Could lncRNAs be the Missing Links in Control of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Differentiation?

Journal of Cellular Physiology

Volumn 230, Issue 3, 2015, Pages 526-534

  Tye, Coralee E ^a   Gordon, Jonathan A R ^a   Martin Buley, Lori A ^a   Stein, Janet L ^a   Lian, Jane B ^a   Stein, Gary S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

LONG UNTRANSLATED RNA; MICRORNA; UNTRANSLATED RNA;

ADIPOCYTE; ADIPOGENESIS; BIOGENESIS; BONE DEVELOPMENT; CARTILAGE CELL; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CHONDROGENESIS; HUMAN; MESENCHYMAL STEM CELL; MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT; MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY; MYOBLAST; NEXT GENERATION SEQUENCING; NONHUMAN; OSTEOARTHRITIS; OSTEOBLAST; OSTEOSARCOMA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; TISSUE REPAIR; CYTOLOGY; GENETICS; MESENCHYMAL STROMA CELL; METABOLISM;

ADIPOCYTES; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CHONDROCYTES; HUMANS; MESENCHYMAL STROMAL CELLS; MICRORNAS; MYOBLASTS; OSTEOBLASTS; RNA, LONG NONCODING;

EID: 84920896855     PISSN: 00219541     EISSN: 10974652     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24834     Document Type: Review

References (109)

1. Alexander R, Lodish H, Sun L. 2011. MicroRNAs in adipogenesis and as therapeutic targets for obesity. Expert Opin Ther Targets 15:623-636.
2. Alvarez-Dominguez JR, Hu W, Yuan B, Shi J, Park SS, Gromatzky AA, van Oudenaarden A, Lodish HF. 2014. Global discovery of erythroid long noncoding RNAs reveals novel regulators of red cell maturation. Blood 123:570-581.
3. Arita T, Ichikawa D, Konishi H, Komatsu S, Shiozaki A, Shoda K, Kawaguchi T, Hirajima S, Nagata H, Kubota T, Fujiwara H, Okamoto K, Otsuji E. 2013. Circulating long non-coding RNAs in plasma of patients with gastric cancer. Anticancer Res 33:3185-3193.
4. Babajko S, Petit S, Fernandes I, Meary F, LeBihan J, Pibouin L, Berdal A. 2009. Msx1 expression regulation by its own antisense RNA: Consequence on tooth development and bone regeneration. Cells Tissues Organs 189:115-121.
5. Bartel DP. 2004. MicroRNAs: Genomics, biogenesis, mechanism, and function. Cell 116:281-297.
6. Bartolomei MS, Zemel S, Tilghman SM. 1991. Parental imprinting of the mouse H19 gene. Nature 351:153-155.
7. Batista PJ, Chang HY. 2013. Long noncoding RNAs: Cellular address codes in development and disease. Cell 152:1298-1307.
8. Benetatos L, Voulgaris E, Vartholomatos G, Hatzimichael E. 2013. Non-coding RNAs and EZH2 interactions in cancer: Long and short tales from the transcriptome. Int J Cancer 133:267-274.
9. Berdal A, Lezot F, Pibouin L, Hotton D, Ghoul-Mazgar S, Teillaud C, Robert B, MacDougall M, Blin C. 2002. Msx1 homeogene antisense mRNA in mouse dental and bone cells. Connect Tissue Res 43:148-152.
10. Bergmann JH, Spector DL. 2014. Long non-coding RNAs: Modulators of nuclear structure and function. Curr Opin Cell Biol 26:10-18.
11. Borensztein M, Monnier P, Court F, Louault Y, Ripoche MA, Tiret L, Yao Z, Tapscott SJ, Forne T, Montarras D, Dandolo L. 2013. Myod and H19-Igf2 locus interactions are required for diaphragm formation in the mouse. Development 140:1231-1239.
12. Borsani G, Tonlorenzi R, Simmler MC, Dandolo L, Arnaud D, Capra V, Grompe M, Pizzuti A, Muzny D, Lawrence C, Willard HF, Avner P, Ballabio A. 1991. Characterization of a murine gene expressed from the inactive X chromosome. Nature 351:325-329.
