietal cortices in associative learning. Cereb Cortex 2008, 18:904-914.
8. Anderson J.R., Qin Y., Stenger V.A., Carter C.S. The relationship of three cortical regions to an information-processing model. JCogn Neurosci 2004, 16:637-653.
9. Antonova E., Kumari V., Morris R., Halari R., Anilkumar A., Mehrotra R., et al. The relationship of structural alterations to cognitive deficits in schizophrenia: a voxel-based morphometry study. Biol Psychiatry 2005, 58:457-467.
10. Baird B., Smallwood J., Gorgolewski K.J., Margulies D.S. Medial and lateral networks in anterior prefrontal cortex support metacognitive ability for memory and perception. JNeurosci 2013, 33:16657-16665.
11. Barch D.M. The cognitive neuroscience of schizophrenia. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2005, 1:321-353.
12. Barlow D.H., Hayes S.C. Alternating treatments design: one strategy for comparing the effects of two treatments in a single subject. JAppl Behav Anal 1979, 12:199-210.
13. Benetti S., Mechelli A., Picchioni M., Broome M., Williams S., McGuire P. Functional integration between the posterior hippocampus and prefrontal cortex is impaired in both first episode schizophrenia and the at risk mental state. Brain 2009, 132:2426-2436.
14. Berryhill M.E., Olson I.R. Is the posterior parietal lobe involved in working memory retrieval? Evidence from patients with bilateral parietal lobe damage. Neuropsychologia 2008, 46:1775-1786.
15. Billeke P., Aboitiz F. Social cognition in schizophrenia: from social stimuli processing to social engagement. Front Psychiatry 2013, 4:4. eCollection 2013. 10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00004.
16. Borgwardt S.J., Riecher-Rössler A., Dazzan P., Chitnis X., Aston J., Drewe M., et al. Regional gray matter volume abnormalities in the at risk mental state. Biol Psychiatry 2007, 61:1148-1156.
17. Borst J.P., Anderson J.R. Using model-based functional MRI to locate working memory updates and declarative memory retrievals in the fronto-parietal network. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013, 110:1628-1633.
18. Broome M.R., Fusar-Poli P., Matthiasson P., Woolley J.B., Valmaggia L., Johns L.C., et al. Neural correlates of visuospatial working memory in the 'at-risk mental state'. Psychol Med 2010, 40:1987-1999.
19. Broome M.R., Matthiasson P., Fusar-Poli P., Woolley J.B., Johns L.C., Tabraham P., et al. Neural correlates of movement generation in the 'at-risk mental state'. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2010, 122:295-301.
20. Broome M.R., Matthiasson P., Fusar-Poli P., Woolley J.B., Johns L.C., Tabraham P., et al. Neural correlates of executive function and working memory in the 'at-risk mental state'. Br J Psychiatry 2009, 194:25-33.
21. Brüne M., Ozgürdal S., Ansorge N., von Reventlow H.G., Peters S., Nicolas V., et al. An fMRI study of "theory of mind" in at-risk states of psychosis: comparison with manifest schizophrenia and healthy controls. Neuroimage 2011, 55:329-337.
22. Callicott J.H., Mattay V.S., Verchinski B.A., Marenco S., Egan M.F., Weinberger D.R. Complexity of prefrontal cortical dysfunction in schizophrenia: more than up or down. Am J Psychiatry 2003, 160:2209-2215.
23. Cannon T.D., Cadenhead K., Cornblatt B., Woods S.W., Addington J., Walker E., et al. Prediction of psychosis in youth at high clinical risk: a multisite longitudinal study in North America. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2008, 65:28-37.
24. Choi J.S., Park J.Y., Jung M.H., Jang J.H., Kang D.H., Jung W.H., et al. Phase-specific brain change of spatial working memory processing in genetic and ultra-high risk groups of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2012, 38:1189-1199.
25. Cooper D., Barker B., Radua J., Fusar-Poli P., Lawrie S.M. Multimodal voxel-based meta-analysis of structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging studies in those at elevated genetic risk of developing schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2014, 221:69-77.
26. Costa A., Oliveri M., Barban F., Bonnì S., Koch G., Caltagirone C., et al. The right frontopolar cortex is involved in visual-spatial prospective memory. PLoS One 2013, 8:e56039. 10.1371/journal.pone.0056039.
27. Crossley N.A., Mechelli A., Fusar-Poli P., Broome M.R., Matthiasson P., Johns L.C., et al. Superior temporal lobe dysfunction and frontotemporal dysconnectivity in subjects at risk of psychosis and in first-episode psychosis. Hum Brain Mapp 2009, 30:4129-4137.
