(Still) waiting in the wings: Group-based biases in leaders' decisions about to whom power is relinquished

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology

Volumn 57, Issue , 2015, Pages 23-30

  Ratcliff, Nathaniel J ^a   Vescio, Theresa K ^a   Dahl, Julia L ^a  

^a PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Group bias; Leadership decision making; Organizational behavior; Relinquishing power

Indexed keywords

EID: 84913529231     PISSN: 00221031     EISSN: 10960465     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2014.11.004     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Aronson J., Steele C.M. Stereotypes and the fragility of academic competence, motivation, and self-concept. Handbook of competence and motivation 2005, 436-456. Guilford Press, New York. A.J. Elliot, C.S. Dweck (Eds.).
2. Berdahl J.L. Harassment based on sex: Protecting social status in the context of gender hierarchy. Academy of Management Review 2007, 32:641-658. 10.2307/20159319.
3. Berger J., Fişek M.H. Diffuse status characteristics and the spread of status value: A formal theory. American Journal of Sociology 2006, 111:1038-1079. 10.1086/498633.
4. Biernat M., Vescio T.K. She swings, she hits, she's great, she's benched: Implications of gender-based shifting standards for judgment and behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2002, 28:66-77. 10.1177/0146167202281006.
5. Blair I.V. The malleability of automatic stereotypes and prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Review 2002, 6:242-261. 10.1207/S15327957PSPR0603_8.
6. Block C.J., Aumann K., Chelin A. Assessing stereotypes of black and white managers: A diagnostic ratio approach. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 2012, 42:E128-E149. 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2012.01014.x.
7. Boehm C., Flack J.C. The emergence of simple and complex power structures through social niche construction. The social psychology of power 2010, 46-86. Guilford Press, New York. A. Guinote, T.K. Vescio (Eds.).
8. Brief A.P., Dietz J., Cohen R.R., Pugh S.D., Vaslow J.B. Just doing business: Modern racism and obedience to authority as explanations for employment discrimination. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 2000, 81:72-97. 10.1006/obhd.1999.2867.
9. Carli L.L. Gender and social influence. The Journal of Social Issues 2001, 57:725-741. 10.1111/0022-4537.00238.
10. Center for American Women, Politics Women in the U.S. Congress 2014. Center for American Women and Politics: Eagleton Institute of Politics 2014, (Retrieved February 2, - http://www.cawp.rutgers.edu/fast_facts/levels_of_office/Congress-CurrentFacts.php).
11. Chen S., Lee-Chai A., Bargh J.A. Relationship orientation as a moderator of the effects of social power. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2001, 80:173-187. 10.1037/0022-3514.80.2.173.
12. Chung-Herrera B., Lankau M.J. Are we there yet? An assessment of fit between stereotypes of minority managers and the successful-manager prototype. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 2005, 35:2029-2056. 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2005.tb02208.x.
13. Cundiff J.L., Vescio T.K., Loken E., Lo L. Do gender-science stereotypes predict science identification and science career aspirations among undergraduate science majors?. Social Psychology of Education: An International Journal 2013, 16:541-554. 10.1007/s11218-013-9232-8.
14. Davies P.G., Spencer S.J., Steele C.M. Clearing the air: Identity safety moderates the effects of stereotype threat on women's leadership aspirations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2005, 88:276-287. 10.1037/0022-3514.88.2.27.
15. Dovidio J.F., Gaertner S.L. Intergroup bias. Handbook of social psychology 2010, Vol. 2:1084-1121. Wiley, New York. 5th ed. S.T. Fiske, D. Gilbert, G. Lindzey (Eds.).
16. Eagly A.H., Carli L.L. Women and the labyrinth of leadership. Harvard Business Review 2007, 85:62-71.
17. Eagly A.H., Karau S.J. Gender and the emergence of leaders - A meta-analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1991, 60:685-710. 10.1037/0022-3514.60.5.685.
18. Eagly A.H., Karau S.J. Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders. Psychological Review 2002, 109:573-598. 10.1037/0033-295X.109.3.573.
19. Fiske S.T. Controlling other people: The impact of power on stereotyping. American Psychologist 1993, 48:621-628. 10.1037/0003-066X.48.6.621.
20. Fiske S.T. Stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination. Handbook of social psychology 1998, Vol. 2:357-411. McGraw-Hill, New York. 4th ed.
21. Fiske S.T. Interpersonal stratification: Status, power, and subordination. Handbook of social psychology 2010, Vol. 2:941-982. Wiley, New York. 5th ed.
22. Fiske S.T., Cuddy A.J.C., Glick P., Xu J. A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: Competence and warmth respectively follow from perceived status and competition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2002, 82:878-902. 10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.878.
23. Fiske S.T., Dépret E. Control, interdependence and power: Understanding social cognition in its social context. European review of social psychology 1996, Vol. 7:31-61. Wiley, Chichester, United Kingdom.
24. French J., Raven B. The bases of social power. Studies in social power 1959, 150-167. Institute for Social Research, Ann Arbor, MI. D. Cartwright (Ed.).
25. Goodwin S.A., Gubin A., Fiske S.T., Yzerbyt V.Y. Power can bias impression processes: Stereotyping subordinates by default and by design. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 2000, 3:227-256. 10.1177/1368430200003003001.
26. Heilman M.E., Block C.J., Martell R.F., Simon M.C. Has anything changed? Current characterizations of men, women, and managers. Journal of Applied Psychology 1989, 74:935-942. 10.1037/0021-9010.74.6.935.
27. Jackman M.R. The velvet glove: Paternalism and conflict in gender, class, and race relations 1994, University of California Press, Berkeley.