13. Bovolenta M, Erriquez D, Valli E, Brioschi S, Scotton C, Neri M, Falzarano MS, Gherardi S, Fabris M, Rimessi P, Gualandi F, Perini G, Ferlini A. 2012. The DMD locus harbours multiple long non-coding RNAs which orchestrate and control transcription of muscle dystrophin mRNA isoforms. PLoS ONE 7:e45328.
14. Bronze-da-Rocha E. 2014. MicroRNAs expression profiles in cardiovascular diseases. Biomed Res Int 2014:985408.
15. Caretti G, Schiltz RL, Dilworth FJ, Di Padova M, Zhao P, Ogryzko V, Fuller-Pace FV, Hoffman EP, Tapscott SJ, Sartorelli V. 2006. The RNA helicases p68/p72 and the noncoding RNA SRA are coregulators of MyoD and skeletal muscle differentiation. Dev Cell 11:547-560.
16. Carrion K, Dyo J, Patel V, Sasik R, Mohamed SA, Hardiman G, Nigam V. 2014. The long non-coding HOTAIR is modulated by cyclic stretch and WNT/beta-CATENIN in human aortic valve cells and is a novel repressor of calcification genes. PLoS ONE 9:e96577.
17. Carthew RW, Sontheimer EJ. 2009. Origins and Mechanisms of miRNAs and siRNAs. Cell 136:642-655.
18. Cesana M, Cacchiarelli D, Legnini I, Santini T, Sthandier O, Chinappi M, Tramontano A, Bozzoni I. 2011. A long noncoding RNA controls muscle differentiation by functioning as a competing endogenous RNA. Cell 147:358-369.
19. Crippa S, Cassano M, Sampaolesi M. 2012. Role of miRNAs in muscle stem cell biology: Proliferation, differentiation and death. Curr Pharm Des 18:1718-1729.
20. Dai E, Yu X, Zhang Y, Meng F, Wang S, Liu X, Liu D, Wang J, Li X, Jiang W. 2014. EpimiR: A database of curated mutual regulation between miRNAs and epigenetic modifications. Database (Oxford) 2014:bau023.
21. Derrien T, Johnson R, Bussotti G, Tanzer A, Djebali S, Tilgner H, Guernec G, Martin D, Merkel A, Knowles DG, Lagarde J, Veeravalli L, Ruan X, Ruan Y, Lassmann T, Carninci P, Brown JB, Lipovich L, Gonzalez JM, Thomas M, Davis CA, Shiekhattar R, Gingeras TR, Hubbard TJ, Notredame C, Harrow J, Guigo R. 2012. The GENCODE v7 catalog of human long noncoding RNAs: Analysis of their gene structure, evolution, and expression. Genome Res 22:1775-1789.
22. Dey BK, Pfeifer K, Dutta A. 2014. The H19 long noncoding RNA gives rise to microRNAs miR-675-3p and miR-675-5p to promote skeletal muscle differentiation and regeneration. Genes Dev 28:491-501.
23. Djebali S, Davis CA, Merkel A, Dobin A, Lassmann T, Mortazavi A, Tanzer A, Lagarde J, Lin W, Schlesinger F, Xue C, Marinov GK, Khatun J, Williams BA, Zaleski C, Rozowsky J, Roder M, Kokocinski F, Abdelhamid RF, Alioto T, Antoshechkin I, Baer MT, Bar NS, Batut P, Bell K, Bell I, Chakrabortty S, Chen X, Chrast J, Curado J, Derrien T, Drenkow J, Dumais E, Dumais J, Duttagupta R, Falconnet E, Fastuca M, Fejes-Toth K, Ferreira P, Foissac S, Fullwood MJ, Gao H, Gonzalez D, Gordon A, Gunawardena H, Howald C, Jha S, Johnson R, Kapranov P, King B, Kingswood C, Luo OJ, Park E, Persaud K, Preall JB, Ribeca P, Risk B, Robyr D, Sammeth M, Schaffer L, See LH, Shahab A, Skancke J, Suzuki AM, Takahashi H, Tilgner H, Trout D, Walters N, Wang H, Wrobel J, Yu Y, Ruan X, Hayashizaki Y, Harrow J, Gerstein M, Hubbard T, Reymond A, Antonarakis SE, Hannon G, Giddings MC, Ruan Y, Wold B, Carninci P, Guigo R, Gingeras TR. 2012. Landscape of transcription in human cells. Nature 489:101-108.