28. Dandash O., Fornito A., Lee J., Keefe R.S., Chee M.W., Adcock R.A., et al. Altered striatal functional connectivity in subjects with an at-risk mental state for psychosis. Schizophr Bull 2013, 40(4):904-913.
29. Davis K.L., Stewart D.G., Friedman J.I., Buchsbaum M., Harvey P.D., Hof P.R., et al. White matter changes in schizophrenia: evidence for myelin-related dysfunction. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2003, 60:443-456.
30. D'Esposito M., Aguirre G.K., Zarahn E., Ballard D., Shin R.K., Lease J. Functional MRI studies of spatial and nonspatial working memory. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res 1998, 7:1-13.
31. Eickhoff S.B., Laird A.R., Grefkes C., Wang L.E., Zilles K., Fox P.T. Coordinate-based activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis of neuroimaging data: a random-effects approach based on empirical estimates of spatial uncertainty. Hum Brain Mapp 2009, 30:2907-2926.
32. Ellison-Wright I., Bullmore E. Meta-analysis of diffusion tensor imaging studies in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2009, 108:3-10.
33. Fioravanti M., Bianchi V., Cinti M.E. Cognitive deficits in schizophrenia: an updated metanalysis of the scientific evidence. BMC Psychiatry 2012, 12:64. 10.1186/1471-244X-12-64.
34. Fletcher P.C., Frith C.D., Grasby P.M., Friston K.J., Dolan R.J. Local and distributed effects of apomorphine on fronto-temporal function in acute unmedicated schizophrenia. JNeurosci 1996, 16:7055-7062.
35. Fornito A., Yung A.R., Wood S.J., Phillips L.J., Nelson B., Cotton S., et al. Anatomic abnormalities of the anterior cingulate cortex before psychosis onset: an MRI study of ultra-high-risk individuals. Biol Psychiatry 2008, 64:758-765.
36. Frith C.D. The cognitive neuropsychology of schizophrenia 1992, Psychology Press, Hove, UK.
37. Frith C.D., Corcoran R. Exploring 'theory of mind' in people with schizophrenia. Psychol Med 1996, 26:521-530.
38. Fryer S.L., Woods S.W., Kiehl K.A., Calhoun V.D., Pearlson G.D., Roach B.J., et al. Deficient suppression of default mode regions during working memory in individuals with early psychosis and at clinical high-risk for psychosis. Front Psychiatry 2013, 4:92. 10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00092.
39. Fusar-Poli P., Borgwardt S., Crescini A., Deste G., Kempton M.J., Lawrie S., et al. Neuroanatomy of vulnerability to psychosis: a voxel-based meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2011, 35:1175-1185.
40. Fusar-Poli P., Broome M.R., Matthiasson P., Woolley J.B., Johns L.C., Tabraham P., et al. Spatial working memory in individuals at high risk for psychosis: longitudinal fMRI study. Schizophr Res 2010, 123:45-52.
41. Fusar-Poli P., Broome M.R., Matthiasson P., Woolley J.B., Mechelli A., Johns L.C., et al. Prefrontal function at presentation directly related to clinical outcome in people at ultrahigh risk of psychosis. Schizophr Bull 2009, 37:189-198. 10.1093/schbul/sbp074.
42. Fusar-Poli P., Broome M.R., Woolley J.B., Johns L.C., Tabraham P., Bramon E., et al. Altered brain function directly related to structural abnormalities in people at ultra high risk of psychosis: longitudinal VBM-fMRI study. JPsychiatr Res 2011, 45:190-198.
43. Fusar-Poli P., Howes O.D., Allen P., Broome M., Valli I., Asselin M.C., et al. Abnormal frontostriatal interactions in people with prodromal signs of psychosis: a multimodal imaging study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2010, 67:683-691.
44. Fusar-Poli P., Howes O.D., Allen P., Broome M., Valli I., Asselin M.C., et al. Abnormal prefrontal activation directly related to pre-synaptic striatal dopamine dysfunction in people at clinical high risk for psychosis. Mol Psychiatry 2011, 16:67-75.
45. Fusar-Poli P., Stone J.M., Broome M.R., Valli I., Mechelli A., McLean M.A., et al. Thalamic glutamate levels as a predictor of cortical response during executive functioning in subjects at high risk for psychosis. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2011, 68:881-890.
46. Fusar-Poli P. Voxel-wise meta-analysis of fMRI studies in patients at clinical high risk for psychosis. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2012, 37:106-112.
