Reproductive impairment of great lakes lake trout by dioxin-like chemicals

The Toxicology of Fishes

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 819-876

  Tillitt, Donald E ^a   Cook, Philip M ^b   Giesy, John P ^c   Heideman, Warren ^d   Peterson, Richard E ^d  

^a US Department of the Interior ^*  (United States)

^b U S ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF SASKATCHEWAN   (Canada)

^d UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84913618984     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1201/9780203647295     Document Type: Chapter

References (301)

1. Abnet, C. C., Markwardt, D., Heideman, W., Hahn, M., Pollenz, R., and Peterson, R. (1996). Cloning of the rainbow trout AhR and Arnt: mechanistic examination of interspecies differences in sensitivity to AhR agonists, in Proceedings of the 17th Annual SETAC Annual Meeting, November 15-21, Washington, D.C., p. 82.
2. Abnet, C. C., Tanguay, R. L., Heideman, W., and Peterson, R. E. (1999). Transactivation activity of human, zebrafish, and rainbow trout aryl hydrocarbon receptors expressed in COS-7 cells: greater insight into species differences in toxic potency of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin, dibenzofuran, and biphenyl congeners. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 159, 41-51.
3. Allan, R. J., Ball, A. J., Cairns, A. W., Fox, G. A., Gilman, A. P., Peakall, A. P., Piekarz, D. A., Van Oosdam, J. C., Villeneuve, D. C., and Williams, D. T. (1991). Toxic Chemicals in the Great Lakes and Associated Effects, Vols. I and II. Environment Canada, Ottawa, 758 pp.
4. Andreasen, E. A., Hahn, M. E., Heideman, W., Peterson, R. E., and Tanguay, R. L. (2002a). The zebrafish (Danio rerio) aryl hydrocarbon receptor type 1 is a novel vertebrate receptor. Mol. Pharmacol., 62, 234-249.
5. Andreasen, E. A., Spitsbergen, J. M., Tanguay, R. L., Stegeman, J. J., Heideman, W., and Peterson, R. E. (2002b). Tissue-specific expression of AHR2, ARNT2, and CYP1A in zebrafish embryos and larvae: effects of developmental stage and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin exposure. Toxicol. Sci., 68, 403-419.
6. Andreasen, E. A., Mathew, L. K., and Tanguay, R. L. (2006). Regenerative growth is impacted by TCDD: gene expression analysis reveals extracellular matrix modulation. Toxicol. Sci., 92, 254-269.
7. Ankley, G. T., Tillitt, D. E., Gooch, J. W., and Giesy, J. P. (1989). Hepatic enzyme systems as biochemical indicators of the effects of contaminants on reproduction of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tschawytscha). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Sec. C, 94(1), 235-242.
8. Ankley, G. T., Tillitt, D. E., Giesy, J. P., Jones, P. D., and Verbrugge, D. A. (1991). Bioassay-derived 2,3,7,8- tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents in the flesh and eggs of Lake Michigan Chinook salmon and possible implications for reproduction. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 48, 1685-1690.
9. Ankley, G. T., Cook, P. M., Carlson, A. R., Call, D. J., Swenson, J. A., Corcoran, H. F., and Hoke, R. A. (1992). Bioaccumulation of PCBs from sediments by oligochaetes and fishes: comparison of laboratory and field studies. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 49(10), 2080-2085.
10. Antkiewicz, D. S., Burns, C. G., Carney, S. A., Peterson, R. E., and Heideman, W. (2005). Heart malformation is an early response to TCDD in embryonic zebrafish. Toxicol. Sci., 84, 368-377.
11. Antkiewicz, D. S., Peterson, R. E., and Heideman, W. (2006). Blocking expression of AhR2 and ARNT1 in zebrafish larvae protects against cardiac toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Toxicol. Sci., 94, 175-182.
12. Appleby, P. G. and Oldfield, F. (1978). The calculation of lead-210 dates assuming a constant rate of supply of unsupported., 210Pb to the sediment. Catena, 5(1), 1-8.
13. Applegate, V. C., Howell, J. H., Moffett, J. W., Johnson, B. G. H., and Smith, M. A. (1961). Use of 3-Trifluoromethyl-4-Nitrophenol as a Selective Sea Lamprey Larvicide, Tech. Rep. 1. Great Lakes Fisheries Commission, Ann Arbor, MI.
14. Armstrong, F. A. J. and Lutz, A. (1977a). Lake Huron 1974: PCB, Chlorinated Insecticides, Heavy Metals and Radioactivity in Offshore Fish, Tech. Rep. No. 692. Research and Development Directorate, Fisheries and Marine Service, Environment Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba.
15. Armstrong, F. A. J. and Lutz, S. (1977b). Lake Superior 1974: PCB, Chlorinated Insecticides, Heavy Metals and Radioactivity in Offshore Fish, Tech. Rep. No. 693. Research and Development Directorate, Fisheries and Marine Service, Environment Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba.
16. Arnold, B. S. (2000). Disruption of Mercury within Different Trophic Levels of the Okefenokee Swamp, Within Tissues of Top Level Predators, and Reproductive Effects of Methyl Mercury in the Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), Ph.D. dissertation, University of Georgia, Athens, 149 pp.
17. Atchison, G. J. (1976). The dynamics of lipids and DDT in developing brook trout eggs and fry. J. Great Lakes Res., 2, 13-19.
18. ATSDR. (1996). Public Health Implications of PCB Exposures. U.S. Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, GA.
19. Baker, J. E., Ed. (1997). Atmospheric deposition of contaminants to the Great Lakes and coastal waters, in Proceedings of 15th Annual SETAC Meeting, October 30-November 3, 1994, Denver, CO. SETAC Press, Pensacola, FL, 477 pp.
20. Balon, E., K. (1980). Early ontogeny of the lake charr, Salvelinus (Christivomer) namaycush, in Charrs: Salmonid Fishes of the Genus Salvelinus, Balon, E. K., Ed., Dr W. Junk, The Hague, The Netherlands, pp. 485-562.
21. Barnthouse, L. W., Glaser, D., and Young J. (2003). Effects of historic PCB exposures on the reproductive success of the Hudson River striped bass population. Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 229-234.
22. Bastomsky, C. H. (1977). Goiters in rats fed polychlorinated biphenyls. J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 55, 288-292.
23. Baumann, P. C. and Whittle, M. (1988). The status of selected organics in the Laurentian Great Lakes: an overview of DDT, PCBs, dioxins, furans and aromatic hydrocarbons. Aquat. Toxicol., 11, 241-257.
24. Belair, C. D., Peterson, R. E., and Heideman, W. (2001). Disruption of erythropoiesis by dioxin in the zebrafish. Dev. Dyn., 222, 581-594.
25. Bello, S. M., Heideman, W., and Peterson, R. E. (2004). 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin inhibits regression of the common cardinal vein in developing zebrafish. Toxicol. Sci., 78, 258-266.
26. Binder, R. L. and Lech, J. J. (1984). Xenobiotics in gametes of Lake Michigan lake trout Salvelinus namaycush induce hepatic monooxygenase activity in their offspring., Fundam. Appl. Toxicol., 4, 1042-1054.
27. Black, J. J. and Simpson, C. L. (1974). Thyroid enlargement in Lake Erie Coho salmon. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 53, 725-729.
28. Bol, J., van den Berg, M., and Seinen, W. (1989). Interactive effects of PCDDs, PCDFs and PCBs as assessed by the E.L.S.-bioassay. Chemosphere, 19, 899-906.
29. Bowers, W. J., Nakai, J. S., Chu, I., Wade, M. G., Moir, D., Yagminas, A., Gill, S., Pulido, O., and Mueller, R. (2004). Early developmental neurotoxicity of a PCB/organochlorine mixture in rodents after gestational and lactational exposure. Toxicol. Sci., 77, 51-62.
30. Branchaud, A., Gendron, A., Fortin, R., Anderson, P. D., and Spear, P. A. (1995). Vitamin A stores, teratogenesis, and EROD activity in white sucker, Catostomus commersoni, from Riviere des Prairies near Montreal and a reference site. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 52, 1703-1713.
31. Bronte, C. R. (1993). Evidence of spring spawning lake trout in Lake Superior. J. Great Lakes Res., 19, 625-629.
32. Brown, S. B., Adams, B. A., Cyr, D. G., and Eales, J. G. (2004a). Contaminant effects on the teleost fish thyroid. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 23(7), 1680-1701.
33. Brown, S. B., Evans, R. E., Vandenbyllardt, L., Finnson, K. W., Palace, V. P., Kane, A. S., Yarechewski, A. Y., and Muir, D. C. G. (2004b). Altered thyroidal status in lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) exposed to coplanar 3,3′,4,4′,5-pentachlorobiphenyl. Aquat. Toxicol., 67, 75-85.
34. Brown, S. B., Fitzsimons, J. D., Honeyfield, D. C., and Tillitt, D. E. (2005). Implications of thiamine deficiency in Great Lake Salmonines. J. Aquat. Anim. Health, 17(1), 113-124.