24. Dong S, Yang B, Guo H, Kang F. 2012. MicroRNAs regulate osteogenesis and chondrogenesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 418:587-591.
25. Farr RJ, Joglekar MV, Taylor CJ, Hardikar AA. 2013. Circulating non-coding RNAs as biomarkers of beta cell death in diabetes. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev 11:14-20.
26. Fatica A, Bozzoni I. 2014. Long non-coding RNAs: New players in cell differentiation and development. Nat Rev Genet 15:7-21.
27. Fleming-Waddell JN, Olbricht GR, Taxis TM, White JD, Vuocolo T, Craig BA, Tellam RL, Neary MK, Cockett NE, Bidwell CA. 2009. Effect of DLK1 and RTL1 but not MEG3 or MEG8 on muscle gene expression in Callipyge lambs. PLoS ONE 4:e7399.
28. Friedenstein AJ, Gorskaja JF, Kulagina NN. 1976. Fibroblast precursors in normal and irradiated mouse hematopoietic organs. Exp Hematol 4:267-274.
29. Gabory A, Jammes H, Dandolo L. 2010. The H19 locus: Role of an imprinted non-coding RNA in growth and development. Bioessays 32:473-480.
30. Ghosal S, Das S, Chakrabarti J. 2013. Long noncoding RNAs: New players in the molecular mechanism for maintenance and differentiation of pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 22:2240-2253.
31. Goljanek-Whysall K, Sweetman D, Munsterberg AE. 2012. MicroRNAs in skeletal muscle differentiation and disease. Clin Sci (Lond) 123:611-625.
32. Gordon FE, Nutt CL, Cheunsuchon P, Nakayama Y, Provencher KA, Rice KA, Zhou Y, Zhang X, Klibanski A. 2010. Increased expression of angiogenic genes in the brains of mouse meg3-null embryos. Endocrinology 151:2443-2452.
33. Grasedieck S, Sorrentino A, Langer C, Buske C, Dohner H, Mertens D, Kuchenbauer F. 2013. Circulating microRNAs in hematological diseases: Principles, challenges, and perspectives. Blood 121:4977-4984.
34. Guil S, Soler M, Portela A, Carrere J, Fonalleras E, Gomez A, Villanueva A, Esteller M. 2012. Intronic RNAs mediate EZH2 regulation of epigenetic targets. Nat Struct Mol Biol 19:664-670.
35. Hayes J, Peruzzi PP, Lawler S. 2014. MicroRNAs in cancer: Biomarkers, functions and therapy. Trends Mol Med 20:460-469.
36. Hemming S, Cakouros D, Isenmann S, Cooper L, Menicanin D, Zannettino A, Gronthos S. 2014. EZH2 and KDM6A act as an epigenetic switch to regulate mesenchymal stem cell lineage specification. Stem Cells 32:802-815.
37. Hilton C, Neville MJ, Karpe F. 2013. MicroRNAs in adipose tissue: Their role in adipogenesis and obesity. Int J Obes (Lond) 37:325-332.
38. Hindorff LA, Sethupathy P, Junkins HA, Ramos EM, Mehta JP, Collins FS, Manolio TA. 2009. Potential etiologic and functional implications of genome-wide association loci for human diseases and traits. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106:9362-9367.
39. Hong E, Reddi AH. 2012. MicroRNAs in chondrogenesis, articular cartilage, and osteoarthritis: Implications for tissue engineering. Tissue Eng Part B Rev 18:445-453.
40. Huang J, Zhao L, Xing L, Chen D. 2010. MicroRNA-204 regulates Runx2 protein expression and mesenchymal progenitor cell differentiation. Stem Cells 28:357-364.