47. Gee D.G., Karlsgodt K.H., van Erp T.G., Bearden C.E., Lieberman M.D., Belger A., et al. NAPLS Consortium. Altered age-related trajectories of amygdala-prefrontal circuitry in adolescents at clinical high risk for psychosis: a preliminary study. Schizophr Res 2012, 134:1-9.
48. Gevins A., Cutillo B. Spatiotemporal dynamics of component processes in human working memory. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1993, 87:128-143.
49. Goghari V.M. Executive functioning-related brain abnormalities associated with the genetic liability for schizophrenia: an activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis. Psychol Med 2011, 41:1239-1252.
50. Green M.F., Penn D.L., Bentall R., Carpenter W.T., Gaebel W., Gur R.C., et al. Social cognition in schizophrenia: an NIMH workshop on definitions, assessment, and research opportunities. Schizophr Bull 2008, 34:1211-1220. 10.1093/schbul/sbm145.
51. Haier R.J., Siegel B.V., MacLachlan A., Soderling E., Lottenberg S., Buchsbaum MS. Regional glucose metabolic changes after learning a complex visuospatial/motor task: a positron emission tomographic study. Brain Res 1992, 570:134-143.
52. Homan P., Kindler J., Hauf M., Walther S., Hubl D., Dierks T. Repeated measurements of cerebral blood flow in the left superior temporal gyrus reveal tonic hyperactivity in patients with auditory verbal hallucinations: a possible trait marker. Front Hum Neurosci 2013, 7:304. 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00304.
53. Honea R., Crow T.J., Passingham D., Mackay C.E. Regional deficits in brain volume in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of voxel-based morphometry studies. Am J Psychiatry 2005, 162:2233-2245.
54. Jansma J.M., Ramsey N.F., Slagter H.A., Kahn R.S. Functional anatomical correlates of controlled and automatic processing. JCogn Neurosci 2001, 13:730-743.
55. Jung W.H., Jang J.H., Byun M.S., An S.K., Kwon J.S. Structural brain alterations in individuals at ultra-high risk for psychosis: a review of magnetic resonance imaging studies and future directions. JKorean Med Sci 2010, 25:1700-1709.
56. Jung W.H., Jang J.H., Shin N.Y., Kim S.N., Choi C.H., An S.K., et al. Regional brain atrophy and functional disconnection in Broca's area in individuals at ultra-high risk for psychosis and schizophrenia. PLoS One 2012, 7:e51975. 10.1371/journal.pone.0051975.
57. Karlsgodt K.H., van Erp T.G., Bearden C.E., Cannon T.D. Altered relationships between age and functional brain activation in adolescents at clinical high risk for psychosis. Psychiatry Res 2014, 221:21-29. 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2013.08.004.
58. Kaymaz N., Drukker M., Lieb R., Wittchen H.U., Werbeloff N., Weiser M., et al. Do subthreshold psychotic experiences predict clinical outcomes in unselected non-help-seeking population-based samples? A systematic review and meta-analysis, enriched with new results. Psychol Med 2012, 20:1-15.
59. Keshavan M.S., Berger G., Zipursky R.B., Wood S.J., Pantelis C. Neurobiology of early psychosis. Br J Psychiatry Suppl 2005, 48:s8-s18.
60. Kinou M., Takizawa R., Marumo K., Kawasaki S., Kawakubo Y., Fukuda M., et al. Differential spatiotemporal characteristics of the prefrontal hemodynamic response and their association with functional impairment in schizophrenia and major depression. Schizophr Res 2013, 150:459-467.
61. Klosterkötter J., Hellmich M., Steinmeyer E.M., Schultze-Lutter F. Diagnosing schizophrenia in the initial prodromal phase. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001, 58:158-164.
62. Kuroki N., Shenton M.E., Salisbury D.F., Hirayasu Y., Onitsuka T., Ersner-Hershfield H., et al. Middle and inferior temporal gyrus gray matter volume abnormalities in first-episode schizophrenia: an MRI study. Am J Psychiatry 2006, 163:2103-2110.
63. Laird A.R., Fox M., Price C.J., Glahn D.C., Uecker A.M., Lancaster J.L., et al. ALE meta-analysis: controlling the false discovery rate and performing statistical contrasts. Hum Brain Mapp 2005, 25:155-164.
64. Lee K.H., Farrow T.F., Spence S.A., Woodruff P.W. Social cognition, brain networks and schizophrenia. Psychol Med 2004, 34:391-400.