35. Broyles, R. H. and Noveck, M. I. (1979). Uptake and distribution of 2,4,5,2′,4′,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl in fry of lake trout and Chinook salmon and its effects on viability. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 50, 299-308.
36. Burdick, G. E., Harris, E. J., Dean, H. J., Walker, T. M., Skea, J., and Colby, D. (1964). The accumulation of DDT in lake trout and the effect on reproduction. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc., 93, 127-136.
37. Burdick, G. E., Dean, H. J., Harris, E. J., Skea, J., Karcher, R., and Frisa, C. (1972). Effects of rate and duration of feeding DDT on the reproduction of salmonid fishes reared and held under controlled conditions. N.Y. Fish Game J., 19, 97-114.
38. Burkhalter, D. E. and Kaya, C. M. (1977). Effects of prolonged exposure to ammonia on fertilized eggs and sac fry of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Trans. Am. Fish. Soc., 106, 470-475.
39. Burkhard, L. P., Cook, P. M., and Mount, D. R. (2003). The relationship of bioaccumulative chemicals in water and sediment to residues in fish: a visualization approach. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 22, 2822-2830.
40. Cairns, T., Doose, G. M., Froberg, J. E., Jacobson, R. A., and Siegmund, E. G. (1986). Analytical chemistry of PCBs, in PCBs and the Environment, Vol.1, Waid, J, S., Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 1-45.
41. Cantrell, S. M., Lutz, L. H., Tillitt, D. E., and Hannink, M. (1996). Embryotoxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD): the embryonic vasculature is a physiological target for TCDD-induced DNA damage and apoptotic cell death in medaka (Oryzias latipes). Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 141, 23-34.
42. Cantrell, S. M., Joy-Schlezinger, J., Stegeman, J. J., Tillitt, D. E., and Hannink, M. (1998). Quantitation of programmed cell death in TCDD-treated medaka (Oryzias latipes). Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 148, 24-34.
43. Carney, S. A., Peterson, R. E., and Heideman, W. (2004). 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor/aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator pathway causes developmental toxicity through a CYP1A-independent mechanism in zebrafish. Mol. Pharmacol., 66, 512-521.
44. Carney, S. A., Burns, C. G., Peterson, R. E., and Heideman, W. (2005). TCDD-induced gene expression changes in developing zebrafish hearts. Toxicol. Sci., 84, 1824.
45. Carney, S. A., Prasch, A. L., Heideman, W., and Peterson, R. E. (2006a). Understanding dioxin developmental toxicity using the zebrafish model. Birth Defects Res. Part A Clin. Mol. Teratol., 76, 7-18.
46. Carney, S. A., Chen, J., Burns, C. G., Xiong, K. M., Peterson, R. E., and Heideman, W. (2006b). AHR activation produces heart-specific transcriptional and toxic responses in developing zebrafish. Mol. Pharmacol., 70, 1-13.
47. Carvalho, P. S. M. and Tillitt, D. E. (2004). 2,3,7,8-TCDD effects on visual structure and function in swimup rainbow trout. Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 6300-6306.
48. Clark, J. R., Devault, D., Weishaar, J. A., and Bowden, R. J. (1984). Contaminant analysis of fillets from Great Lakes Coho salmon, 1980. J. Great Lakes Res., 10, 38-47.
49. Colborn, T., vom Saal, F. S., and Soto, A. M. (1993). Developmental effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in wildlife and humans. Environ. Health Perspect., 101(5), 378-384.
50. Cook, P. M. and Burkhard, L. P. (1998). Development of bioaccumulation factors for protection of fish and wildlife in the Great Lakes, in National Sediment Bioaccumulation Conference Proceedings, EPA/823/R-98/002. Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., pp. 3-19-3-27.
51. Cook, P. M., Erickson, R. J., Spehar, R. L., Bradbury, S. P., and Ankley, G. T. (1993). Interim Report on Data and Methods for Assessment of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin Risks to Aquatic Life and Associated Wildlife, EPA/600/R-63/055. Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.
52. Cook, P. M., Zabel, E. W., and Peterson, R. E. (1997). The TCDD toxicity equivalence approach for characterizing risks for early-stage mortality in trout, in Chemically Induced Alterations in Functional Development and Reproduction of Fishes, Rolland, R. M., Gilbertson, M., and Peterson, R.E., Eds., SETAC Press, Pensacola, FL, pp. 9-27.
53. Cook, P. M., Hornung, M.W., Fredenberg, W., Lawonn, M. J., Loeffler, I. K., and Peterson, R. E. (2000). Vulnerability of bull trout to early life stage toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and other AhR agonists, in Proceedings of the 21st Annual SETAC Meeting, November, 12-16, Nashville, TN.
54. Cook, P. M., Robbins, J., Endicott, D. D., Lodge, K. B., Guiney, P. D., Walker, M. K., Zabel, E. W., and Peterson, R. E. (2003). Effects of aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated early life stage toxicity on lake trout populations in Lake Ontario during the 20th century. Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 3867-3877.
55. Croften, K. M., Craft, E. S., Hedge, J. M., Gennings, C., Simmons, J. E., Carchman, R. A., Carter, Jr., W. H., and DeVito, M. J. (2005). Thyroid-hormone-disrupting chemicals: evidence for dose-dependent additivity or synergism. Environ. Health Perspect., 113, 1549-1554.
56. Curtis, G. L. (1990). Recovery of an offshore lake trout Salvelinus namaycush population in eastern Lake Superior. J. Great Lakes Res., 16, 279-287.
57. Davidson, A. J. and Zon, L. I. (2004). The ‘definitive’ (and ‘primitive’) guide to zebrafish hematopoiesis. Oncogene, 23, 7233-7246.
58. Denison, M. S. and Nagy, S. R. (2003). Activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor by structurally diverse exogenous and endogenous chemicals. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol Toxicol., 43, 309-334.
59. DeVault, D. S. (1985). Contaminants in fish from Great Lakes harbors and tributary mouths. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 14, 587-595.
60. DeVault, D. S., Willford, W. A., Hesselberg, R. J., Nortrupt, D. A., Rundberg, E. G. S, Alwan, A. K., and Bautista, C. (1986). Contaminant trends in lake trout Salvelinus namaycush from the upper Great Lakes. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 15, 349-356.
61. DeVault, D. S., Dunn, W., Bergqvist, P. A., Wiberg, K., and Rappe, C. (1989). Polychlorinated dibenzofurans and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins in Great Lakes fish: a baseline and interlake comparison. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 8, 1013-1022.
62. DeVault, D. S., Hesselberg, R., Rodgers, P. W., and Feist, T. J. (1996). Contaminant trends in lake trout and walleye from the Laurentian Great Lakes. J. Great Lakes Res., 22, 884-895.
63. Dong, W., Teraoka, H., Kondo, S., and Hiraga, T. (2001). 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin induces apoptosis in the dorsal midbrain of zebrafish embryos by activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Neurosci. Lett., 303, 169-72.
64. Dong, W., Teraoka, H., Yamazaki, K., Tsukiyama, S., Imani, S., Imagawa, T., Stegeman, J. J., Peterson, R. E., and Hiraga, T. (2002). 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin toxicity in the zebrafish embryo: local circulation failure in the dorsal midbrain is associated with increased apoptosis. Toxicol. Sci., 69, 191-201.
65. Dong, W., Teraoka, H., Tsujimoto, Y., Stegeman, J. J., and Hiraga, T. (2004). Role of aryl hydrocarbon receptor in mesencephalic circulation failure and apoptosis in zebrafish embryos exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Toxicol. Sci., 77, 109-116.
66. Drevnick, P. E. and Sandheinrich, M. B. (2003). Effects of dietary methylmercury on reproductive endocrinology of fathead minnows. Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 4390-4396.
67. Drummond, I. A., Majumdar, A., Hentschel, H., Elger, M., Solnica-Krezel, L., Schier, A. F., Neuhauss, S. C., Stemple, D. L., Zwartkruis, F., Rangini, Z., Driever, W., and Fishman, M. C. (1998). Early development of the zebrafish pronephros and analysis of mutations affecting pronephric function. Development, 125, 4655-4667.
68. Durham, R. W. and Oliver, B. G. (1983). History of Lake Ontario contamination from the Niagara River by sediment radiodating and chlorinated hydrocarbon analysis. J. Great Lakes Res., 9(2), 160-168.
69. Echols, K. R., Gale, R. W., Tillitt, D. E., Schwartz, T. R., and Olaughlin, J. W. (1997). An automated HPLC method for the fractionation of polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans in fish tissue on a porous graphitic carbon column. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 16(8), 1590-1597.
70. Eck, G. W. and Wells, L. (1986). Depth distribution, diet, and overwinter growth of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in southeastern Lake Michigan sampled in December 1981 and March 1982. J. Great Lakes Res., 12(4), 263-269.
71. Edsall, C. C., Frank, A. M., Mac, M. J., and Schwartz, T. R. (1993). Polychlorinated biphenyls in Great Lakes lake trout and their eggs: relations to survival and congener composition, 1979-1988. J. Great Lakes Res., 19, 752-765.