41. Hube F, Velasco G, Rollin J, Furling D, Francastel C. 2011. Steroid receptor RNA activator protein binds to and counteracts SRA RNA-mediated activation of MyoD and muscle differentiation. Nucleic Acids Res 39:513-525.
42. Joh RI, Palmieri CM, Hill IT, Motamedi M. 2014. Regulation of histone methylation by noncoding RNAs. Biochim Biophys Acta.
43. Kallen AN, Zhou XB, Xu J, Qiao C, Ma J, Yan L, Lu L, Liu C, Yi JS, Zhang H, Min W, Bennett AM, Gregory RI, Ding Y, Huang Y. 2013. The imprinted H19 lncRNA antagonizes let-7 microRNAs. Mol Cell 52:101-112.
44. Keniry A, Oxley D, Monnier P, Kyba M, Dandolo L, Smits G, Reik W. 2012. The H19 lincRNA is a developmental reservoir of miR-675 that suppresses growth and Igf1r. Nat Cell Biol 14:659-665.
45. Kim D, Song J, Han J, Kim Y, Chun CH, Jin EJ. 2013. Two non-coding RNAs, MicroRNA-101 and HOTTIP contribute cartilage integrity by epigenetic and homeotic regulation of integrin-alpha1. Cell Signal 25:2878-2887.
46. Kim VN. 2005. MicroRNA biogenesis: Coordinated cropping and dicing. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 6:376-385.
47. Kretz M, Webster DE, Flockhart RJ, Lee CS, Zehnder A, Lopez-Pajares V, Qu K, Zheng GX, Chow J, Kim GE, Rinn JL, Chang HY, Siprashvili Z, Khavari PA. 2012. Suppression of progenitor differentiation requires the long noncoding RNA ANCR. Genes Dev 26:338-343.
48. Kwak M, Hong S, Yu SL, Sim BW, Seo JS, Kang J. 2012. Parthenogenetic embryonic stem cells with H19 siRNA-mediated knockdown as a potential resource for cell therapy. Int J Mol Med 29:257-262.
49. Le LT Swingler, Clark TE. 2013. Review: The role of microRNAs in osteoarthritis and chondrogenesis. Arthritis Rheum 65:1963-1974.
50. Legnini I, Morlando M, Mangiavacchi A, Fatica A, Bozzoni I. 2014. A feedforward regulatory loop between HuR and the long noncoding RNA linc-MD1 controls early phases of myogenesis. Mol Cell 53:506-514.
51. Li CH, Chen Y. 2013. Targeting long non-coding RNAs in cancers: Progress and prospects. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 45:1895-1910.
52. Li JP, Liu LH, Li J, Chen Y, Jiang XW, Ouyang YR, Liu YQ, Zhong H, Li H, Xiao T. 2013. Microarray expression profile of long noncoding RNAs in human osteosarcoma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 433:200-206.
53. Li Z, Gilbert JA, Zhang Y, Zhang M, Qiu Q, Ramanujan K, Shavlakadze T, Eash JK, Scaramozza A, Goddeeris MM, Kirsch DG, Campbell KP, Brack AS, Glass DJ. 2012. An HMGA2-IGF2BP2 axis regulates myoblast proliferation and myogenesis. Dev Cell 23:1176-1188.
54. Lian JB, Stein GS, van Wijnen AJ, Stein JL, Hassan MQ, Gaur T, Zhang Y. 2012. MicroRNA control of bone formation and homeostasis. Nat Rev Endocrinol 8:212-227.
55. Liu Q, Huang J, Zhou N, Zhang Z, Zhang A, Lu Z, Wu F, Mo YY. 2013. LncRNA loc285194 is a p53-regulated tumor suppressor. Nucleic Acids Res 41:4976-4987.
56. Liu Q, Zhang X, Dai L, Hu X, Zhu J, Li L, Zhou C, Ao Y. 2014a. Long noncoding RNA related to cartilage injury promotes chondrocyte extracellular matrix degradation in osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 66:969-978.
57. Liu Z, Li X, Sun N, Xu Y, Meng Y, Yang C, Wang Y, Zhang K. 2014b. Microarray profiling and co-expression network analysis of circulating lncRNAs and mRNAs associated with major depressive disorder. PLoS ONE 9:93388.