65. Lieberman J.A., Perkins D., Belger A., Chakos M., Jarskog F., Boteva K., et al. The early stages of schizophrenia: speculations on pathogenesis, pathophysiology, and therapeutic approaches. Biol Psychiatry 2001, 50:884-897.
66. Mars R.B., Neubert F.X., Noonan M.P., Sallet J., Toni I., Rushworth M.F. On the relationship between the "default mode network" and the "social brain". Front Hum Neurosci 2012, 6:189. 10.3389/fnhum.2012.00189.
67. McGuire P.K., Silbersweig D.A., Wright I., Murray R.M., David A.S., Frackowiak R.S., et al. Abnormal monitoring of inner speech: a physiological basis for auditory hallucinations. Lancet 1995, 346:596-600.
68. Mesulam M.M. From sensation to cognition. Brain 1998, 121(Pt 6):1013-1052.
69. Miller T.J., McGlashan T.H., Rosen J.L., Cadenhead K., Cannon T., Ventura J., et al. Prodromal assessment with the structured interview for prodromal syndromes and the scale of prodromal symptoms: predictive validity, interrater reliability, and training to reliability. Schizophr Bull 2003, 29:703-715.
70. Morey R.A., Inan S., Mitchell T.V., Perkins D.O., Lieberman J.A., Belger A. Imaging frontostriatal function in ultra-high-risk, early, and chronic schizophrenia during executive processing. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005, 62:254-262.
71. Murphy K., Garavan H. An empirical investigation into the number of subjects required for an event-related fMRI study. NeuroImage 2004, 22:879-885.
72. Niendam T.A., Lesh T.A., Yoon J., Westphal A.J., Hutchison N., Ragland, J.D., et al. Impaired context processing as a potential marker of psychosis risk state. Psychiatry Res 2014, 221:13-20. 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2013.09.001.
73. Owen A.M. The role of the lateral frontal cortex in mnemonic processing: the contribution of functional neuroimaging. Exp Brain Res 2000, 133:33-43.
74. Owen A.M., McMillan K.M., Laird A.R., Bullmore E. N-back working memory paradigm: a meta-analysis of normative functional neuroimaging studies. Hum Brain Mapp 2005, 25:46-59.
75. Pantelis C., Velakoulis D., McGorry P.D., Wood S.J., Suckling J., Phillips L.J., et al. Neuroanatomical abnormalities before and after onset of psychosis: a cross-sectional and longitudinal MRI comparison. Lancet 2003, 361:281-288.
76. Pauly K., Seiferth N.Y., Kellermann T., Ruhrmann S., Daumann B., Backes V., et al. The interaction of working memory and emotion in persons clinically at risk for psychosis: an fMRI pilot study. Schizophr Res 2010, 120:167-176.
77. Pearlson G.D., Petty R.G., Ross C.A., Tien A.Y. Schizophrenia: a disease of heteromodal association cortex?. Neuropsychopharmacology 1996, 14:1-17.
78. Pettersson-Yeo W., Benetti S., Marquand A.F., Dell'acqua F., Williams S.C., Allen P., et al. Using genetic, cognitive and multi-modal neuroimaging data to identify ultra-high-risk and first-episode psychosis at the individual level. Psychol Med 2013, 43:2547-2562.
79. Pflueger M.O., Gschwandtner U., Stieglitz R.D., Riecher-Rössler A. Neuropsychological deficits in individuals with an at risk mental state for psychosis - working memory as a potential trait marker. Schizophr Res 2007, 97:14-24.
80. Phillips L.J., Yung A.R., McGorry P.D. Identification of young people at risk of psychosis: validation of Personal Assessment and Crisis Evaluation Clinic intake criteria. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2000, 34:S164-S169.
81. Radua J., Borgwardt S., Crescini A., Mataix-Cols D., Meyer-Lindenberg A., McGuire P.K., et al. Multimodal meta-analysis of structural and functional brain changes in first episode psychosis and the effects of antipsychotic medication. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2012, 36:2325-2333.
82. Reichenberg A. The assessment of neuropsychological functioning in schizophrenia. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 2010, 12:383-392.
83. Ruhrmann S., Schultze-Lutter F., Salokangas R.K., Heinimaa M., Linszen D., Dingemans P., et al. Prediction of psychosis in adolescents and young adults at high risk: results from the prospective European prediction of psychosis study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2010, 67:241-251.
84. Sabb F.W., van Erp T.G., Hardt M.E., Dapretto M., Caplan R., Cannon T.D., et al. Language network dysfunction as a predictor of outcome in youth at clinical high risk for psychosis. Schizophr Res 2010, 116:173-183.