72. Eisler, R. and Belisle, A. A. (1996). Planar PCB Hazards to Fish, Wildlife, and Invertebrates: A Synoptic Review, National Biological Service Contaminant Hazard Reviews Report 31. U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C., 75 pp.
73. Eisler, R. and Jacknow J. (1985). Toxaphene hazards to fish, wildlife, and invertebrates: a synoptic review. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Biol. Rep., 85(1.4), 26 pp.
74. Elonen, G. E., Spehar, R. L., Holcombe, G. W., Johnson, R. D., Fernandez, J. D., Erickson, R. J., Tietge, J. E., and Cook, P. M. (1998). Comparative toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin to seven freshwater fish species during early life-stage development. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 17, 472-483.
75. Elrod, J. H., O’Gorman, R., Schneider, C. P., Eckert, T. H., Schaner, T., Bowlby, J. N., and Schleen, L. P. (1995). Lake trout rehabilitation in Lake Ontario. J. Great Lakes Res., 21(Suppl. 1), 83-107.
76. Endicott, D. D. and Cook, P. M. (1994). Modeling the partitioning and bioaccumulation of TCDD and other hydrophobic organic-chemicals in Lake Ontario. Chemosphere, 28(1), 75-87.
77. Environment Canada. (1991). Toxic Chemicals in the Great Lakes and Associated Effects. Vol. 1. Contaminant Levels and Trends. Ministry of Supplies and Services, Environment Canada, Ottawa.
78. Eschmeyer, P. H. (1968). The Lake Trout (Salvelinus namaycush), Fishery Leaflet 555, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C., 8 pp.
79. Eshenroder, R. L. and Amatangelo, K. L. (2002). Reassessment of the lake trout population collapse in Lake Michigan during the 1940s, Tech. Rep. No. 65. Great Lakes Fisheries Commission, Ann Arbor, MI, 32 pp.
80. Evans, B. R., Karchner, S. I., Franks, D. G., and Hahn, M. E. (2005). Duplicate AHR repressor genes (ahrr1 and ahrr2) in the zebrafish Danio rerio: structure, function, evolution and AHR-dependent regulation in vivo. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 441, 151-167.
81. Evans, M. S. (1988). Toxic Contaminants and Ecosystem Health: A Great Lakes Focus. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
82. Feltz, K. P., Tillitt, D. E., Gale, R. W., and Peterman, P. H. (1995). Automated HPLC fractionation of PCDDs and PCDFs, and planar and non-planar PCBs on C18-dispersed PX-21 carbon. Environ. Sci. Technol., 29, 709-718.
83. Fernandez-Salguero, P. M., Hilbert, D. M., Rudikoff, S., Ward, J. M., and Gonzalez, F. J. (1996). Arylhydrocarbon receptor-deficient mice are resistant to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-induced toxicity. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 140, 173-179.
84. Fitchko, J., Ed. (1986). Literature Review of the Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances on Great Lakes Biota, report to the Great Lakes Science Advisory Board, Windsor, Ontario, 256 pp.
85. Fitzsimons, J. D. (1995). A critical review of the effects of contaminants on early life stage mortality of lake trout in the Great Lakes. J. Great Lakes Res., 21(Suppl. 1), 267-276.
86. Fitzsimons, J. D., Brown, S. B., Honeyfield, D. C., and Hnath, J. G. (1999). A review of early mortality syndrome in Great Lakes salmonids and its relationship with thiamine. Ambio, 28, 9-15.
87. Fitzsimons, J. D., Perkins, D. L., and Krueger, C. C. (2002). Sculpins and crayfish in lake trout spawning areas in Lake Ontario: estimates of abundance and egg predation on lake trout eggs. J. Great Lakes Res., 28, 421-436.
88. Fjeld, E., Haguen, T. O., and Vøllestad, L. A. (1998). Permanent impairment in the feeding behavior of grayling (Thymallus thymallus) exposed to methylmercury during embryogenesis. Sci. Total Environ., 213, 247-254.
89. Fleischer, G. W., Madenjian, C. P., DeSorcie, T. J., and Holuszko, J. D. (2000). Status and Trends of Prey Fish Populations in Lake Michigan 1999, report to the Lake Michigan Committee of the Great Lakes Fisheries Commission, Ann Arbor, MI, 9 pp.
90. Fox, G. A. (1991). Practical causal inference for ecoepidemiologists. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, 33, 359-373.
91. Gassmann, M., Kvietikova, I., Rolfs, A., and Wenger, R. H. (1997). Oxygen- and dioxin-regulated gene expression in mouse hepatoma cells. Kidney Int., 51, 567-574.
92. Giesy, J. P., Newsted, J., and Garling, D. L. (1986). Relationships between chlorinated hydrocarbon concentrations and rearing mortality of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tschawytscha) eggs from Lake Michigan. J. Great Lakes Res., 12, 82-98.
93. Giesy, J. P., Ludwig, J. P., and Tillitt, D. E. (1994). Deformities in birds of the Great Lakes region: assigning causality. Environ. Sci. Technol., 28(3), 128A-135A.
94. Giesy, J. P., Maybury, S. A., Kannan, K., Jones, P. D., Newsted J. L., and Coady, K. (2006). Perfluorinated compounds in the North American Great Lakes, in Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, Hites, R., Ed., Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, pp. 393-438.
95. Gilbert, N. L., Cloutier, M. J., and Spear, P. A. (1995). Retinoic acid hydroxylation in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and the effect of a coplanar PCB, 3,3′,4,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl. Aquat. Toxicol., 32, 177-187.
96. Gilbertson, M., Kubiak, T., Ludwig, J., and Fox, G. (1991). Great Lakes embryo mortality, edema, and deformities syndrome (GLEMEDS) in colonial fish-eating waterbirds: similarity to chick-edema disease. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, 33, 455-520.
97. Goldberg, E. D. (1963). Radioactive Dating. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria, pp. 121-131.
98. Golling, G., Amsterdam, A., Sun, Z., Antonelli, M., Maldonado, E., Chen, W., Burgess, S., Haldi, M., Artzt, K., Farrington, S., Lin, S. Y., Nissen, R. M., and Hopkins, N. (2002). Insertional mutagenesis in zebrafish rapidly identifies genes essential for early vertebrate development. Nat. Genet., 31, 135-140.
99. Gooch, J. W. and Matsumura, F. (1985). Evaluation of toxic components of toxaphene in Lake Michigan lake trout. J. Agric. Food Chem., 33, 844-848.
100. Gooch, J. W., Elskus, A. A., Kloepper-Sams, P. J., Hahn, M. E., and Stegeman, J. J. (1989). Effects of orthoand non-ortho-substituted polychlorinated biphenyl congeners on the hepatic monooxygenase system in scup (Stenotomus chrysops). Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 98, 422-433.
101. Goodyear, C. D., Edsall, T. A., Ormsby-Dempsey, D. M., Moss, G. D., and Polanski, P. E. (1982). Atlas of the Spawning and Nursery Areas of the Great Lakes Fishes. Vol. IV. Lake Michigan, FWS/OBS-82/52. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C.
102. Grinwis, G. C. M., Bessilink, H. T., van den Brandhof, E. J., Bulder, A. S., Engelsma, M. Y., Kuiper, R. V., Wester, P. W., Vaal, M. A., Vethaak, A. D., and Vos, J. G. (2000). Toxicity of TCDD in European flounder (Platichthys flesus) with emphasis on histopathology and cytochrome P450 1A induction in several organ systems. Aquat. Toxicol., 50, 387-401.
103. Gu, Y. Z., Hogenesch, J. B., and Bradfield, C.A. (2000). The PAS superfamily: sensors of environmental and developmental signals. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 40, 519-561.
104. Guiney, P., D., Cook, P. M., Casselman, J. M., Fitzsimons, J. D., Simonin, H. A., Zabel, E. W., and Peterson, R. E. (1996). Assessment of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-induced sac fry mortality in lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) from different regions of the Great Lakes. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 53, 2080-2092.
105. Guiney, P. D., Smolowitz, R. M., Peterson, R. E., and Stegeman, J. J. (1997). Correlation of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin induction of cytochrome P4501A in vascular endothelium with toxicity in early life stages of lake trout. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 143, 256-273.
106. Guiney, P. D., Walker, M. K., Spitsbergen, J. M., and Peterson, R. E. (2000). Hemodynamic dysfunction and cytochrome P4501A mRNA expression induced by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin during embryonic stages of lake trout development. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 168, 1-14.
107. Hagedorn, M., Kleinhans, F. W, Artemov, D., and Pilatus, U. (1998). Characterization of a major permeability barrier in the zebrafish embryo. Biol. Reprod., 59, 1240-1250.
108. Hahn, M. E. (2002). Aryl hydrocarbon receptors: diversity and evolution. Chem.-Biol. Interact., 141, 131-160.
109. Hahn, M. E. and Hestermann, E. V. (2008). Receptor-mediated mechanisms of toxicity, in The Toxicology of Fishes, Di Giulio, R. T. and Hinton, D. E., Eds., Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 235-272.