58. Lu L, Sun K, Chen X, Zhao Y, Wang L, Zhou L, Sun H, Wang H. 2013. Genome-wide survey by ChIP-seq reveals YY1 regulation of lincRNAs in skeletal myogenesis. EMBO J 32:2575-2588.
59. Luo W, Nie Q, Zhang X. 2013. MicroRNAs involved in skeletal muscle differentiation. J Genet Genomics 40:107-116.
60. Mets T, Verdonk G. 1981. In vitro aging of human bone marrow derived stromal cells. Mech Ageing Dev 16:81-89.
61. Mousavi K, Zare H, Dell'orso S, Grontved L, Gutierrez-Cruz G, Derfoul A, Hager GL, Sartorelli V. 2013. ERNAs promote transcription by establishing chromatin accessibility at defined genomic loci. Mol Cell 51:606-617.
62. Nakagawa S, Ip JY, Shioi G, Tripathi V, Zong X, Hirose T, Prasanth KV. 2012. Malat1 is not an essential component of nuclear speckles in mice. RNA 18:1487-1499.
63. Neguembor MV, Jothi M, Gabellini D. 2014. Long noncoding RNAs, emerging players in muscle differentiation and disease. Skelet Muscle 4:8.
64. Nordin M, Bergman D, Halje M, Engstrom W, Ward A. 2014. Epigenetic regulation of the Igf2/H19 gene cluster. Cell Prolif 47:189-199.
65. Onyango P, Feinberg AP. 2011. A nucleolar protein, H19 opposite tumor suppressor (HOTS), is a tumor growth inhibitor encoded by a human imprinted H19 antisense transcript. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108:16759-16764.
66. Orom UA, Derrien T, Guigo R, Shiekhattar R. 2010. Long noncoding RNAs as enhancers of gene expression. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 75:325-331.
67. Pang WJ, Lin LG, Xiong Y, Wei N, Wang Y, Shen QW, Yang GS. 2013. Knockdown of PU.1 AS lncRNA inhibits adipogenesis through enhancing PU.1 mRNA translation. J Cell Biochem 114:2500-2512.
68. Paralkar VR, Mishra T, Luan J, Yao Y, Kossenkov AV, Anderson SM, Dunagin M, Pimkin M, Gore M, Sun D, Konuthula N, Raj A, An X, Mohandas N, Bodine DM, Hardison RC, Weiss MJ. 2014. Lineage and species-specific long noncoding RNAs during erythro-megakaryocytic development. Blood 123:1927-1937.
69. Pasic I, Shlien A, Durbin AD, Stavropoulos DJ, Baskin B, Ray PN, Novokmet A, Malkin D. 2010. Recurrent focal copy-number changes and loss of heterozygosity implicate two noncoding RNAs and one tumor suppressor gene at chromosome 3q13.31 in osteosarcoma. Cancer Res 70:160-171.
70. Peng Y, Yu S, Li H, Xiang H, Peng J, Jiang S. 2014. MicroRNAs: Emerging roles in adipogenesis and obesity. Cell Signal 26:1888-1896.
71. Ponting CP, Oliver PL, Reik W. 2009. Evolution and functions of long noncoding RNAs. Cell 136:629-641.
72. Prockop DJ. 2009. Repair of tissues by adult stem/progenitor cells (MSCs): Controversies, myths, and changing paradigms. Mol Ther 17:939-946.
73. Rinn JL. 2014. LncRNAs: Linking RNA to Chromatin. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 6.
74. Ripoche MA, Kress C, Poirier F, Dandolo L. 1997. Deletion of the H19 transcription unit reveals the existence of a putative imprinting control element. Genes Dev 11:1596-1604.
75. Romao JM, Jin W, Dodson MV, Hausman GJ, Moore SS, Guan LL. 2011. MicroRNA regulation in mammalian adipogenesis. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 236:997-1004.