85. Schmidt A., Smieskova R., Aston J., Simon A., Allen P., Fusar-Poli P., et al. Brain connectivity abnormalities predating the onset of psychosis: correlation with the effect of medication. JAMA Psychiatry 2013, 70:903-912.
86. Seiferth N.Y., Pauly K., Habel U., Kellermann T., Shah N.J., Ruhrmann S., et al. Increased neural response related to neutral faces in individuals at risk for psychosis. Neuroimage 2008, 40:289-297.
87. Shenton M.E., Dickey C.C., Frumin M., McCarley R.W. Areview of MRI findings in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2001, 49:1-52.
88. Shergill S.S., Kanaan R.A., Chitnis X.A., O'Daly O., Jones D.K., Frangou S., et al. Adiffusion tensor imaging study of fasciculi in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2007, 164:467-473.
89. Shim G., Oh J.S., Jung W.H., Jang J.H., Choi C.H., Kim E., et al. Altered resting-state connectivity in subjects at ultra-high risk for psychosis: an fMRI study. Behav Brain Funct 2010, 11(6):58. 10.1186/1744-9081-6-58.
90. Smieskova R., Allen P., Simon A., Aston J., Bendfeldt K., Drewe J., et al. Different duration of at-risk mental state associated with neurofunctional abnormalities. A multimodal imaging study. Hum Brain Mapp 2012, 33:2281-2294.
91. Smieskova R., Marmy J., Schmidt A., Bendfeldt K., Riecher-R'ssler A., Walter M., et al. Do subjects at clinical high risk for psychosis differ from those with a genetic high risk? - a systematic review of structural and functional brain abnormalities. Curr Med Chem 2013, 20:467-481.
92. Sugranyes G., Kyriakopoulos M., Dima D., O'Muircheartaigh J., Corrigall R., Pendelbury G., et al. Multimodal analyses identify linked functional and white matter abnormalities within the working memory network in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2012, 138:136-142.
93. Takahashi T., Wood S.J., Yung A.R., Walterfang M., Phillips L.J., Soulsby B., et al. Superior temporal gyrus volume in antipsychotic-naive people at risk of psychosis. Br J Psychiatry 2010, 196:206-211.
94. Taylor S.F., Kang J., Brege I.S., Tso I.F., Hosanagar A., Johnson T.D. Meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies of emotion perception and experience in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2012, 71:136-145.
95. Torrey E.F. Schizophrenia and the inferior parietal lobule. Schizophr Res 2007, 97:215-225.
96. Turkeltaub P.E., Eden G.F., Jones K.M., Zeffiro T.A. Meta-analysis of the functional neuroanatomy of single-word reading: method and validation. Neuroimage 2002, 16:765-780.
97. Valli I., Stone J., Mechelli A., Bhattacharyya S., Raffin M., Allen P., et al. Altered medial temporal activation related to local glutamate levels in subjects with prodromal signs of psychosis. Biol Psychiatry 2011, 69:97-99.
98. Wager T.D., Smith E.E. Neuroimaging studies of working memory: a meta-analysis. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci 2003, 3:255-274.
99. Wright I.C., Rabe-Hesketh S., Woodruff P.W., David A.S., Murray R.M., Bullmore E.T. Meta-analysis of regional brain volumes in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2000, 157:16-25.
100. Yücel M., Wood S.J., Phillips L.J., Stuart G.W., Smith D.J., Yung A., et al. Morphology of the anterior cingulate cortex in young men at ultra-high risk of developing a psychotic illness. Br J Psychiatry 2003, 182:518-524.
101. Yung A.R., McGorry P.D. The initial prodrome in psychosis: descriptive and qualitative aspects. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 1996, 30:587-599.
102. Yung A.R., McGorry P.D., McFarlane C.A., Jackson H.J., Patton G.C., Rakkar A. Monitoring and care of young people at incipient risk of psychosis. Schizophr Bull 1996, 22:283-303.
103. Yung A.R., Phillips L.J., McGorry P.D., McFarlane C.A., Francey S., Harrigan S., et al. Prediction of psychosis. A step towards indicated prevention of schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 1998, 172:(S)14-(S)20.
104. Yung A.R., Yuen H.P., Berger G., Francey S., Hung T.C., Nelson B., et al. Declining transition rate in ultra high risk (prodromal) services: dilution or reduction of risk?. Schizophr Bull 2007, 33:673-681.