110. Hahn, M. E. and Karchner, S. I. (1995). Evolutionary conservation of the vertebrate Ah (dioxin) receptor: amplification and sequencing of the PAS domain of a teleost Ah receptor cDNA. J. Biochem., 310, 383-387.
111. Hahn, M. E., Poland, A., Glover, E., and Stegeman, J. J. (1992). The Ah receptor in marine animals: phylogenetic distribution and relationship to P4501A inducibility. Mar. Environ. Res., 34, 87-92.
112. Hahn, M. E., Poland, A., Glover, E., and Stegeman, J. J. (1994). Photoaffinity labeling of the Ah receptor: phylogenetic survey of diverse vertebrate and invertebrate species. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 310, 218-228.
113. Hahn, M. E., Karchner, S. I., Shapiro, M. A., and Perera, S. A. (1997). Molecular evolution of two vertebrate aryl hydrocarbon (dioxin) receptors (AhR1 and AhR2) and the PAS family. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 94, 13743-13748.
114. Hahn, M. E., Karchner, S. I., Franks, D. G., and Merson, R. R. (2004). Aryl hydrocarbon receptor polymorphisms and dioxin resistance in Atlantic killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus). Pharmacogenetics, 14, 131-143.
115. Hahn, M. E., Karchner, S. I., Evans, B. R., Franks, D. G., Merson, R. R., and Lapseritis, J. M. (2006). Unexpected diversity of aryl hydrocarbon receptors in non-mammalian vertebrates: insights from comparative genomics. J. Exp. Zool. Mol. Dev. Evol., 305A, 693-706.
116. Hale, R. C., Alaee, M., Manchester-Neesvig, J. B., Stapleton, H. M., and Ikonomou, M. G. (2003). Polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants in the North American environment. Environ. Int., 29(6), 771-779.
117. Handley-Goldstone, H. M., Grow, M. W., and Stegeman, J. J. (2005). Cardiovascular gene expression profiles of dioxin exposure in zebrafish embryos. Toxicol. Sci., 85, 683-693.
118. Hansen, M. J. (1999). Lake trout in the Great Lakes: basinwide stock collapse and binational restoration, in Great Lakes Fisheries Policy and Management, Taylor, W. W. and Ferreri, C. P., Eds., Michigan State University Press, East Lansing, MI, pp. 417-454.
119. Hansen, M. J., Peck, J. W., Schorfhaar, R. J., Selgeby, J. H., Schreiner, D. R., Schram, S. T., Swanson, B. L., MacCallum, W. R., Burnham-Curtis, M. K., Curtis, G. L., Heinrich, J. W., and Young, R. J. (1995). Lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) populations in Lake Superior and their restoration in 1959-1993. J. Great Lakes Res., 21(Suppl. 1), 152-175.
120. Hansson, M. C., Wittzell, H., Persson, K., and von Schantz, T. (2003). Characterization of two distinct aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR2) genes in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and evidence for multiple AhR2 gene lineages in salmonid fish. Gene, 303, 197-206.
121. Hansson, M. C., Wittzell, H., Persson, K., and von Schantz, T. (2004). Unprecedented genomic diversity of AhR1 and AhR2 genes in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Aquat. Toxicol., 68, 219-232.
122. Harris, G. E., Kiparissis, Y., and Metcalfe, C. D. (1994). Assessment of the toxic potential of PCB congener 81 (3,4,4′,5-tetrachlorobiphenyl) to fish in relation to other non-ortho-substituted PCB congeners. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 13, 1405-1413.
123. Heideman, W., Severson, S. E., Belair, C., and Peterson, R. E. (2001). Changes in the response to 2,3,7,8- tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) during development in zebrafish. Toxicol. Sci., 60, 1595.
124. Helder, T. (1981). Effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on early life stages of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri, Richardson). Toxicology, 19, 101-112.
125. Heming, T. A. and Buddington, R. K. (1988). Yolk absorption in embryonic and larval fishes, in Fish Physiology, Hoar, W. S. and Randall, D. J., Eds., Academic Press, London, pp. 408-446.
126. Henry, E. C., Bemis, J. C., Henry, O., Kende, A. S., and Gasiewicz, T. A. (2006). A potential endogenous ligand for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor has potent agonist activity in vitro and in vivo. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 450, 67-77.
127. Henry, T., R., Spitsbergen, J. M., Hornung, M. W., Abnet, C. C., and Peterson, R. E. (1997). Early life stage toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 142, 56-68.
128. Hestermann, E. V., Stegeman, J. J., and Hahn, M. E. (2000). Relative contributions of affinity and intrinsic efficacy to aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligand potency. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 168, 160-172.
129. Hickey, J. P., Batterman, S. A., and Chernyak, S. M. (2006). Trends of chlorinated organic contaminants in Great Lakes trout and walleye from 1970 to 1998. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 50, 97-110.
130. Hill, A. J., Howard, C. V., Strahle, U., and Cossins, A. (2003). Neurodevelopmental defects in zebrafish (Danio rerio) at environmentally relevant dioxin (TCDD) concentrations. Toxicol. Sci., 76, 392-399.
131. Hill, A. J., Bello, S. M., Prasch, A. L., Peterson, R. E., and Heideman, W. (2004a). Water permeability and TCDD-induced edema in zebrafish early-life stages. Toxicol. Sci., 78, 78-87.
132. Hill, A. J., Howard, V., and Cossins, A. (2004b). Characterization of TCDD-induced craniofacial malformations and retardation of zebrafish growth. J. Fish Biol., 64, 911-922.
133. Hill, A. J., Teraoka, H., Heideman, W., and Peterson, R. E. (2005). Zebrafish as a model vertebrate for investigating chemical toxicity. Toxicol. Sci., 84, 1-14.
134. Hitchin, G. G., Suns, K. R., and Toner, D. (1993). Spatial and temporal trends of organochlorine contaminants in spottail shiners from selected sites in the Great Lakes (1975-1990). J. Great Lakes Res., 19, 703-714.
135. Hites, R. A. (2004). Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the environment and in people: a meta-analysis of concentrations. Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 945-956.
136. Hogenesch, J. B., Chan, W. K., Jackiw, V. H., Brown, R. C., Gu, Y.-Z., Pray-Grant, M., Perdew, G. H., and Bradfield, C. A. (1997). Characterization of a subset of the basic helix-loop-helix PAS superfamily that interacts with components of the dioxin signalling pathway. J. Biol. Chem., 272, 8581-8593.
137. Holey, M. E., Rybicki, R. W., Eck, G. W., Brown, J. R., E. H., Marsden, J. E., Lavis, D. S., Toneys, M. L., Trudeau, T. N., and Horrall, R. M. (1995). Progress toward lake trout restoration in Lake Michigan. J. Great Lakes Res., 21(Suppl. 1), 128-151.
138. Hopkins, C. L., Solly, S. R. B., and Ritchie, A. R. (1969). DDT in trout and its possible effect on reproductive potential. N.Z. J. Mar. Freshwater Res., 3, 220-229.
139. Hornung, M. W., Zabel, E. W., and Peterson, R. E. (1996). Additive interaction between pairs of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxin, dibenzofuran, and biphenyl congeners in a rainbow trout early life stage mortality bioassay. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 140, 345-355.
140. Hsu, H. J., Wang, W. D., and Hu, C. H. (2001). Ectopic expression of negative ARNT2 factor disrupts fish development. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 282, 487-492.
141. Huang, Z. J., Edery, I., and Rosbash, M. (1993). PAS is a dimerization domain common to Drosophila period and several transcription factors. Nature, 364, 259-262.
142. Incardona, J. P., Carls, M. G., Teraoka, H., Sloan, C. A., Collier, T. K., and Scholz, N. L. (2005). Aryl hydrocarbon receptor-independent toxicity of weathered crude oil during fish development. Environ. Health Perspect., 113, 1755-1762.
143. Incardona, J. P., Day, H. L., Collier, T. K., and Scholz, N. L. (2006). Developmental toxicity of 4-ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in zebrafish is differentially dependent on AH receptor isoforms and hepatic cytochrome P4501A metabolism. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 217, 308-321.
144. Janz, D. M. and Metcalfe, C. D. (1991). Nonadditive interactions of mixtures of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzop- dioxin and., 3,3′,4,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl and aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase induction in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Chemosphere, 23, 467-472.
145. Jensen, S., Johansson, N., and Olsson, M. (1970). PCB: Indications of Effects on Salmon, Report LFI MEDD 7/1970. Swedish Salmon Research Institute, Älvkarleby, 9 pp.
146. Johnson, H. E. and Pecor, C. (1969). Coho salmon mortality and DDT in Lake Michigan, in Transactions of the Thirty-Fourth North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference, March 2-5, Washington, D.C. Wildlife Management Institute, Washington, D.C., pp. 159-166.
147. Johnson, J. E. and VanAmberg, J. P. (1995). Evidence of natural reproduction of lake trout in western Lake Huron. J. Great Lakes Res., 21(Suppl. 1), 253-259.