76. Rossi MN, Antonangeli F. 2014. LncRNAs: New players in apoptosis control. Int J Cell Biol 2014:473857.
77. Schuster-Gossler K, Bilinski P, Sado T, Ferguson-Smith A, Gossler A. 1998. The mouse Gtl2 gene is differentially expressed during embryonic development, encodes multiple alternatively spliced transcripts, and may act as an RNA. Dev Dyn 212:214-228.
78. Shang J, Liu H, Zhou Y. 2013. Roles of microRNAs in prenatal chondrogenesis, postnatal chondrogenesis and cartilage-related diseases. J Cell Mol Med 17:1515-1524.
79. Sharma M, Juvvuna PK, Kukreti H, McFarlane C. 2014. Mega roles of microRNAs in regulation of skeletal muscle health and disease. Front Physiol 5:239.
80. Snyder CM, Rice AL, Estrella NL, Held A, Kandarian SC, Naya FJ. 2013. MEF2A regulates the Gtl2-Dio3 microRNA mega-cluster to modulate WNT signaling in skeletal muscle regeneration. Development 140:31-42.
81. Sokol NS. 2012. The role of microRNAs in muscle development. Curr Top Dev Biol 99:59-78.
82. Steck E, Boeuf S, Gabler J, Werth N, Schnatzer P, Diederichs S, Richter W. 2012. Regulation of H19 and its encoded microRNA-675 in osteoarthritis and under anabolic and catabolic in vitro conditions. J Mol Med (Berl) 90:1185-1195.
83. Stuhlmuller B, Kunisch E, Franz J, Martinez-Gamboa L, Hernandez MM, Pruss A, Ulbrich N, Erdmann VA, Burmester GR, Kinne RW. 2003. Detection of oncofetal h19 RNA in rheumatoid arthritis synovial tissue. Am J Pathol 163:901-911.
84. Sun L, Goff LA, Trapnell C, Alexander R, Lo KA, Hacisuleyman E, Sauvageau M, Tazon-Vega B, Kelley DR, Hendrickson DG, Yuan B, Kellis M, Lodish HF, Rinn JL. 2013. Long noncoding RNAs regulate adipogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 110:3387-3392.
85. Taipaleenmaki H, Bjerre Hokland, Chen L, Kauppinen L, Kassem S. 2012. Mechanisms in endocrinology: Micro-RNAs: Targets for enhancing osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. Eur J Endocrinol 166:359-371.
86. Tan JZ, Yan Y, Wang XX, Jiang Y, Xu HE. 2014. EZH2: Biology, disease, and structure-biology, dibased drug discovery. Acta Pharmacol Sin 35:161-174.
87. Trajkovski M, Lodish H. 2013. MicroRNA networks regulate development of brown adipocytes. Trends Endocrinol Metab 24:442-450.
88. Ulaner GA, Vu TH, Li T, Hu JF, Yao XM, Yang Y, Gorlick R, Meyers P, Healey J, Ladanyi M, Hoffman AR. 2003a. Loss of imprinting of IGF2 and H19 in osteosarcoma is accompanied by reciprocal methylation changes of a CTCF-binding site. Hum Mol Genet 12:535-549.
89. Ulaner GA, Yang Y, Hu JF, Li T, Vu TH, Hoffman AR. 2003b. CTCF binding at the insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF2)/H19 imprinting control region is insufficient to regulate IGF2/H19 expression in human tissues. Endocrinology 144:4420-4426.
90. Ullah M, Sittinger M, Ringe J. 2014. Transdifferentiation of adipogenically differentiated cells into osteogenically or chondrogenically differentiated cells: Phenotype switching via dedifferentiation. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 46:124-137.
91. van den Berg A, Mols J, Han J. 2008. RISC-target interaction: Cleavage and translational suppression. Biochim Biophys Acta 1779:668-677.
92. van Wijnen AJ, van de Peppel J, van Leeuwen JP, Lian JB, Stein GS, Westendorf JJ, Oursler MJ, Im HJ, Taipaleenmaki H, Hesse E, Riester S, Kakar S. 2013. MicroRNA functions in osteogenesis and dysfunctions in osteoporosis. Curr Osteoporos Rep 11:72-82.
93. Vance KW, Ponting CP. 2014. Transcriptional regulatory functions of nuclear long noncoding RNAs. Trends Genet 30:348-355.