28. Keltner D., Gruenfeld D., Galinsky A., Kraus M.W. Paradoxes of power: Dynamics of the acquisition, experience, and social regulation of social power. The social psychology of power 2010, 177-208. Guilford Press, New York. A. Guinote, T.K. Vescio (Eds.).
29. Kite M.E., Deaux K., Haines E. Gender stereotypes. Handbook on the psychology of women 2008, 205-236. Greenwood Press, Westport, CT. 2nd ed. F. Denmark, M. Paludi (Eds.).
30. Knight J.L., Hebl M.R., Foster J.B., Mannix L.M. Out of role? Out of luck: The influence of race and leadership status on performance appraisals. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies 2003, 9:85-93. 10.1177/107179190300900308.
31. Kunda Z., Thagard P. Forming impressions from stereotypes, traits, and behaviors: A parallel-constraint-satisfaction theory. Psychological Review 1996, 103:284-308. 10.1037/0033-295X.103.2.284.
32. Lepore L., Brown R. Category and stereotype activation: Is prejudice inevitable?. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1997, 72:275-287. 10.1037/0022-3514.72.2.275.
33. Livingston R.W., Pearce N.A. The teddy-bear effect: Does having a baby face benefit black chief executive officers?. Psychological Science 2009, 20:1229-1236. 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02431.x.
34. Moss-Racusin C., Dovidio J.F., Brescoll V.L., Graham M.J., Handelsman J. Science faculty's subtle gender biases favor male students. PNAS. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2012, 109:16474-16479.
35. National Science Foundation Women, minorities, and persons with disabilities in science and engineering. Retrieved October 25, 2013 (From). http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/wmpd/2013/tables.cfm.
36. Powell G.N., Butterfield D.A., Parent J.D. Gender and managerial stereotypes: Have the times changed?. Journal of Management 2002, 28:177-193. 10.1177/014920630202800203.
37. Ratcliff N.J., Vescio T.K. Benevolently bowing out: The influence of self-construals and leadership performance on the willful relinquishing of power. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2013, 49:978. 10.1016/j.jesp.2013.06.003.
38. Ridgeway C.L. Gender, status, and leadership. The Journal of Social Issues 2001, 57:637-655. 10.1111/0022-4537.00233.
39. Rosette A.S., Leonardelli G.J., Phillips K.W. The white standard: Racial bias in leader categorization. Journal of Applied Psychology 2008, 93:758-777. 10.1037/0021-9010.93.4.758.
40. Rudman L.A., Ashmore R.D., Gary M.L. "Unlearning" automatic biases: The malleability of implicit prejudice and stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2001, 81:856-868. 10.1037/0022-3514.81.5.856.
41. Rudman L.A., Fairchild K. Reactions to counterstereotypic behavior: The role of backlash in cultural stereotype maintenance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2004, 87:157-176. 10.1037/0022-3514.87.2.157.
42. Rudman L.A., Moss-Racusin C., Phelan J.E., Nauts S. Status incongruity and backlash effects: Defending the gender hierarchy motivates prejudice against female leaders. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2012, 48:165. 10.1016/j.jesp.2011.10.008.
43. Ryan M.K., Haslam S.A. The glass cliff: Evidence that women are over-represented in precarious leadership positions. British Journal of Management 2005, 16:81-90. 10.1111/j.1467-8551.2005.00433.x.
44. Schein V.E. A global look at psychological barriers to women's progress in management. The Journal of Social Issues 2001, 57:675-688. 10.1111/0022-4537.00235.
45. Sidanius J., Pratto F. Social Dominance: An intergroup theory of social hierarchy and oppression 1999, Cambridge University Press, New York.
46. Singelis T.M. The measurement of independent and interdependent self-construals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 1994, 20:580-591. 10.1177/0146167294205014.
47. Snyder M., Tanke E.D., Berscheid E. Social perception and interpersonal behavior: On the self-fulfilling nature of social stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1977, 35:656-666. 10.1177/0146167294205014.
48. Swim J.K., Aikin K.J., Hall W.S., Hunter B.A. Sexism and racism: Old-fashioned and modern prejudices. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1995, 68:199-214. 10.1037/0022-3514.68.2.199.
49. U.S.Bureau of Labor Statistics Employment by detailed occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity 2007, (Retrieved October 25, 2013, from ftp://ftp.bls.gov/pub/special.requests/lf/aa2007/pdf/cpsaat11.pdf).
50. U.S.Bureau of Labor Statistics Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2010 2010, (Retrieved October 25, 2013, from http://www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2011/ted_20110914_data.htm#chart1).
51. U.S.Bureau of Labor Statistics Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex 2012, Retrieved October 25, 2013, from http://www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat39.htm.
52. Vescio T.K., Gervais S.J., Heidenreich S., Snyder M. The effects of prejudice level and social influence strategy on powerful people's responding to racial out-group members. European Journal of Social Psychology 2006, 36:435-450. 10.1002/ejsp.344.
53. Vescio T.K., Gervais S.J., Snyder M., Hoover A. Power and the creation of patronizing environments: The stereotype-based behaviors of the powerful and their effects on female performance in masculine domains. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2005, 88:658-672. 10.1037/0022-3514.88.4.658.
54. Vescio T.K., Guinote A. Power: New understandings and future directions. The social psychology of power 2010, 428-454. Guilford Press, New York. A. Guinote, T.K. Vescio (Eds.).
55. Vescio T.K., Snyder M., Butz D.A. Power in stereotypically masculine domains: A social influence strategy X stereotype match model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2003, 85:1062-1078. 10.1037/0022-3514.85.6.1062.
56. Word C.O., Zanna M.P., Cooper J. The nonverbal mediation of self-fulfilling prophecies in interracial interaction. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 1974, 10:109-120. 10.1016/0022-1031(74)90059-6.