148. Johnson, R. D., Tietge, J. E., Jensen, K. M., Fernandez, J. D., Linnum, A. L., Lothenbach, D. B., Holcombe, G. W., Cook, P. M., Christ, S. A., Lattier, D. L., and Gordon, D. A. (1998). Toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin to early life stage brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) following parental dietary exposure. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 17(12), 2408-2421.
149. Jude, D. J., Klinger, S. A., and Enk, M. D. (1981). Evidence of reproduction by planted lake trout in Lake Michigan. J. Great Lakes Res., 7, 57-61.
150. Karchner, S. I., Franks, D. G., and Hahn, M. E. (2005). AhR1B, a new functional aryl hydrocarbon receptor in zebrafish: tandem arrangement of ahr1b and ahr2 genes. Biochem. J., 392, 153-161.
151. Kelso, J. R. M., MacCallum, W. R., and Thibodeau, M. L. (1995). Lake trout spawning at five sites on Ontario waters of Lake Superior. J. Great Lakes Res., 21(Suppl. 1), 202-211.
152. Kennanek, A. (1971). Troubled Waters: Lake Erie 1971. Lake Erie Congress, Erie, PA, 129 pp.
153. King Heiden, T., Hutz, R. J., and Carvan III, M. J. (2005). Accumulation, tissue distribution and maternal transfer of dietary 2,3,7,8,-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin: impacts on reproductive success of zebrafish. Toxicol. Sci., 87, 497-507.
154. King Heiden, T., Carvan III, M. J., and Hutz, R. J. (2006). Inhibition of follicular development, vitellogenesis and serum., 17β-estradiol concentrations in zebrafish following chronic, sublethal dietary exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Toxicol. Sci., 90, 490-499.
155. King Heiden, T., Struble, C. A., Rise, M. L., Hessner, M. J., Hutz, R. J., and Carvan III, M. J. (2007). Molecular targets of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin within the zebrafish ovary: insights into TCDD’s ovarian toxicity. Reprod. Toxicol., doi: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2007.07.013.
156. Kohn, M. C. (2000). Effects of TCDD on thyroid hormone homeostasis in the rat. Drug Chem. Toxicol., 1, 259-277.
157. Kohn, M. C., Sewall, C. H., Lucier, G. W., and Portier, C. J. (1996). A mechanistic model of effects of dioxin on thyroid hormones in the rat. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 165, 29-48.
158. Koonce, J. F. (1990). Commentary on fish community health: monitoring and assessment in large lakes. J. Great Lakes Res., 16, 631-634.
159. Krishnaswami, S., Lal, D., Martin, J. M., and Meybeck, M. (1971). Geochronology of lake sediments. Earth Planet Sci. Lett., 11(1-5), 407-414.
160. Kruger, C. C., Perkins, D. L., Mills, E. L., and Marsden, J. E. (1995). Predation by alewives on lake trout fry in Lake Ontario: role of an exotic species in preventing restoration of a native species. J. Great Lakes Res., 21(Suppl. 1), 458-469.
161. Kubiak, T. J., Harris, H. J., Smith, L. M., Schwartz, T. R., Stalling, D. L., Trick, J. A., Sileo, L., Docherty, D. E., and Erdman, T. C. (1989). Microcontaminants and reproductive impairment of the Forster’s tern on Green Bay, Lake Michigan, 1983. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 18, 706-727.
162. Kuehl, D. W., Durhan, E., Butterworth, B., and Linn, D. (1984). Identification of polychlorinated planar chemicals in fishes from major watersheds near the Great Lakes. Chemosphere, 10, 45-49.
163. Lasee, B. A. (1995). Introduction to Fish Health Management. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Onalaska, WI.
164. Leatherland, J. F. (1992). Endocrine and reproductive function in Great Lakes salmon, in Chemically-Induced Alterations in Sexual and Functional Development: The Wildlife/Human Connection, Colborn, T. and Clement, C., Eds., Princeton Scientific, Princeton, NJ, pp. 129-145.
165. Leatherland, J. F. (1993). Field observations on reproductive and developmental dysfunction in introduced and native salmonids from the Great Lakes. J. Great Lakes Res., 19, 737-751.
166. Leatherland, J. F. and Sonstegard, R. A. (1978). Lowering of serum thyroxine and triiodothyronine levels in yearling Coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, by dietary mirex and PCBs. J. Fish. Res. Board Can., 35, 1285-1289.
167. Leatherland, J. F. and Sonstegard, R. A. (1980a). Effect of dietary mirex and PCBs in combination with food deprivation and testosterone administration on thyroid activity and bioaccumulation of organochlorines in rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri Richardson., J. Fish Dis., 3, 115-124.
168. Leatherland, J. F. and Sonstegard, R. A. (1980b). Structure of thyroid and adrenal glands in rats fed diets of Great Lakes Coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch. Environ Res., 23, 77-86.
169. Leatherland, J. F. and Sonstegard, R. A. (1981). Thyroid dysfunction in Great Lakes Coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum), seasonal and interlake differences in serum T3 uptake and serum total and free T4 and T3 levels. J. Fish Dis., 4, 413-423.
170. Leatherland, J. F. and Sonstegard, R. A. (1984). Pathobiological responses of feral teleosts to environmental stressors: interlake studies of the physiology of Great Lakes salmon, in Contaminant Effects on Fisheries, Cairns, V. W., Hodson, P. V., and Nriagu, J., Eds., John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 115-149.
171. Luxon, P. L., Hodson, P. V., and Borgmann, U. (1987). Hepatic aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush), as an indicator of organic pollution. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 6, 649-657.
172. Maack, L. and Sonzogni, W. C. (1988). Analysis of polychlorobiphenyl congeners in Wisconsin fish. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 17, 711-719.
173. Mac, M. J. (1986). Mortality of Lake Trout Swim-Up Fry from Southwestern Lake Michigan: Documentation and Hepatic Structural Analysis, Ph.D. thesis, University of Wyoming, Laramie.
174. Mac, M. J. and Edsall, C. C. (1991). Environmental contaminants and the reproductive success of lake trout in the Great Lakes: an epidemiological approach. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, 33, 375-394.
175. Mac, M. J. and Schwartz, T. R. (1992). Investigations into the effects of PCB congeners on reproduction in lake trout from the Great Lakes. Chemosphere, 25, 189-192.
176. Mac, M. J. and Seelye, J. G. (1981a). Patterns of PCB accumulation by fry of lake trout. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 27, 368-375.
177. Mac, M. J. and Seelye, J. G. (1981b). Potential influence of acetone in aquatic bioassays: testing the dynamics and effects of PCBs. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 27, 359-367.
178. Mac, M. J., Edsall, C. C., and Seeyle, J. G. (1985). Survival of lake trout eggs and fry reared in water from the upper Great Lakes. J. Great Lakes Res., 11, 520-529.
179. Mac, M. J., Schwartz, T. R., Edsall, C. C., and Frank, A. M. (1993). Polychlorinated biphenyls in Great Lakes lake trout and their eggs: relations to survival and congener composition, 1979-1988. J. Great Lakes Res., 19, 752-765.
180. Macek, K. J. (1968). Reproduction in brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis fed sublethal concentrations of DDT. J. Fish. Res. Board Can., 25, 1787-1796.
181. Marcquenski S, V. and Brown, S. B. (1997). Early mortality syndrome in the Great Lakes, in Chemically Induced Alterations in Functional Development and Reproduction in Fishes, Rolland, R., M., Gilbertson, M., and Peterson, R. E., Eds., SETAC, Pensacola FL, pp. 135-152.
182. Marsden, J. E. and Krueger, C. C. (1991). Spawning of hatchery-origin lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in Lake Ontario: data from egg collections, substrate analysis, and diver observations. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 48, 2377-2384.
183. Marsden, J. E., Krueger, C. C., and Schneider, C. P. (1988). Evidence of natural reproduction by stocked lake trout in Lake Ontario. J. Great Lakes Res., 14, 3-8.
184. Marsden, J. E., Casselman, J. M., Edsall, T. A., Elliott, R. F., Fitzsimons, J. D., Horns, W. H., Manny, B. A., McAughey, S. C., Sly, P. G., and Swanson, B. L. (1995). Lake trout spawning habitat in the Great Lakes: a review of current knowledge. J. Great Lakes Res., 21(Suppl. 1), 487-497.
185. Mason, J. W., Brynildson, O. M., and Degurse, P. E. (1967). Comparative survival of wild and domestic strains of brook trout in streams. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc., 96, 313-319.
186. May, T. W. and McKinney, G. L. (1981). Cadmium, lead arsenic and selenium concentrations in freshwater fish 1976-1977: National Pesticide Monitoring Program. Pest. Monit. J., 15(1), 14-38.
187. Mayer, F. L., Mehrle, Jr., P. M., and Dwyer, W. P. (1975). Toxaphene Effects on Reproduction, Growth, and Mortality of Brook Trout, EPA 600/3-75-013. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., 45 pp.
188. Mehrle, P. M., Buckler, D. R., Little, E. E., Smith, L. M., Petty, J. D., Peterman, P. H., Stalling, D. L., DeGraeve, G. M., Coyle, J. J., and Adams, W. J. (1988). Toxicity and bioconcentration of 2,3,7,8- tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran in rainbow trout. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 7, 47-62.