94. Wang F, Tong Q. 2008. Transcription factor PU.1 is expressed in white adipose and inhibits adipocyte differentiation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 295:C213-C220.
95. Wang XH. 2013. MicroRNA in myogenesis and muscle atrophy. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 16:258-266.
96. Wang Y, Pang WJ, Wei N, Xiong Y, Wu WJ, Zhao CZ, Shen QW, Yang GS. 2014. Identification, stability and expression of Sirt1 antisense long non-coding RNA. Gene 539:117-124.
97. Watts R, Johnsen VL, Shearer J, Hittel DS. 2013. Myostatin-induced inhibition of the long noncoding RNA Malat1 is associated with decreased myogenesis. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 304:C995-1001.
98. Wei J, Li H, Wang S, Li T, Fan J, Liang X, Li J, Han Q, Zhu L, Fan L, Zhao RC. 2014. Let-7 enhances osteogenesis and bone formation while repressing adipogenesis of human stromal/mesenchymal stem cells by regulating HMGA2. Stem Cells Dev 23:1452-1463.
99. Wheeler TM, Leger AJ, Pandey SK, MacLeod AR, Nakamori M, Cheng SH, Wentworth BM, Bennett CF, Thornton CA. 2012. Targeting nuclear RNA for in vivo correction of myotonic dystrophy. Nature 488:111-115.
100. Xu B, Gerin I, Miao H, Vu-Phan D, Johnson CN, Xu R, Chen XW, Cawthorn WP, MacDougald OA, Koenig RJ. 2010. Multiple roles for the non-coding RNA SRA in regulation of adipogenesis and insulin sensitivity. PLoS ONE 5:e14199.
101. Xu D, Yang F, Yuan JH, Zhang L, Bi HS, Zhou CC, Liu F, Wang F, Sun SH. 2013. Long noncoding RNAs associated with liver regeneration 1 accelerates hepatocyte proliferation during liver regeneration by activating Wnt/beta-catenin signaling. Hepatology 58:739-751.
102. Yi F, Yang F, Liu X, Chen H, Ji T, Jiang L, Wang X, Yang Z, Zhang LH, Ding X, Liang Z, Du Q. 2013. RNA-seq identified a super-long intergenic transcript functioning in adipogenesis. RNA Biol 10:991-1001.
103. Zhang J, Cui X, Shen Y, Pang L, Zhang A, Fu Z, Chen J, Guo X, Gan W, Ji C. 2014a. Distinct expression profiles of LncRNAs between brown adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 443:1028-1034.
104. Zhang J, Zhang P, Wang L, Piao HL, Ma L. 2014b. Long non-coding RNA HOTAIR in carcinogenesis and metastasis. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 46:1-5.
105. Zhang Q, Geng PL, Yin P, Wang XL, Jia JP, Yao J. 2013. Down-regulation of long non-coding RNA TUG1 inhibits osteosarcoma cell proliferation and promotes apoptosis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 14:2311-2315.
106. Zhao J, Ohsumi TK, Kung JT, Ogawa Y, Grau DJ, Sarma K, Song JJ, Kingston RE, Borowsky M, Lee JT. 2010. Genome-wide identification of polycomb-associated RNAs by RIP-seq. Mol Cell 40:939-953.
107. Zhou Y, Cheunsuchon P, Nakayama Y, Lawlor MW, Zhong Y, Rice KA, Zhang L, Zhang X, Gordon FE, Lidov HG, Bronson RT, Klibanski A. 2010. Activation of paternally expressed genes and perinatal death caused by deletion of the Gtl2 gene. Development 137:2643-2652.
108. Zhu L, Xu PC. 2013. Downregulated LncRNA-ANCR promotes osteoblast differentiation by targeting EZH2 and regulating Runx2 expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 432:612-617.
109. Zuo C, Wang Z, Lu H, Dai Z, Liu X, Cui L. 2013. Expression profiling of lncRNAs in C3H10T1/2 mesenchymal stem cells undergoing early osteoblast differentiation. Mol Med Rep 8:463-467.