189. Miller, M. A. and Holey, M. E. (1992). Diets of lake trout inhabiting nearshore and offshore Lake Michigan environments. J. Great Lakes Res., 18, 51-60.
190. Mimura, J., Yamashita, K., Nakamura, K., Morita, M., Takagi, T. N., Nakao, K., Ema, M., Sogawa, K., Yasuda, M., Katsuki, M., and Fujii-Kuriyama, Y. (1997). Loss of teratogenic response to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzop- dioxin (TCDD) in mice lacking the Ah (dioxin) receptor. Genes Cells, 2, 645-654.
191. Mimura, J., Ema, M., Sogawa, K., and Fujii-Kuriyama, Y. (1999). Identification of a novel mechanism of regulation of Ah (dioxin) receptor function. Genes Dev., 13, 20-25.
192. Mizell, M., Stegeman, J. J., Romig, E., Smolowitz, R., Schlezinger, J., Katayani, R., Woodin, B., and Mortensen, M. (1996). Chemically induced cardiovascular defects in developmental stages of vertebrates: dose-response and phenotypic comparisons in medaka and zebrafish exposed to aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonists. Biol. Bull., 191, 294-295.
193. Moccia, R. D., Leatherland, J. F., and Sonstegard, R. A. (1977). Increasing frequency of thyroid goiters in Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in the Great Lakes. Science, 198, 425-426.
194. Moccia, R. D., Leatherland, J. F., and Sonstegard, R. A. (1981). Quantitative interlake comparison of thyroid pathology in Great Lakes Coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and Chinook (Oncorhynchus tschawytscha) salmon. Cancer Res., 41, 2200-2210.
195. Muth, K. N. and Busch, W. D. N. (1989). Food of forage fishes in western Lake Erie 1975-76. J. Great Lakes Res., 15, 217-222.
196. Nasevicius, A. and Ekker, S. C. (2000). Effective targeted ‘knockdown’ in zebrafish. Nat Genet., 26, 216-220.
197. Ndayibagira, A., Cloutier, M. J., Anderson, P. D., and Spear, P. A. (1995). Effects of 3,3′,4,4′-tetrachlorobyphenyl on the dynamics of vitamin A in brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and intestinal retinoid concentrations in lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 52, 512-520.
198. Newsted, J. L., Giesy, J. P., Ankley, G. T., Tillitt, D. E., Crawford, R. A., Gooch, J. W., Jones, P. D., and Denison, M. S. (1995). Development of toxic equivalency factors for PCB congeners and the assessment of TCDD and PCB mixtures in rainbow trout. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 14, 861-871.
199. Nurnberg, G. K. (1991). Phosphorus from internal sources in the Laurentian Great Lakes, and the concept of threshold external load. J. Great Lakes Res., 17(1), 132-40.
200. O’Keefe, P. W., Wilson, L., and Buckingham, C. (1990). Quality assurance/quality control assessment for the Lake Ontario TCDD bioaccumulation study, in The Lake Ontario TCDD Bioaccumulation Study Final Report. Region II, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, New York State Department of Health, Occidental Chemical Corporation, and Gradient Corporation, pp. 94-252.
201. Palace, V. P. and Brown, S. B. (1994). HPLC determination of tocopherol, retinol, dehydroretinol, and retinyl palmitate in tissues of lake char (Salvelinus namaycush) exposed to coplanar 3,3′,4,4',5-pentachlorobyphenyl. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 13(3), 473-476.
202. Palace, V. P., Klaverkamp, J. F., Lockhart, W. L., Metner, D. A., Muir, D. C. G., and Brown, S. B. (1996). Mixed-function oxidase enzyme activity and oxidative stress in lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) exposed to 3,3′,4,4′,5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB-126). Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 15(6), 955-960.
203. Palace, V. P., Brown, S. B., Baron, C. L., Fitzsimons, J. D., Woodin, B., Stegeman, J. J., and Klaverkamp, J. F. (1998). An evaluation of the relationships between oxidative stress, antioxidant vitamins and early mortality syndrome (EMS) of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) from Lake Ontario. Aquat. Toxicol., 43, 195-208.
204. Palace, V. P., Allen-Gill, S. M., Brown, S. B., Evans, R. E., Metner, D. A., Landers, D. H., Curtis, L. R., Klaverkamp, J. F., Baron, C. L., and Lockhart, W. L. (2001). Vitamin and thyroid status in Arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus) exposed to doses of 3,3′,4,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl that induce the phase I enzyme system. Chemosphere, 45, 185-193.
205. Peters, J. M., Narotsky, M. G., Elizondo, G., Fernandez-Salguero, P. M., Gonzalez, F. J., and Abbott, B. D. (1999). Amelioration of TCDD-induced teratogenesis in aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr)-null mice. Toxicol. Sci., 47, 86-92.
206. Peterson, R. E., Theobald, H. M., and Kimmel, G. L. (1993). Developmental and reproductive toxicity of dioxins and related compounds: cross-species comparisons. CRC Crit. Rev. Toxicol., 23, 283-335.
207. Poland, A. and Knutson, J. C. (1982). 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and related halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons: examination of the mechanism of toxicity. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 22, 517-554.
208. Pollenz, R. S., Sattler, C. A., and Poland, A. (1994). The aryl hydrocarbon receptor and aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator protein show distinct subcellular localizations in Hepa 1c1c7 cells by immunofluorescence microscopy. Mol. Pharmacol., 45, 428-438.
209. Pollenz, R. S., Sullivan, H. R., Holmes, J., Necela, B., and Peterson, R. E. (1996). Isolation and expression of cDNAs from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) that encode two novel basic helix-loop-helix/PERARNT-SIM (bHLH/PAS) proteins with distinct functions in the presence of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. J. Biol. Chem., 271, 30886-30896.
210. Powell, W. H., Karchner, S. I., Bright, R., and Hahn, M. E. (1999). Functional diversity of vertebrate ARNT proteins: identification of ARNT2 as the predominant form of ARNT in the marine teleost Fundulus heteroclitus. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 361, 156-163.
211. Powell, W. H., Morrison, H. G., Weil, E. J., Karchner, S. I., Sogin, M. L., Stegeman, J. J., and Hahn, M. E. (2004). Cloning and analysis of the CYP1A promoter from the Atlantic killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus). Mar. Environ. Res., 58, 119-124.
212. Prasch, A. L., Teraoka, H., Carney, S. A., Dong, W., Hiraga, T., Stegemen, J. J., Heideman, W., and Peterson, R. E. (2003). Aryl hydrocarbon receptor 2 mediates 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin developmental toxicity in zebrafish. Toxicol. Sci., 76, 138-150.
213. Prasch, A. L., Andreasen, E. A., Peterson, R. E., and Heideman, W. (2004a). Interactions between 2,3,7,8- tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and hypoxia signaling pathways in zebrafish: hypoxia decreases responses to TCDD in zebrafish embryos. Toxicol. Sci., 78, 68-77.
214. Prasch, A. L., Heideman, W., and Peterson, R. E. (2004b). ARNT2 is not required for TCDD developmental toxicity in zebrafish. Toxicol. Sci., 82, 250-258.
215. Prasch, A. L., Tanguay, R. L., Mehta, V., Heideman, W., and Peterson, R. E. (2006). Identification of zebrafish ARNT1 homologs: TCDD developmental toxicity in zebrafish requires ARNT1. Mol. Pharmacol., 69, 776-787.
216. Prince, R. and Cooper, K. R. (1995). Comparisons of the effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on chemically impacted and nonimpacted subpopulations of Fundulus heteroclitus. I. TCDD toxicity. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 14, 579-587.
217. Probst, M. R., Reisz-Porszasz, S., Agbunag, R. V., Ong, M. S., and Hankinson, O. (1993). Role of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator protein in aryl hydrocarbon (dioxin) receptor action. Mol. Pharmacol., 44, 511-518.
218. Robbins, J. A. (1978). Geochemical and geophysical applications of radioactive lead, in Biogeochemistry of Lead in the Environment, Vol. 1, Part A, Nriagu, J. O., Ed., Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 285-393.
219. Robbins, J. A. and Edgington, D. N. (1972). The Use of Natural and Fallout Radionuclides to Measure Recent Sedimentation Rates in Southern Lake Michigan, Radiological and Environmental Research Division Annual Report, Part III, ANL-7960. Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL.
220. 210Pb dating of sediments. Verh. Int. Ver. Theor. Angew. Limnol., 25(1), 217-222.
221. Rodgers, P. W., Klemans, D. R., and Freedman, P. L. (1988). Waste: the enigma of the 80s, in Toxic Contamination in Large Lakes, Schmidtke, N. W., Ed., Lewis Publishers, Chelsea MI, pp. 7-23.
222. Rolland, R. M. (2000). A review of chemically-induced alterations in thyroid and vitamin A status from field studies of wildlife and fish. J. Wildl. Dis., 34(4), 615-635.
223. 2 uptake in developing zebrafish, Danio rerio. J. Exp. Biol., 205, 1787-1794.
224. Roy, N. K. and Wirgin, I. (1997). Characterization of the aromatic hydrocarbon receptor gene and its expression in Atlantic tomcod. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 344, 373-386.
225. Russell, R. W., Gobas, F. A. P. C., and Haffner, G. D. (1999). Maternal transfer and in ovo exposure of organochlorines in oviparous organisms: a model and field verification. Environ. Sci. Technol., 33(3), 416-420.
226. Safe, S. H. (1990). Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and related compounds: environmental and mechanistic considerations which support the development of toxic equivalency factors (TEFs). CRC Crit. Rev. Toxicol., 21, 51-88.
227. Safe, S. H. (1994). Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs): environmental impact, biochemical and toxic responses, and implications for risk assessment. CRC Crit. Rev. Toxicol., 24(2), 87-149.
228. Schmitt, C. J. and Brumbaugh, W. G. (1990). National Contaminants Biomonitoring Program: concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, mercury, selenium, and zinc in U.S. freshwater fish 1976-1984. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 19, 731-747.
229. Schmitt, C. J., Zajicek, J. L., and Ribick, M. A. (1985). National Pesticide Monitoring Program: residues of organochlorine chemicals in freshwater fish 1980-1981. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 14, 225-260.
230. Schmitt, C. J., Zajicek, J. L., and Peterman, P. H. (1990). National Pesticide Monitoring Program: residues of organochlorine chemicals in freshwater fish 1976-1984. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 19, 748-781.
231. Selgeby, J. H. (1995). Introduction to the proceedings of the 1994 International Conference on Restoration of Lake Trout in the Laurentian Great Lakes. J. Great Lakes Res., 21 (Suppl. 1), 1-2.
232. Simmons, M. S. (1984). PCB contamination in the Great Lakes, in Toxic Contamination in the Great Lake, Nriagu, J. O. and Simmons, M. S., Eds., John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 287-309.
233. Simms, W. and Ross, P. S. (2000). Vitamin A physiology and application as a biomarker of contaminantrelated toxicity in marine mammals: a review. Toxicol. Indust. Health, 16, 291-302.
234. Skea, J. C., Symula, J., and Miccoli, J. (1985). Separation of starvation losses from other early feeding fry mortality in steelhead trout Salmo gairdneri, Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, and lake trout Salvelinus namaycush. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 35, 82-91.
235. Smith, B. R. (1971). Sea lampreys in the Great Lakes of North America, in The Biology of Lampreys, Vol. 1, Hardisty M. W. and Potter, I. C., Eds., Academic Press, New York, pp. 207-247.
236. Smith, B. R. and Tibbles, J. J. (1980). Sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) in Lakes Huron, Michigan, and Superior: histories of invasion and control 1936-78. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 37, 1780-1801.
237. Smith, I. R., Marchant, B., van den Heuvel, M. R., Clemons, J. H., and Frimeth, J. (1994). Embryonic mortality, bioassay-derived 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents, and organochlorine contaminants in Pacific salmon from Lake Ontario. J. Great Lakes Res., 20(3), 497-509.
238. Smith, L. M. (1981). Carbon dispersed in glass fibers as an adsorbent for contaminant enrichment and fractionation. Anal. Chem., 53, 2152-2154.
239. Song, J., Clagett Dame, M., Peterson, R. E., Hahn, M. E., Westler, W. M., Sicinski, R. R., and DeLuca, H. F. (2002). A ligand for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor isolated from lung. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 99(23), 14694-14699.
240. Sonstegard, R. A. and Leatherland, J. F. (1979). Hypothyroidism in rats fed Great Lakes Coho salmon. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 22, 779-784.
241. Spitsbergen, J. M. and Kent, M. L. (2003). The state of the art of the zebrafish model for toxicology and toxicologic pathology research: advantages and current limitations. Toxicol Pathol., 31(Suppl.), 62-87.
242. Spitsbergen, J. M., Kleeman, J. M., and Peterson, R. E. (1988). Morphologic lesions and acute toxicity in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) treated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, 23, 333-358.
243. Spitsbergen, J. M., Walker, M. K., Olson J. R., and Peterson, R. E. (1991). Pathologic alterations in early life stages of lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush, exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin as fertilized eggs. Aquat. Toxicol., 19, 41-72.
244. Stalling, D. L., Smith, L. M., Petty, J. D., Hogan, J. W., Johnson, J. V., Rappe, C., and Buser, H. R. (1983). Residues of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in Laurentian Great Lakes fish, in Human and Environmental Risk of Dioxins and Related Compounds, Tucher, R. E., Young, A. L., and Gray, A. P., Eds., Plenum Press, New York, pp. 212-240.
245. Stegeman, J. J. and Hahn, M. E. (1994). Biochemistry and molecular biology of monooxygenases: current perspectives on forms, functions, and regulation of cytochrome P450 in aquatic species, in Aquatic Toxicology: Molecular, Biochemical, and Cellular Perspectives, Malins, D. C. and Ostrander, G. K., Eds., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 87-206.
246. Stow, C. A., Carpenter, S. R., Eby, L. A., Amrhein, J. F., and Hesselberg, R. J. (1995). Evidence that PCBs are approaching stable concentrations in Lake Michigan fishes. Ecol. Appl., 5, 248-260.
247. Sutter, T. R. and Greenlee, W. F. (1992). Classification of members of the Ah gene battery. Chemosphere, 25, 1391-1397.
248. Sutter, T. R., Guzman, K., Dold, K. M., and Greenlee, W. F. (1991). Targets for dioxins: genes for plasminogen activator inhibitor-2 and interleukin-1β. Science, 254, 415-418.
249. Tanguay, R. L., Abnet, C. C., Heideman, W., and Peterson, R. E. (1999). Cloning and characterization of the zebrafish (Danio rerio) aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1444, 35-48.
250. Tanguay, R. L., Andreasen, E. A., Heideman, W., and Peterson, R. E. (2000). Identification and expression of alternatively spliced aryl hydrocarbon nuclear translocator 2 (ARNT2) cDNAs from zebrafish with distinct functions. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1494, 117-128.
251. Tanguay, R. L., Andreasen, E. A., Walker, M. K., and Peterson, R. E. (2003). Dioxin toxicity and aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling in fish, in Dioxins and Health, Schecter, A. and Gasiewicz, T. A., Eds., John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 603-628.
252. Teraoka, H., Dong, W., Ogawa, S., Tsukiyama, S., Okuhara, Y., Niiyama, M., Ueno, N., Peterson, R. E., and Hiraga, T. (2002). 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin toxicity in the zebrafish embryo: altered regional blood flow and impaired lower jaw development. Toxicol. Sci., 65, 192-199.
253. Teraoka, H., Dong, W., Tsujimoto, Y., Iwasa, H., Endoh, D., Ueno, N., Stegeman, J. J., Peterson, R. E., and Hiraga, T. (2003). Induction of cytochrome P450 1A is required for circulation failure and edema by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in zebrafish. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 304, 223-228.
254. Thomann, R. V., Connolly, J. P., and Parkerton, T. F. (1992). An equilibrium-model of organic-chemical accumulation in aquatic food webs with sediment interaction. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 11(5), 615-629.
255. Tian, H., McKnight, S. L., and Russell, D. W. (1997). Endothelial PAS domain protein 1 (EPAS1), a transcription factor selectively expressed in endothelial cells. Genes Dev., 11, 72-82.
256. Tillitt, D. E. and Wright, P. J. (1997). Dioxin-like embryotoxicity of a Lake Michigan lake trout extract to developing lake trout. Organohalogen Comp., 34, 221-225.
257. Tillitt, D. E., Ankley, G. T., Giesy, J. P., Ludwig, J. P., Kurita, H., Weseloh, D. V., Ross, P. V., Bishop, C. A., Sileo, L., Stromborg, K. L., Larson, J., and Kubiak, T. J. (1992). PCB residues and egg mortality in double crested cormorants from the Great Lakes. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 11(9), 1281-1288.
258. Tillitt, D. E., Schmitt, C. J., Weseloh, D. V., and Bunck, C. M. (1998). Organochlorine concentrations and trends in North American fish and wildlife, in Ecotoxicological Risk Assessment of the Chlorinated Organic Chemicals, Carey, J., et al., Eds., SETAC Press, Pensacola, FL, pp. 259-288.
259. Tillitt, D. E., Zajicek, J. L., Brown, S. B., Brown, L. R., Fitzsimons, J. D., Honeyfield, D. C., Holey, M. E., and Wright, G. M. (2005). Thiamine and thiaminase status in forage fish of salmonines from Lake Michigan. J. Aquat. Anim. Health, 17(1), 13-25.
260. Toomey, B. H., Bello, S., Hahn, M. E., Cantrell, S. M., Wright, P. J., Tillitt, D. E., and Di Giulio, R. T. (2001). TCDD induces apoptotic cell death and cytochrome P4501A expression in developing Fundulus heteroclitus embryos. Aquat. Toxicol., 53, 127-138.
261. Udvadia, A. J. and Linney, E. (2003). Windows into development: historic, current, and future perspectives on transgenic zebrafish. Dev. Biol., 256, 1-17.
262. USEPA. (1995). The Effects of Great Lakes Contaminants on Human Health: Report to Congress, EPA-905-R-95-017. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Great Lakes National Program Office, Chicago, IL.
263. USEPA. (1998). Guidelines for Ecological Risk Assessment, EPA/630/R-95/002F. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.
264. van den Berg, M., et al. (1998). Toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) for PCBs, PCDDs, PCDFs for humans and wildlife. Environ. Health Perspect., 106(12), 775-792.
265. Veith, G. D. (1975). Baseline concentration of PCBs and DDT in Lake Michigan fish 1971. Pestic. Monit. J., 9, 21-29.
266. Vodicnik, M. J., Elcombe, C. R., and Lech, J. J. (1981). The effect of various types of inducing agents on hepatic microsomal monooxygenase activity in rainbow trout. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 59, 364-374.
267. Walisser, J. A., Bunger, M. K., Glover, E., and Bradfield, C. A. (2004). Gestational exposure of Ahr and Arnt hypomorphs to dioxin rescues vascular development. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 101, 16677-16682.
268. Walker, M. K. and Peterson, R. E. (1991). Potencies of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin, dibenzofuran and biphenyl congeners, relative to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin for producing early life stage mortality in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquat. Toxicol., 21, 219-238.
269. Walker, M. K. and Peterson, R. E. (1992). Toxicity of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and biphenyls during early development in fish, in Chemically Induced Alterations in Sexual and Functional Development: The Human/Wildlife Connection, Colborn, T. and Clement, C., Eds., Princeton Scientific, Princeton, NJ, pp. 195-202.
270. Walker, M. K. and Peterson, R. E. (1994a). Aquatic toxicity of dioxins and related chemicals, in Dioxins and Health, Schecter, A., Ed., Plenum Press, New York, pp. 347-387.
271. Walker, M. K. and Peterson, R. E. (1994b). Toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin to brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) during early development. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 13, 817-820.
272. Walker, M. K., Spitsbergen, J. M., Olson J. R., and Peterson, R. E. (1991). 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-pdioxin (TCDD) toxicity during early life stage development of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 48, 875-883.
273. Walker, M. K., Cook, P. M., Batterman, A. R., Butterworth, B. C., Berini, C., Libal, J. J., Hufnagle, L. C., and Peterson, R. E. (1994). Translocation of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin from adult lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) to oocytes: effects on early life stage development and sac fry survival. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 51, 1410-1419.
274. Walker, M. K., Cook, P. M., Butterworth, B. C., Zabel, E. W., and Peterson, R. E. (1996). Potency of a complex mixture of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin, dibenzofuran and biphenyl congeners compared to 2,3,7,8- tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in causing fish early life stage mortality. Fundam. Appl. Pharmacol., 30, 178-186.
275. Wang, W. D., Wu, J. C., Hsu, H. J., Kong, Z. L., and Hu, C. H. (2000). Overexpression of a zebrafish ARNT2- like factor represses CYP1A transcription in ZLE cells. Mar. Biotechnol., 2, 376-386.
276. Wannemacher, R., Rebstock, A., Kulzer, E., Schrenk, D., and Bock, K. W. (1992). Effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on reproduction and oogenesis in zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio). Chemosphere, 24, 1361-1368.
277. Weber J. R. and Clark, Jr., R. D. (1984). Mortality and Growth of Lake Trout in Western Lake Huron, Tech. Rep. 84-3. Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Lansing, 10 pp.
278. Wentworth, J. N., Buzzeo, R., and Pollenz, R. S. (2004). Functional characterization of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (zfAhR2) localization and degradation in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Biochem. Pharmacol., 67, 1363-1372.
279. Whitlock, J. P. (1990). Genetic and molecular aspects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin action. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 30, 251-277.
280. Whitlock, J. P. (1993). Mechanistic aspects of dioxin action. Chem. Res. Toxicol., 6, 754-763.
281. Whitlock, J. P. (1999). Induction of cytochrome P4501A1. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 39, 103-125.
282. Whyte, J. J., Jung, R., Schmitt, C. J., and Tillitt, D. E. (2000). Ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity in fish as a biological indicator of chemical exposure. Crit. Rev. Toxicol., 30(4), 347-569.
283. Wiemeyer, S. N., Spitzer, P. R., Krantz, W. C., Lamont, T. G., and Cromartie, E. (1975). Effects of environmental pollutants on Connecticut and Maryland ospreys. J. Wildl Manage., 39, 124-139.
284. Wiemeyer, S. N., Bunck, C. M., and Stafford, C. J. (1993). Environmental contaminants in bald eagle eggs (1969-1979) and further interpretations of relationships to productivity and shell thickness. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 24, 213-227.
285. Willford, W. A. (1980). The evolution of programs for surveillance of contaminants in fish, in Proceedings of the First Biological Surveillance Symposium, 22nd Conference on Great Lakes Research, May 1979, Rochester, New York, pp. 184-188.
286. Willford, W. A., Bergstedt, R. A., Berlin, W. H., Foster, N. R., Hesselberg, R. J., Mac, M. C., Passino, D. R. M., Reinert, R. E., and Rottiers, D. V. (1981). Chlorinated Hydrocarbons as a Factor in the Reproduction and Survival of Lake Trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in Lake Michigan, Tech. Paper No. 105. U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C., 42 pp.
287. Williams, L. L. and Giesy, J. P. (1992). Relationships among concentrations of individual polychlorinated biphenyl congeners, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents (TCDD-EQ) and rearing mortality of Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha eggs from Lake Michigan. J. Great Lakes Res., 18, 108-124.
288. Wilson, P. J. and Tillitt, D. E. (1996). Rainbow trout embryotoxicity of a complex contaminant mixture extracted from Lake Michigan lake trout. Mar. Environ. Res., 42(1-4), 129-134.
289. Wolf, K. (1954). Progress report on blue sac disease. Prog. Fish Cultur., 16, 51-59.
290. Wolf, K. (1969). Blue-sac Disease of Fish, Leaflet No. 15. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C., 4 pp.
291. Wolgamood, M., Hnath, J. G., Brown, S. B., Moore, K., Marcquenski, S. V., Honeyfield, D. C., Hinterkopf, J. P., Fitzsimons, J. D., and Tillitt, D. E. (2005). Temporal and spatial variation of early mortality syndrome in salmonids from Lakes Michigan and Huron. J. Aquat. Anim. Health, 17(1), 65-76.
292. Wright, P. J. (2006). Great Lakes Lake Trout Early Life Stage Mortality Syndrome (EMS), Contaminants, Thiamin Status and Their Possible Interactions, Ph.D. dissertation, University of Missouri, Columbia.
293. Wright, P. J. and Tillitt, D. E. (1999). Embryotoxicity of Great Lakes lake trout extracts to developing rainbow trout. Aquat. Toxicol., 47(2), 77-92.
294. Yamauchi, M., Kim, E.-Y., Iwata, H., Shima, Y., and Tanabe, S. (2006). Toxic effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in developing red seabream (Pagrus major) embryo: an association of morphological deformities with AhR1, AhR2 and CYP1A expressions. Aquat. Toxicol., 80(2), 166-179.
295. Zabel, E. W., Cook, P. M., and Peterson, R. E. (1995a). Toxic equivalency factors of polychlorinated dibenzop- dioxin, dibenzofuran and biphenyl congeners based on early life stage mortality in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquat. Toxicol., 31, 315-328.
296. Zabel, E. W., Walker, M. K., Hornung, M. W., Clayton, M. K., and Peterson, R. E. (1995b). Interactions of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin, dibenzofuran, and biphenyl congeners for producing rainbow trout early life stage mortality. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 134, 204-213.
297. Zabel, E. W., Cook, P. M., Peterson, R. E. (1995c). Potency of 3,3′,4,4′,5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 126), alone and in combination with., 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), to produce lake trout early life-stage mortality. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 14 (12), 2175-2179.
298. Zabel, E. W., Pollenz, R., and Peterson, R. E. (1996). Relative potencies of individual polychlorinated dibenzop- dioxin, dibenzofuran, and biphenyl congeners and congener mixtures based on induction of cytochrome P4501A mRNA in a rainbow trout gonadal cell line (RTG-2). Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 15, 2310-2318.
299. Zhu, L. Y. and Hites, R. A. (2004). Temporal trends and spatial distributions of brominated flame retardants in archived fishes from the Great Lakes. Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 2779-2784.
300. Zile, M. H. (1992). Minireview: vitamin A homeostasis endangered by environmental pollutants. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 201, 141-153.
301. Zint, M. T., Taylor, W. W., Carl, L. L., Edsall, C. C., Heinrich, J., Seppel, A., Lavis, D., and Schaner, T. (1995). Do toxic substances pose a threat to rehabilitation of lake trout in the Great Lakes? A review of the literature. J. Great Lakes Res., 21 (Suppl., 1), 530-546.